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Purushotham, Vineeth. „Dynamic Life Cycle Costing“. Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102785.
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Maintenance is an extremely important issue in the industry. Testimony to this fact is that European companies spend about 140 billion euro per year on maintenance activities. In Sweden alone, the annual cost of maintenance and related activities reaches 250 billion crowns and these costs are the costs incurred when maintenance jobs are performed and does not include the consequences of poor maintenance with which the costs would be significantly higher. The new paradigm in the manufacturing sector identifies utilization of production resources as a main competitive weapon. To meet the high demands of the industry like high efficiency, enhanced customization and high speed of delivery, a much higher operational availability and capability of production systems have to be achieved. In this context, maintenance becomes an important strategic issue. The objectives of this study are to develop a dynamic LCC model supporting decision making in the early stages of investment and production development process allowing estimating and optimizing life cycle costs of production equipment including maintenance considerations. It will give the concerned stakeholders a better chance of estimating the whole life cycle costs and select proper design alternative for new investments. It can be used as a tool for the justification of investment in Condition Based Maintenance technologies which is underestimated in present calculation models.
2
Miller, Eric S. „Dynamic Modeling of Vapor Compression Cycle Systems“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337715881.
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Monteiro, Maria Rovisco Correia Gonçalves. „Dynamic of estuarine prokaryotic communities and the nitrogen cycle“. Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12738.
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Mestrado em MicrobiologiaEstuaries are highly dynamic aquatic systems, having steep physical and chemical gradients, such as salinity, influencing microbial communities in terms of their abundance and diversity. The analysis of microbial responses and adaptations to those environmental fluctuations became essential to understand the biogeochemical cycles that regulate these ecosystems, which have been undergoing progressive anthropogenic pressures. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of Archaea and Bacteria diversity along the salinity gradient of the Douro River estuary (NW Portugal). Samples were collected at four locations covering the salinity gradient, ranging from 4.9 - 21.7 ppt. The application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed a variation of Bacteria and Archaea diversity along the salinity gradient. The diversity of ammonia oxidizing Archaea (AOA) was also assessed by the analysis of amoA diversity. Simultaneously, were measured net fluxes of inorganic nitrogen (NH4+, NO3-, NO2-) and nitrification rates by using acetylene and 15N isotope analysis. The results showed that although there was an increase in the diversity of AOA with the decrease of salinity, the highest magnitudes of nitrification rates were registered at intermediary saline sites, where there was a higher availability of NH4+. This study revealed important insights on the effect of salinity on estuarine prokaryotic diversity structure as well on the dynamics of key processes of the nitrogen cycle.
Estuários são ecossistemas aquáticos altamente dinâmicos, possuindo grandes gradientes físicos e químicos, como é o caso da salinidade, influenciando as comunidades microbianas em termos de diversidade e abundância. A análise das respostas e adaptações destas comunidades às flutuações ambientais torna-se essencial para a compreensão dos ciclos biogeoquímicos que regulam estes ecossistemas, que tem vindo nos últimos anos a sofrer pressões ambientais devido à crescente atividade antropogénica. Neste estudo, investigámos a dinâmica da diversidade de Archaea e Bacteria ao longo de um gradiente de salinidade no estuário do Rio Douro (NW, Portugal). As amostras foram recolhidas em quatro locais cobrindo um gradiente de salinidade que variou entre 4.9 - 21.7 ppt. A aplicação da técnica de electroforese em gel com gradiente desnaturante (DGGE), revelou uma variação na diversidade de Bacteria e Archaea ao longo do gradiente salino. A diversidade das comunidades de Archaea com a capacidade de oxidar a amónia (AOA) foi também avaliada através da análise de diversidade do gene funcional amoA. Paralelamente, foram avaliados os fluxos líquidos dos compostos de azoto inorgânico (NH4+, NO3-, NO2-) bem como as taxas de nitrificação através da utilização do método do acetileno e da análise isotópica de 15N. Os resultados mostraram que apesar de ter ocorrido um aumento da diversidade das AOA com a diminuição da salinidade, as maiores magnitudes das taxas de nitrificação foram registadas nos locais com salinidades intermédias, onde se registou maior disponibilidade de NH4+. Este estudo permitiu-nos obter importantes conhecimentos sobre o efeito da salinidade na estrutura das comunidades procariotas estuarinas bem como na dinâmica de processos chave do ciclo do azoto.
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Green, Lilian. „Dynamic simulation for whole life appraisal“. Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325206.
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Kholodilin, Konstantin A. „Dynamic Factor Analysis as a Methodology of Business Cycle Research“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4043.
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El objetivo principal de la investigación emprendida en la presente tesis doctoral es elaborar una técnica de construcción de un indicador económico compuesto o un conjunto de dichos indicadores que, correspondiendo al concepto teorético del ciclo económico (comercial), permitirán detectar y predecir los puntos de giro del ciclo económico.Como el punto de partida hemos escogido la definición del ciclo económico propuesta por Burns y Mitchell (1946). Según nuestra opinión, el analisis dinámico factorial es el método idóneo para captar los puntos de giro del ciclo económico en el sentido de Burns y Mitchell. Por un lado, tiene en cuenta los movimientos comunes de varias series macroeconómicas que bajan y suben simultaneamente durante las fases de recesiones y expansiones, respectivamente. Por otro lado, refleja las asimetrías que existen entre las dos fases cíclicas, como, por ejemplo, las tasas de crecimiento y la volatilidad distintas durante las recesiones y expansiones. Ambos rasgos estan subrayados por Burns y Mitchell como características definitivas del ciclo económico.
El análisis dinámico factorial en su estado actual exige sin duda ciertas modificaciones y algunas extensiones para obtener las estimaciones insesgadas y consistentes de los indicadores económicos compuestos y para utilizar la información disponible de la mejor manera posible.
Nuestra investigación está dirigida, en primer lugar, hacia los economistas prácticos que han optado por utilizar el análisis dinámico factorial para la construcción del indicador del ciclo económico tanto a nivél regional como nacional.
La tesis esta compuesta por cinco capítulos donde el primer y el último capítulos son, respectivamente, la introducción y la conclusión. En ellos se exponen los objetivos del estudio y los resultados alcanzados en el curso de la investigación.
En el capítulo dos describimos varios metodos de análisis de las fluctuaciones económicas que han sido propuestos durante los últimos 20 años. Por un lado, consideramos los modelos con la dinámica nolineal, concretamente el cambio de regímenes o el Markov switching. Por otro lado, examinamos los modelos lineales del análisis dinámico factorial. Al final del capítulo analizamos el modelo del factor común latente con la dinámica nolineal (con cambios de regímenes) que está construido como una combinación de estos dos metodos principales.
En el capítulo tres introducimos un modelo general dinámico multifactorial con la dinámica lineal y nolineal. Este modelo permite captar la dimensión intertemporal (indicador avanzado versus indicador coincidente) de los factores comunes inobservables. Se examinan dos modelos dinámicos alternativos con un factor común inobservable avanzado y un factor común inobservable coincidente. En el primer modelo el factor común coincidente esta influido por el factor común avanzado a través del mecanismo de causalidad de Granger. Mientras que en el segundo modelo los dos factores estan relacionados via la matríz de las probabilidades de transición. Debido a que el factor avanzado contiene información sobre los cambios futuros de las fases cíclicas, ambos modelos permiten hacer predicciones de los puntos de giro del ciclo económico.
En el capítulo cuatro elaboramos las técnicas sumplementarias necesarias para resolver algunos problemas de datos que son bastante frecuentes en la actividad de un economista empírico. Los dos problemas más importantes son los cambios estructurales y la falta de observaciones, particularmente cuando los datos que estan disponibles con distintas frecuencias (por ejemplo: los datos mensuales y trimestrales). Estos problemas quiebran la continuidad de la serie temporal y reducen el número de observaciones válidas para el análisis estadístico. Se demuestra que estos problemas se resuelven modificando el modelo de análisis dinámico factorial, con lo que se obtienen estimaciones más eficientes de los parametros del modelo.
The main objective of our research undertaken in this thesis is to elaborate a technique of constructing a composite economic indicator or a set of such indicators which would correspond to the theoretical concept of business cycle and reflect a phenomenon which may be interpreted as the cyclical dynamics of the economy.
As a point of departure we have chosen the definition of business cycle proposed by Burns and Mitchell (1946). We believe that the most appropriate method to capture the Burns and Mitchell's cycle would be the dynamic factor analysis.
The dynamic factor analysis in its current state requires undoubtedly some refinements and extensions to obtain unbiased and consistent estimates of the composite economic indicators and to use the available information in the best possible way.
Our research is mostly oriented towards the practitioners who have opted for using the dynamic factor approach in the construction of the business cycle indicator both at the regional and national levels.
The thesis is comprised of five chapters where the first and the last chapters are the introduction and conclusion delineating the objectives of the study and summarizing the results achieved during research.
Chapter two describes various approaches to the analysis of economic fluctuations proposed during the last 20 years. On the one hand, it concentrates on models with nonlinear, namely Markov-switching, dynamics, on the other hand, it is concerned with dynamic factor models. Finally, it shows the combined techniques which unify these two principal approaches, thus, modeling common latent factor with regime-switching dynamics.
