Dissertationen zum Thema „Cycles Sismiques“
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Bagur, Laura. „Modeling fluid injection effects in dynamic fault rupture using Fast Boundary Element Methods“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEarthquakes due to either natural or anthropogenic sources cause important human and material damage. In both cases, the presence of pore fluids influences the triggering of seismic instabilities.A new and timely question in the community is to show that the earthquake instability could be mitigated by active control of the fluid pressure. In this work, we study the ability of Fast Boundary Element Methods (Fast BEMs) to provide a multi-physic large-scale robust solver required for modeling earthquake processes, human induced seismicity and their mitigation.In a first part, a Fast BEM solver with different temporal integration algorithms is used. We assess the performances of various possible adaptive time-step methods on the basis of 2D seismic cycle benchmarks available for planar faults. We design an analytical aseismic solution to perform convergence studies and provide a rigorous comparison of the capacities of the different solving methods in addition to the seismic cycles benchmarks tested. We show that a hybrid prediction-correction / adaptive time-step Runge-Kutta method allows not only for an accurate solving but also to incorporate both inertial effects and hydro-mechanical couplings in dynamic fault rupture simulations.In a second part, once the numerical tools are developed for standard fault configurations, our objective is to take into account fluid injection effects on the seismic slip. We choose the poroelastodynamic framework to incorporate injection effects on the earthquake instability. A complete poroelastodynamic model would require non-negligible computational costs or approximations. We justify rigorously which predominant fluid effects are at stake during an earthquake or a seismic cycle. To this aim, we perform a dimensional analysis of the equations, and illustrate the results using a simplified 1D poroelastodynamic problem. We formally show that at the timescale of the earthquake instability, inertial effects are predominant whereas a combination of diffusion and elastic deformation due to pore pressure change should be privileged at the timescale of the seismic cycle, instead of the diffusion model mainly used in the literature
Bergeot, Nicolas. „Etude du cycle sismique du Vanuatu par GPS“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GLOB0004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSubduction processes are often controlled by irregularities on the subducting plate. These structures may be responsible of the locking of the subduction process and control the arc deformation. The characterization of the intra-arc strain accumulation is thus essential to understand the seismic cycle in a seismogenic zone where very strong earthquakes occur. The Vanuatu subduction zone presents one of the most important variation in horizontal convergence motion along a trench: 12-17cm/yr relative to the Australian plate to 1. 5cm/yr in front of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge. The collision of the d'Entrecasteaux ridge yields arc island vertical movements estimated at several mm/year as well as strong recurring earthquakes (e. G. Ambrym, 1999, Mw = 7. 5; Santo, 2000, Mw = 6. 9). A dense GPS network set up in the area since 1990 by the IRD team already made possible to evidence a segmentation of the arc and block rotations. In the present study, we analyse all the available data since 1992 and those acquired during two new GPS campaigns we carried out in 2004 and 2005. We use a state-of-the-art analysis strategy to estimate a consistent horizontal and vertical velocity field. The 13-year GPS time series we obtained allows us to isolate the coseismic signal related to two major earthquakes. We discuss the fault parameters we estimate from the coseismic displacements and on the accumulation zone during the interseismic stage
Boiselet, Aurélien. „Cycle sismique et aléa sismique d'un réseau de failles actives : le cas du rift de Corinthe (Grèce)“. Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01456400.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuc, Mireille. „Modélisation du cycle sismique par la méthode des éléments finis /“. Montpellier : Institut des sciences de la terre, de l'eau et de l'espace de Montpellier, Université Montpellier II, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36701941q.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLachaud, Cédric. „Etude du cycle sismique sur une expérience analogique de zone de faille : caractérisation de la déformation par suivi micro-sismique“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU002/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe deformation observed along a seismic fault can be described as the succession of phases for which the fault accumulate stress imposed by the steady deformation of the surrounding regions, and phases of sudden sliding during which the stress is relaxed: the earthquakes. After the rupture, strengthening mechanisms are required to make possible the new accumulation of elastic stress. Therefore, the seismic cycle results in the steady competition between strengthening and damage. The aim of this study is to explore the role of cohesion-healing on the fault deformation dynamic, as well as to characterize the effect of slip rate on the seismicity. The experimental set-up designed by Weiss et al (2016) has been extended in this study to carry out a micro-seismic monitoring of the deformation. This experiment consists in the shear deformation of a fault created in a thin ice plate overlying a water column. Cohesion-healing mechanisms are achieved through freezing of the water along the fault. The damage mechanisms and the spatial and temporal distribution of the deformation can be characterized thanks to the detectable elastic waves emitted by the fracturing. Because of the plate geometry and underlying water column, we observed guided waves similar to the Lambs symmetric and antisymmetric modes.The largest fractures distribute according to a power law of the form $10^{-bm}$ that is similar to the one observed in seismology. At a constant sliding rate, we observe a large $b$ value, $simeq 3$, which is much larger than the value observed in the Earth's crust ($b=1$). This large $b$ value indicates that the deformation is mainly accommodated aseismically or by small, undetected, fractures. During Slide-Hold-Slide experiment that corresponds to a case for which the cohesion-healing is enhanced compared to the damage, we observe a decrease in the $b$-value likely due to a decrease in fault heterogeneity and an increase of the fault ability to store more elastic stress before the rupture, allowing the fractures to grow larger. An important part of the fractures are multiplets, swarms of fractures, which seem to be passive by-products of the imposed deformation. This behaviour is similar to the one observed for swarm seismicity triggered by slip transient: high $b$-value, no identified mainshock, and very little triggering. For small driving rate $Omega$, we observe an increase in torque drop amplitude with magnitude, $Delta Gamma sim M_0 sim 10^{1.2m}$, similar to the relation observed in seismology, $M_0 sim 10^{1.5m}$. Thus, the latter could be extended to small magnitudes observed in this study. A decrease of the seismic coupling is observed through the decrease in the number of fractures per unit of slip, and because in average a fracture behaves similarly at the different $Omega$ tested. Finally, for a given magnitude interval, we observe a decrease in torque drop amplitude with the increase in $Omega$. This could be explained by the observed decrease in seismic coupling or by a decrease in strengthening rate with $Omega$ that is not observed
Villegas, Lanza Juan Carlos. „Cycle sismique et déformation continentale le long de la subduction Péruvienne“. Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4087/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Nazca/South American subduction zone is one of the most active regions on Earth. Large earthquakes and associated tsunamis occur recurrently almost all along its margin. Nevertheless, the ~1000 km long (from lat.2oS to 9oS) segment in northern Peru and southern Ecuador subduction has remained in relative seismic silence for at least the past five centuries. Before the work presented in this thesis, no information about the processes accommodating the convergence was available for this region and it was impossible to answer whether it could host a great Mw>8.5 earthquake in future or not. Nowadays, spatial geodesy, and more specifically GPS/GNSS enable us to quantify the surface displacement on the overriding plate with millimeter accuracy. Geodetic measurements together with the use of elastic models allow us to determine the amount of interseismic coupling at the plate interface. My thesis focuses on the seismic cycle and the continental deformation along the Peruvian subduction margin, with particular interest along its northern and central segments. We use GPS measurements acquired since 2008 in the frame of an international French-Peruvian- Ecuadorian project (the Andes Du Nord project, ADN). Our GPS velocity field covers the entire Peruvian subduction margin, with measurements in the Andean cordillera and part of the sub-Andean region. Modeling of GPS velocity field show the existence of a new tectonic microplate that we baptized as the Inca Sliver, which is in southeastward translation a rate of 4-5 mm/yr with respect to stable South America
