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1
Loyd, Matthew Elder Glen H. „Gender ideology in the U.S. and Japan cross-cultural measurement equivalence /“. Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2004. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,149.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology." Discipline: Sociology; Department/School: Sociology.
2
Roux, Karen. „Examining the equivalence of the PIRLS 2016 released texts in South Africa across three languages“. Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/80509.
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The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) is a large-scale reading comprehension assessment, which assesses Grade 4 learners’ reading literacy achievement. The findings from the last cycle of PIRLS 2016 indicated that South African Grade 4 and 5 learners performed poorly in reading comprehension. This finding confirms the previous cycles’ results where South African learners achieved the lowest results across the participating countries. Approximately eight out of ten Grade 4 learners cannot read for meaning in any of the tested languages. Due to the poor results in PIRLS, the President of South Africa stated that every ten-year old child should be able to read for meaning, thus cementing reading literacy as a national aim. The aim of this mixed methods research was to determine whether the PIRLS Literacy 2016 and PIRLS 2016 limited release texts are equivalent across languages, specifically English, Afrikaans and isiZulu.
Four research sub-questions were explored to assist in addressing the main research question posed by this study: To what extent are the PIRLS 2016 released texts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu, in Grade 4 and Grade 5 equivalent? As this study took the form of a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach, the first phase investigated the South African Grade 4 and 5 results by firstly looking at descriptive statistics, such as percentages and means. After the initial exploration of the data, I conducted Rasch analyses to determine whether the items from the limited release texts showed measurement invariance – in other words, whether the items behaved differently for different groups of learners. As part of the Rasch analyses, individual item-fit statistics and differential item functioning (DIF) were conducted using RUMM2030. In phase two, the limited release texts were analysed by experts who attended workshops and completed open-ended questionnaires regarding the equivalence of the identified texts. The qualitative phase was conducted in order to complement and extend on the quantitative findings of phase one.
The findings revealed that the limited release texts, with their accompanying items, were not equivalent across the different languages. However, by looking at the items that displayed DIF, there is not a clear pattern as the items did not universally favour one language nor did the texts discriminate universally against a particular language. An in-depth look at the texts and items themselves revealed that the Flowers on the Roof text is considered the poorest translation into Afrikaans and isiZulu. Overall, all the texts were considered to be appropriate for South African learners as the texts made use of rich vocabulary and introduced the learners to new ideas and concepts. Thus, this study offers new insights into the equivalence of the PIRLS assessments as well as possible reasons for the non-equivalence for each of the limited release texts. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations and further research are provided.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Science, Mathematics and Technology Education
PhD
Unrestricted
3
Mashamba, Mabula. „Translation and cultural adaptation with reference to Tshivenda and English : a case study of the medical field“. Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2193.
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Thesis (M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011The aim of this study was to investigate the problems encountered by translators when translating medical terms from English into Tshivenda. It has been revealed in this study that the major problem that the translators are confronted with is lack of terminology in the specialized field such as Health. This problem is caused by the fact that different languages entail a variety of culture. The study revealed that most translators and lexicographers resort to transliteration and borrowing when confronted with zero-equivalence. They regard transliteration and borrowing as the quickest possible strategies. The study discovered that transliteration should not be opted as an alternative strategy to deal with zero-equivalence as users will be led to a state of confusion. The study revealed that communicative translation is regarded as the most fruitful method of translation as it conveys the exact message of the original in a best possible manner. Both the source and the target users get the same message. KEY CONCEPTS Translation, Culture, Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Translation equivalence and Zero-equivalence.
4
VInter, Vanja. „Sex, slang and skopos : Analysing a translation of The Smart Bitches’ Guide to Romance“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85641.
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This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.
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Kitching, Jolanda. „The measurement outcome equivalence of the career path appreciation (CPA) for employees from diverse cultural backgrounds“. Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03162005-151333.
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Thesis (M. Comm. (Economic and business science))-University of Pretoria, 2004.Summaries in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
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Waseem, Rida. „Cross-cultural equivalence of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for Pakistani Canadian immigrants and others“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63270.
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The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the measurement equivalence of one of the most widely used depression measures, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for the Canadian Pakistani immigrants and other Canadians. The data were collected from 400 university students in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). To examine the measurement equivalence of the BDI-II, the data were analyzed using a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) and differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. The results of MG-CFA showed evidence of configural and metric invariance, however, no sufficient evidence for scalar invariance was found. The DIF analysis identified differential response patterns in three items for the two comparison groups. The expert reviews of items provided potential sources of inequivalence. The CFA, DIF analysis and expert reviews jointly provided evidence of inequivalence which suggests, caution should be taken when comparing depressive symptoms for Pakistani to non-Pakistani populations in Canada based on BDI-II. The results from the study are expected to help researchers in modifying and developing new measures for Pakistani or other South Asian ethnic groups.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Kellett, Ralph. „An empirical investigation of the Hui-Triandis model to assess the measurement equivalence of different Canadian subpopulation (cultural) groups“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/21397.
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8
Lee, Hye Joo. „Equivalence and faking issues of the aggression questionnaire and the conditional reasoning test for aggression in Korean and American samples“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47557.
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Researchers have raised concerns about measurement equivalence in comparing personalities across cultures using personality assessments. The self-reported personality measurements often do not assess the same construct, trigger different response styles (i.e., extreme response style), or use behavioral exemplars that are inappropriate across cultures (Byrne&Watkins, 2003; Chen, 2008; Poortinga, van de Vijber,&van Hermert, 2002, van de Vijver&Leung, 1997). James et al. (2005) developed a new measurement system for aggression that is different from traditional personality assessment. It is referred to as the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A). The CRT-A is an indirect measure for assessing unconscious motives to be aggressive that was developed in the USA. It has not been studied with people from different cultures. Study 1 investigated the equivalences of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) and the CRT-A by administering both to groups of Americans (n=432) and Koreans (n=363). Results based on the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and DIF analyses showed that the AQ and CRT-A are not invariant across these cultures. Study 2 replicated LeBreton et al.(2007) study regarding faking issues of the CRT-A with the Korean population. Study 2 found that on the CRT-A, Koreans were able to identify aggressive alternatives when they were told to do so, and Korean students and employees did not score differently on the CRT-A. Implications and future directions of the study are discussed herein.
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Welthagen, Gerrit Cornelius. „The cross-cultural application of the adapted Schwartz values instrument in South Africa / G.C. Welthagen“. Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1114.
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Different value systems are a major source of diversity between people and culture groups. A
better understanding of these differences can be a valuable tool when a diverse work force, as
found in South Africa, has to be managed. Values can act as a unifying theory for the field of
human motivation, as a way of organising the different needs, motives and goals proposed in
other theories. The values theory describes aspects of the human psychological structure that
are fundamental, aspects presumably common to all humankind.
The objective of this study was to investigate the construct equivalence of the values as
measured by the Work and Organizational Values Scale for new applicants from different
language groups in the South African Police Service (SAPS), and to investigate the
relationship between the value patterns of the different language and gender groups.
A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study population consisted of two groups who
applied for jobs in the South African Police Services (SAPS). The first group consisted of
civilians (N=3 400), while the second group consisted of police applicants (N=1 800). The
Work and Organizational Values Scale was administered. Descriptive statistics, exploratory
factor analyses, and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyse the results.
Principal component analysis with a direct oblimin rotation resulted in two factors. The first
factor was interpreted as self-enhancement (power, materialism and prestige) versus
conservation (conformity and security). The second factor was interpreted as collectivism
(social commitment, relations, and environment) versus individualism (goal-orientedness.
stimulation and self-direction). These factors were found to be equivalent for four language
groups. Statistically significant differences were found between the value priorities of
different language groups as well as genders. However, larger practically significant
differences were found between males and females than between different language groups.
Recommendations for future research were made.Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
10
Barnard, Adi. „The cross-cultural application of the social axioms survey in the South African Police Service / A. Barnard“. Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11.
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Beliefs are social in nature. and are widely shared within social groups, such as cultures.
Shared beliefs reflect how people construct their social world and how they seek meaning and
understanding of social realities. and they are context specific. General beliefs are context free
and related to a wide spectrum of social behaviours across diverse contexts, actors,
targets and periods. These general beliefs function like axioms in mathematics, thus they are
basic premises that people endorse and on which they rely to guide their actions. A better
understanding of beliefs can therefore be a useful instrument in managing a diverse
workforce, such as the workforce found in South Africa.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the replicability of the Social Axioms Survey
(SAS) in the South African Police Service (SAPS), to examine the construct equivalence and
item bias. and to assess the reliability. A cross-sectional survey design was used. The study
population consisted of applicants (N=1535) who applied for jobs in the SAPS. The SAS
instrument was administered. Descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor
analyses, scale and item level analysis and estimation of reliability were used to analyse the
results.
An exploratory factor analysis utilising target rotation applied on all 60 items of the SAS
revealed four interpretable factors (Factor 1 = Social Cynicism; Factor 2 = Reward for
Application; Factor 4 = Fate Control; and Factor 5 = Spirituality Religiosity) congruent with
the model of Leung et al. (2002). The third factor, namely Social Complexity did not
replicate. Values of Tucker's phi higher than 0.90 were found for seven culture groups (Zulu,
Sotho, Tswana, Swati, Tsonga, Venda and Pedi). This provided a strong indication of the
structural equivalence. Analyses of variance showed that item bias was not a major
disturbance. Cronbach's alpha reported lower levels of reliability.
Recommendations for future research were made.Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Daugėlaitė, Vytautė. „Translation of Culture-Specific Drink and Food Items in “Blackberry Wine” by Joanne Harris“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080805_133044-81256.
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The Master of Arts thesis “Translation of Culture-Specific Drink and Food Items in “Blackberry Wine” by Joanne Harris” presents the analysis of translation strategies applied in translating cultural realia, namely drink and food references in Milda Dyke’s Lithuanian translation of "Blackberry Wine", as well as a short analysis of the translation strategies and their function.
The consideration of different translation strategies that were proposed by prominent scholars, such as Mona Baker (1992), Javier-Franco Aixelá and Eirlys E.Davies (2003) in translation studies, and the analysis of the strategies employed by the translator Milda Dyke translating the novel "Blackberry Wine" into Lithuanian are discussed in this thesis. Theoretical aspects are applied in the analytical part, taking into account the most frequent strategies employed for the translation of culture-specific drink and food entities by the translator and the comment on these choices exhibits peculiar cultural aspects. Futhermore, the ways how to handle problems related to the translation of culture-specific drink and food items from English into Lithuanian are analyzed and presented in the analytical part.