In chapter three we introduce a general multifactor dynamic model with linear and regime-switching dynamics. This model allows capturing the intertemporal (leading versus coincident) dimension of the latent common factors. Two alternative multifactor dynamic models with a leading and a coincident unobserved common factors are examined: a model where the common coincident factor is Granger-caused by the common leading factor and a model where the leading relationship is translated into a set of specific restrictions imposed on the transition probabilities matrix.
Chapter four concentrates on the supplementary devices which allow to overcome some data problems which are very frequent in the practitioner's life. Among the most prominent are the structural breaks and missing observations. It is shown that some of these troubles can be coped with by modifying the dynamic common factors models, which leads to more efficient estimates of the parameters of the models.
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Mitko, Katrin Gabriele. „Dynamic transcriptome profiling of bovine endometrium during the oestrous cycle“. Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-95112.
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Biewald, Anne. „A dynamic life cycle model for Germany with unemployment uncertainty“. Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3311/.
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This work analyzes the saving and consumption behavior of agents faced with the possibility of unemployment in a dynamic and stochastic life cycle model. The intertemporal optimization is based on Dynamic Programming with a backward recursion algorithm.
The implemented uncertainty is not based on income shocks as it is done in traditional life cycle models but uses Markov probabilities where the probability for the next employment status of the agent depends on the current status. The utility function used is a CRRA function (constant relative risk aversion), combined with a CES function (constant elasticity of substitution) and has several consumption goods, a subsistence level, money and a bequest function.Diese Arbeit modelliert das Spar- und Konsumverhalten von Individuen in Deutschland mit einem Lebenszyklusmodell. Dabei hat das Modell zwei Besonderheiten, erstens trifft die Möglichkeit arbeitslos zu werden nicht jeden Agenten des Models mit der gleichen Wahrscheinlichkeit, sondern wird von Bildungsabschluss und dem Beschäftigungsstatus des Agenten beeinflußt und zweitens weicht die verwendete Nutzenfunktion von den Standardnutzenfunktionen ab und implementiert Vererbung, Geld, verschiedene Güter und Subsistenzlevel. Der Optimierungsalgorithmus basiert auf Dynamischer Programmierung.
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Ranade, Vishakhdutt. „Dynamic Modeling of Rankine Cycle using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian Method“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491562460235764.
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Martínez, Redondo Paloma. „The epigenetic regulation of cell cycle and chromatin dynamic by sirtuins“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283568.
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The chromatin consists of a hierarchical and dynamical structure that is modulated during the different cell cycle stages in order to maintain genome integrity and preserve the genetic information coded in the DNA. The dynamic structure of the chromatin depends on the coordination of the different chromatin remodeling processes: histone modifications, chromatin remodeling enzymes/complexes, DNA methylation and chromatin architectural proteins (CAPs). Within the chromatin, the histone-mediated regulation responds mainly to the modification of its N-terminal domain or "tail." Among the different histone modifications, acetylation at specific lysine residues (K) is one of the best characterized, and the acetylation of lysine 16 of histone H4 is the most frequently acetylated residue in eukaryotes. The acetylated form of H4K16 is an important mark of actively transcribed euchromatin from yeast to humans; whereas its non acetylated form is associated with gene silencing and heterochromatin regions. The dynamics of this histone modification is mainly governed by three enzymes: the histone acetyltransferases (HAT) MOF (males absent of the first), and the histone deacetylases (HDAC) SIRT1 and SIRT2. Therefore, both groups of enzymes are essential for the regulation of gene expression and chromatin organization in the nucleus, regulating the transition between transcriptionally active and inactive state of chromatin. SIRT1 and SIRT2 belong to the Class III of HDACs, termed as sirtuins, which are crucial for genomic integrity, adaptation to the environment and aging, among other functions. On one hand, SIRT2 is the only mammalian sirtuin located in the cytoplasm, which is known to shuttle to the nucleus during G2/M. Consistently, this HDAC has its main role in deacetylating H4K16Ac during G2-M. So far, the role of SIRT2 as the main H4K16Ac during mitosis has only been demonstrated by mammalian cell culture experiments or yeast studies. Therefore, for the first time, our study demonstrates the essential role of SIRT2 in regulating H4K16Ac levels during mitosis in vivo. As a matter of fact, our results support the function of SIRT2 in regulating chromatin dynamics by its involvement in the control not only of H4K16Ac levels, but also of H4K20me1-3 levels during the whole cell cycle. Notwithstanding, as happens with other sirtuin members, SIRT2 has also been shown to regulate and deacetylate non-histone substrates that govern cell cycle, stress response, cell survival and genome stability. Furthermore, one of the main roles of SIRT2 consists of modulating cell cycle progression and SIRT2 has been found to regulate diverse mitotic checkpoint proteins such as CDH1, CDC20, BubR1 and p53. Additionally, our results suggest that the chromatin histone patterns generated by SIRT2 during mitosis are essential in the control of cell cycle progression and attend to two complementary mechanisms: the deacetylation of both H4K16Ac and PR-Set7, the monomethyltrasferase of H4K20. We have found that SIRT2 is clearly involved in a mitotic checkpoint and regulate H4K20me1 deposition under stressful conditions, in order to preserve genome integrity. On the other hand, SIRT1 has been mainly involved in regulating heterochomatin formation and gene silencing by deacetylating histone and non-histone substrates. In fact, SIRT1 is involved in the maintenance of genome integrity due to its role in heterochromatin formation by deacetylating histone marks (H3K9Ac and H1K26Ac) and regulating heterochromatin related proteins such as HP1, Suv39h1 and Ezh2. In addition, SIRT1 also deacetylates H4K16Ac, H3K9Ac and H1K26Ac at specific promoters in order to control gene expression; and regulates non-histone proteins such as p53, FoxO factors, and Rb, among others, to specifically modulate the gene expression pattern. Nonetheless, SIRT1 has recently been implicated in cell cycle regulation throughout the control of Mcm10, the eukaryotic DNA initiation factor essential for S-phase progression. Accordingly, our study also demonstrate how SIRT1 may be involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression by modulating the expression of PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h2, the enzymes in charge of mono- and di-methylate H4K20, respectively. Altogether this evidences the role of sirtuins in preserving genome integrity by modulating chromatin dynamics and cell cycle progression from mitosis to S-phase.La cromatina consiste en una estructura jerárquica y dinámica que se regula durante el ciclo celular con el fin de mantener la integridad del genoma y preservar la información genética codificada en el ADN. Esta estructura dinámica depende de la coordinación de diferentes procesos: modificaciones histónicas, la actividad de enzimas/complejos remodeladores de la cromatina, metilación del ADN y la participación de proteínas estructurales de la cromatina. De entre estos procesos, las modificaciones histónicas tienen lugar en el dominio N-terminal o "cola" de las histonas. Entre las diferentes modificaciones que pueden sufrir, la acetilación de lisinas (K) es una de las mejor caracterizadas, y de entre ellas, la acetilación de la lisina 16 de la histona H4 es la más frecuente en eucariotas. La forma acetilada de H4K16 es una marca importante en eucromatina transcripcionalmente activa que se ha encontrado desde levaduras hasta el ser humano; mientras que su forma no acetilada se asocia con el silenciamiento de genes y regiones de heterocromatina. Esta dinámica de acetilación/desacetilación de este residuo histónico se rige principalmente por tres enzimas: la acetiltransferasa de histonas (HAT) MOF (varones ausentes de la primera), y las deacetilasas de histonas (HDAC) SIRT1 y SIRT2. Por lo tanto, los dos grupos de enzimas son esenciales para la regulación de la expresión de genes y la organización de la cromatina en el núcleo, regulando la transición entre el estado transcripcionalmente activo e inactivo de la cromatina. SIRT1 y SIRT2 pertenecen a la Clase III de las HDACs, denominado como sirtuinas, y son cruciales para el mantenimiento de la integridad genómica, la adaptación al entorno y el envejecimiento, entre otras funciones. Por un lado, SIRT2 es la única sirtuina de mamífero que se encuentra en el citoplasma, pero la cual pasa al núcleo durante G2/M. Como consecuencia, la principal función de esta HDAC es la desacetilación de H4K16Ac durante G2-M. Hasta el momento, el papel de SIRT2 como una de las principales desacetilasas de H4K16Ac durante mitosis sólo se ha demostrado por los experimentos realizados usando células de mamífero en cultivo o levaduras. Por lo tanto, nuestro estudio demuestra por primera vez el papel de SIRT2 en la regulación de los niveles de H4K16Ac en mitosis in vivo. De hecho, nuestros resultados apoyan la función de SIRT2 en la regulación de la cromatina por su participación en el control no sólo de los niveles de H4K16Ac, sino también los de H4K20me durante todo el ciclo celular. No obstante, como sucede con otros miembros de la familia de las sirtuinas, SIRT2 también regula y desacetila sustratos no histónicos que controlan el ciclo celular, la respuesta al estrés, la supervivencia celular y la estabilidad del genoma. Una de las principales funciones de SIRT2 consiste en su participación en el control del ciclo celular, habiéndose descrito diversas proteínas involucradas en el control mitótico que parecen estar reguladas por SIRT2, tales como CDH1, CDC20, BubR1 y p53. Además, nuestros resultados sugieren que los patrones de histonas generados por SIRT2 durante mitosis son esenciales en el control de la progresión del ciclo celular y se deben a dos mecanismos complementarios: la desacetilación tanto de H4K16Ac como de PR-Set7, la enzima encargada de monometilar H4K20. En consonancia, nuestro estudio ha podido demostrar como SIRT2 está claramente implicada en un punto de control de mitosis, y regula la deposición de H4K20me1 en condiciones de estrés, con el fin de preservar la integridad genómica. Por otro lado, SIRT1 ha sido principalmente descrita en la regulación de la formación de heterecromatina y silenciamiento génico por desacetilación de histonas y de sustratos no histónicos. De hecho, SIRT1 participa en el mantenimiento de la integridad del genómica a través de su función en la formación de heterocromatina, desacetilando marcas histonicas (H3K9ac y H1K26Ac) y regulando otras proteínas como HP1, Suv39h1 y Ezh2. Además, SIRT1 también desacetila H4K16Ac, H3K9Ac y H1K26Ac en promotores específicos con el fin de controlar la expresión génica; y regula proteínas no histónicas tales como Suv39h1, p53, factores FoxO, y Rb, entre otros, con el fin de modular específicamente el patrón de expresión. Además, SIRT1 ha sido recientemente implicada en el control del ciclo celular a través de la regulación de Mcm10, el factor eucariota esencial para la iniciación de la replicación del ADN durante la fase-S. Sin embargo, nuestros estudios demuestran cómo SIRT1 puede estar implicada en la regulación del ciclo celular modulando de la expresión de PR-Set7 y Suv4-20h2, las enzimas responsables de mono- y di-metilar H4K20, respectivamente. En conjunto, nuestros resultados evidencian el papel de las sirtuinas en la preservación de la integridad genomica mediante la modulación de la cromatina y de la progresión del ciclo celular desde mitosis a fase-S.