Mittempergher, Silvia. „Processus physiques et chimiques en failles sismiques : exemples de failles actives et exhumées“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00767252.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAder, Thomas. „Les tremblements de terre de l'Himalaya : vers un modèle physique du cycle sismique“. Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077282.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHome to hundreds of millions of souls and land of excessiveness, the Himalaya is also the locus of a unique seismicity whose scope and peculiarities still remain to this day somewhat mysterious. Having claimed the lives of kings, or turned ancient timeworn cities into heaps of rubbles and tains, earthquakes eerily inhabit Nepalese folk tales with the fatalistic message that nothing lasts forever. From a scientific point of view as much as from a human perspective, solving the mysteries of Himalayan seismicity thus represents a challenge of prime importance. Documenting geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya with varions GPS and leveling data, we show that unlike other subduction zones that exhibit a heterogeneous and patchy coupling pattern along strike, the last hundred kilometers of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, or MHT, appear to be uniformly locked, devoid of any of the "creeping barriers" that traditionally ward off the propagation of large events. The approximately 20 mm/yr of reckoned convergence across the Himalaya matching previously established estimates of the secular deformation at the front of the arc, die slip accumulated at depth has to somehow elastically propagate all the way to the surface at some point. And yet, neither large events from die past nor currently recorded microseismicity nearly compensate for the massive moment deficit that quietly builds up under die giant mountains. Along with this large unbalanced moment deficit, die uncommonly homogeneous coupling pattern on die MHT raises the question of whether or not the locked portion of die MHT can rupture all at once in a giant earthquake. Univocally answering this question appears contingent on die still elusive estimate of the magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Himalaya, and requires tight constraints on local fault properties. What makes the Himalaya enigmatic also makes it the potential source of an incredible wealth of information, and we exploit some of the oddities of Himalayan seismicity in an effort to improve the understanding of earthquake physics and cipher out the properties of die MHT. Thanks to the Himalaya, the Indo-Gangetic plain is deluged each year under a tremendous amount of water during the annual summer monsoon that collects and bears down on the Indian plate enough to pull it away from the Eurasian plate slightly, temporarily relieving a small portion of die stress mounting on the MHT. As the rainwater evaporates in the dry winter season, die plate rebounds and tension is increased back on the fault. Interestingly, the mild waggle of stress induced by the monsoon nains is about die same size as that from solid-Earth tides which gently tug at the planets solid layers, but whereas changes in earthquake frequency correspond with the annually occurring monsoon, there is no such correlation with Earth tides, which oscillate back-and-forth twice a day. We therefore investigate die general response of the creeping and seismogenic parts of MHT to periodic stresses in order to link there observations to physical parameters. First, the response of die creeping part of the MHT is analyzed with a simple spring-and-slider system bearing rate-strengthening rheology, and we show that at the transition with die locked zone, where the friction becomes Wear velocity neutral, the response of the slip rate may be amplified at some periods, which values are analytically related to the physical parameters of die problem. Such predictions therefore hold the potential of constraining fault properties on the MHT, but still await observational counterparts to be applied, as nothing indicates that the variations of seismicity rate on die locked part of the MHT are the direct expressions of variations of the slip rate on its creeping part, and no variations of die slip rate have been singled out from die GPS measurements to this day. When shifting to die locked seismogenic part of the MHT, spring-and-slider models with rate-weakening rheology are insufficient to explain die contrasted responses of die seismicity to the periodic loads that tides and monsoon both place on the MHT. Lnstead, we resort to numerical simulations using the Boundary Integral CYCLes of Earthquakes algorithm and examine die response of a 2D finite fault embedded with a rate-weakening patch to harmonie stress perturbations of varions periods. We show that such simulations are able to reproduce results consistent with a graduai amplification of sensitivity as die perturbing period get larger, up to a critical period corresponding to the characteristic Lime of evolution of the seismicity in response to a step-like perturbation of stress. This increase of sensitivity was not reproduced by simple 1D-spring-slider systems, probably because of the complexity of the nucleation process, reproduced only by 2D-fault models. When the nucleation zone is close to its critical unstable size, its growth becomes highly sensitive to any externat perturbations and the timings of produced events may therefore fmd themselves highly affected. A fully analytical framework has yet to be developed and further work is needed to fully describe the behavior of die fault in ternis of physical parameters, which will likely provide die keys to deduce constitutive properties of the MHT fion seismological observations
Cattin, Rodolphe. „Modelisation du cycle sismique en zone de subduction, application a la region du nord chili“. Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077188.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTrique, Michaël. „Étude en site naturel des phénomènes physiques associés au cycle sismique : l'expérience de Sur-Frêtes“. Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10275.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKurtz, Robin. „Évolution spatio-temporelle des déformations sismiques tardi-Pleistocènes et Holocènes dans le massif du Gobi-Altaï, Mongolie : approches morphotectonique et paléosismologique“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT141/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWestern Mongolia experienced an exceptional intracontinental seismic activity during the first part of the XXth century, with four seismic events with Mw > 7.9, located on large strike-slip faults with a transpressive left-lateral motion. This historical seismicity has been qualified as a cluster, and paleoseismological studies indicate that this phenomenon might have occurred 3 to 4 ka ago. Although the eastern part of the Gobi-Altai mountain range broke during the eponymous earthquake in 1957 (Mw8) along the Eastern Bogd Fault (EBF), several fault traces affecting Holocene formations and presenting continuous fault length > 100 km have been documented on the western part of the range, while not been the purpose of quantitative studies.This thesis first gives an inventory of the seismic activity within the Gobi-Altai, through detailed mapping of the fault scarps which show activity during the late-Pleistocene, also with an analyze of the fault segmentation regarding to geometric and kinematic criteria. Secondly, some morphotectonical and paleoseismological surveys have been carried on, along with dating techniques as 10Be in situ, OSL and radiocarbon, which allow quantifying the faults slip-rates since late-Pleistocene, and paleo-ruptures ages during the Holocene period on the two main strike slip faults analyzed : the Valley of Lakes Fault (VOLF), and the Western Bogd Fault (WBF); preliminary data also allow quantifying the slip rates and the age of the most recent event along the Tsogt Fault (TF) and the Tsagaan Gol fault (TGF), respectively located in the westward continuation of the WBF and the VOLF. Moreover, systematic lateral offset measurements have been carried on along the faults traces, and especially along the 1957 surface rupture, where a statistical approach based on probability density has been applied in order to assess the average lateral offsets successively recorded by the landforms, and reveals that the slip distribution along the EBF on 3 seismic cycles. This suggests first that the slip distributions rather even along the rupture, and secondly that the slip related to the 1957 earthquake is of the same amount than previous major ruptures on that fault, for half of the main 1957 surface rupture. This approach of average coseismic slip assessment on several seismic cycles is promising, but still presents some inconsistencies, and we propose developments and validation perspectives.Morphotectonic parameters and ages of paleo-earthquakes reported in this thesis present a strong consistency with former studies along the EBF, with slow slip-rates (0,7 ± 0,2 mm.yr-1 on the WBF and 0,5 ± 0,1 mm.yr-1 on the VOLF), and significant left lateral coseismic offsets (2 – 4 m). Our measurements of slip rates indicate furthermore a distribution of the on-fault deformation from the EBF to the WBF and the VOLF, splitting the deformation in two branches, the north one reaching the TGF and the southern one visibly branches on the TF. Assessments of the paleoearthquakes ages show three possible clusters between the studied faults during the Holocene time, and one of them may break the three faults (WBF, EBF and VOLF), and seems as well to correspond to the cluster possibly identified 3-4 kyr ago. The fault parameters presented in this thesis allow computing the paleomagnitudes related to last seismic events along the WBF and the VOLF, ranging from Mw7.6 and Mw8, depending of parameters and empirical relations considered. Finally those fundamental data may serve as basic pattern for current seismic hazard assessments in Mongolia
