Dissertationen zum Thema „CTEV“

The Ponseti technique of manipulation and casting is reported to have almost eliminated the need for extensive soft tissue release in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. This technique of treatment has however not been universally adopted and results of treatment vary significantly between treatment centres. Furthermore, surgical decision making in the treatment of clubfoot is currently largely based on clinical findings as opposed to radiographic parameters. The Ponseti method of manipulation and casting was introduced at our institution in 2002, prior to which we used the Kite method. Both prior to, and following the introduction of Ponseti casting, surgical decision making was based on pre-operative radiology, and intra-operative clinical assessment. We propose to determine the impact on this change of plastering technique on the rate of major surgery performed primarily in our patients with idiopathic clubfoot. We also aim to determine whether or not pre- operative radiographs have any bearing on the surgery performed on these patients.

Aim: The aim with this study is to compare different orthotic solutions for pediatric patients with congenital talipes equnivarus.  Method: A search in the databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus were made, and studies was included after the predefined criteria. The included studies were reviewed for risk of bias and validity, relevant data was extract and analyzed with regards to the research question.  Result: The result was presented on 15 different orthotic interventions in 21 different articles. The reported outcome measures were compliance, recurrence of deformity, Pirani- and Dimeglio score, range of motion and functional outcomes.  Conclusion: Based on the results a recommendation cannot be made on what orthosis that gives the best result. Future research should focus on developing and designing an orthosis that satisfies the patient's needs.
Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka olika ortos-lösningar med dess inkluderade resultat för patienter med kongenital idiopatisk klumpfot. Metod: En systematisk sökning i databaserna MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus genomfördes och väsentliga studier inkluderades utefter de förbestämda kriterierna. Inkluderade studiers validitet och möjliga partiskhet bedömdes samt att relevant data utifrån frågeställningen analyserades och besvarades.  Resultat: Resultatet presenterade 15 olika typer av ortoser, i 21 olika artiklar. De presenterade utfallsmåtten var inom komplians, återfall av deformationen, Pirani- och Dimeglio poäng, rörelseomfång samt inom funktionellt resultat. Slutsats: Baserat på resultat går det inte att presentera en övervägande slutsats om vilken ortos-lösning som ger bäst resultat. Framtida forskning måste utveckla och framställa ortoser som tillfredsställer och möter patienternas behov.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A presente pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de se desenvolver e caracterizar bebida l?ctea fermentada formulada com Camellia sinensis. Procedeu-se a elabora??o da infus?o de folhas desidratadas e picadas de C. sinensis em soro l?cteo (1g.100g-1) a qual foi adicionada em leite ado?ado (sacarose 10% p/p), coagulado por Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus nas propor??es de 10, 20, 30 e 40% (v/p). O controle consistiu em iogurte adicionado com sacarose (10% p/p). Procedeu-se ?s determina??es de massa seca, umidade, res?duo mineral fixo, prote?na, gordura, s?dio, acidez, quantifica??o de bact?rias l?ticas totais, atividade antioxidante total e viscosidade no tempo inicial de fabrica??o e em 15 e 30 dias de armazenamento. No produto, em seu tempo inicial de fabrica??o, procedeu-se a determina??o cromatogr?fica de compostos vol?teis e ? condu??o dos testes sensoriais de aceita??o e inten??o de consumo. O teor de massa seca, a umidade, res?duo mineral fixo e contagem total de bact?rias l?ticas de formula??es de bebida l?ctea fermentada n?o foram significativamente afetados pela quantidade de infus?o de C. sinensis adicionada. Entretanto, o conte?do de prote?na, gordura e s?dio foram significativamente menores, quanto maior a percentagem de infus?o incorporada ao produto. Houve redu??o significativa na viscosidade aparente do produto mediante o aumento da quantidade de infus?o adicionada. A atividade antioxidante total das formula??es foi significativamente maior quanto maior a quantidade de infus?o adicionada. A adi??o de infus?o contribuiu para a diversifica??o de compostos vol?teis formadores de aroma e sabor no produto. A formula??o de bebida l?ctea fermentada, com adi??o de 30% de infus?o de C. sinensis em soro l?cteo, foi a preferida em testes sensoriais, com maior aceita??o e maior inten??o de consumo.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013.
ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to develop and to characterize fermented dairy beverage formulated with Camellia sinensis. Infusion was elaborated with the addiction of dehydrated leaves of C. sinensis in whey (1g.100g-1) which added in sweetened milk (10% sucrose w/w) coagulated by Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in proportions of 10, 20, 30 and 40% (v/ w). The control treatment consisted of yogurt added with sucrose (10% w / w). Analysis were performed to quantify dry mass, moisture, ash, protein, fat, sodium, acidity, total quantification of lactic acid bacteria, total antioxidant activity and viscosity at the initial time of production and at 15 and 30 days of storage. Chromatographic determination of volatile compounds and sensory tests of acceptance and consumption intention were conducted at the initial time of production. Dry matter content, moisture, ash and total count of lactic acid bacteria from fermented milk drink formulations were not significantly affected by the amount of infusion of C. sinensis. However, the content of protein, fat and sodium were significantly lower with the increase of the proportion of infusion incorporated into the product. Significant reduction in apparent viscosity occurs with the increase in the amount of infusion added. The total antioxidant activity of the formulations was significantly higher as higher were the amount of added infusion. The addition of infusion contributed to the diversification of volatile aroma and taste makers in the product. The formulation of fermented dairy drink with addition of 30% Infusion C. sinensis was better evaluated in sensory tests, with greater acceptance and greater consumer intent of consumption.

C-terminal Tensin-like (Cten) is a member of the Tensin gene family but lacks the N-terminus actin-binding domain. Cten functions as a tumour suppressor in some cancers while in other cancer types it is recognized to have oncogenic activities. Our group has previously shown that, in colorectal cancer (CRC), Cten is up-regulated and acts as an oncogene which alters several cellular functions including cell migration and invasion. In this project we tried to understand (a) the mechanism through which Cten affects cell function and (b) the mechanisms by which Cten expression may be controlled in cancer. Three cancer models system (colorectal, pancreatic and lung cancer) have been tested to validate our observations. (a) Since Cten is found in complex with integrins at focal adhesions, we hypothesized that it may influence other molecules which are associated with focal adhesion and integrin function. Through a combined approach of forced expression and knockdown experiments, we examined the effect of Cten on ILK and FAK. We found that Cten positively regulates expression of both ILK and FAK and this may be the mechanism through which cell motility is controlled. (b) (i) Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway in breast cancer results in up-regulation of Cten accompanied by down-regulation of Tensin 3 (known as the "Tensin switch"). We tested this in CRC and found that stimulation and inhibition of the EGFR using recombinant EGF and the EGFR inhibitor PD135053, resulted in changes in Cten expression (with a tensin switch) and changes in cell motility. Since EGFR classically signals through Kras/Braf we hypothesized that Kras (which is frequently mutated in CRC) may regulate Cten expression. Analysis of CRC cell lines showed an association between Kras/Braf mutation and high Cten expression. Knockdown of Kras in cell lines harbouring Kras mutations resulted in loss of Cten expression while no effect was observed in the cell lines with Braf ,mutations. However Braf knockdown in cell lines with Braf mutation resulted in down-regulation of Cten levels. (ii) CD24 has been shown to be associated with integrins suggesting a possible involvement with Cten at Focal Adhesions. Manipulation of CD24 protein levels in CRC cell lines was mirrored by changes in Cten expression although this effect was not accompanied by a tensin switch. (iii) STAT3 can function as both a tumour suppressor and an oncogene. Modulation of STAT3 levels - either directly through gene knockdown or indirectly through IL-6 stimulation - showed that STAT3 is a negative regulator of Cten. Since around 90% of pancreatic cancers and 60% of lung cancers have Kras mutations we repeated the experiments in these two models. Our data showed that functional activity and regulation of Cten was similar to that seen in CRCs. We can conclude that Cten can regulate cell motility through modulation of FAK and ILK. In addition, Cten is regulated by EGFRKras- Braf signalling and that CD24 and STAT3 are also, respectively, positive and negative regulators of Cten. Finally, Cten activity is broadly consistent in three different cancer models. Future studies should involve further refinement of the signalling pathway and study of other tumour types involving frequent Kras mutations. ..

Cten (also known as Tensin4) is the fourth member of the Tensin gene family. It lacks the N terminal actin binding domain while retaining the C terminal SH2 and PTB domains. This helps to bind Cten to the intracytoplasmic tail of β1 integrin and puts it at the heart of focal adhesions. It is reported to be a tumour suppressor in kidney and prostate cancer where normal tissues show high expression. However in a number of tumours, including colorectal cancer, Cten has been labelled as an oncogene. Cten which normally is a cytoplasmic protein gives nuclear staining in colorectal metastatic deposits. It increases motility, invasion and colony formation in colorectal cancer cells. In this study we have tried toexplore the mechanism of functional activity and regulation of Cten. We looked at Cten in the nucleus in vitro and identified new downstream binding targets. In addition we investigated the role of the SH2 domain of Cten concentrating on its downstream signalling molecules and binding partners. Furthermore, we explored regulators of Cten. In this study we have forced nuclear localisation of Cten by tagging it with a nuclear localisation sequence (NLS) and found a significant increase in cell motility. In order to investigate the SH2 domain we used site directed mutagenesis to change potentially important amino acids namely Arginine at 474 to Alanine (R474A), which is important for binding tyrosine phosphorylated proteins. Moreover, we displayed that Cten underwent tyrosine phosphorylation and additionally changed three tyrosine residues i.e. Y449F, Y479F and Y530F via site directed mutagenesis. We found R474 and Y479 to be important in regulating cell motility and that known downstream targets such as ILK and FAK are dependent on an intact SH2 domain. Furthermore we have identified Cten to be physically bound to FAK in the cytoplasm and nucleus and new downstream targets identified such as Src and Paxillin. Regarding possible regulators of Cten, we found that Cten might be a possible substrate for calpain. Another regulator considered was CD24 due to its role in movement of integrins into lipid rafts and we found it was a positive regulator of Cten. In conclusion localisation of Cten into the nucleus causes an augmentation of its motility enhancing functions. Cten regulates cell motility via its SH2 domain. Arginine 474 and Tyrosine 479 are important for its function. Cten regulates levels of ILK, FAK, Src and Paxillin through its SH2 domain and binds to FAK in both cytoplasm and nucleus. Calpain and CD24 were found to possible regulators of Cten in colorectal cancer. Future studies are needed to define its role in signalling at focal adhesions and these studies should be validated in other cancer cell models as well to establish Cten as regulator of cell motility in cancer.