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Bierbaum, Martin [Verfasser]. „Dynamic chromatin association of RCC1 during the cell cycle / Martin Bierbaum“. Dortmund : Universitätsbibliothek Technische Universität Dortmund, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1013386124/34.
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Ohtani, Makiko. „Large-Scale Quasi-Dynamic Earthquake Cycle Simulations with Hierarchical Matrices Method“. 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199109.
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Lin, David Tse Shen. „Characterization of novel regulatory components in the dynamic protein palmitoylation cycle“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/52600.
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Protein palmitoylation represents the only reversible lipid modification in the cell. As a post-translational modification, it is highly dynamic and plays an important role in protein trafficking and localization. Two families of enzymes mediate dynamic palmitoylation: palmitoyl-acyl transferases (PATs) catalyze palmitate addition, and acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs) catalyze palmitate removal. In mammalian cells, twenty-three PATs have been identified; however, the mechanisms that regulate their enzymatic activity are largely unexplored. Only two APTs, APT1 and APT2, have been identified, but it is unclear if these enzymes act constitutively on all palmitoylated proteins, or if additional depalmitoylases exist. To determine if APT1 and APT2 are responsible for the depalmitoylation of all cytosolic substrates, in this dissertation, I first examined the roles of APT1 and APT2 in protein depalmitoylation. Using a dual pulse-chase strategy to compare protein and palmitate half-lives, I found that simultaneous knockdown or inhibition of APT1 and APT2 strongly blocked palmitate removal from the N-terminal domain of Huntingtin (N-HTT), but had no effect on the depalmitoylation of post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95). By activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), I showed that the APT1/2 inhibitor Palmostatin B has additional serine hydrolase targets that may play a role in PSD-95 depalmitoylation. Moreover, Palmostatin B induced PSD-95-GFP re-distribution in COS-7 cells, a phenotype not observed with APT1- and APT2-selective inhibitors. These results demonstrate that serine hydrolases other than APT1 and APT2 mediate the substrate-specific removal of palmitate from cytosolic proteins. I also investigated a possible novel regulator of the PAT HTT-interacting protein 14 (HIP14), Optineurin (OPTN), a cargo adaptor known to interact with HTT to mediate post-Golgi vesicle trafficking. I validated this interaction by co-immunoprecipitation and showed that OPTN is not a palmitoylated substrate. Furthermore, HIP14, OPTN, and HTT formed a trimeric complex. I mapped the binding of OPTN and HTT to the HIP14 ankyrin repeat domain, and identified mutations that selectively destabilized the HIP14/OPTN interaction. I hypothesize that OPTN transports HIP14 to distinct subcellular compartments to regulate its access to substrates. In summary, these results reveal potential novel regulatory components in the dynamic palmitoylation cycle.Medicine, Faculty of
Medical Genetics, Department of
Graduate
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Shimako, Allan. „Contribution to the development of a dynamic Life Cycle Assessment method“. Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAT0014/document.
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L'analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est une méthode très utilisée pour l'évaluation environnementale d'un système anthropique. Les spécialistes ont souligné l'absence de dimension temporelle comme une limitation. Les procédés de la technosphère sont dynamiques, ce qui conduirait à un inventaire de cycle de vie (ICV) dépendant du temps. Les mécanismes environnementaux impliqués dans la génération des impacts ont des caractéristiques dynamiques variées déterminant une manifestation temporelle spécifiques des impacts. Cependant, l’impact du cycle de vie (EICV) actuelles considère des modèles en conditions stationnaires et des horizons de temps arbitrairement fixés. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer au développement d'une méthodologie opérationnelle et des outils adaptés pour la prise en compte du temps dans l'ACV, en accordant une importance au développement d'une approche de modélisation intégrée pour l’ICV et l’EICV. La première contribution de cette thèse concerne le développement d'une base de données temporelle, en s'appuyant sur la base de données ecoinvent, dans laquelle les paramètres temporels ont été attribués aux sets de données. Des indicateurs dynamiques pour le changement climatique et la toxicité ont été développés en adaptant les modèles disponibles et ils ont été mis en place dans un outil de calcul propre. L'approche de modélisation tient compte de la nature fluctuante des émissions des substances en fonction du temps calculées par le modèle d’ICV temporel DyPLCALife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely used method for the environmental evaluation of an anthropogenic system. However, LCA scholars pointed out the lack of a temporal dimension as a limitation. The processes of technosphere are dynamic which leads to a time dependent life cycle inventory (LCI). Environmental mechanisms involved in impact developments have distinct dynamic behaviors determining specific temporal occurrence. However, the current life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods consider arbitrarily fixed time horizons and/or steady state conditions. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the development of an operational methodology and adapted tools for the consideration of time dependency in LCA, with emphasis on the development of an integrated modelling solution for both the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment phases. The first contribution of this thesis concerns the development of a temporal data base, leaning against ecoinvent data base, in which temporal parameters have been attributed to the data sets. Dynamic climate change and toxicity impacts were developed by adapting available models and were implemented in a homemade computational tool. The modelling approach takes into account the noisy nature of substance emissions in function of time as calculated by DyPLCA temporal LCI model
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Anderson, Frank Clayton. „A dynamic optimization solution for a complete cycle of normal gait /“. Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Sakaguchi, K., X. Zeng, LR Leung und P. Shao. „Influence of dynamic vegetation on carbon-nitrogen cycle feedback in the Community Land Model (CLM4)“. IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624742.
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Land carbon sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 concentration (bL) and climate warming (gL) is a crucial part of carbon-climate feedbacks that affect the magnitude of future warming. Although these sensitivities can be estimated by earth system models, their dependence on model representation of land carbon dynamics and the inherent model assumptions has rarely been investigated. Using the widely used Community Land Model version 4 as an example, we examine how bL and gL vary with prescribed versus dynamic vegetation covers. Both sensitivities are found to be larger with dynamic compared to prescribed vegetation on decadal timescale in the late twentieth century, with a more robust difference in gL. The latter is a result of dynamic vegetation model deficiencies in representing the competitions between deciduous versus evergreen trees and tree versus grass over the tropics and subtropics. The biased vegetation cover changes the regional characteristics of carbon-nitrogen cycles such that plant productivity responds less strongly to the enhancement of nitrogen mineralization with warming, so more carbon is lost to the atmosphere with rising temperature. The result calls for systematic evaluations of land carbon sensitivities with varying assumptions for land cover representations to help prioritize development effort and constrain uncertainties in carbon-climate feedbacks.
16
Negishi, Koji. „Development of a methodology of Dynamic LCA applied to the buildings“. Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0013/document.