Caniven, Yannick. „Cinématique et mécanique des failles décrochantes à l'échelle de temps du cycle sismique : apports d'un modèle expérimental“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20057.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAverage seismic cycle duration extends from hundred to a few thousands years but available geodetic measurements, including trilateration, GPS, Insar and seismological data extend over less than one century. This short time observation scale renders difficult, then, to constrain the role of key parameters such as fault friction and geometry, crust rheology, stress and strain rate that control the kinematics and mechanics of active faults.To solve this time scale issue, I have developed a new experimental set-up that reproduces scaled micro-earthquakes along a strike-slip fault during several hundreds of seismic cycles. The model is constituted by two polyurethane foam plates laterally in contact, lying on a basal silicone layer, which simulate the mechanical behaviour of an elastoplastic upper crust coupled with a ductile lower crust, respectively. For each experience about 4000 horizontal-velocity field measurements are recorded. The analysis of model-interseismic, coseismic and postseismic surface displacements and their comparison to seismogenic natural faults demonstrate that our analog model reproduces correctly both near and far-field surface strains. I also performed surface-velocity field inversions to assess the spatial distribution of slip and stress at depth along the fault plane. To compare the experiences, we have developed several algorithms that allow studying the spatial and temporal evolution of the main physical parameters and surface deformation processes that characterise the seismic cycle (magnitudes, stress, strain, friction coefficients, interseismic locking depth, recurrence time, ...). My first results suggest that far-field boundary-velocity conditions play a key role on the seismic cycle by influencing earthquake magnitudes and recurrence time, as well as the capability of the fault to generate characteristic earthquakes. We observed that low loading rate favors rare but large strong characteristic events and high loading rate numerous low to moderate magnitude more distributed microquakes. My first hypothesis is that this behaviour may be controlled by the brittle/ductile coupling at the base of foam plates. For a high loading rate, viscous forces in the silicone layer increase as well as coupling at the base of the foam plates. These features force the base of the fault to slip at a velocity close to the far field velocity and induce a more heterogeneous stress field along the fault favoring low to moderate microquakes. For a low loading rate, silicone almost behaves as a newtonian fluid and viscous forces strongly decrease, allowing the fault to remain locked for a longer period and to accumulate more elastic strain. Stresses are then relaxed by larger seismic events.Finally, I investigate experimentally the role played by along fault initial normal stress variations on coseismic slip and long term fault behavior. Results show that coseismic slip patterns are strongly controlled by variations in fault strength and subsequent accumulated shear stress along fault strike. Major microquake events occur preferentially into zone of major shear stress asperities and coseismic slip distributions follow similar trends than initial normal stress variations along the fault. Moreover, our experiment suggest that the heterogeneity of initial stress state along the fault influence the regularity of the seismic cycle and, consequently, long term fault slip behavior. Results of this parametric study comfort, then, the hypothesis that coseismic slip distribution along earthquake ruptures may provide relevant informations on unknown initial stress state and could thus improve our understanding of seismic hazard.Our experimental approach appears then, as an efficient complementary method to investigate earthquake dynamics
Vigner, Alan. „Images sismiques par réflexions verticale et grand-angle de la croûte en contexte extensif : les Cyclades et le Fossé Nord-Egéen“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GLOB0009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarretier, Sébastien. „Cycle sismique et surrection de la chaîne de Gurvan Bogd (Mongolie) : approche de la géomorphologie quantitative“. Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20204.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchmidt, Johannes. „Deep seismic studies in the Western part of the Baltic shield /“. Uppsala : Uppsala university of Uppsala, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40232940n.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWolf, Sylvie. „Interaction des failles sismiques : modélisation mathématique et numérique de l'instabilité du glissement“. Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00744990.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLefèvre, Marthe. „Segmentation des grands décrochements, du cycle sismique à la déformation long terme, exemple de la faille du levant“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC100/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStrike slip faults are characterised by complex 3D geometries, with abrupt structural variations and a high degree of lateral segmentation. Hence, understanding the underlying mechanisms of lateral fault segmentation can shed light on the distribution of deformation and stress along these faults, as well as their seismic behaviour. In this study, we have tried to characterise some of these parameters for the Levant fault. We first investigated the seismic behaviour of this fault over the last few thousand years. To do this we realised a paleoseimological trench along the southern section of the fault, in a region where historical seismic data are limited. This allowed us to propose a rupture scenario for the section running from the Gulf of Aqaba to Mount Lebanon (~500km). The resulting catalogue highlights several seismic crises about 200 years long during which the whole fault ruptures in a cascade, interspaced with quiescent periods of about 350-400 years. This suggests that the seismic behaviour of the fault presents temporal clustering. Our catalogue also allowed for the estimation of the slip deficit accumulated over the last 1600 years in the considered section. This deficit is homogeneous along the fault and relatively high (2 m on average), which could suggest that a seismic crisis could happen over the entire region in a near future, as the compensation of such deficit would require the occurrence of a Mw 7.2 event on each section of the fault. After that we studied the distribution of long-term deformation in a region with a relatively complex geometry: the Gulf of Aqaba. In this region we mapped from field data and satellite images several secondary structures on the margins of the gulf. Indeed, even though the main fault is at sea, part of the vertical deformation is accommodated on land. The confrontation of thermochronological and cosmogenic datations along the eastern coast of the gulf shows an acceleration of the uplift rates. We interpret this as a consequence of the migration of the Euler pole associated with the rotation of the Arabian plaque, 5 ky ago. This migration led to an increase of the transtension in the Gulf of Aqaba, which reactivated ancient faults bordering the coastal plain. Finally, in order to quantify the mechanisms controlling the segmentation of strike slip faults and their temporal evolution, we realised sand box experiments. Our results highlight the importance of the thickness of the brittle material and its impact on the segment lengths. They also show the persistence of strike slip faults segmentation since the segmentation observed in the field obeys the same scaling laws as that observed at the early stages of deformation in sand box experiments
Donniol, Jouve Bénédicte. „Vers l'intégration des taux de déformation dans les modèles de source PSHA en Europe : test de la compatibilité entre les taux de moment sismique et géodésique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMost national and international seismic regulations require quantifying seismic hazard based on probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) methods. PSHA provides authorities with a basis and reference from which ground motions should be considered for earthquake- resistant design. The knowledge about the sources and the magnitudes that may occur must be interpreted in terms of probabilities of occurrence over future time windows (source model). The source model is combined to a ground-motion model to determine the exceedance probabilities of ground-motion levels at sites of interest over future windows of time. The present research work aims at understanding how geodetic monitoring can provide constraints on the source model.We address the issue of deriving seismic hazard models from strain rate in low-to-moderate seismicity regions. There, the seismicity is diffuse, few earthquakes can be associated to identify active faults, and realistic fault geometries cannot be integrated in seismic hazard studies. Earthquake catalogs, merging instrumental and historical data, are usually used to establish earthquake recurrence models. Although these catalogs extend over several centuries, the observation time windows are often short with respect to the recurrence times of moderate-to-large events and the recurrence models can be weakly constrained. GPS measurements provide estimates for deformation rates and represent an alternative for estimating the future rate of seismicity. The model obtained can be coupled with ground-motion models to estimate probabilistic seismic hazard, similarly to a gridded- seismicity model. Taking advantage of the velocity field generated in EPOS-GNSS in Europe, strain rates maps have been derived for Europe (Piña Valdes et al. 2020). Horizontal velocities are considered to estimate the budget potentially available for earthquakes, which implies understanding the origin of the vertical displacement (tectonics, post-glacial rebound). The new ESHM20 seismic hazard model (Danciu et al. 2021) is tested against this new data, comparing the seismic budgets, accounting for uncertainties both on the ESHM20 source model and on geodetic seismic moment rates. We propose a new methodology to account for the uncertainties associated with geodetic moment rates and we find that the two quantities could be in agreement in high activity areas, and, in some cases in low activity area (as in several french regions). Then, we take advantage of the work made by Marsan and Tan (2020) to generate moment balanced synthetic earthquakes catalogs in order to assess the adequacy of earthquake catalog sampling for long-term seismicity in low-to-moderate seismic regions thanks to geodesy