This paper investigates the two major groups of cultural references, specifically the names of food and drink items, which frequently cause rather complex and sometimes controversial issues while translating literary works. The translation of culture-specific drink and food entities involve the employment of... [to full text]Šio magistrinio darbo „Gėrimų ir valgių pavadinimų vertimas Joanne Harris romane „Gervuogių vynas” į lietuvių kalbą” tikslas yra išanalizuoti vertimo strategijų pritaikymą gėrimų ir valgių kultūriniams pavadinimams vertime iš anglų kalbos, taip pat pateikiama išsami šių vertimo strategijų ir jų atliekamų funkcijų analizė. Darbe nagrinėjama skirtingos vertimo strategijos, kurios buvo pateikiamos vertimo srityje tokių žinomų mokslininkų kaip Mona Baker (1992), Javier-Franco Aixelá, Eirlys E.Davies (2003). Be to, analizuojama vertėjos Mildos Dyke vartojamos vertimo strategijos į lietuvių kalbą. Teoriniai aspektai analizuojami praktinėje darbo dalyje, atsižvelgiant į dažniausiai vartojamų vertimo strategijų pritaikymą verčiant kultūrinius gėrimų ir valgių pavadinimus bei pastarųjų būdingas savybes verčiant į tikslinę kalbą. Praktinėje dalyje pateikiami vertimo sunkumai ir jų sprendimo būdai pritaikyti verčiant kultūrines realijas. Analizuojamos dvi pagrindinės kultūrinių gėrimų ir valgių denotatų grupės, kurias verčiant sprendžiami sudėtingi ir kartais polemiški klausimai literatūriniuose kūriniuose. Verčiant minėtas realijų grupes yra taikomos įvairios vertimo strategijos, iš kurių pabrėžiamos pačios dažniausios, veiksmingiausios. Šiame darbe yra dvi dalys: teorinė ir praktinė. Teorinėje dalyje pateikiami pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai, tikslas, metodai, vertimo pavyzdžiai, taip pat aptariami pagrindiniai ekvivalentiškumo klausimai vertimo teorijoje, skirtingi ekvivalentiškumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
12
Koulikov, Mikhail. „Assessing Measurement Equivalence of the English and Spanish Versions on an Employee Attitude Survey Using Multigroup Analysis in Structural Equation Modeling“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4315/.
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The study utilized the covariance structure comparison methodology - Multigroup Analysis in Structural Equation Modeling - evaluating measurement equivalence of English and Spanish versions of an employee opinion survey. The concept of measurement equivalence was defined as consisting of four components: sample equivalence, semantic equivalence, conceptual equivalence and scalar equivalence. The results revealed that the two language versions of the survey exhibited acceptable measurement equivalence across five survey dimensions Communications, Supervision, Leadership, Job Content & Satisfaction and Company Image & Commitment. Contrary to the study second hypothesis, there was no meaningful difference in opinion scores between English-speaking and Spanish-speaking respondents on the latent construct of Job Content & Satisfaction.
13
Björk, Anna. „Not for Sale : Terminology and cultural references in a text on human trafficking“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32505.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse what strategies may be the most suitable ones when dealing with problems in the translation of a text on human trafficking. The focus of the study is how to translate terminology related to human trafficking, but also on how to deal with references to culture-specific phenomena. In order to find possible solutions for translation problems in the text, different dictionaries and term banks were used, as well as parallel texts and different translation strategies. The analysis is based on the translation strategies laid down by Vinay and Darbelnet, Ingo and Newmark. The findings of the study show that a number of different translation strategies had to be applied in order to solve the different translation problems. Regarding the translation of terminology, modulation, equivalence, addition and omission were the most useful strategies, as well as using parallel texts. The strategies found most useful in translating culture-specific phenomena were modulation, equivalence and addition, but componential analysis, transference and established translations were also used. Factors that decided what were the most appropriate strategies to apply in the different instances were the aim of the text, the perspective of the target reader and parallel texts.
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Takara, Risa. „A Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Japanese Version of the Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ)“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3579.
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The need for psychotherapy outcome research is growing in Japan as the societal demands for psychotherapy have increased in recent years. Although researchers in Japan recognize the importance of integrating clinical practice and empirical research in evaluating psychotherapy outcome, most Japanese studies to date have relied heavily on qualitative case studies (Haebara, 1997; Kanazawa, 2004; Tanno, 2001). With the help of six translators and 116 native Japanese pilot respondents, this study adapted the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ; Lambert et al., 1996), one of the most common quantitative measures of clinical outcome, for use in Japan. The translation of the original OQ into Japanese followed Beaton et al. (2000) to include forward translation, synthesis, back translation, and expert committee meetings. The study produced 4 pre-final versions, 2 pretests, and a pilot. With permission from the original questionnaire developers, a few items were modified to achieve cultural equivalence. The rigorous translation and adaptation processes, evaluated through the Translation Validity Index (Tang & Dixon, 2002) and Content Validity Index (Polit et al., 2007), sought semantic, content, and conceptual equivalence between the English and Japanese versions of the OQ. Study limitations and suggestions for further development of the Japanese OQ are discussed.
15
Svarvell, Teresa. „On the run : Cultural aspects, figurative language and runners’ jargon in the translation of training guides“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-43982.
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This study investigates translation choices and challenges in the translation of two training guides focused on running. It tests the validity of Reiss’s text-type theory in the translation of cultural aspects. Furthermore, the study discusses to what extent equivalence can be reached when translating an aesthetic language and finally, it comments on some characteristics of typical runners’ language. The results show that Reiss’s text type theory is not sufficient to guide the translation of cultural differences in the SL and TL but an analysis on phrasal and lexical level is also needed, where Koller’s equivalence relations and Newmark’s communicative translation are applicable. The results also show that figurative language is indeed possible to translate in these kinds of texts, where among others compensation proves a useful strategy. Equivalence on all levels of the text, however, is not always possible to reach. Finally, the findings of a special runners’ language were rather limited, although some examples indicating a presence of a runners’ jargon were found.
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Martinsson, Kerstin. „Quelques problèmes de culturalité spécifique relatifs à la traduction en suédois de textes français de langue de spécialité“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18160.
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This essay treats some of the problems that often arise when a translator translates texts which could be characterized as "culturally coloured" texts. Some people think that these kind of texts are not translatable. We want to show that, on the contrary, they are possible to translate into another language, even if it is not possible to translate them literally, word for word. First we present the material that our own translations are based on, and we discuss different terms relating to "untranslatable" words. Then we analyse and discuss different theories and approaches to translation, approaches that help us to find an acceptable translation of cultural words. Finally we present and analyse words that caused us problems in our efforts to translate from French into Swedish.
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Haupt, Genevieve Ruth. „The evaluation of the group differences and item bias of the English version of a standardised test of academic language proficiency for use across English and Xhosa first-language speakers“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9489_1297764429.
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South Africa&rsquo
s Language-in-Education Policy is one of additive multilingualism, but in reality this policy is not adhered to, in that most black children are being educated through the medium of English from Grade 4. This type of instruction affects the development of academic language proficiency in their primary language, as these children are not engaging in cognitively demanding tasks in their primary or first language. The Woodcock Muñ
oz Language Survey (WMLS) is a test to assess academic language proficiency in Additive Bilingual Education, and is extensively used in the United States of America (USA) for this purpose. It is important to note that the proposed study is a sub-study of a larger study, in which the original WMLS (American-English version) was adapted into English and Xhosa, to be used in South Africa to assess additive bilingual programmes. For this sub-study, the researcher was interested in examining the overall equivalence of the adapted English version of the WMLS. Owing to insufficient tests evaluating academic language proficiency in the South African context, the significance, as well as the overall aim, of the study is to ensure that the issues of group difference and item bias have been assessed to ensure that the adapted English version of the WMLS is suitable to be used across English first-language and Xhosa first-language speakers. Because this is a sub-study, the researcher (of the sub-study) has conducted an exploratory quantitative study with the use of Secondary Data. The researcher has used the framework of equivalence as a theoretical framework in order to examine the research question. Given the use of existing data, the procedures of the collection of the data by the researcher of the larger study have been outlined in the Methodology section of the present study. The sample consisted of 198 English and 197 Xhosa first-language speakers...
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Oliveira, Anna Cecília Bezerra de. „Derme reconstituída (equivalente) in vitro“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-03102017-155953/.
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Um dos desafios atuais da engenharia de tecidos é o desenvolvimento de biomateriais substitutos e/ou equivalentes que mimetizem o tecido normal. Os estudos empregando cultura celular em monocamada encontram limitações no que concerne às interações bidimensionais entre as células e experimentos utilizando animais, devido à elevada variabilidade, não conseguem predizer os resultados em humanos, comprometendo a sua relevância clínica. À vista disso, a cultura tridimensional de células (3D) utilizando um biomaterial fabricado para promover a proliferação e diferenciação celular tem sido utilizada para recriar a complexidade de um tecido normal, permitindo uma maior e complexa interação celular. Visando mimetizar o ambiente encontrado in vivo, este trabalho investiu no desenvolvimento de uma derme reconstituída (equivalente dérmico) in vitro utilizando como matriz biológica o colágeno, componente mais abundante da derme como suporte para os fibroblastos humanos, assim como na avaliação da fotobiomodulação com luz em 630 nm. Foi preparada uma esponja a partir do colágeno de serosa porcina 1,1% hidrolisado por 96 h. A caracterização do biomaterial foi realizada pela determinação da porosidade, do diâmetro dos poros, da absorção de fluidos e por ensaios de biocompatibilidade, uma vez que estes parâmetros são importantes para a proliferação e diferenciação celular na consequente formação do tecido in vitro. O biomaterial exibiu porosidade de 95,2%, com poros medianos de 44 μm estimados por porosimetria de injeção de mercúrio, além de canais com distância média entre as paredes de 78+/-14 μm estimado por MEV. Esses valores são considerados como ideais para um biosuporte de crescimento de fibroblastos. A absorção de água e meio de cultura foi de 95% e a esponja não apresentou citotoxicidade para a linhagem celular Vero. Adicionalmente, foi investigado o efeito de irradiação na cultura 3D com luz vermelha (dose 30 J/cm2), que mostrou fotobiomodulação na dose de 30 J/cm2 para cultura de células em monocamada e no início da fase de crescimento celular em cultura tridimensional. Por microscopia confocal, verificou-se que as células cultivadas na presença da esponja (cultura 3D), apresentaram diferenciação e secreção de matriz extracelular. Portanto, os resultados apresentados mostraram que a esponja de colágeno utilizada como biomaterial para suporte celular é eficiente para a produção de uma derme reconstituída (equivalente) in vitro e que a fotobiomodulação em 630 nm na dose de 30 J/cm2 de fato acelera o crescimento celular na matriz.The development of biomaterials substitutes and/or equivalents to mimic normal tissue is a currently challenge in tissue engineering. Studies using cell monolayer culture presents limitations with respect to two-dimensional interactions between the cells, and experiments using animals cannot predict results in humans, due to the high viability, thus compromising their clinical relevance. In consequence, three-dimensional cell culture (3D) using a biomaterial designed to promote cell proliferation and differentiation has been used to recreate the complexity of a normal tissue, allowing a larger and complex cellular interaction. Aiming to mimic the in vivo environment, the present work refers to create a reconstituted dermis (dermal equivalent) in vitro using collagen, the most abundant component of the dermis, as biological matrix, as support for human fibroblasts, as well evaluate the photobiomodulation with light at 630 nm. First, a sponge was prepared from serous 1.1% porcine collagen hydrolyzed for 96 h. The biomaterial was characterized by determination of its porosity, pore diameter, the fluid absorption and the biocompatibility assays, since these parameters are important to the cell proliferation and differentiation resulting in the in vitro tissue formation. The biomaterial showed porosity of 95.2%, with a median pore of 44 μM estimated by mercury porosimetry injection, and channels with an average distance between the walls of 78+/-14 μM estimated by SEM. These values are considered as ideal for a biosupport fibroblast growth. The absorption of water and growth medium was 95%, and the sponge showed no cytotoxicity for the Vero cell line. Additionally, it was investigated the effect of irradiation in 3D culture with red light (dose 30 J/cm2), that showed photobiomodulation on the dose 30 J/cm2, for culturing cells in monolayer and in the early-stage of the cell growth in three-dimensional culture. By confocal microscopy, it was verified that the cells cultured in the presence of the sponge (3D culture), allows differentiation and extracellular matrix secretion. Therefore, the results showed that the collagen sponge used as a biomaterial for cell support and the photobiomodulation at 630 nm and dose of 30 J/cm2 are efficient for the production of a reconstructed dermis (equivalent) in vitro.