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Le secteur du bâtiment est un acteur clé pour aider la France à atteindre ses objectifs de réduction en matière de consommation d’énergie et d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) est la méthode la plus utilisée pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux d’un produit ou d’un système d’une manière systématique et holistique sur l’ensemble de son cycle de vie. Dans le secteur du bâtiment, la méthode ACV a été adaptée avec des outils appropriés, simplifiés, pour inciter les acteurs du bâtiment à évaluer la performance environnementale de leur produit. Cependant, la méthode ACV présente des limites dont une est le manque de notion de « temps », qui touche notamment trois points : (i) Manque de considération de l’évolution temporelle des systèmes, du système « bâtiment » dans notre cas, (ii) Non prise en compte du décalage temporel des activités et donc des émissions, and (iii) Non prise en compte du caractère dynamique des impacts environnementaux. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est de développer une méthodologie d’ACV dynamique appliquée au bâtiment, qui permet de prendre en compte ces trois aspects dynamiques, sur la base du projet ANR DyPLCA. L’application de la nouvelle méthode dynamique à un cas d’étude avec trois maisons individuelles accolées a permis d’obtenir des informations importantes sur le profil temporel des impacts. La même quantité des émissions de GES a un impact de changement climatique plus bas lorsque les émissions sont réparties sur une période longue. Les actions pour la réduction et l’adaptation doivent être décidées selon différents types de famille de produits de construction. Ainsi, il est nécessaire d’adapter les efforts de réduction d’impacts en fonction des substances chimiquesThe building sector is a key actor to meet the reduction targets in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most used method for assessing the environmental impacts of a system. In the building sector, the LCA method was adapted with appropriate and simplified tools in order to encourage stakeholders to evaluate the environmental performance of their building products. However, LCA method has some limitations, one of which being the lack of “time dimension” that particularly concerns three points: (i) Lack of consideration of temporal evolution of the system under LCA study, “building system” in our case, (ii) Lack of consideration of temporal discrepancy of activities and associated emissions, (iii) Lack of consideration of dynamic characteristics of environmental impacts (stationary conditions, fixed time horizon, etc.). In this context, the primary objective of the thesis is to develop a dynamic LCA methodology applied to the building sector, on the basis of DyPLCA ANR project. The application of the new dynamic method to a case study with three attached single houses demonstrated that dynamic LCA provides important information on the temporal profile of impacts. The same amount of GHG emissions has a lower effect on temperature peaks when emissions are spread over a long period. The distinction is made between the various GHG, especially according to their lifetime. Instantaneous and cumulated effects (indicators) should be considered in a complete analysis. Actions for mitigation and adaptation need to be decided according to different types of construction product families. Besides, it is necessary to adapt the impact reduction efforts according to the chemical substances
17
Chaudhary, Osman, und Erdem Yüksek. „Dynamic life-cycle costing in asset management of production equipments with emphasis om maintenance“. Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41281.
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In the contemporary industry, companies need to make investments to grow their business volume. However each investment comes with its own risk. Cost of an equipment does not only consist of the initial payment but also covers the future costs related to the operations, maintenance, quality of production and many other associated issues. Therefore, economical analysis of an asset should be done by considering the whole life cycle. Life-Cycle Costing (LCC) can be used as an engineering tool in order to assess the future business risks and prevent the unexpected costs and losses due to failures and downtime before they occur. When first proposed as a proactive effort, LCC came into the industry with several advantages to be provided. However it could not keep pace with the modern industrial IT development.Automated machine tools constitute a crucial part of modern manufacturing activities. As an asset within the production layout, life-cycle of machine tools consists of several periods which are basically early design, purchase, installation, operation and disposal stages. Unfortunately, lack of a detailed cost analysis method drives most of the manufacturers to follow minimum adequate design (MAD) principle. As described above, decision process of investing in new equipments brings along the old famous debate: “Short-term spending or long-term benefits?”Recent studies have proven the fact that interruptions in production due to failures and maintenance account for a considerable part of not only production profit losses but also overhead costs. Regarding this problem, several new concepts in maintenance such as Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) and Condition Based Monitoring (CBM) have been developed. Main goal of these methods is to anticipate the failures which are likely to occur and keep the continuity of production. However, usage of these methods is still at very limited level since industry lacks a dynamic costing method that can justify the initial investment in production equipment assisted by such maintenance techniques. Although they are effective to some extent in calculating direct costs, traditional cost analysis methods usually fail in providing an accurate view on the indirect, consequential and overhead costs. On the other hand, by its2different point of view in handling indirect costs and their future impacts, LCC method can be a possible solution for this investment analysis problem.The objective of this study is to develop an LCC model that can assist the decision making process during the early stages of an investment. A dynamic LCC model which considers the maintenance aspect will be proposed and, as a specific case, this model will be used for estimating and optimizing the life-cycle costs of a CNC machining center based on its real-time technical data history.
18
Karlsson, Stefan, und Erik Hansson. „Dynamic Load Generator: Synthesising dynamic hardware load characteristics“. Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Inbyggda system, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28280.
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In this thesis we proposed and tested a new method for creating synthetic workloads. Our method takes the dynamic behaviour into consideration, whereas previous studies only consider the static behaviour. This was done by recording performance monitor counters (PMC) events from a reference application. These events were then used to calculate the hardware load characteristics, in our case cache miss ratios, that were stored for each sample and used as input to a load regulator. A signalling application was then used together with a load regulator and a cache miss generator to tune the hardware characteristics until they were similar to those of the reference application. For each sample, the final parameters from the load regulator were stored in order to be able to simulate it. By simulating all samples with the same sampling period with which they were recorded, the dynamic behaviour of the reference application could be simulated. Measurements show that this was successful for L1 D$ miss ratio, but not for L1 I$ miss ratio and only to a small extent for L2 D$ miss ratio. We were also able to show that the total convergence time for the regulator could be reduced by using case-based reasoning to select the initial parameters from similar samples.
19
Shannon, Sarah R. „Modelling the atmospheric mineral dust cycle using a dynamic global vegetation model“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520308.
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20
Petronevich, Anna. „Dynamic factor model with non-linearities : application to the business cycle analysis“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E050/document.
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Cette thèse est dédiée à une classe particulière de modèles à facteurs dynamiques non linéaires, les modèles à facteurs dynamiques à changement de régime markovien (MS-DFM). Par la combinaison des caractéristiques du modèle à facteur dynamique et celui du modèle à changement de régimes markoviens(i.e. la capacité d’agréger des quantités massives d’information et de suivre des processus fluctuants), ce cadre s’est révélé très utile et convenable pour plusieurs applications, dont le plus important est l’analyse des cycles économiques.La connaissance de l’état actuel des cycles économiques est crucial afin de surveiller la santé économique et d’évaluer les résultats des politiques économiques. Néanmoins, ce n’est pas une tâche facile à réaliser car, d’une part, il n’y a pas d’ensemble de données et de méthodes communément reconnus pour identifier les points de retournement, d’autre part, car les institutions officielles annoncent un nouveau point de retournement, dans les pays où une telle pratique existe, avec un délai structurel de plusieurs mois.Le MS-DFM est en mesure de résoudre ces problèmes en fournissant des estimations de l’état actuel de l’économie de manière rapide, transparente et reproductible sur la base de la composante commune des indicateurs macroéconomiques caractérisant le secteur réel.Cette thèse contribue à la vaste littérature sur l’identification des points de retournement du cycle économique dans trois direction. Dans le Chapitre 3, on compare les deux techniques d’estimation de MS-DFM, les méthodes en une étape et en deux étapes, et on les applique aux données françaises pour obtenir la chronologie des points de retournement du cycle économique. Dans Chapitre 4, sur la base des simulations de Monte Carlo, on étudie la convergence des estimateurs de la technique retenue - la méthode d’estimation en deux étapes, et on analyse leur comportement en échantillon fini. Dans le Chapitre 5, on propose une extension de MS-DFM - le MS-DFM à l’influence dynamique (DI-MS-DFM)- qui permet d’évaluer la contribution du secteur financier à la dynamique du cycle économique et vice versa, tout en tenant compte du fait que l’interaction entre eux puisse être dynamiqueThis thesis is dedicated to the study of a particular class of non-linear Dynamic Factor Models, the Dynamic Factor Models with Markov Switching (MS-DFM). Combining the features of the Dynamic Factor model and the Markov Switching model, i.e. the ability to aggregate massive amounts of information and to track recurring processes, this framework has proved to be a very useful and convenient instrument in many applications, the most important of them being the analysis of business cycles.In order to monitor the health of an economy and to evaluate policy results, the knowledge of the currentstate of the business cycle is essential. However, it is not easy to determine since there is no commonly accepted dataset and method to identify turning points, and the official institutions announce a newturning point, in countries where such practice exists, with a structural delay of several months. The MS-DFM is able to resolve these issues by providing estimates of the current state of the economy in a timely, transparent and replicable manner on the basis of the common component of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the real sector. The thesis contributes to the vast literature in this area in three directions. In Chapter 3, I compare the two popular estimation techniques of the MS-DFM, the one-step and the two-step methods, and apply them to the French data to obtain the business cycle turning point chronology. In Chapter 4, on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, I study the consistency of the estimators of the preferred technique -the two-step estimation method, and analyze their behavior in small samples. In Chapter 5, I extend the MS-DFM and suggest the Dynamical Influence MS-DFM, which allows to evaluate the contribution of the financial sector to the dynamics of the business cycle and vice versa, taking into consideration that the interaction between them can be dynamic
21
Foertsch, Tracy L. „Business cycle measurement using a dynamic factor model with duration dependent transitions“. The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269523416.
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22
Arora, Mansi. „Dynamic chromatin associated ubiquitination with cell cycle progression in human cancer cells“. The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396182036.
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23
Buettner, Robert W. „Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a Variable Cycle Turbofan Engine with Controls“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1496179248257409.
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24
Foertsch, Tracy. „Business cycle measurement using a dynamic factor model with duration dependent transitions /“. Connect to resource, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1269523416.
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25
Petronevich, Anna <1989>. „Dynamic factor model with non-linearities: application to the business cycle analysis“. Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13464.