Tesson, Jim. „Histoire sismique des failles normales de la région du Lazio-Abruzzo (Italie) : implications sur la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du glissement sismique au sein d'un système de faille“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0050.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe use of $^{36}$Cl cosmogenic nuclide as a paleo-seismological tool to determine the seismic history of normal faults provide continuous records over the past 10 000 to 20 000 yrs. The modeling of the $^{36}$Cl concentrations measured at the surface of an exhumed fault-plane allows determining the age and the displacement of the past seismic events that successively exhumed the fault-plane. The available modeling approach is however unable to attest for the unicity of the inferred scenario, which makes the estimate of the associated uncertainties difficult. An other limitation concerns the long-term history of the fault-plane prior its post-glacial exhumation (inheritance), that is not fully accounted for in this model (Schlagenhauf et al., 2010). We have developed a reappraisal of this model that accounts for the inheritance history, and includes a procedure of data inversion to 1) determine all parameters of the exhumation history at once, 2) attest for the unicity of the proposed scenario, and 3) precisely determine the associated uncertainties. Applying our new modeling to 11 normal faults previously studied in Central Apennines, we observe a large variability of their seismic activity over the last 10 000 - 45 000 yrs, with slip-rate acceleration reaching 2-20 times their long-term slip-rate. In particular, our results suggest that the seismic activity of normal faults in Central Apennines could be controlled by intrinsic properties of the faults (such as their long-term slip-rate, fault-length, segmentation, state of structural maturity), and by visco-elastic stress transfers between faults
Oral, Elif. „Modélisation multi-dimensionnelle de la propagation des ondes sismiques dans des milieux linéaires et non-linéaires“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1140/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNumerical modeling of seismic wave propagation has been a major topic on ground motion studies using a number of different numerical integration schemes. The consideration of soil nonlinearity holds an important place in order to achieve simulations consistent with real observations for strong seismic shaking. Additionally, in the presence of strong ground motion in saturated soils, pore pressure becomes an important parameter to take into account for related phenomena such as flow liquefaction and cyclic mobility. In this study, first, one component (1C) - seismic wave propagation is modeled in linear and nonlinear media in 1D based on the spectral element numerical method. Viscoelastic and nonlinear soil rheologies are implemented by use of the memory variables technique and Iwan’s elastoplastic model, respectively. Then, the same study is extended to a 1D - three component (3C) model and a preliminary comparison on the effect of using 1C and 3C approaches is made. Then, the influence of excess pore pressure development is included in the 1D-3C model and the developped numerical model is applied to realistic case on the site of Wildlife Refuge Liquefaction Array (USA) which is affected by the 1987 Superstition Hills event. The ground motion modification for different assumptions of the soil rheology in the media and different input motions is studied. The calculated motion is found to be amplified on low frequency and damped in high frequency range due to excess pore pressure development. Furthermore, the soil is found to be more nonlinear under triaxial loading in 3C approach and more dilative due to higher nonlinearity. Despite the similitude in surface acceleration and velocity results, significant differences in surface displacement results of 1C and 3C approaches are remarked. Similar analyses are performed on two Japanese sites Kushiro Port and Onahama Port, which are influenced by the 1993 Kushiro-Oki and the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquakes, respectively. It has been shown that the nonlinearity-related changes are not homogeneous all over the concerned frequency band and the influence of cohesionless soil behavior on wave propagation is highly dependent on model properties and loadingconditions. Lastly, the 2D SEM code is developped by taking into account soil nonlinearity and pore pressure effects similary to 1D-3C SEM code. The developped 2D SEM code is applied to a 2D sedimentary basin site where the basin geometry is asymmetrical and soil profile consists of layers with different nonlinearity properties. Total and effective stress analyses are performed on the 2D basin for P-SV and SH zave propagation models. The calculated surface motion is shown to differ significantly under synthetic and realistic input motion loading conditions and the resultant deformation in superficial layers is found to be very high in effective stress analysis compared to total stress analysis. Also, wave propagation takes longer time inside basin media and the reflections on bedrock-basin boundaries lead the soil in basin edges to higher nonlinearity. This study shows the possibility of modeling nonlinear soil behavior including pore pressure effects in seismic wave propagation studies by coupling different models with spectral element method. These analyses help identifying and understanding dominant phenomena occurring in superficial layers, depending on local conditions and input motions. This is of great importance for site-specific studies
Picot, Marie. „Cycles sédimentaires dans le système turbiditique du Congo : nature et origine“. Thesis, Brest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BRES0049/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTurbidite systems are huge submarine sedimentary fans located off rivers, at the foot of the continental slope. They constitute the most distal terrigeneous deposits of a fluvial system. Their internal structure, defined as a stacking of channel-levee systems, show architectural changes through time. Forcing factors of these architectural changesare still poorly understood, and the respective role of internal (related to the own functioning of the system) or external forcing factors (climate, seal-level variations, tectonics) remains debated. To better understand the role of these controlling factors, a detailed study of the Congo system architecture was carried out. This study was conducted as part of the Reprezaï research project (Ifremer/IUEM, since 2006), following the Guiness and ZaïAngo projects (Ifremer/Total, 1992-2003), during which many oceanographic surveys allowed acquiring an important geophysical and geological data base. A quantitative analysis of different architectural parameters from the channels (e.g. total length, length built after avulsion,…) of the Congo Axial Fan (last 200 ka) reveals progradational-retrogradational sedimentary cycles of the depocenters, the highest retrogradations corresponding to avulsions located very upfan. Depocenters identified at the termination of the channels correspond to relatively elongated lobe complexes (according to the nomenclature of Prélat et al., 2009) with greatly variable volumes (from 3 to 196 km3) both in time and space, without any cyclicity like that identified by other parameters. The cumulative volume of these lobe complexes represents up to 31% of the Axial Fan volume. The multiproxies study (14C dating, δ18O, XRF measurements, Total Organic Carbon…) of cores sampled on the most prograding and retrograding channels provided a chronological framework to these sedimentary cycles. The temporal evolution of the architectural parameters was compared with changes in paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic signals (pollens, TOC, XRF and MSCL measurements, clay mineralogy,…) recorded in the sediments of a reference core deposited simultaneously to the Axial Fan, but located outside the turbidite flows. Results highlight a strong link between the architectural evolution of the turbidite system and the Congo River discharge. These, as well as the expansion of the vegetation cover in the catchment area, control the sand/clay ratio and thus, at least partly, the transport capacity of turbidity currents that build the channel-levee systems. Both factors depend on rainfall related to the monsoon intensity variations in relation with precession (19-23 ka Milankovitch). A scenario for the deposition of channel-levee systems and lobes of the Axial Fan in link with arid/humid climate variations in the catchment area has been proposed thanks to good stratigraphic constraints for the last 40 ka. During arid periods, turbidity currents are infrequent and present a high sand/clay ratio which decreases their transport capacity. These turbidity currents are suitable to channel aggradation, generating favorable conditions for the subsequent creation of upfan avulsion. During periods of transition of arid to humid conditions, when the canopy is still underdeveloped, fluvial discharge and significant sediment load increases result in an increase of the turbidity currents volume, which favors upfan avulsions. Finally, during humid periods, Congo discharge is characterized by a strong liquid flow and a mainly clayey solid discharge which decreases gradually as the canopy extends. These conditions generate turbidity currents with decreasing transport capacity through time. However the transport capacity of these currents remains sufficient to reach distal portions of the systems and favor channels progradation. This climatic factor seems therefore to regularly disrupt the more perennial internal control which is also highlighted by the Congo Axial Fan architecture