Learning in school requires active engagement. Student engagement is an important aspect for all students, whether urban, suburban, or rural, and regardless of socioeconomic background. Students enter Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs for a multitude of reasons and CTE programs offer unique support for student success by increasing student engagement. This study will focus on CTE teachers' perceptions of the influence that CTE programs and industry credentialing have on student engagement. Utilizing information on student engagement will help educators develop strategies to promote student motivation and student engagement, thus leading to student academic success. This study is a quantitative, descriptive statistical study in which the researcher examined studies that focused on student engagement and student engagement predictors. The research identified six qualities of student engagement: positive conduct and absence of disruptive conduct, school attendance, academic progress, social membership, high expectations in students' ability to achieve, and emotional support. The researcher developed a survey to examine teachers' perceptions of CTE influence on student engagement by including the six qualities of student engagement as guidelines for questionnaire development. Results of the survey indicate that CTE teachers identify all six domains of student engagement as represented within their course structure. Responses of all groups were similar, while their levels of industry involvement different. Additional results of all teacher responses are provided in the paper.
Ed. D.

C-terminal tensin-like (Cten, also known as Tensin4) is the member of the tensin gene family. Cten functions as an oncogene in a variety of cancer types and its expression is commonly associated with poor prognosis and metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Although several studies have shown that Cten has a critical role in the regulation of cell motility and invasion in different tumour tissues, the underlying signalling mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This thesis investigated the biological activity of Cten in four different ways in order to further elucidate the mechanisms of Cten signalling in CRC cells. Potential downstream targets of Cten signalling involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced cell motility i.e. Rho-associated protein kinase1 (ROCK1), Src and Snail were investigated. Cten expression was manipulated in different cell lines using multiple approaches including forced expression, gene knockdown and constitutive depletion (through Crispr/Cas9 gene deletion) to eliminate artefacts of methodology and cell line specific effects. Snail, Src and ROCK1 were identified as novel downstream targets of Cten signalling and additionally, Cten was shown to increase the stabilisation of both Src and Snail proteins. The functional relevance of Cten-Snail, Cten-Src and Cten-ROCK1 signalling was assessed, and the overall findings demonstrated that Cten could promote cell motility and colony formation directly through the positive regulation of the Src/ROCK1/Snail dependent axis. To gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms of Cten’s biological function, mutations, at two important residues (i.e. arginine 474 and tyrosine 479) in the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Cten were introduced into one construct (GFP-CtenR474A+Y479F) using site directed mutagenesis. These two residues in the SH2 domain of Cten were found to not only be important for interacting with Src, ROCK1, or Snail signalling, but also for regulating cell motility and colony formation efficiency. Numerous Cten regulatory factors have been identified, however, little is known about how Cten is activated and regulated in cancer cells. The relationship between transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and Cten was investigated and stimulation of cells with TGFβ1 or knockdown of TGFβ1 resulted in changes in Cten expression as well as its downstream targets of ROCK1, Src, Snail, and N-cadherin. Furthermore, this positive interaction between TGFβ1 and Cten was functionally relevant and caused changes in cell motility. and the nuclear translocation of ROCK1, Src, and Snail protein increased by TGFβ1 is probably mediated via upregulation of the Cten signalling pathway The biological function of Cten in the nucleus was further investigated and shown to increase nuclear localisation of Src, ROCK1, and Snail, further promoting the migratory capability and colony formation efficiency in CRC cells. Finally, Cten expression was shown to positively correlate with both ROCK1 and Src expression in a series of primary CRCs. This correlation was consistent with that observed following manipulation of Cten expression in CRC cell lines. In conclusion, this study has revealed a number of novel findings regarding the biological function of Cten signalling in CRC. However, further validation of the findings may enhance the understanding of the role of Cten in the invasion-metastasis cascade in the future.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA
CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO DO EXÉRCITO
Nesta dissertação buscou-se avaliar metrologicamente um banco de ensaios dinamométricos específico, utilizado para analisar a eficiência de motores, lubrificantes e combustíveis, por meio de métodos de comparação dos valores medidos com valores padrões. As grandezas mensuradas foram: velocidade de rotação do eixo de um motor, torque neste eixo, temperaturas e pressões no motor e no dinamômetro, elemento que atua como freio do motor para proporcionar uma simulação das condições reais de trabalho. Foi necessário utilizar dois métodos distintos para avaliação de cada uma das grandezas mensuradas. Foram mensuradas velocidades do motor funcionando e velocidades simuladas, tanto inferiores como superiores às velocidades de operação do motor, determinando os limites superior e inferior de resposta do sistema de medição. Para avaliar a medição de torque, foram produzidos torques conhecidos (padrão), correlacionados com torques medidos no motor funcionando. Temperaturas foram produzidas por um banho termostático, mensuradas com equipamentos calibrados e em seguida comparadas com as indicadas pelo sistema de medição, sendo também utilizado um método simulador de informações de temperaturas, chegando a ser simuladas de -200 graus Celsius a 650 graus Celsius. Pressões foram geradas por uma bomba de pressão padrão e lidas pelo sistema de medição, sendo detectado funcionamento inapropriado de 2 canais. Os resultados de cada grandeza foram tratados estatisticamente sendo validadas suas utilizações nos cálculos executados. Confirmadas estatisticamente as validades dos resultados, as incertezas de medição foram calculadas, sendo utilizadas também informações dos certificados de calibração dos equipamentos usados nas medições realizadas. Sugestões foram apresentadas para que melhoria sejam incrementadas ao sistema de medição que demonstrou estar funcionando de forma satisfatória, apresentando, no entanto, algumas oportunidades de melhorias.
This work intended to evaluate, metrologically, a specific bench of dynamometric tests, used to analyze the efficiency of engines, lubricants and fuels, through methods that compare the measured values with standards. The measured quantities were: rotation speed of the engine shaft, torque on this same shaft, temperature and pressure of both engine and dynamometer, element that acts as the engine brake so it can simulate a real work condition. It was necessary to use two different methods to evaluate each measured quantity. It was measured the working engine speed and simulated speeds, both higher and lower than the engine operating speeds, establishing the higher and the lower limits of the measurement system. To evaluate the torque measurement, known torques (standards), were produced, and related to the measured torques in the working engine. Temperatures were produced by a thermal bath, measured with calibrated equipment, and then compared with the temperatures indicated by the measuring system, being also used a simulated method for temperatures information, with a range of simulation between -200 Celsius degrees and 650 Celsius degrees. The pressures were created by a standard pressure pump and read by the measuring system, being detected an inappropriate operation of 2 channels. The results were treated statistically, being validated the utilizations on the executed calculations. Having been statistically confirmed the validity of the results, the measurement uncertainties were calculated, being also used the information from the equipment calibration certificate. Suggestions were presented so that improvemenst can be made to the Measuring System.

Le virus herpetique du lapin sauvage americain, (cthv) possede un genome compose de 2 segments de sequences uniques, encadres par des blocs de repetitions en tandem, le bloc central de repetitions est en orientation inverse par rapport a ceux des extremites. Le cthv est range dans la sous-famille des gamma-herpesvirinae. Les sequences repetees terminales et centrales jouent un role important dans le processus de decoupage et d'encapsidation de l'adn viral. Dans une premiere partie de ce travail, nous avons realise une etude preliminaire des interactions adn-proteines dans ces regions repetees. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes interesses au contenu genetique du cthv, et nous avons localise dans le genome, deux phases ouvertes de lecture dont les produits de traduction sont homologues a deux proteines codees par le genome du virus ebv, une proteine ayant une affinite pour l'adn simple brin et une helicase. La comparaison des sequences en acides amines, nous a permis de definir un motif parfaitement conserve dans les sequences des proteines helicases herpetiques, et 2 motifs conserves dans les sequences des proteines majeures dbp des virus cthv, ebv, hsv1 et vzv. Sur la base d'homologies de sequences, nous emettons l'hypothese que le genome du cthv code pour, une ou des proteines, homologues aux antigenes nucleaires du virus d'epstein-barr. Et enfin nous avons determine l'existence, a l'interieur du genome viral, de 3 regions d'homologie avec l'adn cellulaire dont une contient des sequences homologues aux repetitions de type c appartenant a la famille des sequences sines. Nous avons egalement presente sous forme d'annexe, le resume d'un travail realise sur le virus de la pseudorage, en collaboration avec un laboratoire du centre national d'etudes veterinaires et alimentaires