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This thesis is dedicated to the study of a particular class of non-linear Dynamic Factor Models, the Dynamic Factor Models with Markov Switching (MS-DFM). Combining the features of the Dynamic Factor model and the Markov Switching model, i.e. the ability to aggregate massive amounts of information and to track recurring processes, this framework has proved to be a very useful and convenient instrument in many applications, the most important of them being the analysis of business cycles.In order to monitor the health of an economy and to evaluate policy results, the knowledge of the current state of the business cycle is essential. However, it is not easy to determine since there is no commonly accepted dataset and method to identify turning points, and the official institutions announce a new turning point, in countries where such practice exists, with a structural delay of several months. The MS-DFM is able to resolve these issues by providing estimates of the current state of the economy in a timely, transparent and replicable manner.The thesis contributes to the vast literature in this area in three directions. In Chapter 3, I compare the two popular estimation techniques of the MS-DFM, the one-step and the two-step methods, and apply them to the French data to obtain the business cycle turning point chronology. In Chapter 4, on the basis of Monte Carlo simulations, I study the consistency of the estimators of the preferred technique - the two-step estimation method, and analyze their behavior in small samples. In Chapter 5, I extend the MS-DFM and suggest the Dynamical Influence MS-DFM, which allows to evaluate the evolution of the contribution of the financial sector to the dynamics of the business cycle and vice versa.
26
Murray-Tortarolo, Guillermo Nicolas. „Recent trends in the land carbon cycle“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18661.
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Land ecosystems absorb about a quarter of all human emissions of carbon (C) by fossil fuel burning and land use change. This percentage varies greatly within years due to the land ecosystem response to climate variability and disturbance. Significant uncertainties remain in our knowledge of the magnitude and spatio-temporal changes in the land C sinks. The aims of my thesis are 1) to evaluate the capacity of different dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) to reproduce the fluxes and stocks of the land C cycle and 2) to analyse the drivers of change in the land C over the last two decades (1990-2009). In the first part of this thesis I evaluated the DGVM results over two regions: the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the Tropics. Over the NH DGVMs tend to simulate longer growing seasons and a greater positive leaf area index trend in response to warming than that observed from satellite data. For the tropical region we found a high spatial correlation between the DGVMs and the observations for C stocks and fluxes, but the models produced higher C stocks over the non-forested areas. In the second part I studied the processes controlling the regional land C cycle. The findings can be summarized as: (1) the land CO2 sink has increased over the study period, through increases in tropical and southern regions with negligible change in northern regions; (2) globally and in most regions, the land sinks are not increasing as fast as the growth rate of excess atmospheric CO2 and (3) changes in water availability, particularly over the dry season, played a fundamental role in determining regional trends in NPP. My work seeks to improve our understanding of the relationship between the C cycle and its drivers, however considerable research is needed to understand the role of additional processes such as land use change, nitrogen deposition, to mention just a few.
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Barnett, William Halbert. „Duty Cycle Maintenance in an Artificial Neuron“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_theses/7.
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Neuroprosthetics is at the intersection of neuroscience, biomedical engineering, and physics. A biocompatible neuroprosthesis contains artificial neurons exhibiting biophysically plausible dynamics. Hybrid systems analysis could be used to prototype such artificial neurons. Biohybrid systems are composed of artificial and living neurons coupled via real-time computing and dynamic clamp. Model neurons must be thoroughly tested before coupled with a living cell. We use bifurcation theory to identify hazardous regimes of activity that may compromise biocompatibility and to identify control strategies for regimes of activity desirable for functional behavior. We construct real-time artificial neurons for the analysis of hybrid systems and demonstrate a mechanism through which an artificial neuron could maintain duty cycle independent of variations in period.
28
Trinh, Tri Q. (Tri Quang). „Dynamic response of the supercritical C0₂ Brayton recompression cycle to various system transients“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53527.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.Page 208 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-160).
The supercritical carbon dioxide (SC0₂) power conversion system has been suggested for use with many of the Generation IV nuclear reactors. The SC0₂ cycle is highly attractive because of its low operating temperatures and high efficiency associated with working near the critical point of CO2. Unfortunately, the appealing features of using C0₂ near its critical point create complications in control. The Transient SC0₂ Cycles Code (TSCYCO) has been developed as a transient simulation control design and cycle scoping code for the recompression SC0₂ Brayton cycle. It is based off of the SC0₂ Power Systems (SCPS) code, and incorporates many improvements and modifications. Written in FORTRAN 90, TSCYCO uses a lumped parameter model and a momentum integral model approach. The code uses a semi-implicit solution process and implements Gaussian elimination to solve the system of equations. Transient behavior of the printed circuit heat exchangers is determined via the previously developed code HXMOD. Turbomachinery performance is modeled using the Real Gas Radial Compressor (RGRC) code with a scaling scheme for off-design conditions. Currently, TSCYCO has the capability of modeling several transients, including: loss of external load (LOEL), power load change, and cycle low-temperature change. Simulations show that TSCYCO can be run at quasi-steady state for an indefinite period of time. In the case of a 10% LOEL, the axial turbine experiences choke as a result of shaft overspeed. Turbine choke can be avoided if one bypasses more flow during LOEL.
(cont.) Moreover, one can incorporate more accurate axial turbine performance models to account for shaft speed variation. TSCYCO experiences instabilities when operated too closely to the critical point of C0₂. This could be remedied with a more robust Runge-Kutta solution method.
by Tri Q. Trinh.
S.M.
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Nishanth, Rini. „Dynamic Response and Life-Cycle Analysis of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Systems“. Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/70517.
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Nuwer, Jonathan Mark. „Organic matter preservation along a dynamic continental margin : form and fates of sedimentary organic matter /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10999.
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Ariduru, Secil. „Fatigue Life Calculation By Rainflow Cycle Counting Method“. Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605614/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, fatigue life of a cantilever aluminum plate with a side notch under certain loading conditions is analyzed. Results of experimental stress analysis of the cantilever aluminum plate by using a uniaxial strain gage are presented. The strain gage is glued on a critical point at the specimen where stress concentration exists. Strain measurement is performed on the base-excited cantilever beam under random vibration test in order to examine the life profile simulation.
The fatigue analysis of the test specimen is carried out in both time and frequency domains. Rainflow cycle counting in time domain is examined by taking the time history of load as an input. Number of cycles is determined from the time history. In frequency domain analysis, power spectral density function estimates of normal stress are obtained from the acquired strain data sampled at 1000 Hz. The moments of the power spectral density estimates are used to find the probability density function estimate from Dirlik&rsquos empirical expression. After the total number of cycles in both time and frequency domain approaches are found, Palmgren-Miner rule, cumulative damage theory, is used to estimate the fatigue life. Results of fatigue life estimation study in both domains are comparatively evaluated. Frequency domain approach is found to provide a marginally safer prediction tool in this study.
32
Davis, Neil Nathaniel. „Dynamic and Stochastic Modeling of Various Components of the Hydrological Cycle for East Africa“. NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05032007-094125/.
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This research has investigated the ability to model precipitation over East Africa using the RegCM regional climate model, and the ability of a stochastic model to predict Lake Victoria lake level one season in advance. The stochastic model was built using precipitation, sea surface temperatures and temperature, and provides detail about the steps used to develop the model. Precipitation modeling was carried out using RegCM and several convective schemes were compared to determine which performed best for East Africa. Additionally the microphysical scheme SUBEX was investigated thoroughly and several tuning parameter changes were made. Finally the precipitation from RegCM was split into 9 rainfall classifications which were then studied to determine how the regional climate model performed for representing rainfall events in the model, in terms of duration, intensity, and overall structure between all the event types.
33
Sax, Christoph. „The Swiss stock market and the business cycle : a generalized dynamic factor model approach /“. Luzern : Verl. IFZ-HSW, 2008. http://christophsax.ch/abstract.pdf.
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Collinge, William O. „A dynamic life cycle assessment framework for whole buildings including indoor environmental quality impacts“. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3573266.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) can aid in quantifying the environmental impacts of whole buildings by evaluating materials, construction, operation and end of life phases with the goal of identifying areas of potential improvement. Since buildings have long useful lifetimes, and the use phase can have large environmental impacts, variations within the use phase can sometimes be greater than the total impacts of other phases. Additionally, buildings are operated within changing industrial and environmental systems; the simultaneous evaluation of these dynamic systems is recognized as a need in LCA. At the whole building level, LCA of buildings has also failed to account for internal impacts due to indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The two key contributions of this work are 1) the development of an explicit framework for DLCA and 2) the inclusion of IEQ impacts related to both occupant health and productivity. DLCA was defined as “an approach to LCA which explicitly incorporates dynamic process modeling in the context of temporal and spatial variations in the surrounding industrial and environmental systems.” IEQ impacts were separated into three types: 1) chemical impacts, 2) nonchemical health impacts, and 3) productivity impacts. Dynamic feedback loops were incorporated in a combined energy/IEQ model, which was applied to an illustrative case study of the Mascaro Center for Sustainable Innovation (MCSI) building at the University of Pittsburgh. Data were collected by a system of energy, temperature, airflow and air quality sensors, and supplemented with a postoccupancy building survey to elicit occupants’ qualitative evaluation of IEQ and its impact on productivity. The IEQ+DLCA model was used to evaluate the tradeoffs or co-benefits of energy-savings scenarios. Accounting for dynamic variation changed the overall results in several LCIA categories—increasing nonrenewable energy use by 15% but reducing impacts due to criteria air pollutants by over 50%. Internal respiratory effects due to particulate matter were up to 10% of external impacts, and internal cancer impacts from VOC inhalation were several times to almost an order of magnitude greater than external cancer impacts. An analysis of potential energy saving scenarios highlighted tradeoffs between internal and external impacts, with some energy savings coming at a cost of negative impacts on either internal health, productivity or both. Findings support including both internal and external impacts in green building standards, and demonstrate an improved quantitative LCA method for the comparative evaluation of building designs.