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Santos, Manoela Tiago dos. „Prospecção de novos fármacos para melanoma em equivalente dérmico“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-05082011-170530/.
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Os modelos de reconstrução do microambiente são úteis para investigar as propriedades biológicas dos melanócitos humanos com a matriz e como plataforma para testes de novos fármacos. Existe uma demanda crescente para a utilização de pele e derme reconstruídas em laboratório, em ensaios in vitro de citotoxicidade, viabilidade celular, crescimento celular, irritabilidade e avaliação dos constituintes da matriz extracelular. Caracterizamos, em equivalente dérmico, alguns mecanismos de viabilidade e invasão de melanoma metastático humano quando na presença da matriz, a fim de ampliar o conhecimento a respeito de novas terapias contra o melanoma e entender os mecanismos que favorecem seu potencial invasivo, mimetizando com mais fidelidade o que ocorre in vivo. Através da validação deste modelo, constatamos que ele é essencial para resgatar a fisiopatologia do tumor, pois o melanoma, na presença de equivalente dérmico, torna-se capaz de evadir mecanismos de morte e aumentar a secreção de metaproteinases e citocinas que favorecerão a evolução tumoral. Avaliamos também as propriedades antineoplásicas do ácido clorogênico, que já foram relatadas em um grande número de tumores, porém os mecanismos que levam à sua ação antitumoral ainda não foram bem elucidados. Diante dos trabalhos enfatizando o efeito quimioprotetor dos polifenóis, referentes à sua ação antioxidante em células neoplásicas e com potencial metastático, não há na literatura estudos que comprovem a eficácia do ácido clorogênico sobre células de melanoma metastático humano. Portanto, este estudo visou recriar a estrutura dérmica in vitro e, a partir disso, comparar a resposta de fármacos em células de melanoma cultivada em equivalente dérmico, a fim de avaliar se há modulação diferencial nesse substrato, sugerindo, portanto, um protocolo mais eficaz para a prospecção de fármacos antimelanoma.The microenvironment reconstruction models are useful for investigating the biological properties of human melanocytes onto the matrix and as platform for testing new drugs. There is a growing demand for the use of reconstructed skin and dermis in the laboratory for in vitro assays of cytotoxicity, viability, cell growth, irritability, and evaluation of the extracellular matrix. We characterize in dermal equivalent some mechanisms for cell viability and invasion of human metastatic melanoma in the presence of matrix, the order to increase knowledge about new therapies against melanoma and to understand the mechanisms that favor its invasive potential, to more closely mimic what occurs in vivo. By means of this model, we find that it is essential to rescue the tumor physiopathology as melanoma, in the presence of dermal equivalent, it is able to evade death mechanisms and increase the expression of metalloproteinases and cytokines which favor the tumor evolution. We also evaluated the antineoplastic properties of chlorogenic acid, that have been reported in a large number of tumors, but the mechanisms that lead to its antitumor action has not been well elucidated. Before the work emphasizing the chemoprotective effect of polyphenols related to its antioxidant action in neoplastic cells and with metastatic potential, there is no literature studies confirming the effectiveness of chlorogenic acid on human metastatic melanoma cells. Therefore, this study aims to rebuild the dermal structure in vitro, and from this, to compare the response to drugs in melanoma cells dermal equivalent cultured in order to evaluate whether modulation differential on the substrate, thus suggesting a protocol more effective for prospecting antimelanoma drugs.
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Tinghög, Petter. „Migration, Stress and Mental Ill Health : Post-migration Factors and Experiences in the Swedish Context“. Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hälsa och samhälle, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-18216.
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This predominantly empirical dissertation deals with how socio-economic living conditions and immigrant-specific factors can be linked to immigrants’ mental ill health. It is also explored how cultural representations can affect stress and whether mental ill health is expressed differently among immigrants from Iraq and Iran than among individuals of Nordic origin. Moreover, a conceptual analysis is conducted, where a phenomenological conceptualisation of stress is outlined with a special focus on how this stress approach can be related to culture and migration. The empirical material consists of eleven in-depth interviews with Iraqi and Iranian immigrant women and two population-based surveys. The main findings of this thesis suggest as follows: 1) Mental ill health is more common among foreign-born than among native-born Swedes and can to a great extent be attributed to their poorer socio-economic living conditions. 2) Immigrants’ mental health is independently associated with different types of factors, such as traumatic episodes, socio-cultural adaptation level and socioeconomic living conditions. 3) The self-reporting mental health instruments, HSCL-25 and WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, produce scores that are comparable between Scandinavians and immigrants of Middle Eastern descent. 4) Nonuniversal representations that can be found in Iraq and Iran can amplify, or even be necessary ingredients in certain types of stressful experiences among immigrant women from these countries. 5) The distinctions between universal and non-universal stress, and between immigrant/minority and non-immigrant/nonminority stress appear to be crucial for an adequate comprehension of immigrants’ stressful experiences.Denna huvudsakligen empiriska avhandling behandlar hur socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor och invandrarspecifika faktorer kan kopplas till invandrares mentala hälsa. I avhandlingen undersöks även hur kulturella representationer kan påverka stressfulla upplevelser och huruvida mental ohälsa uttrycks annorlunda bland invandrare från Irak och Iran än bland nordbor. Vidare genomförs en begreppsanalys av stress skisserad utifrån ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Fokus ligger här på hur ett sådant perspektiv på stress kan relateras till kultur och migration. Det empiriska materialet består av elva djupintervjuer med invandrarkvinnor från Irak och Iran, samt två populationsbaserade enkätundersökningar. De huvudsakliga fynden i denna avhandling är följande: 1) Mental ohälsa bland utrikesfödda är vanligare än bland svenskfödda och detta kan till stor del ”förklaras” av ogynnsammare socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 2) Invandrares mentala ohälsa har ett direkt samband med olika typer av faktorer som traumatiska episoder, sociokulturell anpassningsnivå och socioekonomiska levnadsvillkor. 3) Självskattningsinstrumenten för mental hälsa, HSCL-25 och WHO (ten) Wellbeing Index, producerar värden som är jämförbara mellan nordbor och invandrare från Mellanöstern. 4) Icke-universella representationer som kan påvisas i Irak och Iran kan förstärka, eller till och med vara nödvändiga komponenter för vissa typer av stressfulla upplevelser bland invandrarkvinnor från dessa länder. 5) Distinktionerna mellan universell och icke-universell stress, och mellan invandrar/minoritets och icke-invandrar/icke-minoritets stress, tycks vara centrala för en adekvat förståelse av invandrares stressfulla upplevelser.
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Diaz, Linda. „Pippi Calzaslargas de viaje entre hispanohablantes : El estudio de la adaptación de conceptos culturales al contexto cultural de la lengua meta“. Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Spanish, Portuguese and Latin American Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8225.
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En esta monografía nos interesamos en el ámbito de literatura infantil, basando el análisis en el libro Pippi Långstrump de Astrid Lindgren y la traducción Pippi Calzaslargas realizada por Blanca Ríos. Nuestro interés se centrará en el campo contrastivo entre el sueco y el español, poniendo de relieve que no sólo se realiza la traducción entre dos lenguas diferentes, sino también entre dos culturas diferentes. Observaremos en el estudio cómo se logra transferir el contexto de una cultura a otra y lo que eventualmente se desfigura en la traducción. Examinaremos varios ejemplos de conceptos culturales que aparecen en la obra, presentando las estrategias que utiliza la traductoras para adaptarlos al texto meta así como el efecto de no adaptarlos. A través de los ejemplos podremos averiguar si ha logrado obtener equivalencia entre ambos textos o si las adaptaciones implementadas han cambiado el significado del texto de destino.
El presente estudio muestra que se han utilizado varias estrategias para transmitir los conceptos culturales y la conclusión es que la traductora ha optado por una estrategia dirigida hacia el lector y la cultura de la lengua meta, según defienden varios traductólogos de la literatura infantil.
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Wennerholm, Anita. „Comment traduire les phènomenes culturels? : Analyse des adaptations pragmatiques et sémantiques d'un blog“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52238.
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Abstract This paper is the comment and analysis of the translation of twelve articles in a book with the title Dessine-moi un Parisien by Olivier Magny, originally written as a blog in English on internet, but after huge success also recently published in French. It is a creative, expressive and communicative text, which is fun and often ironic when it tries to describe the nature of a native Parisian. As all texts appear in a cultural context, it is part of the translator’s work to adapt the translated text into the new cultural context in which it will appear. This is especially difficult when a cultural phenomenon (expressed by proper nouns, proverbs, idioms etc.) in the source culture doesn’t even exist in the target culture or, if there is an equivalent translation, is associated with a different connotation. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether it is possible to translate a text full of local cultural references, by using the many pragmatic and semantic strategies and tools proposed in Konsten att översätta (Ingo: 2007) while trying to keep to the original functions of the text. Two further strategies, foreignizing and domesticating, have also been of interest as they deal with the basic questions why, when and to what degree one should accomplish all the possible changes in order to adapt the text to the new cultural context. The analysis shows that all the tools have been of great use and that a good translation is possible. To define a suitable strategy in every single situation, the importance of the pragmatic and the semantic meaning have guided us. It further shows that the situation in which the sentence appears is the most important, even though there is another obvious translation. It has also been possible to endeavor ourselves to obtain some “French color” that is so important for the style in the original blog. Keywords: cultural adaptations, equivalences, cultural phenomenon, foreignizing, domesticating
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Seydel, Bianca. „Probably certain : Translating hedges in academic research articles from Swedish to English“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98126.