Aben, Frans. „Experimental simulation of the seismic cycle in fault damage zones“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEarthquakes along large crustal scale faults are a huge hazard threatening large populations. The behavior of such faults is influenced by the fault damage zone that surrounds the fault core. Fracture damage in such fault damage zones influences each stage of the seismic cycle. The damage zone influences rupture mechanics, behaves as a fluid conduit to release pressurized fluids at depth or to give access to reactive fluids to alter the fault core, and facilitates strain during post- and interseismic periods. Also, it acts as an energy sink for earthquake energy. Here, laboratory experiments were performed to come to a better understanding of how this fracture damage is formed during coseismic transient loading, what this fracture damage can tell us about the earthquake rupture conditions along large faults, and how fracture damage is annihilated over time.First, coseismic damage generation, and specifically the formation of pulverized fault damage zone rock, is reviewed. The potential of these pulverized rocks as a coseismic marker for rupture mechanisms is discussed. Although these rocks are promising in that aspect, several open questions remain.One of these open questions is if the transient loading conditions needed for pulverization can be reduced by progressively damaging during many seismic events. The successive high strain rate loadings performed on quartz monzonites using a split Hopkinson pressure bar reveal that indeed the pulverization strain rate threshold is reduced by at least 50%.Another open question is why pulverized rocks are almost always observed in crystalline lithologies and not in more porous rock, even when crystalline and porous rocks are juxtaposed by a fault. To study this observation, high strain rate experiments were performed on porous Rothbach sandstone. The results show that pervasive pulverization below the grain scale, such as observed in crystalline rock, does not occur in the sandstone samples for the explored strain rate range (60-150 s-1). Damage is mainly occurs at a scale superior to that of the scale of the grains, with intragranular deformation occurring only in weaker regions where compaction bands are formed. The competition between inter- and intragranular damage during dynamic loading is explained with the geometric parameters of the rock in combination with two classic micromechanical models: the Hertzian contact model and the pore-emanated crack model. In conclusion, the observed microstructures can form in both quasi-static and dynamic loading regimes. Therefore caution is advised when interpreting the mechanism responsible for near-fault damage in sedimentary rock near the surface. Moreover, the results suggest that different responses of different lithologies to transient loading are responsible for sub-surface damage zone asymmetry.Finally, post-seismic annihilation of coseismic damage by calcite assisted fracture sealing has been studied in experiments, so that the coupling between strengthening and permeability of the fracture network could be studied. A sample-scale fracture network was introduced in quartz monzonite samples, followed exposure to upper crustal conditions and percolation of a fluid saturated with calcite for several months. A large recovery of up to 50% of the initial P-wave velocity drop has been observed after the sealing experiment. In contrast, the permeability remained more or less constant for the duration of the experiment. This lack of coupling between strengthening and permeability in the first stages of sealing is explained by X-ray computed micro tomography. Incipient sealing in the fracture spaces occurs downstream of flow barriers, thus in regions that do not affect the main fluid flow pathways. The decoupling of strength recovery and permeability suggests that shallow fault damage zones can remain fluid conduits for years after a seismic event, leading to significant transformations of the core and the damage zone of faults with time
Jolivet, Romain. „Déformation intersismique le long de la faille de Haiyuan, Chine : variations spatio-temporelles contraintes par interférométrie SAR“. Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00649146.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlfred, Anglade. „Performance sismique sous charge axiale nulle des murs en maçonnerie armée entièrement remplis de coulis“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9720.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract : This juxtaposition of solid materials -blocks, stones or bricks, ...- linked or not together called masonry does not behave very well towards lateral forces, especially if it has not been carried out according to seismic standards or enough adequate. This vulnerability - sliding, shearing, bending tear, or otherwise- comes often precisely because of this process of stacking, problems of interaction with the rest of the structure and also because of unreliable mechanical characteristics of used items. Despite this structural failure, masonry is still used today because of its traditional side, ease of implementation and low cost of use. In recent years, masonry was enriched with documents published by various researchers to a better understanding of the mechanical properties elements and also, above all, of the failure mechanisms masonry walls for a better response to seismic loading. Many experiences were then performed and many others are still necessary ; and therefore the Canada has for some time been involved in this adventure. And it is in this direction that goes this document. It presents, among others, the behavior under lateral loads of a reinforced masonry wall completely filled with grout. This research project is part of a broader program to a better understanding of the seismic behavior of masonry for an improvement of design and repair techniques of masonry.
Jeandet, Louise. „Modélisation numérique des liens entre séismes et glissements de terrain au cours du cycle sismique : processus déclencheurs, distributions de tailles et implications géologiques“. Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B063/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleInteractions between tectonic processes and erosion have been poorly investigated at short time-scales (<1000 years). However, earthquakes can largely contribute to the erosion of mountain belts by triggering widespread landsliding. Moreover, recent studies have shown that such large erosional events could induce stress changes in the fault environment efficient enough to influence regional seismicity. In this thesis, this problematic is tackled through a numerical approach. Firstly, the development of a simple mechanical model accounting for the complexity and variability of natural hillslopes allowed to demonstrate the role of mechanical parameters (cohesion and friction), and of hillslope shape in the probability density function of landslide sizes. This model has been validated using natural cases of co-seismic landsliding. Secondly, the role of unstable hillslope height on large landslide probability has been demonstrated based on natural data, and the exponential distribution of this unstable height has ben shown. Finally, the potential effect of a large erosional event on seismicity has been explored with a numerical model of seismic cycle, in which has been implemented temporal normal stress variations. The results emphasize the role of eroded sediment volume, but also of the export time of sediments away from the mountain belt. In landscape with high unstable hillslopes, large landslides are favored and in turn, could induce fast an important enough erosion to modify regional seismicity
Jouet, Gwenael. „Enregistrements stratigraphiques des cycles climatiques et eustatiques du Quaternaire terminal - Modélisations de la marge continentale du Golfe du Lion“. Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260930.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLes travaux entrepris depuis une dizaine d'années sur la marge du Golfe du Lion (Méditerranée occidentale) montrent qu'il s'agit d'une zone exceptionnelle pour explorer l'impact de la variabilité climatique et glacio-eustatique sur l'organisation stratigraphique des sédiments. Les séquences sédimentaires liées aux grands cycles tardi-pléistocènes de 100 000 ans, révélées par la sismique, ont été échantillonnées et interprétées grâce aux données multi-proxies des forages du projet européen "Promess-1". La révision du modèle stratigraphique de la marge, propagé sur l'ensemble de la plateforme, a contribué à préciser les modèles conceptuels de la stratigraphie séquentielle. L'analyse sismo- et litho-stratigraphique à plus haute résolution révèle également l'enregistrement de séquences liées à des cycles climatiques beaucoup plus courts durant le dernier cycle glaciaire (~130 000 ans). L'association des événements de Heinrich et de Dansgaard-Oeschger dans les cycles génériques de Bond présente une expression stratigraphique distincte, sous la forme de paraséquences régressives. Enfin, la modélisation de l'agencement des structures sédimentaires associées à la remontée du niveau marin lors de la dernière déglaciation (~20 000 ans) souligne le rôle des événements climatiques extrêmes dans la formation du message sédimentaire. Cette étude présente enfin une confirmation semi-quantitative et bien contrainte dans le temps, du rôle fondamental des variations du niveau marin et des flux sédimentaires dans l'organisation des séquences de dépôt, y compris à l'échelle des événements climatiques rapides.