35
Kheir, Eyemen Gafar Ali. „Dynamic association of human non-coding Y RNAs with chromatin during the cell cycle“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708830.
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36
Kotze, Kevin Lawrence. „The South African business cycle and the application of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96055.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation considers the use of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models for the analysis of South African macroeconomic business cycle phenomena. It includes four separate, but interrelated parts, which follow a logical sequence. The rst part motivates the use of these models before establishing the theoretical foundations for these models. The theoretical foundations are accompanied by detailed derivations that are used to construct a model for a small open economy. The second part considers the properties of South African macroeconomic data that may be used to estimate the parameters in these models. It includes a discussion of the variables that may be included in such a model, as well as various methods that may be used to extract the business cycle. Thereafter, the sample size for the dataset is established, after investigating for possible structural breaks in the rst two moments of the data, using various univariate and multivariate techniques. The nal chapter of this part contains an investigation into the measures of core in ation, whereby a comparison of trimmed means, dynamic factor models and various wavelet decompositions are applied to data for South Africa. The third part considers the application of the dataset that was identi ed in part two, in a DSGE model that incorporates features that are typical of small open economies. It includes a discussion that relates to the role of the exchange rate in these models, which is found to contain key information. In addition, this part also includes a optimal policy investigation, which considers the reaction function of central bank. The nal part of this thesis considers more recent advances that have been applied to DSGE models for the South African economy. It includes an example of a nonlinear model that is estimated with the aid of a particle lter, which is then used for forecasting purposes. The forecasting results of both linear and nonlinear versions of the model are then compared with the results from various Vector Autoregression (VAR) and Bayesian VAR models.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif oorweeg die gebruik van Dinamiese Stogastiese Algemene Ewewig (Engels: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE)) modelle vir die analise van besigheidsiklus gebeure in die Suid Afrikaanse makroekonomie. Dit bestaan uit vier aparte dog onderling verwante dele wat in « logiese ontwikkeling vorm. Die eerste deel motiveer die gebruik van dié modelle en daarna word die teoretiese onderbou van die modelle daargestel. Die teoretiese onderbou word aangevul met gedetaileerde stappe van die a eiding van die verhoudings wat gebruik word om « model vir « klein oop ekonomie saam te stel. Die tweede deel oorweeg die eienskappe van Suid Afrikaanse makroekonomiese data wat relevant is vir « ekonometriese model in hierdie konteks. Dit sluit « bespreking in van die veranderlikes wat vir so « model gebruik kan word, asook « bespreking van die verskeie metodes wat gebruik kan word om die besigheidsiklus uit die data te identi seer. Die steekproefgrootte van die data word dan vasgestel, ná die moontlikheid van strukturele onderbrekings van tendens in die eerste en tweede momente van die data ondersoek is met behulp van verskeie enkel en meervoudige-veranderlike tegnieke. Die laaste hoofstuk van dié deel is « studie van verskeie maatstawwe van kern in asie (core in ation), waar « vergelyking getref word tussen die resultate van die volgende metodes toegepas op Suid Afrikaanse data: afgesnede gemiddeldes (trimmed means), dinamiese faktor modelle en verskeie golfvormige onderverdelings (wavelet decompositions). Die derde deel gebruik die datastel, wat in deel twee ontwikkel is, in die passing van « DSGE model wat die tipiese eienskappe van « klein oop ekonomie inkorporeer. Dit sluit « bespreking in van die rol van die wisselkoers in hierdie tipe modelle, en daar word empiries bevind dat die wisselkoers belangrike inligting bevat. Hierdie deel sluit ook « ondersoek in van optimale beleid in terme van die reaksie funksie van die sentrale bank. Die laaste deel van die proefskrif bestudeer die resultate van onlangse ontwikkellinge in DSGE modelle wat toegepas word op die Suid Afrikaanse ekonomie. Dit sluit « voorbeeld van « nie-liniêre model wat met behulp van « partikel lter (particle lter) geskat word en gebruik word vir vooruitskattings. Die vooruitskattings uit beide die liniêre en nie-liniêre modelle word dan vergelyk met dié verkry uit verskeie Vektor
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Rabitsch, Katrin, und Christian Schoder. „Buffer stock savings in a New-Keynesian business cycle model“. WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5158/1/wp231.pdf.
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We introduce the tractable buffer stock savings setup of Carroll (2009 NBER Working Paper) into an otherwise conventional New-Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with financial frictions. The introduction of a precautionary saving motive arising from an uninsurable risk of permanent income loss, affects the model's properties in a number of interesting ways: it produces a more hump-shaped reaction of consumption in response to both supply (technology) and demand (monetary) shocks, and more pronounced reactions in response to demand shocks. Adoption of the buffer stock savings setup thus offers a more microfounded way, compared to, e.g., habit preferences in consumption, to introduce Keynesian features into the model, serving as a device to curbing excessive consumption smoothing, and to attributing a higher role to demand driven fluctuations. We also discuss steady state effects, determinacy properties as well as other practical issues. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Pérez, Vilaró Gemma 1985. „Cellular processing bodies and the hepatitis C virus life cycle : characterization of their dynamic interplay“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97092.
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Els cossos de processament (cossos-P) són grànuls discrets i dinàmics que contenen mRNAs represos en la traducció així com proteïnes involucrades en la degradació dels mRNAs i de la maquinària dels miRNAs. Alguns components dels cossos-P, com els repressors de la traducció PatL1, LSm1 i DDX6, promouen la traducció i la replicació del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) i d’altres virus RNA de polaritat positiva [RNA(+)]. A més a més, un genome wide screening en llevat va determinar que l’exonucleasa Xrn1, que també es localitza als cossos-P, pot afectar la taxa de recombinació d’un virus RNA(+) de plantes Així doncs, els components dels cossos-P estan estretament relacionats amb els cicles vitals dels virus RNA(+).
En l’estudi que aquí es presenta hem explorat la relació del VHC amb els cossos-P, demostrant que la infecció pel VHC promou canvis en la composició dels cossos-P a través de l’alteració de la localització d’aquells components que són necessaris per a la replicació viral. A més a més, hem demostrat que els components dels cossos-P però no els grànuls per se són necessaris per a la replicació del VHC. Addicionalment, hem posat a punt un sistema de detecció de recombinació en cultiu cel•lular basat en replicons del VHC que permet analitzar successos de recombinació i caracteritzar la possible participació dels components dels cossos-P en aquest mecanisme d’evolució. Amb aquest sistema s’han establert les primeres estimacions en la freqüència de recombinació del VHC indicant que la recombinació en aquest virus no és gaire comú. A més a més, la reducció del nivell d’expressió de Xrn1 no va alterar la taxa de recombinació del VHC indicant que la utilització de l’exonucleasa no és una característica general en la recombinació dels virus RNA(+). En conjunt, aquests resultats incrementen el nostre coneixement sobre els aspectes bàsics de la biologia del VHC així com de l’estreta relació que aquest virus estableix amb l’hoste.
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Collado-Vindel, Maria Dolores. „Dynamic econometric models for cohort and panel data : methods and applications to life-cycle consumption“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2829/.
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The purpose of this research is to analyze dynamic models for cohort and panel data, with special emphasis in the applications to life-cycle consumption. In the second chapter of the thesis we analyze the estimation of dynamic models from time-series of independent cross-sections. The population is divided in groups with fixed membership (cohorts) and the cohort sample means are used as a panel subject to measurement errors. We propose measurement error corrected estimators and we analyze their asymptotic properties. We also calculate the asymptotic biases of the non-corrected estimators to check up to what extent the measurement error correction is needed. Finally, we carry out Monte Carlo simulations to get an idea of the performance of our estimators in finite samples. The purpose of the second part is to test the life-cycle permanent income hypothesis using an unbalanced panel from the Spanish family expenditure survey. The model accounts for aggregate shocks and within period non-separability in the Euler equation among consumption goods, contrary to most of the literature in this area. The results do not indicate excess sensitivity of consumption growth to income. In the last chapter, we specify a system of nonlinear intertemporal (or Frisch) demands. Our choice of specification is based on seven criteria for such systems. These criteria are in terms of consistency with the theory, flexibility and econometric tractability. Our specification allows us to estimate a system of exact Euler equations in contrast to the usual practice in the literature. We then estimate the system on Spanish panel data. This is the first time that a Frisch demand system has been estimated on panel data. We do not reject any of the restrictions derived from theory. Our results suggest strongly that the intertemporal substitution elasticity is well determined.
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Habela, Christa Whelan. „Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by dynamic chloride dependent changes in cell volumes“. Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/habela.pdf.
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Singh, Bhupender. „Dynamic Organization of Molecular Machines in Bacteria“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för cell- och molekylärbiologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157691.