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While it certainly can be argued that translation is a quite demanding discipline in general, some areas within this field are, naturally, more challenging than others. One of these is hedging, which serves a broad variety of purposes both with regard to the author and to the intended readership, and hence must be translated accordingly. This paper investigates hedges in scientific research articles, the types and frequency of hedges in the analysed Swedish sourcetext (ST) compared to the English target text (TT), and the methods used for translating these hedges and their distribution by means of a short study conducted on two Swedish runology articles. The study’s quantitative analysis shows that the Swedish ST has a clear preference for adverbial hedges, and to an extent, also for modal verb hedges, whereas the English TT – while yielding an even higher preference for adverbials and also for lexical verbs – uses modal verbs much less frequently. It becomes evident that adverbials may feature so strongly in translations because they are easier to recall and to use than more complex structures, especially for L2 speakers. This practice does, however, result in a somewhat less flexible translation. The by far most frequently used translation strategy is faithful translation, particularly for content-oriented hedges. However, a fair number of adaptations (both in modal strength and word class change) and omissions – mostly of modal verbs – as well as numerous additions occurred, initiated by influential factors such as cultural differences regarding natural sounding text, L2 speaker perception of equivalence and/or lack of suitable linguistic equivalents. Thereby, the English translation showed a tendency toward adapting weaker modals compared to their Swedish ST equivalents, confirming the greater reader-orientation of English research articles.
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De, Wet Francois. „Structural equivalence and item bias of a self-report emotional intelligence measure in the mining industry / Francois de Wet“. Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8676.
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Emotional intelligence (EI) in organisations has grown immensely over the past two decades.
Considerable research regarding this concept and the advantages it poses for the individual as
well as the organisation has been conducted; however, one aspect that has not been explored
sufficiently is the extent to which EI can be viewed as a culturally relevant concept. The
presumption that emotions can be explained in the same way across different culture cannot be
made; therefore measuring EI across cultures becomes important and challenging. Language can
be viewed as a vehicle of culture, and emotions are shaped by the language spoken in the specific
culture.
A quantitative research design was used in this study. The sample consisted of mid-level miners
from the Gauteng and North West Province (N = 357). Stratified sampling was used to include
the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans; n = 158) and Sotho group (North Sotho, South
Sotho, and Setswana; n = 199). Questionnaires were distributed amongst the participants from
the different mines, were completed within a set time, and collected immediately afterwards.
The first objective of the study was to determine whether the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale
(GEIS) is a reliable test when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho
(Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. A four-factor model on the
combined sample as well as the two language groups was tested. The four factor model of the
West-Germanic group showed poor alphas. (Expression and Recognition of Emotions = 0.66;
Caring and Empathy = 0.63; Control of Emotions = 0.80 and Use of Emotions to Facilitate
Thinking = 0.62.) Several items from the expression and recognition scale cross-loaded on the
other three factors, and it was decided to test a three-factor model. The three factor model
indicated the best goodness-of-fit indices and showed acceptable alpha coefficients (Use of
Emotion to Facilitate Thinking = 0.83; Caring and Empathy = 0.83 and Control of Emotions =
0.77).
The second objective was to determine if the Greek Emotional Intelligence Scale is an equivalent
measuring instrument when measuring the West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and Sotho
(Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Goodness-of-fit was tested on the
total population as well as the two language family groups. The four factors are Expression and
Recognition of Emotions, Caring and Empathy, Control of Emotions and Use of Emotions. The
model indices (GFI, CFI and RMSEA) were satisfactory on the total population as well as the
Sotho groups, but there were problems noted when testing the goodness-of-fit for the West-
Germanic language group. It was therefore decided to test a three factor model (Use of
Emotions, Caring and Empathy and Control of Emotions). These problems could possibly be
explained by the cultural differences between the two language groups.
The final research objective was to investigate whether the items of the Greek Emotional
Intelligence Scale are unbiased when measuring West-Germanic (English and Afrikaans) and
Sotho (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Setswana) languages. Firstly, ANOVAS were
produced to determine the mean differences between the groups. There weren’t many
differences, indicating none or little biasness between the groups. Then, the uniform and non-uniform
biasness was tested by means of Ordinal Logistic Regression to asses Differential Item
Functioning. The majority of the items did not have both uniform and non-uniform biasness. The
few that did however, (41, 37, 36, 14 and 18) can be explained by the different ways in which
cultures interpret emotions as proven in the literature.
Recommendations were made for future research.Thesis (MCom (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Björklund, Rosario. „La traducción de los culturemas : Dificultades y soluciones en la traducción del sueco al español del estudio: "La imagen de Suecia en los medios de comunicación después de Stieg Larsson y Millennium"“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46265.
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Translation is all about finding the similar word and expression in the target language ́s culture and to try to obtain the same message as the source text. What a translator does with a translation project from the source language to the target language includes a process where several elements interact: finding the correct terminology in the target culture and be able to transfer the connotation and the message to the reader in the target language. The aim of this investigation is to identify and analyze the difficulties that may appear in the process of translating cultural aspects between Swedish and Spanish. The source text is a Swedish study Mediebilden av Sverige efter Stieg Larsson och Millennium (Sweden beyond the Millennium and Stieg Larsson) by Joakim Lind (2012) that has been translated into Spanish. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the translation techniques neutralization and the cultural equivalent are most suitable to use in the translation of cultural elements. The results of the study showed what was expected from the beginning, that it was mostly these two translation techniques that were used: neutralization and the cultural equivalent, but in several cases it was necessary to use other techniques like literal translation. The process of translation cannot only depend on one or two translation techniques and the translator must be able to recognize when the appropriate technique should be used. In several cases it has to be a combination of two or three translation techniques to be able to reach a good final result of the translated text.
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Magalhães, Vanessa Maia Aguiar de. „e-Rural: ambiente web para geração de conteúdos considerando a cultura e o nível de letramento do aprendiz“. Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/477.
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Previous issue date: 2011-05-31This paper describes the process of developing and prototyping environment high-fidelity to develop culturally contextualized hyperdocuments web, adapted and made available according to the level of literacy of the learner, so it has access to and can understand the information and technological knowledge allowing your individual improvement and professional in the area it serves. This work focuses on health education, adopting the promotion of inclusive learning and continuous approaches using IHC, considering the literacy levels of learners, providing simplified lexical and syntactic processing and analogies based on common sense knowledge as an expression of the cultural context of the learner. The generation of hyperdocuments intended primarily for users involved in the Brazilian production of milk having difficulties in reading and access to technical information, presenting different levels of literacy and cultural profiles. To provide this inclusive and culturally diverse environment, firstly, there is a need for hyperdocuments are produced through translation of vocabularies and the identification of meanings, adapting them to the cognitive and linguistic needs of users, to assist them in understanding the training content and meaning. It is noteworthy that these hyperdocuments be adapted and made available according to the level of literacy of users, helping them to overcome cultural barriers, social, emotional, perceptual, and cognitive technology that impede their access to knowledge. For this it is necessary that these contents are to be made available providing text equivalents that replace or supplement the textual contents of the hypermedia, whether through images, videos, narration, text, or audio. In order to observe the process of development of computing and its functional prototype, collecting the views of the target audience and partners, were conducted feasibility studies and experiments with specialist area of computing and agribusiness research, reported in this paper, to verify the feasibility and applicability of the proposal in a real scenario. As a result, it is hoped that researchers and agricultural technicians to create content in context for many producers with different levels of literacy, and they can get an understanding of digital technical knowledge available, and therefore incorporates the technologies offered to improve the quality and productivity milk and other foods in your day-to-day.
Este trabalho descreve o processo de desenvolvimento e o protótipo de alta fidelidade do ambiente computacional para elaborar hiperdocumentos contextualizados culturalmente na web, adaptados e disponibilizados de acordo com o nível de letramento do aprendiz, de forma que este tenha acesso e possa compreender as informações e conhecimentos tecnológicos, permitindo seu aprimoramento individual e profissional na área em que atua. Este trabalho enfoca a educação sanitária, adotando a promoção de aprendizagem inclusiva e continuada, utilizando abordagens de IHC, considerando níveis de letramento do aprendiz, provendo simplificação léxica e sintática, analogias e processamento baseado em conhecimento de senso comum como expressão do contexto cultural do aprendiz. A geração de hiperdocumentos destina-se, principalmente, aos usuários envolvidos na produção brasileira de leite que apresentam dificuldades de leitura e acesso a informações técnicas, por apresentarem diferentes níveis de letramento e perfis culturais. Para proporcionar esse ambiente inclusivo e culturalmente diverso, primeiramente, existe a necessidade de que os hiperdocumentos sejam produzidos por meio da tradução de vocabulários e da identificação de significados, adaptando-os às necessidades linguísticas e cognitivas dos usuários, visando auxiliá-los na compreensão do conteúdo e formação de significado. Destaca-se que estes hiperdocumentos devem ser adaptados e disponibilizados de acordo com o nível de letramento dos usuários, auxiliando-os a ultrapassar as barreiras culturais, sociais, emocionais, perceptivas, tecnológicas e cognitivas que impedem seu acesso ao conhecimento. Para tal, é necessário que esses conteúdos devam ser disponibilizados oferecendo equivalentes textuais que substituam ou complementem os conteúdos textuais do hiperdocumento, quer sejam por imagens, vídeos, narração de texto, ou por áudio. Com o intuito de observar o processo de desenvolvimento do ambiente computacional e seu protótipo funcional, coletando a opinião do público alvo e parceiros, foram realizados estudos de viabilidade e experimentos com especialistas da área da computação e pesquisadores do agronegócio, relatados neste trabalho, visando verificar a viabilidade e aplicabilidade da proposta em um cenário real. Como resultado, espera-se que pesquisadores e técnicos agrícolas possam criar conteúdos contextualizados para produtores diversos, com diferentes níveis de letramento, e estes possam obter a compreensão do conhecimento técnico digital disponibilizado, e consequentemente incorpore as tecnologias oferecidas para melhoria da qualidade e produtividade do leite, bem como de outros alimentos, no seu dia-a-dia.
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Seo, Jaesung. „Cross-cultural validity and equivalency of oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) measurement for Korean older adults“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42917.
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Introduction: Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) is a widely used psychometric instrument or scale developed in English to measure Oral Health-related Quality of Life (OHQoL), and there has been many translations of the instrument into other languages, including Korean.