Dubois, Loïc. „Étude mécanique de la crise sismique sud-islandaise de juin 2000 par modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle : effets rhéologiques et géométriques“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00268203.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHoste, Colomer Roser. „Variations latérales de sismicité le long du méga-chevauchement himalayen au Népal“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE031/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe seismicity located along the Himalayan mega-thrust, within the trace of the great M8+ 1505AD earthquake, displays striking spatial variations which remained poorly resolved. In order to better constrain and understand these variations, we deployed a 15-stations temporary seismological network for 2 years (2014-2016) as a complement to the national network. We first processed the data with an automatic detection with Seiscomp3, then a manual picking of earthquakes recorded by the network, followed by a Hypo71 absolute localization and HypoDD relative relocation of clustered events. The resulting catalogue contains 2154 local events, shallow to midcrustal (8 - 16 km). The seismicity presented temporal variations suggesting fluid migrations. The confrontation between the seismicity and the geologic balanced cross-sections shows that most eartbquakes happen within the hangingwall of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault nearby ramps or suspected contacts between lesser Himalayan slivers. The lateral variations of some of the structures associated to this seismicity are likely to partially control the extent of the coseismic ruptures during intermediate earthquakes that break partly the locked fault zone, in a similar way as what was reported after the Mw7.8 2015 Gorkha-Nepal earthquake. Better characterizing the segmentation of such faults is an important input for seismic hazard studies
Rousset, Dominique. „Structure et isostasie du Fossé Rhénan (segment méridional) : champ de pesanteur et sismique réflexion en écoute longue ECORS DEKORP“. Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePham, Viet Anh. „Effets de la pression interstitielle sur la réponse sismique des sols : modélisation numérique 1D/ 3 composantes“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985465.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLe, Roux-Mallouf Romain. „Déformation Holocène de l’Himalaya du Bhoutan : apport de la géomorphologie et de la paléosismologie“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT142/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Himalayan arc is one of the most active intra-continental mountain belts in the world. Over the last centuries, several major earthquakes (Mw > 7.5) have struck this arc. The dramatic effects of the Gorkha earthquake sequence in 2015 pointed once again the crucial need to improve seismic hazard assessment of this area.Geological explorations of the Himalayas since the late 19th century have emphasized a 2500-km-long roughly cylindrical structure, with striking continuity of main units and thrust faults. However recent geophysical and geological investigations have revealed lateral variations. The relationship between these variations and earthquakes segmentation along the arc remains poorly constraint. The maximum size and the occurrence probability of such earthquakes are still a matter of debate.For instance, the seismic behavior of Bhutan remains enigmatic. The present-day low seismicity rate observed in this area can reflect two opposite fault behaviors: an aseismic creeping zone or a zone of stress accumulation for future great earthquakes as the others parts of Himalayas. The main objective of this thesis is to bring new constraints on the deformation of the Bhutan Himalayas, at different space- and time-scales, through morphotectonic and paleoseismological approaches.The first part of this thesis focuses on the vertical deformation assessment along a N-S transect in western Bhutan and along the Main Frontal Thrust, which is the southern-most thrust in southern Bhutan. In the past three years, we have carried out three fieldwork campaigns to sample (1) frontal terraces to assess Holocene uplift rates, (2) watershed basins to quantify short term denudation rates (< 20 ky) derived from cosmonuclides $^{10}$Be and (3) hinterland alluvial terraces to quantify the Holocene incision rate. Frontal Holocene uplift rates obtained in Bhutan are consistent with those obtained in the others parts of Himalayas. Furthermore, our results reveal a variation in the geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust between eastern Nepal and western Bhutan.The second part focuses on several paleoseismic studies along the west and central bhutanese Himalayan front. Different sites were investigated during three fieldwork campaigns. Detritic charcoals sampling and modeling suggest the occurrence of at least five surface-rupturing earthquakes during the last ~2700 years. These results demonstrate that the present-day low seismicity rate observed in Bhutan is not representative of the seismic activity at longer time scale. At regional scale, they also take part of a broader discussion on the probability of occurrence of a magnitude 9 earthquake along the Himalayan arc
Chlieh, Mohamed. „Le cycle sismique décrit avec les données de la géodésie spatiale (interférométrie SAR et GPS différentiel) : variations spatio-temporelles des glissements stables et instables sur l'interface de subduction du Nord Chili“. Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GLOB0012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEarth surface deformation at plate boundaries offers insight into mechanical fault coupling behaviour. Repeated spatial geodetic measurements (InSAR and GPS) are good recorders of that deformation throughout the seismic cycle. We applied this technique to the chilean subduction zone to map co- and post-seismic deformation associated with the Antofagasta earthquake, Mw = 8. 1, of 30 july 1995, as well as to interseismic deformation in the seismic gap (~420 Km) north of it. Elastic dislocation modelling yielded a detailed (seismic and aseismic) slip distribution for that subduction interface, leading to the reconstruction of a 2D model of the complete seismic cycle
Biscans, Sébastien. „Optimization of the Advanced LIGO gravitational-wave detectors duty cycle by reduction of parametric instabilities and environmental impacts“. Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1019/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe LIGO project is a large-scale physics experiment the goal of which is to detect and study gravitational waves of astrophysical origin. It is composed of two instruments identical in design, located in the United States. The two instruments are specialized versions of a Michelson interferometer with 4km-long arms. They observed a gravitational-wave signal for the first time in September 2015 from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes. This is the first direct detection of a gravitational wave and the first direct observation of a binary black hole merger. Five more detections from binary black hole mergers and neutron stars merger have been reported to date, marking the beginning of a new era in astrophysics. As a result of these detections, many activities are in progress to improve the duty cycle and sensitivity of the detectors. This thesis addresses two major issues limiting the duty cycle of the LIGO detectors: environmental impacts, especially earthquakes, and the issue of unstable opto-mechanical couplings in the cavities, referred to as parametric instabilities. The control strategies and tools developed to tackle these issues are presented. Early results have shown a downtime reduction during earthquakes of ~40% at one of the LIGO sites. Moreover, the electro-mechanical device called ‚Acoustic Mode Damper™ designed and tested during the thesis should completely solve the issue of parametric instabilities for LIGO. In conclusion, we will show that the problems tackled in this thesis improved the overall duty cycle of LIGO by 4.6%, which corresponds to an increase of the gravitational-wave detection rate by 14%
Mouali, Lila. „Etude expérimentale et numérique du comportement hydromécanique des sols résiduels tropicaux : application à la modélisation sismique d'un barrage en remblai aux Antilles“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0606.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe use of residual tropical soils for the construction of embankment dams is an important issue. Dams located in tropical regions are often subject to seismic risk. Most often, foundations with weak characteristics are purged and replaced with compacted soils. Thus, the seismic behavior of the dams located in these regions depend on the dynamic properties of the compacted residual soils. The evaluation of the seismic behavior of a dam is based on the capacity of the models to predict the evolution of the rigidity of the structure during the seismic stress. It is therefore important to have models allowing to predict the shear modulus at small strains, the reduction curve of the normalized shear modulus and the damping curve. The objectives of our research work are to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the cyclic mechanical behavior of compacted residual tropical soils and to propose models making it possible to predict their behavior. To answer these, an experimental study of the cyclic properties of soils sampled from the site of a dam under construction in the French West Indies was carried out using undrained cyclic triaxial test objectives and resonant column tests. It is thus shown that the existing equations in the literature are not adapted to our experimental results. Predictive equations for the determination of Gmax, G / Gmax and D are developed. On the basis of the results obtained, nonlinear dynamic numerical simulations were obtained at the scale of the sample and of the structure using the flac software
Osorio, Gomez Laura Isabel. „Behavior of synthetic fiber-reinforced concrete circular columns under cyclic flexure and constant axial load“. Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2008. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1435.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenabdellouahed, Massinissa. „La Seine fluviatile plio-quaternaire en baie de Seine : évolution morphologique et sédimentaire (rôle du substratum géologique et des cycles climato-eustatiques)“. Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660489.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJudenherc, Sébastien. „Etude et caractérisation des structures hercyniennes à partir de données sismologiques : le cas du Massif Armoricain“. Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001738.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLoevenbruck, Anne. „Déformation active du domaine Nord Luzon, Philippines, et de Taiwan“. Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112099.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis aims to study the mechanisms and tectonic processes involved in long and short terms active deformation of two mountain ranges, the Central Cordillera of Luzon and the Central Range of Taiwan, both along the Manila subduction zone. The Central Cordillera of Luzon, built along the related volcanic arc, extends at the northern extremity of the left-lateral Philippine fault. This study of this chain aims to characterize the present permanent deformation and the involved tectonic processes. GPS data are first used to define a kinematic model which quantitatively describes the complex tectonic system of Luzon. The interpretation of SAR images and the analysis of field data then show that the relief of the Central Cordillera is built by a thrusting system, now reactivated with a left-lateral component in the northern extension of the Philippine fault. This study suggests that the shortening structures are related to the subduction of the oceanic Scarborough ridge. The Central Range of Taiwan is the accretionary wedge built as the Manila subduction zone leads the continental China margin to converge toward the volcanic arc. Transient deformations of the seismic cycle are examined along the western thrust front, broken in 1999 during the Chi-Chi earthquake. The coseismic slip distribution is first calculated by inversion of the surface displacements measured by GPS and SPOT images correlation. The analysis of the whole seismic cycle transient deformations allows then to examine the implications of this coseismic slip distribution and to propose a tectonic model for Taiwan. The coseismic slip heterogeneities are finally explained by the variations of the interseismic locking, suggesting that the coupling along the western thrust front of Taiwan increases toward north and toward surface, that is globally in the plate motion direction
Rabineau, Marina. „UN MODELE GEOMETRIQUE ET STRATIGRAPHIQUE DES SEQUENCES DE DEPÔTS QUATERNAIRES SUR LA MARGE DU GOLFE DU LION : ENREGISTREMENT DES CYCLES CLIMATIQUES DE 100 000 ANS“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136517.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLa zone d'étude d'environ 40 x 40 km est située à la charnière de la plate-forme externe et du haut de pente, dans la partie occidentale du Golfe, au large du Languedoc, où la plate-forme atteint 70 km de large. La base de données est constituée 1) d'un levé sismique Très Haute Résolution (Sparker) dense (espacement de 400 à 1000 m) et 2) d'une dizaine de carottages atteignant 10 m de longueur. L'approche retenue comprend un volet analytique des données géologiques (interprétation des profils sismiques et des carottes par Stratigraphie Sismique et Séquentielle) et un volet de modélisation géométrique et stratigraphique permettant de caractériser, de quantifier et de simuler les séquences sédimentaires reconnues. Cette double approche analytique et modélisatrice, menée de façon concomitante, permet des allers-retours entre la donnée d'origine, le modèle géologique, la valeur des paramètres et les simulations stratigraphiques qui testent plusieurs scenarii géologiques.