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Bacterial cells were once treated as membrane-enclosed bags of cytoplasm: a homogeneous, undifferentiated suspension in which polymers (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) and small molecules diffused freely to interact with each other. Biochemical studies have determined the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological processes of metabolism, replication and transcription-translation, etc. However, recent advancements in optical techniques armed with fluorescent tags for proteins and nucleic acids have increased our ability to peer into the interior of live bacterial cells. This has revealed an organized layout of multi-protein complexes, or molecular machines, dedicated to specific functions at defined sub-cellular locations; the timing of their assembly and/or rates of their activity being determined by available nutrition and environmental signals from the niche occupied by the organism. In the present study, we have attempted to identify the intracellular location and organization of the molecular machines assembled for protein synthesis (ribosomes), DNA replication (replisomes) and cell division (divisome) in different bacteria. We have used the model system Escherichia coli as well as Helicobacter pylori and mycobacterial strains (Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium smegmatis), which grow at different rates and move to dormancy late into stationary phase Bacterial nucleoid plays a major role in organizing the location and movement of active ribosomes, replisomes and placement of divisome. While the active ribosomes appear to follow the dynamic folds of the bacterial nucleoid during cell growth in E. coli, inactive ribosomes appear to accumulate near the periphery. The replisome in H. pylori was visualized as a sharp, single focus upon SSB and DnaB co-localization in growing helical rods but disassembled into diffused fluorescence when the cells attained non-replicative coccoid stage. Our investigation into mycobacterial life-cycle revealed unique features such as an absence of a dedicated mid-cell site for divisome assembly and endosporulation upon entry into stationary phase. In brief, we present the cell cycle-dependent subcellular organization of molecular machines in bacteria.
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Fujiwara, Ippei. „Three essays on dynamic general equilibrium models“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b963d031-cd68-4bee-91b7-4541e5d600d2.
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This thesis aims at contributing to the existing studies in the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, particularly in the new Keynesian models, on three aspects. It consists of three chapters. Chapter 2 is on “Dynamic new Keynesian Life-Cycle Model.” Chapter 3 is on “Re-thinking Price Stability in an Economy with Endogenous Firm Entry: Real Imperfections under Product Variety.” Chapter 4 is on “Growth Expectation.” Abstracts of each Chapter are as follows. In Chapter 2, we first construct a dynamic new Keynesian model that incorporates life-cycle behavior a la Gertler (1999), in order to study whether structural shocks to the economy have asymmetric effects on heterogeneous agents, namely workers and retirees. We also examine whether considerations of life-cycle and demographic structure alter the dynamic properties of the monetary business cycle model, specifically the degree of amplification in impulse responses. According to our simulation results, shocks indeed have asymmetric impacts on different households and the demographic structure does alter the size of responses against shocks by changing the trade-off between substitution and income effects. In Chapter 3, we re-think price stability in an economy with endogenous firm entry under possible distortions. We first demonstrate that endogenous entry causes real imperfections. Reflecting fluctuations in the number of varieties, the gap between the natural and the efficient level of output is no longer constant and variant to shocks. As a result, the central bank faces a trade-off between stabilizing inflation and welfare-relevant output gap. Then, we show that this results in the non-zero optimal rate of inflation. We further check whether welfare can be enhanced by targeting welfare-based inflation instead of cross-sectional average inflation contrary to the previous findings. Simulations even with such distortions as unknown natural interest rate or no fiscal remedy for efficient non-stochastic steady states, however, support cross-sectional average inflation targeting although there may exist some small gains by referring also to welfare-based inflation rates. Incomplete stabilization may enhance welfare in an economy when agents cannot internalize the externality on the love for variety. Chapter 4 is about the difficulty in producing reasonable business cycles for the expectation shock about higher future technology. For a long time, changes in expectations about the future have been thought to be significant sources of economic fluctuations, as argued by Pigou (1926). Although creating such an expectation-driven cycle (the Pigou cycle) in equilibrium business cycle models was considered to be a difficult challenge, as pointed out by Barro and King (1984), recently, several researchers have succeeded in producing the Pigou cycle by balancing the tension between the wealth effect and the substitution effect stemming from the higher expected future productivity. Seminal research by Christiano et al. (2007a) explains the “stock market boom-bust cycles,” characterized by increases in consumption, labor inputs, investment and the stock prices relating to high expected future technology levels, by introducing investment growth adjustment costs, habit formation in consumption, sticky prices and an inflation-targeting central bank. We, however, show that such a cycle is difficult to generate based on “growth expectation,” which reflect expectations of higher productivity growth rates. Thus, Barro and King’s (1984) prediction still applies.
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Zhang, H. E. „The sustainability of European Monetary Union : evidence from business cycle synchronisation, monetary policy effectiveness and the Euro fiscal dividend“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7319.
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EMU as the only functioning single currency area has been criticised as a non-optimal currency area since the Treaty on European Union was signed. Despite this, it has been seen as, probably, the most complete economic project that has ever been conducted by any group of governments. Through Dynamic Factor model and Panel VAR method, we are focusing on the issues of business cycle synchronisation, effectiveness of ECB monetary policy and the euro fiscal dividend, thus to advances the current studies on EMU through assessing whether it can be a sustainable system. For example, whether economic fluctuations can be effectively managed by implementing a single ECB monetary policy and financial market can be relied upon as a monitoring and enforcing device to discipline fiscal behaviour of Eurozone countries. Overall, we concluded that EMU could be more sustainable if it was just formed by its core members, leaving the periphery outside the single currency area. However, since the EU has recently conducted many rescue measures to save the Eurozone, we are unlikely to see those troubled countries to quit EMU, at least, at the present time. The sustainability of the current EMU can be improved if more intra-trade can be promoted to enhance business cycle convergence; hence, it will be more likely to have a union-wide appropriate monetary policy. This will also reduce the requirement of depending upon using fiscal measures to compensate the loss of monetary sovereignty. Moreover, fiscal activities can also be better monitored/enforced since the financial market has begun to adequately adjust the long-term interest rates on Eurozone government bonds according to the development in those countries fiscal stance.
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Thorud, Bjørn. „Dynamic Modelling and Characterisation of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Integrated in a Gas Turbine Cycle“. Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-660.
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This thesis focuses on three main areas within the field of SOFC/GT-technology:
• Development of a dynamic SOFC/GT model
• Model calibration and sensitivity study
• Assessment of the dynamic properties of a SOFC/GT power plant
The SOFC/GT model developed in this thesis describes a pressurised tubular Siemens Westinghouse-type SOFC, which is integrated in a gas turbine cycle. The process further includes a plate-fin recuperator for stack air preheating, a prereformer, an anode exhaust gas recycling loop for steam/carbon-ratio control, an afterburner and a shell-tube heat exchanger for air preheating. The fuel cell tube, the recuperator and the shell-tube heat exchanger are spatially distributed models. The SOFC model is further thermally integrated with the prereformer. The compressor and turbine models are based on performance maps as a general representation of the characteristics. In addition, a shaft model which incorporates moment of inertia is included to account for gas turbine transients.
The SOFC model is calibrated against experimentally obtained data from a single-cell experiment performed on a Siemens Westinghouse tubular SOFC. The agreement between the model and the experimental results is good. The sensitivity study revealed that the degree of prereforming is of great importance with respect to the axial temperature distribution of the fuel cell.
Types of malfunctions are discussed prior to the dynamic behaviour study. The dynamic study of the SOFC/GT process is performed by simulating small and large load changes according to three different strategies;
• Load change at constant mean fuel cell temperature
• Load change at constant turbine inlet temperature
• Load change at constant shaft speed
Of these three strategies, the constant mean fuel cell temperature strategy appears to be the most rapid load change method. Furthermore, this strategy implies the lowest degree of thermal cycling, the smoothest fuel cell temperature distribution and the lowest current density at part-load. Thus, this strategy represents the overall lowest risk with respect to system malfunctions and degradation. In addition, the constant mean fuel cell temperature strategy facilitates high efficiency part-load operation. The constant turbine inlet temperature strategy proved to lead to unstable operation at low load, and thus it is considered to be the least adequate method for load change. For both the constant mean fuel cell temperature strategy and the constant TIT strategy, surge might be a problem for very large load reductions. The slowest response to load changes was found for the constant shaft speed strategy. Furthermore, this strategy leads to very low fuel cell temperatures at low loads. This in combination with a possible higher degradation rate makes the constant shaft speed strategy unsuited for large load variations. Nevertheless, operation at constant shaft speed may be facilitated by air bypass, VIGV or compressor blow off.
Paper I is published with kind permission of Elsevier, Sciencedirect.com
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Joustra, Caryssa. „A Framework for Determining Building Water Cycle Resilience Using a Dynamic Water Resilience Assessment Model (WRAM)“. Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5855.
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The aim of this project was to quantitatively measure the resilience of the building water cycle. In order to accomplish this goal, a framework was developed that outlines how building water resilience can be evaluated. The framework presented assumed that resilience describes the fulfillment of system functions; in this case, the system functions considered are those actualized by the building water system. A building water resilience assessment model (WRAM) was developed with the ability to simulate different building water cycles and resilience scenarios. Resilience is dependent on the type and magnitude of a disturbance. Therefore, unique disruption scenarios were developed to test the building water cycle resilience: (1) loss of municipal potable water and (2) loss of both municipal potable water and power. Under each scenario, the building water cycle was tested based on the type of building and the water management strategies utilized by the building.