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is present in almost all of the major citrus production areas where it continues to reduce the profitability of citriculture worldwide. Severe stem-pitting strains are endemic to Southern Africa. In addition to making use of decline-tolerant rootstocks, the implementation of a mild-strain cross-protection program has sought to increase the citrus production in the region. Of all the commercially cultivated citrus species, grapefruit cultivars are among the most susceptible to the severe stem-pitting strains and infections often lead to a breakdown of cross-protection. Recent research has shown that CTV crossprotection operates through a strain-specific mechanism, which relies on a virusspecific protein, expressed from the p33 gene. The specificity of this mechanism has highlighted the need for determining the CTV diversity within production areas as well as accurately characterising CTV cross-protection sources that will be capable of preventing secondary inoculations of severe strains in the field. The accurate characterisation of CTV populations, which are usually made up of a number of disparate strains, requires the use of robust PCR protocols. Mismatches between primers and their corresponding binding sites may introduce primer-associated bias during amplification. The primer-associated bias of four sets of CTV specific primers, targeting the A and F regions and the p23 and p33 genes, were evaluated. This was done through the amplification of defined templates followed by their characterisation using the sequencing of multiple clones, as well as Illumina next generation sequencing. High levels of bias were found to be associated with the primer pairs targeting the A and F regions. The p33 gene primers were found to be biased against two genotypes and suggestions for preventing this apparent bias are discussed. The primer pair targeting the conserved p23 gene was found to have very little associated bias. The second major aspect of this study was the large scale survey of CTV diversity of pre-immunised Star Ruby grapefruit orchards in Southern Africa. Samples were collected from eight Star Ruby production sites throughout Southern Africa, namely Hoedspruit 1, Hoedspruit 2, Malelane 1, Malelane 2, Swaziland (Mananga), Northern Cape (Kakamas), Sundays River Valley and Nkwalini Valley, where between 16 and 32 samples per site were collected. The p33 gene was amplified for each of the collected samples and subjected to direct Sanger sequencing. A protocol making use of Illumina MiSeq sequencing was established and used to sequence 96 samples. A subset of six samples was selected for cloning, which resulted in a total of 218 sequenced clones and compared with that of the Illumina sequencing data. High levels of CTV diversity were observed between orchards, as well as between different trees within the same orchard. Most of the populations were made up of a single dominant group, sometimes with several minor sequence types. Sequence reads corresponding to strains within the Resistance Breaking (RB) genotype were most numerous, especially in the most recently planted orchards and were present within all of the populations analysed. The Kpg3/SP/T3 group appeared to be represented the second most prevalent genotype and seems to become more common as the orchard ages. Genotypes of the HA 16- 5, VT, AT-1, T36, Taiwan-Pum/M/T5 and T30 types, were represented sporadically and at variable levels in populations from numerous collection sites. This has been one of the most extensive diversity studies of CTV to date and has provided unprecedented baseline knowledge of CTV diversity in Southern Africa.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
PhD
Unrestricted

O presente trabalho é uma investigação sobre o processo de profissionalização da defesa em direitos humanos no Brasil, considerado a partir do estudo de caso da Comissão Teotônio Vilela (CTV). Fundada em 1983, em meio à transição democrática, a CTV inicialmente trabalhou com a defesa dos direitos de presos comuns e, conforme o processo de consolidação democrática avançava, sua agenda de reivindicações foi alterada. Paralelamente, a trajetória dos seus membros também é analisada a fim de mostrar como eles se trabalharam individualmente para a promoção e proteção dos direitos humanos no Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de entrevista com os membros fundadores da CTV, bem como nos arquivos da entidade sediada no Núcleo de Estudos da Violência (NEV/USP), levando-se em conta os seus relatórios, relatos de visitas, recortes de jornais e processos elaborados a fim de buscar alguma reivindicação. Os resultados sugerem que a defesa dos direitos humanos no Brasil foi perpassada por dois aspectos, a saber: o aumento da participação no Estado e em governos e também no processo de internacionalização das reivindicações.
The present work is an investigation about the process of professionalization of human rights defense in Brazil, considered through the case study of Comissão Teotônio Vilela (CTV). Founded in 1983, during the democratic transition, CTV started its work with the defense of regular prisoners and, with the democratic consolidation advancement, its claim agenda was either changed. In parallel, the trajectory of its members is also analyzed to show how they worked individually for the promotion and protection of human rights in Brazil. The research was conducted through interviews with founding members of the CTV, as well as the archives of the entity based at Center for the Study of Violence (NEV / USP), taking into account their reports, reports of visits, newspaper clippings and processes designed to seek some claim. The results suggest that the defense of human rights in Brazil was pervaded by two aspects, namely: increasing participation in state and governments and also in the internationalization process of claims.

A l'occasion de l'écriture de la loi d'orientation agricole de 1999, la référence explicite au territoire entre dans le vocabulaire de la politique publique agricole. La procédure mise en place pour la détermination des contenus des Contrats Territoriaux d'Exploitation, CTE, est expérimentale et largement ascendante. Cette thèse propose une analyse des conceptions et pratiques du territoire qui ont été construites et mobilisées par des acteurs individuels et collectifs à l'occasion de cette procédure. Quel rôle et quelle place joue le territoire aujourd'hui dans les projets de vie et les projets professionnels des agriculteurs et des agents de développement du Tarn et de l'Aude ? Quelle place ont ces groupes sociaux dans les projets territoriaux ? En montrant comment la ré-interprétation du territoire a permis des échanges et la construction de compromis localisés, nous proposons un éclairage sur une procédure qui avait pour objectif de revivifier les liens entre les agriculteurs et la société en usant de(s) territoire(s)
When the French government decided to have a new Agricultural Act voted in 1999, it used the word « territory » as an incentive for farmers and extension workers to find a new way to interact with the whole society. Taking into account that the status of agriculture in the contemporary rural communities was at stake, farmers and extension workers in Aude and Tarn have tried to work on a renewal of the ways and means of the word “territory”. In this work I point out how people dealt with the different means of the word “territory” to build a common ground on which to build new ways to share the rural space, live, work, network in an extended and open community aiming at local and global sustainability

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 required that states set clear standards for what all students should learn, and hold schools accountable for student progress in the areas of language arts, reading, and mathematics to assess their abilities (USDOE, 2002). However, while NCLB emphasizes the core academic subjects (i.e., English, reading/language arts, mathematics science, foreign languages, civics and government, economics, arts, history, and geography), it neglected to address Career and Technical Education (CTE) (i.e., agriculture; business and information technology; family and consumer sciences; marketing; health and medical sciences; technology; or trade and industry) in any part of the legislation. The purpose of this study was to compare the academic performance of CTE completers and non-CTE completers in the Commonwealth of Virginia on the Standards of Learning (SOL) Reading and mathematics assessments, and graduation rates. This study was modeled after and was an extension of a previous study by Blowe (2011), and represented a quantitative, quasi-experimental, correlational evaluation of ex post facto data to determine the effects of being a CTE completer on student academic success in high school. The findings show that the mean pass rate for CTE completers was higher than the mean pass rate for non-CTE completers for both the EOC Reading and EOC Algebra II SOLs, and that the mean graduation rate for CTE completers was higher than the mean graduation rate for non-CTE completers for each of the graduation cohorts years included in the study. An additional finding was the discovery of reporting discrepancies in division-reported data published by the VDOE. The findings in this study provided the researcher with valuable insight into the potential role of CTE in an improving schools model, including the utilization of a rigorous CTE curriculum as a strategy for improving SOL scores and graduation rates for all students. Additionally, this information may prove beneficial to educational and legislative leaders in developing policies governing CTE curriculum throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Ed. D.

O vírus da tristeza dos citros (CTV) é uma das maiores ameaças à citricultura mundial. No Brasil, mesmo com a pré-imunização e com a substituição de porta-enxertos, estirpes fortes de CTV ainda causam prejuízos consideráveis. Com o aparecimento da Morte Súbita dos Citros em 1999 e a possível relação desta doença com o CTV, este vírus voltou a figurar como patógeno de importância no cenário da citricultura brasileira. Uma das possíveis soluções para o controle de viroses em fruteiras é a obtenção de plantas transgênicas resistentes ou imunes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao CTV de plantas transgênicas de laranja \'Hamlin\' contendo três construções gênicas oriundas de seqüências do genoma do CTV. Estas construções gênicas visaram ativar rotas de RNAi (hairpin da capa protéica e seqüência conservada antisenso do CTV) e mecanismos de defesa relacionados à expressão da capa protéica do CTV. As plantas transgênicas foram desafiadas com uma estirpe fraca de CTV (CTV-IAC) por meio de borbulhas e pulgões pretos (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) contendo o vírus. A avaliação da resistênica à replicação viral foi feita por análises de ELISA. As plantas transgênicas foram consideradas não resistentes à infecção e translocação viral quando inoculadas com borbulhas. Entretanto algumas plantas mostraram retardamento da infecção. Não foi possível determinar se houve resistência à transmissão de CTV por pulgões já que a técnica utilizada não foi capaz de infectar os controles de maneira uniforme.
The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is one of the greatest threats to the citrus industry worldwide. In Brazil, CTV continues to cause damage through strong strains despite the use of techniques like cross-protection and substitution of intolerant rootstocks. With the appearance and spread of the Citrus Sudden Death disease in 1999 and its possible relation to CTV, this virus was again among important pathogens within the Brazilian citrus industry. One of the possible solutions for controlling virus diseases in fruit crops is the development of immune or resistant transgenic plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the resistance to CTV of transgenic \'Hamlin\' sweet orange plants containing three transgenic constructs obtained from CTV genomic sequences. The genetic constructs used aimed to activate RNAi defense routes (coat protein hairpin and a conserved sequence from CTV) and resistance mechanisms related to the coat protein expression. The transgenic plants were challenged with a weak strain of CTV, CTV-IAC, by bud and aphid (Toxoptera citricida Kirkaldy) inoculation. The evaluation of viral replication was done by ELISA analysis. The transgenic plants were considered susceptible to viral replication and translocation when bud inoculated. However, a few plants showed retardation of infection. It was not possible to determine resistance in the aphid transmission assay since the controls were not uniformly inoculated.

C-terminal tensin-like protein (Cten) is a focal adhesion protein with no or limited protein expression in normal tissues, which has recently been reported to be overexpressed and act as an oncoprotein in numerous cancers. Since its expression status in human cutaneous melanoma is currently unknown, I used tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical staining to examine the protein expression of Cten throughout melanoma progression. I found that Cten was significantly up-regulated in dysplastic nevi (DN) compared to normal nevi (NN), and in primary melanoma (PM) compared to both DN and NN. Strong Cten staining was associated with a poorer 5- and 10-year overall and disease-specific survival for PM patients, and was an adverse independent prognostic factor for the 5-year survival of the same patients. In vitro studies using two melanoma cell lines supported these findings and indicated that Cten functions as an oncogene in melanoma. Since relatively little is known about how Cten contributes to tumorigenesis, I next investigated the expression profile of the RhoGAP Deleted in Liver Cancer-1 (DLC1), the only protein known to bind to Cten, in melanomas. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear DLC1 were detected, and both were down-regulated in metastatic melanoma (MM) compared to PM and nevi, with nuclear DLC1 expression additionally being reduced in PM compared to nevi. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear DLC1 were associated with the 5-year overall and disease-specific survival of all melanoma and MM patients, and with the disease-specific 10-year survival of all melanoma patients. Combined analysis of cytoplasmic and nuclear DLC1 revealed that for MM patients, concurrent loss of both cytoplasmic and nuclear DLC1 was associated with the worst survival outcome, with loss of either or both forms being a significant adverse independent prognostic factor for the 5-year survival of all melanoma and MM patients. A preliminary investigation into the relationship between Cten and DLC1 indicated that the effects of Cten on patient survival were dependent on the levels of DLC1, as expected. In summary, I here provide an initial characterization of the expression status and role of Cten in melanomagenesis, and speculate that it functions partly via interactions with the tumour suppressor DLC1.