Purpose: My thesis examines the validity and cultural equivalence of the English and Korean versions of the scale by answering the questions: “What methods are available to validate the cultural equivalence of psychometric instruments?” and “How culturally appropriate and valid is the Korean version of the short-form of the OHIP (OHIP-14K)?"
Method: Ten Korean dental experts fluent in English and Korean independently assessed the clarity, relevance, and cultural equivalence of the OHIP-14K and offered suggestions for improving the cultural sensitivity and validity of the instrument content. The item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was used to measure the validity of each item from the experts’ ratings followed by the calculation of Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) as the proportion of content valid items. Additional analyses including the average deviation index (ADM) and Kappa statistics (Kfree) were performed with the clarity index (CI), relevance index (RI) and cultural equivalence index (CEI) to measure the level of agreement between the experts.
Results: The experts rated the OHIP-14K as mostly clear (S-CVI= 0.93), but they were concerned about the relevance of many items to the expected domains of the instrument (S-CVI = 0.42) and about its cultural equivalence (S-CVI = 0.50) to the English version. However, there was much disagreement between the experts as measured by the RI (Kfree = 0.19 to 1.00) and CEI (ADM = 0.36 to 0.96).
Conclusion: The relevance and cultural equivalence of the OHIP-14K to the original English version of the OHIP-14 are not strong. Suggestions are offered for improving the OHIP-14K, which needs further testing within the Korean populations.
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Rolén, Harriet. „Erlkönigin und Eppelmann : Zur Übersetzung von Bildsprache und kulturspezifischen Elementen in einem politischen Text“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28879.
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OLIVEIRA, JUNIOR Geraldo G. G. „Inventário de Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Cultura do Cafeeiro“. Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, 2015. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/161.
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There is a great concern about environmental issues, in particular as regards the possibility of occurring changes in climate in the coming years. The scenarios designed of change are directly linked to the continuity of greenhouse gases emission. The modern coffee-growing requires the rational and sustainable use of natural resources and agricultural inputs, being essential to adopt environmentally friendly practices in the realization of cultural practices and conduct of the entire production process. The objective of this study is to inventory the sources and estimating emissions of greenhouse gases in the coffee production process, considering the direct and indirect emissions of the process. The inventory was performed using parameters of the GHG Protocol, Ministry of Science and Technology and the IPCC data. The inventory showed that the main greenhouse gas generated in the coffee corresponded to 2.13 tCO2eq h-1, and the consumption of nitrogen fertilizer (47.5%) and the use of agricultural rectification (30.8%) were the sources of greater contribution for these emissions, followed by the consumption of diesel oil. To carry out the planting operations, annual cultivation and harvest in mechanized coffee culture were issued 465.26 kg CO2 eq ha -1, and the planting were issued 242.58 kg CO2 eq ha -1, accounting for 52.14% of total emissions. The operations carried out in mechanized harvesting, issued 124.3 kg CO2 eq ha-1 contributing 26.72% of total emissions and representing 55.82% of the total issued in operations carried out in the annual cultivation.
RESUMO É grande a preocupação com as questões ambientais, em especial no que se refere à possibilidade de ocorrerem mudanças climáticas drásticas nos próximos anos. Os cenários projetados de mudança estão ligados diretamente à continuidade das emissões de gases de efeito estufa. A cafeicultura moderna exige o uso racional e sustentável dos recursos naturais e insumos agrícolas, sendo fundamental a adoção de práticas ambientalmente corretas na realização dos tratos culturais e condução de todo o processo produtivo. Objetivou-se com o presente estudo inventariar as fontes e estimar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa na produção do café, considerando as emissões diretas e indiretas do processo. O inventário foi realizado utilizando-se parâmetros do GHG Protocol, Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia e dados do IPCC. O inventário demonstrou que os principais GEE gerados na cafeicultura corresponderam a 2,13 tCO2eq ha-1, sendo que o consumo de adubos nitrogenados (47,5%) e uso de corretivos (30,8%), foram as fontes de maior contribuição para essas emissões, seguidas pelo consumo de óleo diesel. Para a realização das operações do plantio, tratos culturais anuais e colheita na cultura do café de forma mecanizada foram emitidos 465,26 kg CO2 eq ha -1, sendo que no plantio foram emitidos 242,58 kg CO2 eq ha -1, sendo responsáveis por 52,14% das emissões totais. As operações realizadas na colheita mecanizada, emitiram 124,3 kg CO2 eq ha-1 contribuindo com 26,72% do total das emissões e representando 55,82% do total emitido nas operações realizadas nos tratos culturais anuais. Para o escoamento da produção de café da fazenda ao armazém foram emitidos 0,76 kg CO2 eq km -1 e do armazém ao porto 0,99 kg CO2 eq km -1.
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Romaniw, Jucimare. „Resíduos de abatedouro na dinâmica da matéria orgânica, retenção de água no solo, produtividade das culturas e eficiência em sistema de plantio direto“. Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2018. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2751.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O descarte inadequado de resíduos orgânicos de abatedouros de aves e suínos pode promover a poluição ambiental. Seu uso aliado ou não a adubação mineral nas rotações de culturas no sistema de plantio direto na região dos Campos Gerais seria uma alternativa viável para o aproveitamento desse resíduo. No entanto, visando otimizar a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade ambiental, devem ser estudadas dosagens adequadas para uso, combinando perda e aumento de nutrientes, matéria orgânica e produtividade das culturas. Além disso, é de extrema importância monitorar a qualidade do solo na determinação do risco de qualidade ambiental proporcionado pelo uso de altas doses de resíduos orgânicos dispostos no solo. Assim, o experimento foi conduzido utilizando diferentes níveis de adubação de resíduos orgânicos industriais (ROI) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% de resíduos orgânicos) combinados com adubação mineral (FMI) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) nas seguintes proporções 0%; 100% ROI; 100% FMI; 75% FMI + 25% ROI; 50% ROI + 50% FMI . O experimento teve início em 2009 e foi acopanhado até 2015 sob plantio direto e rotação de culturas (feijão / trigo / soja / aveia / milho / trigo). Amostras de solo foram coletadas após 5 safras para avaliações de carbono (C) e suas frações. Experimentos de laboratório para avaliar a qualidade do solo foram conduzidos para avaliar o equivalente na emissão de C-CO2, percolação e mineralização de NO3- em solo não revolvido e revolvido sob doses crescentes de ROI (0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4 e 8 Mg ha-1) em laboratório. Também foram avaliados os pools de carbono orgânico do solo (COS) compostos por C total, C orgânico permanganato oxidável e C orgânico extraível por água quente, e atributos físicos do solo através da densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporos e microporos porosidade, e retenção de água. Os resultados indicaram que o uso de ROI e FMI + ROI têm um bom potencial no sequestro de C no solo na mitigação de CO2 sem qualquer custo adicional. Ao contrário, aumentou a produção e retorno líquido da maioria das culturas. O uso do ROI 100 reduziu a densidade do solo, aumentou a porosidade total e microporos e melhorou a estrutura do solo, resultando em melhor retenção de água e que o teor de N-NO3- tem seu potencial de disponibilidade para as plantas após 40 dias da aplicação do ROI , sendo assim indicado a aplicação do resíduo antecedendo o plantio da cultura, aproveitando assim o potencial de liberação. Assim conclui-se que o ROI proporciona aumentos no C do solo levando ao aumento da produtividade das culturas, da qualidade química e física do solo.
Inadequate disposal of organic solids from poultry and pig slaughterhouses can promote environmental pollution. Your use ally or non the mineral fertilization in rotations of wood in no-tillage system in the Campos region. However, in order to optimize agricultural productivity and environmental quality, the administration of the use variables should be studied, combining loss and increase of nutrients, organic matter and crop productivity. In addition, the quality of the soil to the extent of the environmental quality risk provided by the use of high doses of organic waste is not of the utmost importance. Thus, it was resistant to maintaining levels of industrial organic fertilization (IOW) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% organic waste) combined with mineral fertilization (MF) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%). The experiment started in 2009 and was harvested until 2015 under no-tillage and crop speed (beans / wheat / soybean / bird / corn / wheat). Soil samples were collected after 5 harvests for carbon (C) evaluations and their fractions. Soil Quality Laboratory Analyzers were conducted for the use of C-CO2, percolation in unroot and upturned soil and N-NO3- mineralization under increasing doses of ROI (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 an 8 Mg ha-1). The sets of CO by C, Corning permanganate oxable and C, seismic by hot water, and soil physical components were highlighted by soil density, total porosity, macro and micro porosity, and water retention. The results indicated that the use of IOW and MF + IOW had a good potential in soil C sequestration in CO2-C mitigation at any additional cost. On the contrary, it increased the yield and liquid of most crops. The use of IOW 100 reduced soil density, increased its total and micro efficiency and improved soil structure resulting in higher water retention and that N-NO3- content has its potential availability for applications after 40 days of application of the IOW , thus being designated an application of pre-planting of crop, thus taking advantage of the potential of release. Thus, it is concluded that IOW offers increases in soil performance and increases crop productivity, soil chemistry, soil physical and biological.
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Harris, Paul Anthony. „The development of a cultured skin equivalent to treat extensive burn injury“. Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417832.
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Amhis, Amina. „Traductologie et terminologie : problématique des transferts culturels en traduction entre les langues française et arabe“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA022.
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Le débat sur la traduction s’est articulé autour de la notion d’intraduisibilité ou l’impossibilité pratique de la traduction. Ainsi, cette thèse porte sur le transfert des éléments culturels en traduction juridique. L’enjeu étant de démontrer la possibilité pratique de la traduction des données culturelles malgré la distance entre les deux langues-cultures.Ainsi, faut-il souligner que dans le cadre de l’étude actuelle, nous avons abordé la question sous un angle proprement civilisationnel porté essentiellement sur les aspects culturels que recouvre le Code algérien de la famille.et que nous nous sommes limité aux cultures algérienne et française.Au coeur de cette problématique, nous avons mis au centre de notre réflexion la notion d’équivalence qui constitue l’essence même de toute opération de traduction. Avec les années, la question de l’équivalence ne se pose plus en termes de convergences ou divergences au niveau des structures d’une langue, mais elle est orientée davantage aujourd’hui vers l’aspect sociologique du phénomène traductif mettant en jeu des éléments extralinguistiques tout aussiimportants lors du transfert d’une langue à une autreThe debate over the translation was structured around the notion of untranslatability or practical impossibility of translation. This thesis relates to the transfer of cultural elements in legal translation. The aim was to show the practical possibility of translation despite the cultural distance between two languages and cultures. Should it be stressed that within the framework of the current study, we tackled the question under an angle properly civilisationnel carried primarily about the cultural aspects which the Algerian family Code recovers, we limited ourselves to the cultures Algerian and French. This thesis focuses on the concept of equivalence which constitutes a central concept in any operation of translation
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Cavalcante, Josélia Sobral, und 92-98206-1096. „Atividade anticâncer de uma furano-naftoquinona em modelos de cultura celular de melanoma“. Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2016. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/6073.