L'analyse des géométries 3D permet de dégager un motif élémentaire de dépôt constitué par un couple de prismes PI (à clinoformes faiblement pentus <1° déposés en amont de la plate-forme) et PII (à clinoformes fortement pentus d'environ 4 ° déposés en aval de la plate-forme). Ce motif de dépôt, fondamentalement horizontal, est récurrent et sert à la hiérarchisation des unités sismiques en grandes séquences de dépôt. Il correspond à l'enregistrement d'un cycle glacioeustatique de 100 000 ans (interglaciaire-glaciaire) : le prisme PI correspond aux dépôts prodeltaïques de « haut à moyen niveau marin » ; le prisme PII, aux dépôts littoraux de plus bas niveau du maximum glaciaire du cycle. Cette interprétation rejoint celle proposée par Aloïsi en 1986. Au total, cinq séquences correspondant aux cinq derniers cycles glacio-eustatiques sont donc enregistrées sur la plate-forme occidentale du Golfe du Lion. La base des séries étudiées remonte à 540 000 ans (stade isotopique 12). Les cycles très courts (20 000 ans ou moins) ne sont pas clairement exprimés dans les géométries de dépôt. Les conditions hydrodynamiques exercent un contrôle sur les géométries des séquences de dépôts qui peut brouiller ou effacer l'empreinte des cycles climatiques dans les séquences sédimentaires. Les canyons de l'Aude et de l'Hérault sont globalement inactifs pendant les hauts niveaux marins. Pendant les bas niveaux, leur fonctionnement est variable (transport, érosion et dépôt).
Les simulations stratigraphiques et la restitution des couples de prismes observés et exceptionnellement bien préservés dans cette zone du Golfe du Lion donnent une signification géologique et valident la transformation « simple » des courbes isotopiques O18/O16 en courbes eustatiques. Cette étude donne aussi la première quantification du taux de subsidence moyenne (totale) de la plate-forme du Golfe du Lion pendant le Pléistocène supérieur à moyen (540 ka). La subsidence prend la forme d'un basculement vers le large qui atteint 250 m/Ma à 70 km de la côte actuelle (en bordure de plate-forme). On a calculé, à partir des géométries visibles sur les profils sismiques pétroliers, un taux de subsidence identique sur l'ensemble du Plioquaternaire ; le taux de subsidence est donc constant depuis 5,3 Ma, il ne crée pas de séquence mais permet la préservation, l'empilement et la reconnaissance des séquences glacioeustatiques successives.
De, Linage Caroline. „Mesures gravimétriques au sol et satellitaires: étude du rapport entre variation de pesanteur et déplacement vertical et apport de la mission spatiale GRACE à l'étude des surcharges hydrologiques et des très grands séismes“. Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349160.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoulouel, Hakim. „Caractérisation cartographique d'une différenciation verticale et horizontale de la déformation : application à la couverture sédimentaire de la plate-forme ardennaise“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Western Ardennes Paleozoic massif forms the primordial exposure of the Variscan deformation front in Northern France. It includes folded and thrusted units composed of non metamorphic to epi-metamorphic rocks of mostly Devonian-Carboniferous age. Along a Western Ardennes transect imaged by the M146 seismic profile, the thrust front is characterized by a major crustal scale south-dipping thrust zone whose emergence corresponds to the c1assical "Midi" thrust zone. The latter induces the thrusting of the Ardennes-Avesnois fold-and-thrust belt onto the dismembered molassic Namurian-Westphalian coal-bearing foreland basin and its Brabant-type substratum. The main Ardennes basal thrust accommodates a significant part of the motion occuring during a late out-ofsequence event. South of this main thrust, Avesnois area display second order thrust-related folds with a general ENE-WSW trend and a NNW vergence. These structures involve a strongly heterogeneous Iithological sequence. The induced rheological contrasts strongly control the deformation style. New cartographic and structural studies, mainly carried out in the Famennian sequences, allowed us to precise the geometry and kinematics of the fold-thrust structures. As a whole, these data indicate (1) that the thick Incompetent Famennian layers acted as a distributed complex décollement-zone decoupling shortening between the Mid-Devonian and Dinantian layers, (2) that the geometrical folding model demonstrated above early synsedimentary discontinuities corresponds to disharmonic fold types. the folding in the post-Lower Famennian levels occurred by flank rotation around fixed hinge zones. For the lower-Famennian incompetent levels, shortening is accommodated by the presence of several fold hinges in folds hinge zone and by buckling. (3) that the foreland-directed thrust related folds were lately deformed by backwards thrusting, highlighting the overall difficulty of the forward propagation of the thrust front onto the Brabant foreland
Minguely, Bruno. „Caractérisation géométrique 3-D de la couverture sédimentaire méso-cénozoïque et du substratum varisque dans le Nord de la France : apports des données de sondages et des données géophysiques“. Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Minguely.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYanchuan, Li. „Observation géodésique et modélisation de la déformation des failles dans le Plateau Tibétain“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ4002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOngoing plate convergence between India and Eurasia during the past ∼40 million years has created the Tibetan Plateau, a region with average elevation of ~4500 m, area of over 600×1000 km2, and active faulting and crustal deformation extends more than 2000 km into central Asia. Approximately one-half of India’s 36–40 mm/a northward motion is partitioned in the Tibetan Plateau, resulting in crustal thickening, shortening, folds, and complex fault systems. The active crustal deformation cause diverse styles of strain accumulation and release on crustal faults, expressed as distinct faulting behavior or earthquake cycles. Investigating into crustal fault deformation and earthquake cycles in the Tibetan Plateau using space-based geodesy, i.e., Global Positioning System (GPS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), has started 30 years ago. Currently, high spatial-temporal resolution geodesy provides us with abundant data and sufficient resolution to study the ground deformation associated with earthquake cycle processes.In this dissertation, I focus on the interseismic deformation along three boundary large strike-slip fault systems of the Tibetan Plateau, the Altyn Tagh fault, the Haiyuan fault system and the Xianshuihe-Anninghe-Zemuhe-Xiaojiang fault system (XAZX). I use GPS (1999-2018) and InSAR (2003-2016) geodetic observations, along with 2D dislocation and 3D block models, to invert for slip rates and interseismic fault coupling, assess seismic hazard and investigate earthquake cycles along these faults; moreover, study the kinematics of deformation across the Tibetan Plateau. My results show slip rates ranging from ~2 to ~12 mm/a, highly heterogeneous interseismic fault coupling (fully locked coexist with fully creeping), distinct seismic potential and different earthquake cycles along these faults. In particular, I identify two and one new aseismic creeping segments along the Haiyuan fault system and the Xianshuihe fault respectively. My geodetic observation and modeling results demonstrate the spatio-temporal diversity and complexity of interseismic fault deformation in the Tibetan Plateau, highlight the significance of considering vertical deformation in InSAR, and allow a new and in-depth understanding of earthquake cycles along the above three fault systems