The World Wide Web not only changes the process but also improves the user experience. Also, it dramatically changes how the computer software is built. This profound evolution of software development has caused developers in the software industry to change their way of developing software. In this project, the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for Staff and Users of small business have been designed and developed using Throwaway Prototyping methodology with the web architecture. Different types of development platforms are available in the market to develop this application, but as per the company requirements, this application was developed with the .net framework. This web application allows us to access application data on different devices like a tablet, a desktop, a smartphone from the remote location all over the world. The main feature of this application offers to monitor the application activity like which activity was performed by the user with the corresponding date, time and short description. Therefore, this software uses an industry standard relational database management system (RDBMS) combined with a platform-independent web browser interface for data entry and the retrieval. (The 3-tier technology) The laboratory workflow steps facilitate the management and tracking of all test and test results, which ensures that the right information is available at the right time to a right person. This system will produce an efficient process in the laboratory which leads to faster work, fewer errors, and smoother workflow for an organization. Keywords Industry
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The C-terminal tensin-like (Cten) gene is a member of the tensin family and is localised at the cytoplasmic tail of β-integrin. It is involved in various biological events although the role of in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) is uncertain. In order to study this, the expression of Cten during the development of CRC was initially evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Positive immunoreactivity for Cten was observed in 317/342 (92.6%) of CRC and 19/20 (90%) of colorectal adenoma. High Cten expression was significantly associated with advance Dukes stage (p=0.001), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), extra-mural vascular invasion (p=0.001) and distant metastases (p=0.008). Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high Cten expression had significantly shorter disease free survival (DFS) on univariate analysis (p<0.001) a trend towards Cten expression as an independent predictor of DFS on multivariate analysis (p=0.071). To further test the association with metastasis, the role of Cten in metastasis was tested by (a) intrasplenic injection of CRC cells stably transfected with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) tagged Cten into nude mice and (b) testing a series of primary CRCs and their metastases by IHC. Compared with control mice (injected with cells transfected with GFP empty vector), mice injected with cells expressing Cten developed larger tumours in the spleen (p=0.03) and liver (p=0.05). Compared with primary tumours, the metastatic deposits had a significantly higher frequency of nuclear localisation of Cten (p=0.002). To further investigate the potential role of Cten in metastasis, in-vitro models were used to investigate Cten function. Ectopic expression of Cten in the HCT116 CRC cell line (which expresses low levels of Cten) caused changes in cell morphology and increased cell motility (both migration and invasion). Conversely, the reciprocal Cten knock-down experiments in SW620 CRC cell line (which expresses high levels of Cten) resulted in inhibition of both cell migration and invasion. Since Cten is in complex with integrins at focal adhesions, its interactiosn with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and CD24 were tested. Cten was shown to regulate ILK, FAK and CD24. Moreover, inhibition of CD24 after forced expression of Cten abrogated the Cten-mediated effects on both cell motility and protein levels of ILK and FAK. The studies were expanded and Cten expression was tested by IHC in another cancer model i.e. breast cancer (BC).Consistent with the data from CRC, increased Cten expression in BC was found to be associated with poor prognostic variables and shorter disease free survival. In conclusion, Cten expression is associated with poor prognosis in CRC and BC. This may be consequent to an ability to enhance metastasis which is related to promotion of cell motility. The activities of Cten are probably consistent across different tumour models.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the CTV-PTV margin required for prostate and head and neck cancer treatments at the radiotherapy departments of Karolinska University Hospital.    Portal image data from patients treated at the radiotherapy departments during the period of 2009-2011 was used to estimate the set-up displacements for each treatment area. By using the acquired images the magnitude of the systematic, i.e. preparatory, and random, i.e. execution, error was determined in the anterior-posterior (AP), superior-inferior (SI) and right-left (RL) direction. The calculated PTV margin is based on the systematic and random errors of the entire patient populations. A total of 40 patients were used for the analysis of prostate treatments and 47 patients for head and neck treatments. The evaluation of the PTV margin was done for three different matching protocols; no matching (skin marker alignment), five day matching and daily matching.      With no image verification in prostate treatments the calculated PTV margin taking both inter- and intrafractional errors into account was 13.6, 9.2 and 7.9 mm in AP, SI, and RL direction respectively. The corresponding PTV margin in head and neck treatments was found to be 6.7, 5.3 and 4.9 mm. Using a five day matching protocol of the bony anatomy showed no considerable reductions in margins for neither prostate nor head and neck treatments. With daily matching of the bony anatomy in prostate treatments the calculated margins was reduced to 8.1, 7.9 and 2.4 mm in the AP, SI and RL direction respectively.  Measurements of the residual deviations of individual cervical vertebrae after daily image verification and correction in head and neck cancer treatments showed that all matching protocols will require larger margins in the lower vertebrae in order to account for the set-up error in the AP direction. The corresponding margins needed using daily matching of the bony anatomy would be 3.9, 5.4 and 6.0 mm for C1, C4 and C5 respectively in the AP direction.    In the absence of daily imaging the currently used PTV margins might be inadequate for covering to movement of the targets. The deviations in the AP direction of the cervical vertebrae in head and neck cancer treatments should be investigated further in order to ensure that the motion of the target is covered and that no risk organs are subjected to harmful dose levels.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between participation in CTE programs and students’ graduation rates and rates of CTE students’ entrance into postsecondary education or employment after graduation. Possible differences between students’ enrollment in urban and rural school districts and their graduation, participation, and secondary placement rates were also considered. Publicly available data on high school students in the state of Tennessee were analyzed to compare the graduation rates of CTE participants with the graduation rates of non-CTE participants in the state as a whole and in nine selected urban school districts and nine selected rural school districts for the school years 2009-2010, 2010- 2011, and 2011-2012. Research cited in this study indicated that CTE participation could increase students' graduation rates. Some research also indicated that rural students were more likely to complete CTE concentrations than urban students and that other differences might exist in the CTE experiences of urban and rural students. Six research questions were created and their null hypotheses tested with a series of z-tests. Analysis of publicly available data for the selected school systems and for the state as a whole found slightly higher rates of graduation among CTE concentrators than among non-concentrators and higher rates of CTE participation among rural than urban high school students, but these differences were not statistically significant. Differences between urban and rural schools systems' graduation rates and their rates of postsecondary placement of CTE concentrators in education, the military, or employment were also found to be statistically insignificant.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine if the number of Career and Technical Education (CTE) graduates who go on to postsecondary education or some other training program, to the military, or to employment upon high school graduation was significant in comparison to the state baseline for secondary placement. This study further compared CTE graduation rates to overall graduation rates. The graduation rates were compared based on gender as well. School systems that provided CTE courses and that had CTE concentrators for the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 school years were used for this study. Eight school districts were chosen in the upper east Tennessee region and were evaluated using graduation data and secondary placement data from the Tennessee Department of Education Report Card. The research cited in this study supported the supposition that CTE graduates do in fact help to increase the overall graduation rates for school districts. This study focused on five research questions and each null hypothesis was tested using a one-sample chi-square test. Results indicated that there were positive significant differences for CTE concentrators who proceed to postsecondary education, military, and employment as compared to the state baseline for secondary placement. The study further revealed that the graduation rate for Tennessee CTE concentrators was higher than the overall graduation rate for the selected school districts in this study. Positive differences were also noted between the sample CTE graduation rate and the overall Tennessee CTE graduation rate as well as between those rates and the overall Tennessee graduation rate for all students. Further analysis revealed that no significant differences existed between male CTE graduates and female CTE graduates. The research findings suggested that CTE graduation rates can help improve a school district's overall graduation rate.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to compare high school graduation rates between Career and Technical Education (CTE) concentrators and non-CTE concentrators. School systems in the state of Tennessee that offered CTE courses for the 2007-2008 (120 systems) or 2008-2009 (118 systems) school years were used in this study. Fifteen northeast Tennessee systems were also examined to compare the graduation rates of CTE concentrators and non-CTE concentrators. The graduation rates of male and female CTE concentrators was also compared. Research supported the notion that CTE concentrators could improve overall graduation rates for school systems, and female CTE concentrators on average graduate at a higher rate than male CTE concentrators. Five research questions guided this study, and data were analyzed using independent-samples t tests and one-samples t tests. Results indicated that 12th-grade CTE concentrators had a higher graduation rate than non-CTE concentrators. The study further revealed that female CTE concentrators graduated at a significantly higher rate than male CTE concentrators. Findings suggested that CTE concentrators generally improved a school system's overall graduation rate.