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FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Among the main neoplasms, melanoma is the leading disease related to the skin by having high aggressiveness and resistance to conventional chemotherapy in advanced stages of the disease, accounting for 80% of deaths from skin cancer. In search of new therapeutic alternatives, has investigated the use of cell culture models that mimetizem the Tumor Microenvironment in vivo allowing more reliable analysis of in vitro activity of promising drugs for cancer treatment. One of the alternatives is the three-dimensional model of dermal skin structure, also called dermal equivalent. The 1 h-ciclopenta [b] nafto [2.3-d] furan-5.10 (3aH, 10bH)-Dione (IVS320), a furan naphthoquinone synthesized from 2-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone (Lausona), presented excellent results of cytotoxicity against the strains of melanoma justifying the selection of this substance for this research project and the need for the development of other analysis showing their potential. Thus, the present study aimed to standardize the cell culture model in dermal equivalent, as well as assess the anticancer activity of IVS320 in human melanoma line SK-Mel-28. The model of study provided a comparison of the cytotoxic activity is genotoxic activity of Metalloproteinases and of IVS320 in SK-Mel-28 cultivated dermal equivalent culture in monolayer and the ability to inhibit cell migration and cell death mechanism. IVS320 performed for SK-cytotoxic Mel-28 in both cell culture models by the method of the MTT, however its activity was decreased when tested in the dermal equivalent model. CI50 average of IVS320 in SK-Mel-28 grown in monolayer was 0.5 μM in three days of treatment. Assessing the cytotoxicity in dermal equivalent model, introduced IVS320 increase in value from the CI50 concentration and time dependent, 8.05, 5.22 and 2.7 μM in 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment respectively. The Comet test showed themselves simple tape breaks in three concentrations tested and double tape breaks only in the highest concentration in cells grown in monolayer. In the dermal equivalent model only damage were detected in neutral pH Comet in the two largest concentrations. By zymography assay was possible to assess the activity of Metalloproteinases-2 and-9. The results obtained showed the inhibitory effect of IVS320 enzyme activity in three concentrations tested in both cell culture models in treatment time of 18 hours. Additionally, cell motility test, it was observed that IVS320 also proved effective as the inhibition of this activity in all the three days of treatment (6, 12 and 24 hours) when tested in highest concentration. On differential staining LA/BE, noted an increase in the number of apoptotic cells of concentration dependent manner, however, the number of necrotic cells not varied. The results of this survey provide information about IVS320 and help in studies on alternative means in experimental Pharmacology through use of cell culture models dermal equivalent, and highlights the importance of new experimental models.
Câncer é uma doença caracterizada pelo crescimento descontrolado e disseminação de células anormais. Dentre as principais neoplasias,o melanoma é a principal doença relacionada à pelepor possuir alta agressividadee resistência a quimioterapia convencional em estágios mais avançados da doença, sendo responsável por 80% das mortes por cânceres de pele. Em busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas, tem se investigado a utilização de modelos de cultura celular que mimetizem o microambiente tumoral in vivo possibilitando analisar de forma mais fidedigna in vitro a atividade de drogas promissoras para o tratamento do câncer. Uma das alternativas é o modelo tridimensional de estrutura dérmica da pele, também denominado de equivalente dérmico. A 1H-ciclopenta[b]nafto[2,3-d]furano-5,10(3aH,10bH)-diona (IVS320), uma furano naftoquinona sintetizada a partir de 2-hidroxi-1,4-naftoquinona (Lausona), apresentou excelentes resultados de citotoxicidade frente às linhagens de melanoma justificando a seleção desta substância para este projeto de pesquisa e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de outras análises que comprovem realmente seu potencial. Sendo assim, o presente estudo objetivoupadronizar o modelo de cultura celular em equivalente dérmico, bem como avaliar a atividade anticâncer de IVS320 em linhagem de melanoma humano SK-Mel-28. O modelo de estudo proporcionou a comparação da atividade citotóxica, genotóxica e atividade inibitória de metaloproteinases de IVS320 em SK-Mel-28 cultivada em equivalente dérmico e cultura em monocamada,a capacidade de inibir a migração da célula e mecanismo de morte celular. IVS320 apresentou-se citotóxica para SK-Mel-28 nos dois modelos de cultura celular pelo método do MTT, no entanto sua atividade foi diminuída quando testada no modelo de equivalente dérmico. A média da CI50 de IVS320 em SK-Mel-28 cultivada em monocamada foi 0,5μM nos três tempos de tratamento. Avaliando a citotoxicidade no modelo de equivalente dérmico, IVS320 apresentou aumento no valor da CI50 de forma concentração e tempo dependente, 8,05, 5,22 e 2,7μM em 24, 48 e 72 horas de tratamento respectivamente. No teste do cometa evidenciaram-se quebras de fitas simples nas três concentrações testadas e quebras de fitas duplas somente na maior concentração em células cultivadas em monocamada. Já no modelo de equivalente dérmico foram detectados danos somente no cometa pH neutro nas duas maiores concentrações. Através do ensaio da zimografia foi possível avaliar a atividade de metaloproteinases -2 e -9. Nos resultados obtidos, observou-se o efeito inibitório da atividade enzimáticade IVS320 nas três concentrações testadas nos dois modelos de cultura celular no tempo de tratamento de 18 horas. Adicionalmente, no ensaio de motilidade celular, foi observado que IVS320 também se mostrou eficaz quanto à inibição dessa atividade nos três tempos de tratamento (6, 12 e 24 horas) quando testada na maior concentração (1,0μM). Na coloração diferencial LA/BE, foi observado um aumento no número de células apoptóticas de forma concentração dependente, entretanto, o número de células em necrose não variou. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem com informações acerca da IVS320 e auxiliam nos estudos sobre meios alternativos na farmacologia experimental por meio da utilização dos modelos de cultura celular em equivalente dérmico e evidencia a importância de novos modelos experimentais.
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Suszek, Grazieli. „Determinação de unidades de manejo a partir de mapas de produtividade normalizada e padronizada equivalente na cultura da soja“. Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2007. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/176.
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Previous issue date: 2007-01-24Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Great transformations are being visualized in Brazilian agriculture. The precision agriculture is bringing new techniques, a degree of significantly bigger detailing of the agricultural methods and an increase of the efficiency on the basis of the site-specific management. In this context, it is important the establishment of methodologies of productivity information that can be used for determination of management zones. The objective of this work was to analyze two techniques for definition of management zones in a productive area using normalized and standardized yield maps presented in this work. It was used data soy yield, collected during the years of 1998 to 2002, in an area from the Cooperativa Central Agropecuária de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Econômico Ltda. (COODETEC), situated in Cascavel - PR, Brazil. The sampling area has 1.74 ha, with 128 plots with site-specific fertilization and 128 plots with conventional fertilization. The original data of each variable in study had been analyzed using geoestatistics techniques and the contour maps generated by means of kriging interpolation. The values of the contour maps of each variable and of each year had been normalized by the techniques of normalized yield and equivalent standardized yield, being later classified in management zones. It could be concluded that the two methods of management zones definition had revealed efficient, presenting similarities in the data disposal. Due to equivalent standardized yield uses standard score, it contemplates one better statistics justification, but it presents a bigger implementation difficulty.
Profundas transformações estão sendo visualizadas na agricultura brasileira. A agricultura de precisão, a cada dia, traz novas técnicas, um grau de detalhamento significativamente maior dos métodos agrícolas e um aumento da eficiência com base no manejo diferenciado. Nesse contexto, é importante o estabelecimento de metodologias pelas quais as informações de produtividade possam ser utilizadas para determinação de unidades de manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar duas técnicas para definição de unidades de manejo em uma área produtiva com base em mapas de produtividade normalizada e padronizada equivalente apresentado neste trabalho. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de soja, coletados durante os anos de 1998 a 2002, em uma área pertencente ao Centro de Pesquisas Eloy Gomes da Cooperativa Central Agropecuária de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Econômico Ltda. (COODETEC), situada no município de Cascavel - PR, Brasil. A área amostrada possui 1,74 ha, constituída por 128 amostras com adubação localizada e 128 amostras com adubação convencional. Os dados originais de cada variável em estudo foram analisados por meio de técnicas de geoestatística e mapas de contorno gerados por meio de interpolação pela técnica de krigagem. Os valores dos mapas de contorno de cada variável de cada ano foram então normalizados pelas técnicas da produtividade normalizada e produtividade padronizada equivalente, sendo posteriormente classificados em unidades de manejo. Pode-se concluir que os dois métodos de definição de unidades de manejo mostraram-se eficientes e apresentaram semelhanças na disposição xi dos dados. Devido ao fato de a produtividade padronizada equivalente utilizar escore padrão, ela contempla uma melhor justificativa estatística.
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Congost-Maestre, Nereida. „El lenguaje de las Ciencias de la Salud: los cuestionarios de salud y calidad de vida y su traducción del inglés al español“. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/17562.
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Wang, xiao chao. „Christianity and imperial culture : Chinese christian apologetics in the seventeenth Century and their latin patristic equivalent /“. Boston : Brill, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40106192v.
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Texte remanié de: Thesis--Department of theology--University of Leeds, 1996.Contient divers textes en chinois de Xu Guangqi (principalement), Li Zhizao, Yang Tingyun, et leur traduction en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 250-259.
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Theophile, Hélène. „Contribution des modèles in vitro pour évaluer le rôle du fibroblaste dans la cicatrisation cutanée“. Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P090.
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Xiao, Di. „A study of non-equivalent culture-loaded words in two English translations of Fu Sheng Liu Ji“. Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2178621.
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Seveborg, Anna. „"Me agarro del cuello" y otras expresiones suecas traducidas al español : Un análisis de la traducción al español de las expresiones idiomáticas y refranes en la novela Cirkeln de Mats Strandberg y Sara Bergmark Elfgren“. Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-130958.
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El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar cómo se traducen al español las expresiones idiomáticas y refranes suecos de la novela Cirkeln, de Mats Strandberg y Sara Bergmark Elfgren. En este estudio analizamos cuantitativa y cualitativamente las ocurrencias de las estrategias que se utilizan para establecer una equivalencia entre los dos idiomas. Partimos de la creencia de que las expresiones idiomáticas son propias de cada lengua y cultura, y por tanto resulta problemático traducirlas. Se plantea la hipótesis de que la traductora habrá adaptado la traducción a los destinatarios usando expresiones explicativas para sustituir las frases fijas. A través de los datos obtenidos podemos concluir que la mayoría de las expresiones idiomáticas suecas halladas en la novela tienen una equivalencia en español, y podemos constatar que, aunque son dos lenguas distintas, existe cierto grado de semejanza entre el sueco y el español.