Gonzalez, Alicia. „Suivi sismologique de l'impact des cyclones sur la charge de fond de la Rivière des Pluies et de la Rivière du Mât à La Réunion“. Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTropical cyclones can generate huge precipitation rates leading to torrential floods. The consequences for civilian infrastructures and population can be significant as phenomenal amounts of sediment are transported to the ocean. Direct measurements of sediment transport are impossible to implement under these extreme hydrodynamic conditions. To overcome these experimental limitations, previous studies have shown that seismology can be an excellent tool for an indirect access to information on the dynamics of a flooded river: turbulent flow and solid transport. Reunion Island is an ideal place to make such observations because its relief, its latitude, and therefore the climatic aspects favour the generation of potentially devastating torrential floods. We have deployed a temporary seismological network of ten three-component, brodeband seismic stations (http://dx.doi.org/10.15778/RESIF.ZF2015) dedicated to studying signals associated with the activity of the rivers Rivière des Pluies and the Rivière du Mât. Data from these seismic stations during several cyclonic floods (Bejisa, Carlos and Dumazile) were analyzed. For a better understanding of the seismological signal of fluvial origin, one of the key points was to compare it with hydrometeorological data and punctually with granulometric and photogrammetric observations. We show that it is possible to use high-frequency seismic observations (> 1 Hz) to monitor the variation in water level during such episodes in Reunion Island and thus estimate a flood wave velocity. We distinguish the seismic signature of the flow and sediment transport and show that these two seismic sources are distributed throughout the entire river segment near the seismometers
Cavalié, Olivier. „Mesures InSAR et modélisation de faibles déformations d'origine anthropique (lac Mead, USA) ou tectonique (faille de Haiyuan, Chine)“. Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661442.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGirault, Jean-Baptiste. „Exhumation du prisme collisionnel Ouest Alpin et évolution du bassin molassique : nouvelles données thermochronologiques et tectono-sédimentaires“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS086.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNew thermochronological data (AFT, ZHe, and ZFT) on the Belledonne and Grandes Rousses ECMs basement show a similar and relatively rapid exhumation dynamic around 18 Ma for all the External Cristalline Massifs. However, the exhumation of southern massifs (e.g., Oisans) could start earlier, from 25 Ma suggesting a diachronous exhumation along the Alpine Arc. This also suggests a progressive localization of deformations along the crustal ramps between ~25 and 18 Ma. Finally, the rapid exhumation starting at around 18 Ma seems to correspond to the limit of mega-sequences in the molassic basin. Field analysis, borehole data and seismic lines show that the basin was deformed as early as the Oligocene (25 Ma). This also allows the calculation of the sediment volumes preserved within the West Alpine Molassic Basin. Finally, a preliminary study of the source to sink in the West Alpine basins is approached from petro-detritic analyses, detrital thermochronology and calculation from the seismic lines. These results highlighted the progressive denudation of the Variscan crust of the upper plate whose detrital signal has been present since the Eo-Oligocene in the peri-alpine basins. The late Miocene appearance in the West Alpine Molassic basin of a tertiary thermochronological signal suggests a change in surface dynamics and/or a different sedimentary routing over time, but also significant differences compared to the basins located north of the Alps
Potie, Gilbert. „Contribution à l'étude géologique de la frontière SE de la plaque caraibe : la serrania del interior oriental sur le transect Cumana-Urica et le bassin de Maturin (Vénézuela) : application de données géophysiques et géologiques à une interpretation structurale“. Brest, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BRES2005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChapron, Emmanuel. „Contrôles climatique et sismo-tectonique de la sédimentation lacustre dans l'Avant Pays Alpin (Lac du Bourget) durant le quaternaire récent“. Phd thesis, Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-285.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaurent, Aurore. „Modélisation géologique 3D du bassin houiller du Nord-Pas-de-Calais et de son substratum dévonien-carbonifère inférieur : vers une meilleure définition des réservoirs géothermiques profonds“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR058.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWithin the act on energy transition voted by the French government in 2015, the Hauts-de-France region is committed to invest and develop massively renewable energies by 2050. This objective requires the development of regional alternatives to fossil fuels, in particular low-temperature geothermal energy. In such a perspective, the present PhD study aims to define the geometry of the potential deep geothermal reservoirs in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais (NPC) coal basin district: the brecciated and karstic limestones of the Dinantian (Lower Carboniferous, 360-330 Ma) and the Givetian-Frasnian carbonates (Middle-Upper Devonian, 388-372 Ma).These reservoirs form part of a large-scale carbonate platform developed onto the southern Avalonian margin from the Middle Devonian to the Lower Carboniferous. During the Variscan orogeny in Late Mississippian-Middle Pennsylvanian (330-305 Ma) times, the collision between the continents Avalonia and Armorica-Gondwana led to the tectonic inversion of the Avalonian margin and the development of a north-verging thrust system whose front crosses northern France. The Devonian-Carboniferous platform was progressively buried under the syn-orogenic Nord-Pas-de-Calais molassic foreland basin developed along the Northern Variscan Front.In order to characterise the geometry of the deep reservoirs within the Devonian-Carboniferous substratum of the NPC coal basin, it is essential to analyse the 3D structure and dynamics of the coal basin and of the Northern Variscan Front at the regional scale. The 3D geometry of the Northern Variscan Front, the NPC coal basin and the geothermal reservoirs has been investigated based on (1) the interpretation of 532 km of seismic reflection profiles reprocessed in the frame of the thesis, and (2) the construction of a 3D numerical structural model integrating a large database (interpreted seismic profiles converted into depth, wells, reinterpreted mining data, outcrops, existing geological syntheses, gravimetric maps).Seismic interpretations point out the main structural features of the southern Avalonian margin and of the different units of the Northern Variscan Front in northern France. The 3D geometry of the thrust front (frontal and lateral ramps, transfer zone) is characterized and the influence of the Devonian and Caledonian structural inheritance on the dynamics of the thrust front is discussed. Numerical modelling allows for the reinterpretation of the 3D geometry of the different sedimentary units and discontinuities (faults, thrusts) of the Northern Variscan Front and of the eastern part of the NPC coal basin. Geothermal targets are imaged in 3D and their extension, depth, thickness and deformations are defined. Operational deliverables, such as isohypses and isopaque maps, were produced and analysed at the end of this study. The definition of the regional subsurface 3D geometry finally allowed to discuss the deformation history of the Variscan orogenic front and to propose a new kinematic evolution model in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais coal district area. This work demonstrates the interest of a dual approach combining advances in scientific knowledge (the dynamics of the Northern Variscan Front) and the development of applied knowledge (reservoir geometry)
Ragueneau, Frédéric. „Fonctionnement dynamique des structures en béton : influence des comportements hystériques locaux“. Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DENS0001.
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