The purpose of this study was to identify leadership characteristics of technical school principals as perceived by technical center school principals, the superintendents, and the center's Joint Control Board of the regional technical centers of the Commonwealth of Virginia. A regional technical center principal position deals with a different administrative governing board, students from different high schools, and courses in the field of career and technical education. This study gathered and evaluated perspectives from the participating superintendents, Joint Control School Board members, and regional technical center principals to determine similarities and differences between the perceptions among these groups. The population selected for this study was comprised of the participating superintendents, school board members, and principals from all ten K-12 public school regional technical centers in the Commonwealth of Virginia during the 2014-15 school year. The results showed that the survey respondents ranked visionary and instructional leader as the top two characteristics for regional technical center principals. The results showed that superintendents and Joint Control School Board members ranked having a background or experience in career and technical education higher than principals ranked that characteristic. Joint Control Board Members ranked having a CTE degree significantly higher than principals and superintendents. Superintendents and Joint Control Board Members rated the principal's ability to articulate an instructional vision as having a significant relation to academic success higher than principals rated that characteristic. Survey respondents rated statement ten; persuasion is the ultimate tool for a technical center principal of public education, mean responses the lowest. All three survey respondents rated statement six; personal and professional integrity, honesty, and fairness are essential leadership characteristics for the public school regional technical center principal, mean responses the highest. Open-ended question sixteen, what other characteristics that are needed for the CTE leader of a regional technical center that have not been addressed?, revealed results that superintendents and principals indicated that personnel management was a valuable skill, that superintendents believed that building relationships with students and recruiting students along with having the ability to work with various stakeholders was important.
Ed. D.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Sandra D. Sloan, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Workforce Education and Development, presented on October 23, 2008 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: ENROLLMENT, ATTAINMENT, AND OCCUPATIONAL OUTCOME PATTERNS OF SUBBACCALAUREATE BUSINESS STUDENTS: A NATIONAL ANALYSIS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. MARCIA A. ANDERSON Participation in postsecondary education has increased in the last few decades, and subbaccalaureate career and technical education (CTE) is an important part of that educational system. By federal mandate, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) has collected data and compiled statistical reports regarding participation in subbaccalaureate CTE through the Career and Technical Education Statistics System. Within subbaccalaureate CTE, one of the most popular programs is business. Although data is collected on subbaccalaureate CTE business students, and even though there are some reports that have specifically included findings regarding these students, very little extensive research has been done on their enrollment, attainment, and occupational outcomes leaving a gap in the research for shareholders in business education. This study attempted to fill that gap. Conclusions from this study indicated that the most significant change in subbaccalaureate CTE business programs over a 15-year period was the decrease in overall enrollment. However, aside from a few exceptions, the composition of subbaccalaureate CTE business students remained stable. The majority population enrolling into subbaccalaureate CTE business programs over a 15-year period were unmarried, White females under the age of 24. The few significant changes included a decrease in the proportion of the White population, an increase in the proportion of the Black population, an increase in the proportion of the Asian/Pacific Islander population, and an increase in the proportion of students 24 and older. Additionally, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of Black, non-Hispanics attaining associate degrees and/or bachelor's degrees. Recommendations for practice included suggesting that shareholders in subbaccalaureate CTE business programs have discussions about the current population being served by subbaccalaureate CTE business programs and determines whether efforts to encourage and recruit members from populations not currently being served should be made in order to diversify the population in this field of study.

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de Construção
O sector da construção é um dos sectores com maior impacto na sociedade, apresen-tando uma elevada percentagem do consumo de energia no planeta. O seu desenvolvimento provocou alterações climáticas e esgotamento de alguns recursos naturais. Assim, é essencial dotar os edifícios, tanto os novos como os já existentes, de uma maior eficiência energética. Deste modo, é necessário adoptar medidas para um desenvolvi-mento mais sustentável, através da utilização de energia proveniente de fontes renováveis e da diminuição do seu consumo energético. Com a finalidade de resolver estes problemas, a directiva europeia relativa ao desem-penho energético dos edifícios (EPBD) sugere que os Estados Membros da União Europeia alterem os seus regulamentos térmicos de modo a reduzir o consumo energético nos edifícios. Este trabalho analisa o regulamento português (RCCTE) e o espanhol (CTE), tentando perceber as principais diferenças no processo de certificação de edifícios nos dois países.

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Este estudo visa a apresentar a evolução do ingresso de mulheres na educação superior brasileira em cursos nas áreas de Ciências, Tecnologias, Engenharias e Matemática (CTEM), no período de 2000 a 2018, com base em dados oficiais coletados anualmente através do Censo da Educação Superior. Também se buscou apresentar a realidade brasileira nesta seara, através de compromissos internacionalmente assumidos, de políticas públicas que integram "educação e gênero"/"educação e CTEM" e do envolvimento de outros atores e atrizes na defesa destes fatores estratégicos para o desenvolvimento, sobretudo em seu caráter humano. A incipiência da temática CTEM no mundo ainda é um obstáculo para a compreensão da necessidade de maior atenção à questão, associada à influência da ordem de gênero atualmente vigente na sociedade, sobretudo em seus aspectos individuais, familiares, escolares e socioculturais. As principais conclusões deste TFM evidenciam a subrepresentação feminina no ingresso ao ensino superior nas áreas do conhecimento socialmente consideradas mais "duras" e mais "adequadas" aos homens. Assim sucede fundamentalmente com as áreas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação e Engenharias.
This study aims to present the evolution of the entry of women in Brazilian higher education in courses in the area of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), from 2000 to 2018, based on official data collected annually through the Higher Education Census. It also sought to present the Brazilian reality in this field, through internationally assumed commitments, public policies that integrate "education and gender"/"education and STEM" and the involvement of other social agents in defense of education as a strategic development factor, mostly human-centered. The incipience of the STEM theme worldwide is still an obstacle for the understanding of the need of drawing greater attention to the issue, associated with the influence of a gender order currently in force in society, mainly in its individual, familiar, educational and socio-cultural aspects. The main conclusions in this study put in evidence the female underrepresentation in entering higher education in areas of knowledge that are socially considered "hard" and more "appropriate" for men. It is the case in the areas of Information and Communication Technology and Engineering.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The trend to high I/O density, performance and miniaturization at low cost is driving the industry towards shrinking interposer design rules, requiring a new set of packaging technologies. Low-CTE packages from silicon, glass and low-CTE organic substrates enable high interconnection density, high reliability and integration of system components. However, the large CTE mismatch between the package and the board presents reliability challenges for the board-level interconnections. Novel stress-relief structures that can meet reliability requirements along with electrical performance while meeting the cost constraints are needed to address these challenges. This thesis focuses on a comprehensive methodology starting with modeling, design, fabrication and characterization to validate such stress-relief structures. This study specifically explores SMT-compatible stress-relief microwire arrays in thin polymer carriers as a unique and low-cost solution for reliable board-level interconnections between large low-CTE packages and printed wiring boards. The microwire arrays are pre-fabricated in ultra-thin carriers using low-cost manufacturing processes such as laser vias and copper electroplating, which are then assembled in between the interposer and printed wiring board (PWB) as stress-relief interlayers. The microwire array results in dramatic reduction in solder stresses and strains, even with larger interposer sizes (20 mm × 20 mm), at finer pitch (400 microns), without the need for underfill. The parallel wire arrays result in low resistance and inductance, and therefore do not degrade the electrical performance. The scalability of the structures and the unique processes, from micro to nanowires, provides extendibility to finer pitch and larger package sizes. Finite element method (FEM) was used to study the reliability of the interconnections to provide guidelines for the test vehicle design. The models were built in 2.5D geometries to study the reliability of 400 µm-pitch interconnections with a 100 µm thick, 20 mm × 20 mm silicon package that was SMT-assembled onto an organic printed wiring board. The performance of the microwire array interconnection is compared to that of ball grid array (BGA) interconnections, in warpage, equivalent plastic strain and projected fatigue life. A unique set of materials and processes was used to demonstrate the low-cost fabrication of microwire arrays. Copper microwires with 12 µm diameter and 50 µm height were fabricated on both sides of a 50 µm thick, thermoplastic polymer carrier using dryfilm based photolithography and bottom-up electrolytic plating. The copper microwire interconnections were assembled between silicon interposer and FR-4 PWB through SMT-compatible process. Thermal mechanical reliability of the interconnections was characterized by thermal cycling test from -40°C to 125°C. The initial fatigue failure in the interconnections was identified at 700 cycles in the solder on the silicon package side, which is consistent with the modeling results. This study therefore demonstrated a highly-reliable and SMT-compatible solution for board-level interconnections between large low-CTE packages and printed wiring board.