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Delvizio, Ivanir Azevedo. „Tradução juramentada de documentos escolares→português : questões culturais, terminológicas e tradutórias /“. São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100106.
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Orientador: Lidia Almeida BarrosBanca: Francis Henrik Aubert
Banca: Maria Emília Chanut
Banca: Paula Tavares Pinto Paiva
Banca: Peter James Harris
Resumo: Os documentos escolares constituem um dos objetos mais frequentes da Tradução Juramentada. Esta pesquisa, financiada pela FAPESP, tem como objetivos: 1) proceder a um estudo comparado dos sistemas educacionais do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos; 2) realizar o levantamento e análise dos termos em inglês encontrados em documentos escolares que foram traduzidos do português para o inglês sob a forma juramentada; 3) buscar seus equivalentes em português; 4) elaborar um glossário na direção inglês→português dos termos de documentos escolares e 5) verificar qual o grau de equivalência terminológica (lexical) predominante entre a terminologia de documentos escolares dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil. A pesquisa se insere nos campos da Terminologia Bilíngue e da Tradução e teve como base um corpus comparável constituído pelos seguintes conjuntos de documentos: CDETJ-PI (conjunto de documentos escolares traduzidos na forma juramentada do português para o inglês), CDEOI (conjunto de documentos escolares originais em inglês), CDEOP (conjunto de documentos escolares originais em português) e CDETJ-IP (conjunto de documentos escolares traduzidos na forma juramentada do inglês para o português). Esses documentos foram extraídos de Livros de Registros de Tradução Juramentada disponibilizados por três tradutores públicos do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados em inglês e português foram organizados em fichas terminológicas, que nos permitiram comparar o conteúdo semântico dos termos em inglês e dos seus possíveis equivalentes em português. Dos 123 termos selecionados em inglês, 35 (28,5%) não apresentaram equivalentes em português, os casos de equivalência predominaram. Em relação às lacunas terminológicas, verificamos no CDETJ-IP quais foram as soluções adotadas pelos tradutores públicos
Abstract: Academic documents are a frequent object of Sworn Translation work. This study, funded by the FAPESP, purports to: (1) provide a comparative study of the Brazilian and US educational systems; (2) identify and analyze the terms in English found in academic documents translated from Portuguese into English which are submitted to the process of sworn translation; (3) determine their equivalents in Portuguese; (4) set up an English → Portuguese dictionary of the relevant terms used in academic documents; and (5) determine the prevailing level of terminological equivalence between the academic terminology employed in the United States as compared to Brazil. Our investigation crisscrosses the domains of Bilingual Terminology and Translation and takes as a starting point a comparable corpus comprising the following set of documents: CDETJ- PI (set of school documents submitted to sworn translation from Portuguese into English), CDEOI (set of original school documents in English), CDEOP (set of original school documents in Portuguese) and CDETJ-IP (set of school documents submitted to sworn translation from English into Portuguese). These texts were excerpted from Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by three Brazilian sworn translators. Data in English and Portuguese were organized in terminological records, which allowed us to compare the semantic content of terms in English and their possible equivalents in Portuguese. From the 123 terms selected in English, 35 (28.5%) did not have equivalents in Portuguese, the cases of equivalence were predominant. In relation to the terminological gaps, we verified in CDETJ-IP the solutions adopted by sworn translators
Doutor
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Persson, Ulrika. „Culture-specific items : Translation procedures for a text about Australian and New Zealand children's literature“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-46025.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the problems met when translating culture-specific items in a text about Australian and New Zealand colonial and post-colonial children’s literature into Swedish. The analysis quantifies and describes the different translation procedures used, and contrasts different strategies when there was more than one possible choice. It also outlines the reasons for the choices made when creating a text adapted for a Swedish audience. The translation methods applied are dynamic equivalence and domestication. As for the categorization of the material, the theories of Newmark (1988) have primarily been followed. The study shows that the frequency of each translation procedure depends on the type of culture-specific item, and the chosen translation method. It is argued that transference is the most commonly used procedure, and recognized translations are not as frequent as could have been expected with the choice of domestication. This is the case for proper nouns and references to literary works, where transference and dynamic equivalence has been given priority over domestication whenever the factual content was considered to be the most important aspect to follow. As for culture-specific items of the category social culture, neutralisation is the most commonly used procedure. In such cases the domestication method was more influential than dynamic equivalence as the consideration of ethics as well as avoidance of cultural taboos in the target culture were considered to be more important than content.
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ALTRAN, SILVANA C. „Substituição dos componentes xenobióticos, empregados no meio de cultura para manutenção de queratinócitos humanos, por similares de origem humana“. reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10026.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Bogle, Desrine. „Traduire la culture caribéenne. Étude comparative des proverbes créoles de la caraïbe francophone et de leurs équivalents dans la Caraïbe anglophone“. Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030112.
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Malgré la diversité des territoires qui constituent la région caribéenne, sur le plan linguistique, ils ont en commun une même culture, celle de la créolité. Dans cette perspective, cette étude se propose d’étudier la synergie linguistique qui ressortirait d’une comparaison des proverbes créoles de la Caraïbe francophone et anglophone. Outre la question, parfois controversée, de l’origine des proverbes, l’objectif principal sera de trouver les convergences et les superpositions, tous les rapprochements entre les proverbes, le rôle joué par la littérature dans leur conservation et leur transmission intra et inter-linguistique et d’observer les modifications qu’ils ont pu subir. L’étude de l’impact de la mondialisation sur la traduction des textes de la Caraïbe, qui appartiennent à une tradition d’oralité, permettra de comprendre les phénomènes de transmission. Loin de se situer en opposition à la théorie Bermanienne sur la destruction des réseaux vernaculaires, ce travail visera à démontrer que la traduction des proverbes créoles dans le cadre même de la créolité offre justement la solution la plus en adéquation dans sa dimension culturelle, celle qui permet de les maintenir dans leur territorialitéDespite the diversity of the Caribbean territories, they all share the same culture: Creoleness. In light of this, the present research proposes to study the linguistic synergy that is evident in a comparative study of Creole proverbs from the francophone and Anglophone Caribbean. Apart from the controversial issue of the origin of these proverbs, the main aim is to find the convergent points as well as any relationships between the proverbs, the role that literature plays in their preservation and their intra- and inter-linguistic transmission. A study of the impact of globalization on the translation of Caribbean texts, which are a part of oral tradition, will help to understand the phenomena underlining their transmission. Not aiming to contradict Berman’s theory on the destruction of vernacular links, this work will try to show that translating Creole proverbs in the context of Creoleness offers the best possible solution in light of cultural and regional factors
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Paut, Raphael. „Analyse des compromis entre diversité cultivée et complexité de gestion à travers le cas d’étude du Verger-Maraîcher : Une approche combinant modélisation et méthodes qualitatives Reducing risk through crop diversification: an application of portfolio theory to diversified horticultural systems Modelling crop diversification and association effects in agricultural systems“. Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0724.
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Les vergers-maraichers sont des systèmes mixtes agroforestiers qui visent à optimiser l'utilisation des ressources spatiales et temporelles en produisant des fruits et des légumes sur la même parcelle. De ce point de vue, ces systèmes semblent en mesure de répondre au double enjeu productif et environnemental auquel l’agriculture est confrontée aujourd’hui. Néanmoins, les vergers-maraichers sont caractérisés par une grande complexité structurale et organisationnelle, car ils combinent deux ateliers très exigeants possédant des dynamiques contrastées. Dans cette optique, les conditions permettant d’obtenir un compromis entre résilience des performances et complexification de la gestion du système nécessitent d’être identifiées.L’objectif de ma thèse est donc de caractériser les compromis entre les bénéfices attendus de ces systèmes et les difficultés engendrées par leur complexité structurelle et organisationnelle. La démarche de recherche s’appuie sur le développement de plusieurs modèles qui mobilisent alternativement (i) la théorie du portefeuille ; (ii) le concept de Surface Equivalente Assolée ; (iii) la modélisation dynamique de type états-contrôles.Ces outils de modélisation sont complétés par une approche compréhensive au travers d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de 15 agriculteurs du sud-est de la France. La combinaison de ces différentes approches met en évidence quatre résultats principaux. (i) Les effets de la diversification dans un contexte horticole peuvent permettre de réduire la variabilité de la production globale jusqu’à 77% ; (ii) l’association de cultures, en plus d’augmenter le rendement global, réduit davantage le risque ; (iii) la part relative de l’arboriculture et du maraichage dans l’assolement, couplée à l’allocation du temps de travail entre ces deux ateliers sont des éléments déterminants dans la gestion à long terme de la dynamique du système ; (iv) enfin, gérer la complexité liée à la diversité des cultures et à leur agencement agroforestier implique une reconfiguration des pratiques de gestion.L’ensemble de ces résultats met en évidence que la conduite de ces systèmes permet d’arbitrer entre les différentes dimensions étudiées : réduction des risques, synergies entre cultures, différences de dynamiques entre arboriculture et maraichage, mais également, impact de la configuration agroforestière sur les pratiques agricoles. Ces travaux de thèse permettent ainsi de mieux caractériser les compromis entre les bénéfices attendus des vergers-maraichers et la complexité de leur mise en oeuvreThe need to redesign more sustainable agricultural systems able of producing more, especially through intercropping or agroforestry, cannot be achieved without taking into account the essential aspect of production variability. Yet, although many studies have focused on the effect of intercropping on overall production, the particular issue of production variability in such systems remains relatively unstudied. The approach we propose, for a shift towards a sustainable intensification of agricultural systems, considers the dual dimensions of yield and risk in a combined framework for the assessment and the comparison of two diversification strategies: (i) a simple diversification strategy (SDS) considered as an increasing number of crops grown on separate plots within a farm and (ii) an intercropping strategy (IC) considered as a within-plot increased diversity, where more than one species is grown at the same time and place. The two perspectives examined here were Modern Portfolio Theory and Land Equivalent Ratio. The former quantifies the effect of diversification on risk, the latter measures the effect of association on production. This research merges both approaches in a combined framework in order to assess intercropping system performances. By applying our framework to cases selected from the literature, we explored and compared the potential benefits of these two strategies in terms of yield and risk. Results showed that intercropping, in addition to being interesting with regard to yield, can have an additional risk reduction effect compared to a simple diversification strategy. Conversely, some crop mixtures maintained or even increased yield variability. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the possible impacts of diversification strategies on trade-offs between yield and risk, but also underlines the importance of taking yield variability into account in further studies
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Delvizio, Ivanir Azevedo [UNESP]. „Tradução juramentada de documentos escolares→português: questões culturais, terminológicas e tradutórias“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100106.