The WRAM requires organization of water demand and source connections, and an explicit prioritization framework was produced based on water source and demand preferences found in literature. The framework gives priority to treated wastewater, stormwater, rainwater, condensate, reclaimed water, and potable water, respectively. The baseline prioritization may be manipulated by restricting demand-source connections, and shifting priorities was shown to affect the potential for potable water offsets as a precursor to resilience. Real building water demand profiles were developed from data collected using smart meters at four building sites (multi-residential neighborhood, commercial building, elementary school, and community center). Water source profiles were developed using hourly climate data for the region. Detailed building water demand and supply profiles were developed for the multi-residential and elementary school building sites for resilience assessment using the WRAM. Each building water profile was adapted into 9 scenarios with each subjected to the two disruption schemes for 5 different disruption durations (1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 168 hours) at 10 different randomized dates and time throughout the year. The result was 450 model runs for each building subjected to each disruption scheme (potable water loss or potable water and central power loss).
The relationship between resilience and sustainability was examined based on sustainable building practices accepted by the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED) green building rating system. Building WRAM outcomes include unique water demand and supply profiles used to describe resilience in terms of the level of service (LOS) of building water functions. Analysis of water profiles validated redundancy, diversity, capacity, alternative water, passivity, preparation, and adaptation potential indicators as gauges of the resilience of the building water cycle. Results showed that resilience correlates with alternative water building water management strategies, but high resilience values are still attainable using storage of non-renewable, non-sustainable sources. However, building water cycles utilizing alternative water maintained steadier resilience as disruption lengths increase due to the ability of sources to be replenished during disruption events.
The strongest correlation with LOS was observed for the diversity, redundancy, alternative water, and capacity indicators when scenarios utilizing only potable water were excluded from analysis. For these scenarios, correlation values were 0.56 for diversity, 0.56 for redundancy, 0.60 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to potable water loss; and 0.33 for diversity, 0.24 for redundancy, 0.62 for capacity, and 1.00 for alternative water for the multi-residential building subjected to both potable water and central power disruption. For elementary school scenarios that did not utilize potable water storage, correlation values were 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.89 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water; and 0.67 for diversity, 0.64 for redundancy, 0.06 for capacity, and 0.80 for alternative water when subjected to disruption of potable water and central power. Passivity correlation to LOS was between 0.77 and 1.00 for all scenarios, building types, and disruption schemes. Passivity correlation with LOS was lower for potable water disruption scenarios, but higher when building water cycles lost power in addition to potable water. The average of each indicator was also calculated for each scenario for each of the five disruption durations by grouping the individual values from each of the 10 randomized disruption start dates and times. The correlation between the average capacity indicator and LOS greatly increased with this method to a range of 0.41 to 0.78 for all buildings subjected to each disruption scheme. In addition, a positive correlation between the preparation indicator and LOS (and corresponding negative correlation between the adaptation potential indicator and LOS) emerged for scenarios that do not utilize potable water storage. For disruption of potable water, the preparation correlation value was 0.94 for the multi-residential building and 0.78 for the elementary school. For disruption of potable water and central power, the preparation correlation value was 0.32 for the multi-residential building and 0.79 for the elementary school.
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Underwood, C. P. „An investigation into the dynamic thermal modelling and capacity control of the absorption cycle heat pump“. Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375116.
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Antonakakis, Nikolaos. „Business Cycle Synchronization During US Recessions Since the Beginning of the 1870s“. Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3602/1/BC_1870%2D2011_EconLet_PrePrint.pdf.
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This paper examines the synchronization of business cycles across the G7 countries during US recessions since the 1870s. Using a dynamic measure of correlations, results depend on the globalization period under consideration. During the 2007-2009 recession, business cycles co-movements increased to unprecedented levels. (author's abstract)
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Pridasawas, Wimolsiri. „Solar-driven refrigeration systems with focus on the ejector cycle“. Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4151.
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Lim, Hui Jun. „Dynamic regulation of histone lysine methylation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11163.
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Lysine methylation is an important post-translational modification found on histones that is added and removed by histone lysine methyltransferases and demethylases, respectively. Lysine methylation occurs in a specific and well-regulated manner, and plays key roles in regulating important biological processes such as transcription, DNA damage and cell cycle. Regulation of the protein abundance of these methylation enzymes particularly by the ubiquitin-proteasome system has emerged as a key mechanism by which the histone methylation status of the cell can be regulated, allowing cells to respond rapidly to specific developmental and environmental cues. In my thesis, I focus on two histone lysine demethylases, KDM4A and PHF8, both of which appear to be regulated by E3 ligases; this regulation impacts their function in the cell. Chapter 2 shows that KDM4A is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the SCFFBXO22, and mis-regulation of KDM4A results in changes in global histone 3 lysine 9 and 36 (H3K9 and H3K36) methylation levels and impacts the transcription of a KDM4A target gene, ASCL2. Chapter 3 shows how PHF8 is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the APCCDC20 via a novel, previously unreported LxPKxLF motif on PHF8. I also found that similar to other APCCDC20 substrates like Cyclin B, PHF8 is an important G2-M regulator, loss of which results in cell cycle defects such as prolonged G2 and defective M phases. To further interrogate PHF8 biology, Chapter 4 describes the generation of a PHF8 conditional knockout mouse. PHF8 biology is interesting and relevant to human disease, as mutations are found in X-linked intellectual disability and autism. Complete loss of PHF8 by full body knockout in the mouse appears to be embryonically lethal, underscoring its key role in early development. This mouse model would allow us to extensively study the biochemistry and biology of PHF8 in the context of development and especially in brain function, where it is anticipated to play key roles. Overall, my dissertation work provides mechanistic and biological insights into how histone demethylases are dynamically regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, providing an extra dimension to our understanding of how chromatin marks can be regulated.
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Sarferaz, Samad. „Essays on business cycle analysis and demography“. Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16151.
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Diese Arbeit besteht aus vier Essays, die empirische und methodische Beiträge zur Messung von Konjunkturzyklen und deren Zusammenhänge zu demographischen Variablen liefern. Der erste Essay analysiert unter Zuhilfenahme eines Bayesianischen Dynamischen Faktormodelles die Volatilität des US-amerikanischen Konjunkturzyklus seit 1867. In dem Essay wird gezeigt, dass die Volatilität in der Periode vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg und nachdem Zweiten Weltkrieg niedriger war als in der Zwischenkriegszeit. Eine geringere Volatilität für die Periode nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg im Vergleich zu der Periode vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg kann nicht bestätigt werden. Der zweite Essay hebt die Bayesianischen Eigenschaften bezüglich dynamischer Faktormodelle hervor. Der Essay zeigt, dass die ganze Analyse hindurch - im Gegensatz zu klassischen Ansätzen - keine Annahmen an die Persistenz der Zeitreihen getroffen werden muss. Des Weiteren wird veranschaulicht, wie im Bayesianischen Rahmen die Anzahl der Faktoren bestimmt werden kann. Der dritte Essay entwickelt einen neuen Ansatz, um altersspezifische Sterblichkeitsraten zu modellieren. Kovariate werden mit einbezogen und ihre Dynamik wird gemeinsam mit der von latenten Variablen, die allen Alterklassen zugrunde liegen, modelliert. Die Resultate bestätigen, dass makroökonomische Variablen Prognosekraft für die Sterblichkeit beinhalten. Im vierten Essay werden makroökonomischen Zeitreihen zusammen mit altersspezifischen Sterblichkeitsraten einer strukturellen Analyse unterzogen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Sterblichkeit von jungen Erwachsenen in Abhängigkeit von Konjunkturzyklen deutlich von den der anderen Alterklassen unterscheidet. Daher sollte in solchen Analysen, um Scheinkorrelation vorzubeugen, zwischen den einzelnen Altersklassen differenziert werden.The thesis consists of four essays, which make empirical and methodological contributions to the fields of business cycle analysis and demography. The first essay presents insights on U.S. business cycle volatility since 1867 derived from a Bayesian dynamic factor model. The essay finds that volatility increased in the interwar periods, which is reversed after World War II. While evidence can be generated of postwar moderation relative to pre-1914, this evidence is not robust to structural change, implemented by time-varying factor loadings. The second essay scrutinizes Bayesian features in dynamic index models. The essay shows that large-scale datasets can be used in levels throughout the whole analysis, without any pre-assumption on the persistence. Furthermore, the essay shows how to determine the number of factors accurately by computing the Bayes factor. The third essay presents a new way to model age-specific mortality rates. Covariates are incorporated and their dynamics are jointly modeled with the latent variables underlying mortality of all age classes. In contrast to the literature, a similar development of adjacent age groups is assured, allowing for consistent forecasts. The essay demonstrates that time series of covariates contain predictive power for age-specific rates. Furthermore, it is observed that in particular parameter uncertainty is important for long-run forecasts, implicating that ignoring parameter uncertainty might yield misleadingly precise predictions. In the fourth essay the model developed in the third essay is utilized to conduct a structural analysis of macroeconomic fluctuations and age-specific mortality rates. The results reveal that the mortality of young adults, concerning business cycles, noticeably differ from the rest of the population. This implies that differentiating closely between particular age classes, might be important in order to avoid spurious results.