Orientador: Marcos Antonio Machado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Estudos preliminares sobre a localização de epítopos na proteína do capsídeo (CP) de três isolados de CTV ('Pêra IAC', 'Pêra CB-22' e 'Pêra CB-104') foram realizados em três etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada a amplificação de oito regiões distintas do gene da CP, codificantes para três regiões Nterminais (aa 1 até 70; aa 1 até 120; aa 1 até 170), três regiões C-terminais (aa 70 até 223; aa 120 até223; aa 170 até 223) e duas regiões internas da CP (aa 37 até 67 e aa 64 até 94) onde haviam sido determinadas diferenças significativas entre as CPs dos três isolados. Na segunda etapa, foram avaliadas duas estratégias para expressão dos peptídeos de interesse: clonagem em vetor de expressão através de ligação AT (vetor Pinpoint TM Xa-1 T, Promega) e clonagem das seqüências alvo em vetores do sistema de expressão pET. O vetor Pinpoint TM Xa-1 T, carreando como inserto o gene inteiro da CPCTV, obtido como produto de PCR após amplificação do cDNA dos três isolados, transformou células competentes de E. coli JM109, mas após indução com IPTG, não houve expressão da proteína de fusão esperada. Os vetores do sistema pET, após ligação das seqüências alvo, não transformaram células competentes de E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. Na terceira etapa, três proteínas recombinantes (MBP-CPCTV, CB-22 e CB-104) produzidas a partir da expressão do gene da CP-CTV dos três isolados, foram clivadas com brometo de cianogênio. Os produtos de clivagem foram avaliados através de '¿Western Blotting¿ contra anticorpos monoclonais específicos para CTV. O monoclonal IC-04.6, desenvolvido contra a proteína recombinante CB-22 detectou epítopos, numa reação intensa, em peptídeos com massa estimada em 27 kDa e 18 kDa, originários da CB-22; o monoclonal 39-08, desenvolvido contra a proteína recombinante CB-104 detectou epítopos, numa reação moderada, em peptídeos com massa estimada de 28 kDa e 14 kDa, originários qa CB-104; o monoclonal MCA-13, desenvolvido contra um isolado da Florida, detectou epítopos em peptídeos originários das proteínas recombinantes MBP-CPCTV e CB-104; o monoclonal 3DF1, desenvolvido contra isolados de CTV espanhóis, detectou epítopos em peptídeos originários da CB-22 e CB-104 e o monoclonal 3CA5, desenvolvido contra isolados espanhóis de CTV, detectou epítopos apenas num peptídeo com massa estimada de 18 kDa presente na CB-22. Estes resultados sugerem que diferentes epítopos são reconhecidos pelos cinco monoclonais avaliados e que serão necessárias novas estratégias para avaliá-los
Abstract: Preliminary studies about the epitopes location in the capside protein of the isolates of the citrus tristeza virus of three isolate ('Pêra IAC', 'Pêra CB-22' and 'Pêra CB-104') were accomplished. In the first phase, the amplification was accomplished with specific direct and reverse primers of eight different regions of the CP gene, coding for three N-terminal peptides (aa 1 to 70, aa 1 to 120 and aa 1 to 170), three C-terminal peptides (aa 70 to 223, aa 120 to 223 and aa 170 to 223) and two internal peptides of CP (aa 37 to 64 and aa 64 to 90). In the second phase they were appraised two strategies for expression of the peptides: cloning in expression vector through AT cloning site (vector Pinpoint TM Xa-1 T promega), and cloning of the coding sequences in vectors of the system pET. Vector Pinpoint TM Xa-1, containing as insert the whole gene of CP, obtained as PCR's product after amplification of the three isolates' cDNA, transformed competent cells E. coli JM109, but after induction with IPTG there was not expression of the peptides of interest. The vectors of the pET system didn't transform competent cells E. coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS. In the third phase, three recombinant proteins (MBP-CPC1V, CB-22 and CB-104), produced from the expression of the CP-C1V gene of the three isolates, they were broken with cyanogen bromide. The break products were evaluated through "Western Blotting" against monoclonal antibodies specific for CTV. The monoclonal IC-04.6, developed against the recombinant protein CB-22 detected epitopes, in an intense reaction, in peptides with mass esteemed in 27 kDa and 18 kDa, original of CB-22; the monoclonal 39-08, developed against the recombinant protein CB-104 detected epitopes, in a moderate reaction, in peptides with esteemed mass of 28 kDa and 14 kDa, original of CB-104; the monoclonal MCA-13, developed against the T-36 isolate from Florida, detected epitopes in original peptides of the recombinants proteins MBP-CPCTV and CB-104; the monoclonal 3DF1, developed against Spanish isolates of CTV, detected epitopes in original peptides of CB-22 and CB-104 and the monoclonal 3CA5, developed against Spanish isolates of C1V, just detected epitopes in a peptide with esteemed mass of 18 kDa present in CB-22. These results suggest that the five monoclonal recognizes different epitopes and that will be necessary new strategies to evaluate them
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Devido a grande importância econômica da citricultura no Brasil e mundo e aos problemas sanitários enfrentados sendo alguns limitantes para o cultivo, como é o caso das doenças causadas por vírus como: a tristeza cítrica, causada pelo vírus da tristeza dos citros (CTV), pertencente ao gênero Closterovirus, família Closteroviridae, uma das maiores ameaças da citricultura mundial, mesmo com a pré imunização através de estirpes fracas do vírus e substituição de porta enxertos, estirpes fortes de CTV ainda causam prejuízos consideráveis. E com o aparecimento da doença morte súbita dos citros (MSC) de etiologia não determinada. Pelo fato de não haver ainda métodos eficientes de separação de ambos os vírus presentes em uma única amostra, levantando se as hipóteses que a causa da MSC esteja relacionada a uma estirpe do vírus CTV, a um vírus do gênero Marafivirus denominado Citrus Sudden Death-associated Virus (CSDaV), pertencente ao gênero Marafivirus, família Tymoviridae, ou a uma associação entre eles. Este trabalho vem propor um método eficaz de separação por citometria de fluxo (FC) de CTV e CSDaV em amostras semi purificadas, diluídas em tampão TE, pH7,5, utilizando marcação de ácidos nucléicos com Iodeto de Propídeo (PI) e conjugação de anticorpos policlonais anti CTV com Isotiocianato de Fluoresceína (FITC), cuja eficácia do método foi comprovada pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR)
Because of high economic importance of citrus in Brazil and the world and health problems being faced some limiting factors for growing as is the case of diseases caused by viruses such as sadness citrus caused by citrus tristeza virus (CTV) belonging to Closterovirus gender, family Closteroviridae, one of the biggest threats to the citrus industry worldwide, even with the pre immunization using mild virus strains and replacement of the rootstocks, strong strains of CTV still cause considerable damage. And with the onset of the disease citrus sudden death (MSC) of undetermined etiology. Because there is not yet efficient methods of separation of the two viruses present in a single sample, raising the hypotheses that the cause of SCD is related to a strain of CTV, a virus Marafivirus group called Citrus Sudden Death-associated Virus (CSDaV) belonging to the genus Marafivirus, Tymoviridae family, or an association between them, this paper proposes an effective method of separation by flow cytometry (FC) and CTV in samples CSDaV semi purified, diluted in TE buffer, pH7, 5, using marking of nucleic acids with propidium iodide (PI) and a combination of polyclonal anti CTV with Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), the effectiveness of the method was confirmed by polymerase reaction chain reaction (PCR)

Orientador: Paulo Inácio da Costa
Banca: Henrique Ferreira
Banca: Nelson Wulff
Banca: José Belasque Junior
Banca: Marcel Bellato Spósito
Resumo: Devido a grande importância econômica da citricultura no Brasil e mundo e aos problemas sanitários enfrentados sendo alguns limitantes para o cultivo, como é o caso das doenças causadas por vírus como: a tristeza cítrica, causada pelo vírus da tristeza dos citros (CTV), pertencente ao gênero Closterovirus, família Closteroviridae, uma das maiores ameaças da citricultura mundial, mesmo com a pré imunização através de estirpes fracas do vírus e substituição de porta enxertos, estirpes fortes de CTV ainda causam prejuízos consideráveis. E com o aparecimento da doença morte súbita dos citros (MSC) de etiologia não determinada. Pelo fato de não haver ainda métodos eficientes de separação de ambos os vírus presentes em uma única amostra, levantando se as hipóteses que a causa da MSC esteja relacionada a uma estirpe do vírus CTV, a um vírus do gênero Marafivirus denominado Citrus Sudden Death-associated Virus (CSDaV), pertencente ao gênero Marafivirus, família Tymoviridae, ou a uma associação entre eles. Este trabalho vem propor um método eficaz de separação por citometria de fluxo (FC) de CTV e CSDaV em amostras semi purificadas, diluídas em tampão TE, pH7,5, utilizando marcação de ácidos nucléicos com Iodeto de Propídeo (PI) e conjugação de anticorpos policlonais anti CTV com Isotiocianato de Fluoresceína (FITC), cuja eficácia do método foi comprovada pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR)
Abstract: Because of high economic importance of citrus in Brazil and the world and health problems being faced some limiting factors for growing as is the case of diseases caused by viruses such as sadness citrus caused by citrus tristeza virus (CTV) belonging to Closterovirus gender, family Closteroviridae, one of the biggest threats to the citrus industry worldwide, even with the pre immunization using mild virus strains and replacement of the rootstocks, strong strains of CTV still cause considerable damage. And with the onset of the disease citrus sudden death (MSC) of undetermined etiology. Because there is not yet efficient methods of separation of the two viruses present in a single sample, raising the hypotheses that the cause of SCD is related to a strain of CTV, a virus Marafivirus group called Citrus Sudden Death-associated Virus (CSDaV) belonging to the genus Marafivirus, Tymoviridae family, or an association between them, this paper proposes an effective method of separation by flow cytometry (FC) and CTV in samples CSDaV semi purified, diluted in TE buffer, pH7, 5, using marking of nucleic acids with propidium iodide (PI) and a combination of polyclonal anti CTV with Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), the effectiveness of the method was confirmed by polymerase reaction chain reaction (PCR)
Doutor