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delvizio_ia_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2634294 bytes, checksum: d465057c8a6c903906820c350cf9ad25 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os documentos escolares constituem um dos objetos mais frequentes da Tradução Juramentada. Esta pesquisa, financiada pela FAPESP, tem como objetivos: 1) proceder a um estudo comparado dos sistemas educacionais do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos; 2) realizar o levantamento e análise dos termos em inglês encontrados em documentos escolares que foram traduzidos do português para o inglês sob a forma juramentada; 3) buscar seus equivalentes em português; 4) elaborar um glossário na direção inglês→português dos termos de documentos escolares e 5) verificar qual o grau de equivalência terminológica (lexical) predominante entre a terminologia de documentos escolares dos Estados Unidos e do Brasil. A pesquisa se insere nos campos da Terminologia Bilíngue e da Tradução e teve como base um corpus comparável constituído pelos seguintes conjuntos de documentos: CDETJ-PI (conjunto de documentos escolares traduzidos na forma juramentada do português para o inglês), CDEOI (conjunto de documentos escolares originais em inglês), CDEOP (conjunto de documentos escolares originais em português) e CDETJ-IP (conjunto de documentos escolares traduzidos na forma juramentada do inglês para o português). Esses documentos foram extraídos de Livros de Registros de Tradução Juramentada disponibilizados por três tradutores públicos do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados em inglês e português foram organizados em fichas terminológicas, que nos permitiram comparar o conteúdo semântico dos termos em inglês e dos seus possíveis equivalentes em português. Dos 123 termos selecionados em inglês, 35 (28,5%) não apresentaram equivalentes em português, os casos de equivalência predominaram. Em relação às lacunas terminológicas, verificamos no CDETJ-IP quais foram as soluções adotadas pelos tradutores públicos
Academic documents are a frequent object of Sworn Translation work. This study, funded by the FAPESP, purports to: (1) provide a comparative study of the Brazilian and US educational systems; (2) identify and analyze the terms in English found in academic documents translated from Portuguese into English which are submitted to the process of sworn translation; (3) determine their equivalents in Portuguese; (4) set up an English → Portuguese dictionary of the relevant terms used in academic documents; and (5) determine the prevailing level of terminological equivalence between the academic terminology employed in the United States as compared to Brazil. Our investigation crisscrosses the domains of Bilingual Terminology and Translation and takes as a starting point a comparable corpus comprising the following set of documents: CDETJ- PI (set of school documents submitted to sworn translation from Portuguese into English), CDEOI (set of original school documents in English), CDEOP (set of original school documents in Portuguese) and CDETJ-IP (set of school documents submitted to sworn translation from English into Portuguese). These texts were excerpted from Books of Sworn Translation Records, made available by three Brazilian sworn translators. Data in English and Portuguese were organized in terminological records, which allowed us to compare the semantic content of terms in English and their possible equivalents in Portuguese. From the 123 terms selected in English, 35 (28.5%) did not have equivalents in Portuguese, the cases of equivalence were predominant. In relation to the terminological gaps, we verified in CDETJ-IP the solutions adopted by sworn translators
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Huber, Birgit [Verfasser], und Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Tovar. „Development of culture media for the construction of vascularized adipose tissue and vascularized 3D full-skin equivalents in vitro / Birgit Huber ; Betreuer: Günter Tovar“. Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1123081085/34.
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Zague, Vivian. „Influência da suplementação com colágeno hidrolisado no metabolismo da matriz extracelular e proliferação de fibroblastos dérmicos humanos derivados de áreas fotoprotegida e fotoexposta, cultivados em monocamada e equivalente dérmico“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-08122015-202409/.
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Este trabalho investigou, pela primeira vez, a influência do CH na modulação do metabolismo e proliferação de fibroblastos dérmicos humanos (FDHs) derivados de áreas fotoprotegida e fotoexposta, cultivados em modelo de monocamada. Além disto, foram investigados os efeitos da suplementação com CH na secreção de colágeno tipo I, em modelo de cultura 3D de equivalente dérmico, derivado de matriz produzida exclusivamente por FDHs. O tratamento com CH não influenciou a proliferação celular dos fibroblastos derivados de ambas as áreas, porém modulou expressivamente o metabolismo dos FDHs cultivados em monocamada, elevando o conteúdo de pró-colágeno I e colágeno I e diminuindo a atividade de metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP) 1 e 2. Concentrações menores de CH foram suficientes para estimular as células de área fotoexposta, sugerindo efeitos mais pronunciados do CH nestas células. Este estudo é uma contribuição importante para compreensão dos efeitos biológicos do CH nas células da pele e viabilidade do seu uso como ingrediente funcional de suplementos alimentares.This study investigated, for the first time, the influence of CH on the extracellular matrix metabolism and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) derived from sun-protected and sun-exposed body sites, cultured in monolayer in vitro model. Moreover, CH effects on the secretion of type I collagen were investigated in dermal equivalent 3D model derived from dermal matrix produced exclusively by HDFs. CH treatment did not affect cellular proliferation of either cell cultures, but notably modulated cell metabolism in monolayer model, increasing the content of procollagen I and collagen I and decreasing metalloproteinase activity (MMP) 1 and 2. These effects were confirmed in the human dermal equivalent model. Lower concentrations of CH were enough to stimulate sun-exposed-derived HDFs, suggesting more pronounced effect in these cells. This study presents an important contribution to understanding the biological effects of CH in skin cells and viability of its use as a functional ingredient in food supplements.
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Zomegnan, Elisabet. „Traduire un portrait de Paris : Une étude sur les problèmes de traduction d’un récit de voyage du français au suédois“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-78063.
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The aim of this essay is to investigate the translation problems translating a travel book about Paris, with cultural and historic connotations, from French, source language, into Swedish, target language. The method that is used is Nords’ text analysis model, which is functionalist and pragmatic. Her theory of action is based on Vermeers’ skopos theorie and on Reiss’ text typology. Nords’ looping model includes analysis, transfer and synthesis. She focuses on three important aspects which are the translation brief, the role of the source-text analysis and the importance of the functional hierarchy of translation problems. Nord proposes two different translation strategies: Documentary translation and Instrumental translation. The first one is source text oriented and the second one is target text oriented. Our study focuses on pragmatic and cultural equivalence concerning the different aspects as style, lexis (vocabulary) and syntax in the source language and the translation into the target language. The purpose of the translation is target text oriented which means that different strategies, as adaptations and explanations, are used in the target text. The conclusions that are drawn from this study are that historical and cultural connotations, that are present in the source text, require a deep knowledge on the French culture and language, this being a necessary competence for the translator to produce a comprehensible translation for the target text audience.
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Pinto, Ciro de Miranda. „ConfiguraÃÃo e antecipaÃÃo de plantio da mamona em consÃrcio com a cultura do girassol“. Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6541.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel SuperiorA mamoneira (Ricinus communis) Ã tolerante a seca e cultivada para produÃÃo de Ãleo para uso industrial. Na regiÃo Nordeste os pequenos produtores cultivam a mamona consorciada algodÃo, feijÃo caupi, gergelim, girassol, milho, sorgo ou amendoim. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrÃcolas 2008, 2009 e 2010, na Fazenda Experimental Lavoura Seca, QuixadÃ, CearÃ, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mamona e girasssol cultivados em dois padrÃes de consorciaÃÃo. No experimento I avaliou-se o consorcio mamona (Ma) x girassol (Gi) com 1Ma:1Gi; 1Ma:2Gi; 1Ma:3Gi; 2Ma:2Gi; 2Ma:3Gi fileiras, acrescidos da mamona e girassol em monocultivo. No experimento II, avaliou-se o consorcio mamona x girassol com antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona em 0, 7, 14 ou 21 dias antes do plantio do girassol. Para cada experimento adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetiÃÃes. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grÃos, seus componentes e o uso eficiente da terra para a mamona e girassol consorciados e em monocultivo. A produtividade da mamona e girassol no monocultivo foi significativamente superior nos dois sistemas de consÃrcio. A antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona 14 e 21 dias em comparaÃÃo ao girassol mostraram vantagens em relaÃÃo as demais datas de plantio. No experimentos I e II verificou-se que a mamona foi dominante sobre ao girassol. PrecipitaÃÃes pluviais inferiores a demanda hÃdrica das culturas da mamona e girassol, proporcionaram reduÃÃo no uso eficiente de terra (UET).
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil seed crop drought tolerant with its oil having several uses in industry. In the Northeast of Brazil it is commonly cultivated by small farmers intercropped with cotton, cowpea, sesamum, sunflower, sorghum or peanuts. Two field experiments were carried during 2008, 2009 and 2010, at â Fazenda Experiental Lavoura Secaâ, Quixada, Ceara, with the objective to evaluate the behavior of castor bean and sunflower under two intercropping arrangements. In experiment I, its was evaluated the intercropping castor bean (CB) x sunflower (SF) with 1CB:1SF; 1CB:2SF; 1CB:3SF; 2SB:2SF; 2CB:3SF rows, added of sole crop of castor bean and sunflower. In the experiment II, was evaluated with the early planting of castor bean in 0, 7, 14 or 21 days in relations to sunflower the intercropping systems. In both experiments it was used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. In this study it was determined the yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio (LER) for castor bean and sunflower grown in intercropping and sole crop. The grain yield of castor bean and sunflower was significantly higher in sole crop than intercropping in both experiments. Between the intercropping systems the highest yields were observed when early planting of castor bean was of 14 or 21 days before sunflower. In experiments I and II, showed that the castor bean was the dominant crop in relation to sunflower. Rainfall lower the water requirements of castor bean and sunflower crops, showed a reduction in LER.
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Cacia, Eleonora. „Äquivalenz in der Übersetzungswissenschaft : Mit Schwerpunkt auf ENG-DE Übersetzung“. Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Tyska, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34938.
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The term equivalence comes from the Latin word "aequivalentia" and means equivalence. "Aequus" stands for equal and "valere" for worth. So two objects are equivalent if they have the same value. Equivalence plays an important role in translation science. "Translation science deals with the process of translation, i.e. the process that leads from a written source language text (ST text) to a written target language text (TL text), the translation Therefore, a TL (target language) text must be equivalent to the original ST (source language) text. However, a perfect equivalent transmission of the message in the target language is not always so easy to achieve, because languages differ at different levels. The languages reflect your own culture, way of seeing, expression, grammar and syntax. When you try to adapt these elements to a new language, it often happens that the equivalence is not achieved due to this heterogeneity and diversity. If you don't achieve them, it is not a translation but a text reproduction or text production that is not the same is worth to the original text. That is why the search for real equivalence has occupied various translators and scientists for years. They have defined various equivalence criteria that can be helpful for an accurate translation. For all these reasons, it is essential to achieve the correct equivalence when translating. This thesis researches the concept of equivalence in order to better understand it and then use it in practice, namely when translating.