Los aislados de CTV están formados generalmente por una mezcla de variantes de secuencia, que se generan mediante procesos de mutación y recombinación. Su frecuencia en la población es el resultado de distintas presiones selectivas y de fenómenos de migración y deriva genética, generalmente asociados a los procesos de transmisión. El objetivo de esta tesis era analizar por separado el efecto de diversos factores de los procesos de transmisión sobre la estructura poblacional y la diversidad genética de distintos aislados del virus. Se analizó el efecto de la transmisión por pulgón. Ésta ocurrió con baja eficiencia y en general, las secuencias de los genes analizados en las plantas receptoras fueron idénticas a las de las plantas donantes y el aislado de colección. La transmisión por injerto y/o pulgón supone un cuello de botella que puede dar lugar a un efecto fundador. Se analizó el efecto de la transmisión por injerto entre plantas de una misma especie huésped y no se observaron cambios llamativos en la estructura y diversidad poblacional. También se estudió si la transmisión por injerto de dos aislados de CTV a diferentes especies y variedades comerciales propagadas sobre citrange Carrizo podía inducir cambios en la población. Aunque no observamos cambios significativos en la diversidad genética, la estructura poblacional se vio alterada en algunas plantas. Esta alteración fue debida a la aparición de nuevas variantes de secuencia cercanas filogenéticamente que llegaban a predominar en dichas poblaciones. Finalmente, se utilizó un aislado clonal de CTV para el estudio de la variación genética de novo en distintos huéspedes a lo largo del tiempo. Se efectuaron pases sucesivos por injerto de dicho aislado desde su huésped original a distintos huéspedes susceptibles, y a un huésped parcialmente resistente (naranjo amargo). Las poblaciones en los huéspedes susceptibles presentaron una elevada estabilidad, pero los pases sucesivos en el huésped naranjo amargo dieron lugar a cambios importantes en la población, debido a la aparición de variantes de secuencias muy divergentes anteriormente halladas en dos aislados naturales del virus. La detección de secuencias minoritarias cuya posición filogenética se sitúa entre los tres genotipos avala la idea de una evolución entre el genotipo original y los otros dos detectados para intentar adaptarse al huésped. El hallazgo de secuencias recombinantes entre los tres genotipos apoya la presencia de éstos en el huésped naranjo amargo. La inoculación de huéspedes susceptibles a partir de plantas de naranjo amargo puso de manifiesto la progresiva pérdida de infectividad de la población mantenida en esta especie, debido en parte a la baja acumulación de CTV en la misma. Además fue imposible detectar el virus en brotes de lima propagados sobre estas plantas, lo que sugiere que además del bajo título viral algún factor del huésped pudiese dificultar el paso de CTV desde naranjo amargo a lima.
CTV isolates are composed of a population of sequence variants, resulting from mutation and recombination events. The frequency of these variants in the population is the outcome of different selective pressures, and migration and genetic drift phenomena generally associated to transmission processes. Here we analyzed separately the effect of different factors of the transmission process on the diversity and population structure of CTV isolates. We studied the effect of aphid transmission by nucleotide sequence comparisons between the donor and receptor plants and the collection CTV isolate. Transmission efficiency was low, and no sequence variation was observed. Aphid and graft transmission are a bottleneck resulting in a founder effect. We analysed the effect of graft transmission to a host of the same species. No obvious changes were observed in the CTV population structure and diversity We also studied if graft-transmission to different varieties propagated on Carrizo citrange could alter the CTV population. Although significant diversity changes were not observed, the population structure was occasionally altered due to the appearance of new sequence variants genetically close that became predominant in these populations. Finally, we used a clonal CTV isolate to study genetic variation generated de novo in different hosts. This isolate was serially passed by graft-transmission in different susceptible hosts and in a partially resistant host (sour orange). While CTV population was stable in the susceptible hosts, passages through sour orange caused major changes due to the appearance of new diverged sequence variants previously found in two natural isolates). Detection of minor variants phylogenetically located between these three genotypes supports the idea of an evolutionary process between the original and two new genotypes to get adapted to sour orange. Recombination events involving the three genotypes supports the presence of more than one genotype in infected sour orange. Inoculation from sour orange to susceptible hosts showed progressive loss of infectivity, due in part to the low virus titer in this host. CTV could neither be detected in Mexican lime propagated on these sour orange plants, suggesting that some host factor might also block CTV movement from sour orange to lime.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a viral species of the Closterovirus genus, having a ¿20 kb single-stranded and positive sense genomic RNA (gRNA) organized into 12 open reading frames (ORFs) potentially coding 17 protein products, some of which of unknown function. CTV proteins p25 and p27 belong to a gene block involved in virion assembly. It has been demonstrated that p25, along with p20 and p23, are RNA silencing suppressors in some species of Nicotiana, being the latter a pathogenesis determinant. CTV host range is very restricted and in nature viral infections are limited to the phloem cells of some citrus species. Consequently, working with this virus-host pathosystem requires an appropriate experimental host and an efficient CTV genetic system. In our laboratory we have developed a new CTV genetic system based on the agroinfection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants, a non-natural host, with infectious clones of the T36 isolate. That infection induces characteristic symptoms, some of which correlate with those caused by the virus in citrus plants. CTV-N. benthamiana interactions are very variable and genotype-dependent, so only some isolates can replicate in this species and T36 is unique causing systemic infections. In this work, we studied the function of CTV p20 and p25 proteins from three different isolates differing in its pathogenic characteristics. Transient expression of p20 and p25 fused to fluorescent proteins showed an identical subcellular localization for both N. benthamiana and citrus. The p20 protein of T36, T318A and T385 isolates localized in cytoplasm and nucleus forming amorphous aggregates associated with perinuclear regions, together with nuclear punctuate inclusions. On the other hand, subcellular localization of p25 differed depending on the CTV isolate. While p25 of T36 and T385 localized in the nucleus, that of T318A did it in cytoplasm. A detailed analysis of the protein regions involved in this subcellular localization unveiled a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) in the N-terminus (Nt) of the protein. The pathogenic ability of CTV p20 and p25 in N. benthamiana was tested through a PVX heterologous viral infection, showing that p25 was not a pathogenicity determinant in this species, albeit p20 it was. Besides, the interactome of p25-T36 was more complex and diverse than that of p25-T318A, involving a greater number of metabolic processes, redox activities, homeostasis and cellular transport, biosynthesis and protein degradation, plastid and nucleic acid protein binding, biotic and oxidative stress, jasmonic-mediated defense, methylation, ROS signalling and HSP proteins. On the other hand, most p25-T318A potential interactors were related to transport/localization and stress response, like apoptosis, pathogenesis-related and HSP proteins, Ca+2-binding proteins and redoxins. Moreover, the experimental evolution of CTV in N. bethamiana was achieved through serial passages. The evolution process showed adaptative traits as the increase of graft survival, infectivity rates and viral titers, and a decreased time for the onset of symptom development in this species. Adaptive characteristics of evolved viral populations in N. bethamiana, were also correlated to their genetic variability and population structure. Two different evolved lineages showed convergent evolution processes reflected also at the molecular level. CTV viruses evolved in N. benthamiana were found to be less infectious at initial stages of infection when they were back-inoculated to citrus plants, and showed a decreased viral titer during the first year post-inoculation. This re-adaptation of N. benthamiana viral populations back to citrus was correlated, at a molecular level, with the progressive loss of the mutations appeared during its evolution process in N. benthamiana.
El virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (CTV) es un closterovirus con un RNA genómico (gRNA) de ssRNA (+) y ¿20 Kb organizado en 12 pautas de lectura abierta (ORFs) que codifican al menos 17 proteínas, algunas de función desconocida. Las proteínas p25 y p27 forman parte de un grupo de genes implicados en el ensamblaje del virión, y se ha demostrado que p25 junto con p20 y p23 son supresores de silenciamiento génico en algunas especies de Nicotiana, y la última es también un determinante de patogénesis. CTV tiene una gama de huéspedes muy restringida y de forma natural sólo infecta el floema de algunas especies de cítricos. Por ello, para trabajar con este patosistema virus-huésped, se requiere un huésped experimental adecuado y un sistema genético eficiente de CTV. Durante los últimos años hemos desarrollado un sistema genético de CTV basado en la agroinfección sistémica de Nicotiana benthamiana, una especie no-natural de este virus, con clones infecciosos del genotipo T36. Dicha infección va acompañada de síntomas característicos, algunos de los cuales son similares a los que el virus induce en cítricos. La interacción CTV-N. benthamiana es muy variable y genotipo-dependiente, sólo algunos aislados se replican en esta especie y únicamente T36 la infecta sistémicamente. En este trabajo, abordamos la función de las proteínas p20 y p25 de tres aislados de CTV que difieren en sus características patogénicas. La expresión transitoria de las p20 y p25 fusionadas a proteínas fluorescentes reveló su idéntica localización subcelular en N. benthamiana y cítricos. La proteína p20 se localizó en el citosol y el núcleo celular en agregados amorfos asociados a regiones perinucleares e inclusiones nucleares puntuales. En cambio, la expresión de la p25 de T36, T318A y T385 de CTV reveló una localización diferencial. Mientras la de T36 y T385 fue nuclear, la de T318A fue citosólica. Un análisis detallado de las regiones implicadas en dicha localización, reveló la existencia de una señal de exportación nuclear NES rica en leucinas en la región Nt de la proteína. Un análisis de la capacidad patogénica de p20 y p25 en N. benthamiana en un contexto de infección viral heterólogo a través de PVX, mostró que p25 no es un determinante de patogenicidad en esta especie, pero p20 sí. Por otra parte, el interactoma de la p25-T36 resultó mucho más complejo y diverso que el de la p25-T318A, interviniendo potencialmente en mayor número de procesos metabólicos de fotosíntesis, actividad redox, homeóstasis y transporte celular, biosíntesis y degradación de proteínas, unión a proteínas de los plastidios y ácidos nucleicos o de respuesta a estrés (biótico y oxidativo) o defensa mediada por la ruta del jasmónico, del ciclo de metilación, señalización por ROS y proteínas HSP. Las interacciones mayoritarias de la p25-T318A se relacionaron con transporte/localización y respuesta a estrés, principalmente con interactores implicados en procesos de apoptosis, patogénenis y proteínas HSP, de unión a calcio o redoxinas. También hemos conseguido la evolución experimental de CTV por pases seriados en N. benthamiana. Dicha evolución conlleva un conjunto de características adaptativas significativas como: el aumento del prendimiento de injertos, de la tasa neta de infectividad, del título viral y del adelanto de los síntomas causados en esta especie herbácea con el aumento de los pases. Las características adaptativas también se reflejaron a nivel molecular en la variabilidad genética y estructura de las poblaciones de los virus evolucionados en dos linajes independientes. Virus evolucionados en N. benthamiana resultaron menos infecciosos inicialmente por inoculación mecánica de regreso a cítricos, y se acumularon menos que el virus parental durante el primer año. Dicha re-adaptación de los virus evolucionados se reflejó a nivel molecular en la pérdida progresiva de las m
El virus de la tristesa dels cítrics (CTV) és un closterovirus amb un RNA genòmic de ssRNA(+) i 20 Kb organitzat en 12 pautes de lectura oberta (ORFs) que codifiquen, al menys, 17 proteïnes, algunes de les quals de funció desconeguda. Les proteïnes p25 i p27 formen part d'un grup de gens implicat en l'assemblatge del virió, i s'ha demostrat que p25, junt a p20 i p23, són supressors de silenciament gènic en algunes espècies de Nicotiana, i la última també és un determinant de patogènesi. La gama d'hostes de CTV és molt restringida i de forma natural sols infecta el floema d'algunes espècies de cítrics. Per això, per a treballar amb aquest patosistema virus-hoste, es requereix un hoste experimental adequat i un sistema genètic eficient de CTV. Durant els últims anys hem desenvolupat un sistema genètic de CTV basat en l'agroinfecció sistèmica de Nicotiana benthamiana, una espècie no-natural d'aquest virus, amb clons infecciosos del genotip T36. Aquesta infecció va acompanyada de símptomes característics, alguns dels quals són similars als que el virus indueix en cítrics. La interacció CTV-N. benthamiana és molt variable i genotip depenent, ja que sols alguns aïllats es repliquen en aquesta espècie i únicament T36 la infecta sistèmicament. En aquest treball hem abordat la funció de les proteïnes p20 i p25 de tres aïllats de CTV que difereixen en les seues característiques patogèniques. L'expressió transitòria de les p20 i p25 fusionades a proteïnes fluorescents va revelar la seua idèntica localització subcel·lular en N. benthamiana i cítrics. La proteïna p20 dels aïllats T36, T318A i T385 es va localitzar al citosol i al nucli cel·lular formant agregats amorfs associats a regions perinuclears, i inclusions nuclears puntuals. En canvi, l'expressió de la p25 de T36, T318A i T385 de CTV va revelar una localització diferencial. Mentre la de T36 i T385 fou nuclear, la de T318A fou citosòlica. Una anàlisi detallada de les regions implicades en eixa localització va revelar l'existència d'una senyal d'exportació nuclear (NES) rica en leucines a la regió Nt de la proteïna. L'anàlisi de la capacitat patogènica de p20 i p25 en N. benthamiana en un context d'infecció viral heteròloga a través de PVX, va mostrar que p25 no és un determinant de patogenicitat en aquesta espècie, però p20 sí. D'altra banda, l'interactoma de p25-T36 va resultar molt més complex i divers que el de p25-T318A, intervenint potencialment en un major nombre de processos metabòlics de fotosíntesi, activitat redox, homeòstasi i transport cel·lular, biosíntesi i degradació de proteïnes, unió a proteïnes dels plastidis i àcids nucleics o de resposta a estrés (biòtic i oxidatiu) o defensa mediada per la ruta del jasmònic, del cicle de metilació, senyalització per ROS i proteïnes HSP. Les interaccions majoritàries de la p25-T318A es relacionaren amb transport/localització i resposta a estrés, principalment amb interactors implicats en processos d'apoptosi, patogènesi i proteïnes HSP, d'unió a calci o redoxines. També hem aconseguit l'evolució experimental de CTV per passes seriats en N. benthamiana. Aquesta evolució comporta un conjunt de característiques adaptatives significatives com: l'augment de la supervivència dels empelts, de la taxa neta d'infectivitat, de la càrrega viral i de l'ajornament dels símptomes causats en aquesta espècie herbàcia amb l'augment dels passes. Les característiques adaptatives també es reflectiren a nivell molecular amb la variabilitat genètica i estructura de les poblacions dels virus evolucionats en dos llinatges independents. Virus evolucionats a N. benthamiana resultaren menys infecciosos inicialment per inoculació mecànica de tornada a cítrics, i s'acumularen menys que el virus parental durant el primer any. Aquesta re-adaptació dels virus evolucionats a N. benthamiana de tornada a cítrics es va reflectir a nivell molecular amb
Navarro López, JA. (2017). Estudio preliminar de las interacciones del virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (CTV) y su huésped [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90468
TESIS

The focus of the research is to develop a consistent and repeatable method to evaluate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of carbon fibers at high temperatures. Accurate measurement of the CTE of carbon fibers is essential to understand and develop optimal processing procedures as well as computational simulations to predict properties and allowables for fiber-reinforced composites. The mismatch between the coefficient of thermal expansion of the fiber and the matrix has a profound impact on the development of residual stresses and the subsequent damage initiation and progression, potentially diminishing the performance of composite structures. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is selected to perform the experimental work on account of the high resolution and the capability of evaluating both the longitudinal and transverse CTE. The orthotropy in the CTE is tested by rotating the fibers through 45° about their axis. The method is validated by testing standard tungsten filaments of known CTE. Additionally, the microstructure of the fibers is studied in a field emission scanning electron microscope as well as through selected area diffraction patterns in a TEM to observe presence of any potential orthotropy. The pitch based P55 fiber revealed a cylindrically orthotropic microstructure, but the PAN based IM7 and T1000 fibers did not reveal any orthotropy. Finite element models of hexagonally arranged IM7 fibers in a 977 epoxy matrix are developed using PATRAN and analyzed using the commercial FEA code ABAQUS 6.4. The fiber properties were considered temperature independent where as the matrix properties were varied linearly with temperature. The lamina properties evaluated from the finite element modeling are in agreement with the experimental results in literature within 10% in the temperature range of room temperature to the stress free temperature of the epoxy, however at cryogenic temperatures the difference is greater. The residual stresses developed during processing of the composite indicated a potential location for fiber matrix debonding to be in the matrix dominant regions.

O presente relatório, inserido no Trabalho Final de Mestrado em Tecnologia Química, foi desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio realizado no Centro Tecnológico da Cerâmica e do Vidro (CTCV), empresa vocacionada para aprovisionar apoio técnico e promoção tecnológica às indústrias nacionais da cerâmica, vidro e outros sectores. Possui uma estrutura técnica organizada em Centros de Competência, cada um composto por diversas unidades. O estágio realizou-se no Centro de Competência Medição e Ensaio no LAM – Laboratório de Análises de Materiais em Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atómica. Este laboratório é acreditado pelo IPAC, de acordo com o referencial normativo NP EN ISO/IEC 17025. Numa primeira parte, o presente estágio teve como objetivo descrever os principais eixos orientadores do mesmo, bem como descrever os métodos analíticos aplicados à Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atómica por Chama e por Gerador de Hidretos, de modo a identificar passíveis substâncias ditas perigosas _ metais pesados _ em matérias-primas, em efluentes líquidos e em efluentes gasosos provenientes de várias fábricas/empresas de cerâmica, vidro e outros sectores. Apesar de, na indústria cerâmica, não ser expectável a presença de substâncias ditas perigosas, cada vez mais vai surgindo a necessidade de identificar, avaliar e controlar a emissão de substâncias dessas mesmas substâncias. Deverá ser feito um estudo detalhado sobre este tema futuramente. Na segunda parte do estágio, procedeu-se à validação, controlo e análise estatística dos métodos analíticos por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atómica utilizados. A análise estatística compreende um subcapítulo referente à inferência estatística, com o objetivo de construir Cartas de Controlo estatístico de qualidade e retirar ilações sobre a monitorização do processo, permitindo assim detetar possíveis desvios relativamente às especificações.

The Perkins IV Act was passed in 2006 to promote high school graduation for youth while introducing skills they need to be prepared for in the labor market. Yearly progress reports measure if CTE programs are successful in reducing dropout rates but fall short for a number of reasons. Using state-level data from the National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Consortium (NASDCTEc) website for the 2009-2010 school year, state-level data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Common Core of Data (CCD) database for 2009-2010, and dropout data from the U.S. Department of Education for the 2010-2011 school year to establish causality, my research seeks to address the extent to which Perkins IV funding reduces drop out rates at the state-level.

Thesis advisor: Stephanie Greene
This paper addresses the recent concerns about concussions in the sport of football and elaborates on the medical findings, litigation, and ethical questions that have surrounded the issue. The goal is to present a compelling case for change in how concussions are viewed and handled in the sport. By using concrete examples to explain the lasting effects concussions have had on players after their careers have ended, I hope to show the need for change. I will explore the most recent developments of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in order to show its harmful reach and will touch upon litigation that has been filed by players who experienced post career problems. In addition, through the insight of current college players as well as referencing my own experience as a Division I College Football player, I wish to establish an emotional connection in the paper and unveil the roots of the problem – the toxic nature of the football culture. I am optimistic that this inquiry will help cultivate a culture change through a variety of approaches. First, I indicate the need for a transformation of the football culture. Second, I suggest a formal, mandatory education to inform players at all levels about concussions, subconcussive hits, and the potential diseases that can stem from. Third, I propose new penalties for players, coaches, support staff, and all involved in player safety in an attempt to further prevent head injuries. This thesis attacks the issue of concussions in football from all angles. It calls for the football community to accept the severity of concussions, educate on concussions, and prevent repeated concussions in order to prompt action
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Other

Improving teacher quality is an effective strategy for improving student outcomes. For professional development to be effective at changing student practice and improving student outcomes the professional development topic needs to be relevant to the work of the teacher. This study surveys Virginia CTE teachers to identify their self-identified, most needed professional development topics. Virginia CTE teachers were asked to rate 136 separate teaching competencies based on each competency's importance to the teacher's practice and the teacher's ability to implement the competency. A quantitative research design was used to conduct this study. The Borich Needs Assessment Model was utilized to calculate a Mean Weighted Discrepancy Score (MWDS) for each competency. Competencies were with the largest MWDS were identified as those most needed for teacher professional development. Respondent data was disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, intention to remain in the teaching profession, CTE content area, years of experience, school division, and pre-service training in order to identify differences in professional development topic rankings for on each demographic area. Mann-Whitney U testing and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance test by ranks were used. The results of this study can be used by school divisions, schools, and professional development providers to benefit the work of CTE teachers and CTE programs.
Doctor of Philosophy
Improving teacher quality is an effective strategy for improving student outcomes. For professional development to be effective at changing student practice and improving student outcomes the professional development topic needs to be relevant to the work of the teacher. This study surveys Virginia CTE teachers to identify their self-identified, most needed professional development topics. Virginia CTE teachers were asked to rate 136 separate teaching competencies based on each competency's importance to the teacher's practice and the teacher's ability to implement the competency. A quantitative research design was used to conduct this study. The Borich Needs Assessment Model was utilized to identify the competencies most needed as professional development topics for Virginia CTE teachers. Respondent data was disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, intention to remain in the teaching profession, CTE content area, years of experience, school division, and pre-service training in order to identify differneces in professional development topics for each demographic group. The results of this study can be used by school divisions, schools, and professional development providers to benefit the work of CTE teachers and CTE programs.

Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering.
"May 2007." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Dec. 27, 2007). Thesis adviser: Charles Yang. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 149-151).