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1
Artemova, A. N. „Legal regulation of cross-border personal data transfer“. Juridical science and practice 19, Nr. 3 (21.12.2023): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2023-19-3-9-16.
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The article discusses the novelties of domestic legislation in the field of regulation of cross-border transfer of personal data. Differences in the notification and authorization procedures established depending on the presence / absence in the relevant state of an adequate level of protection of the rights of personal data subjects are analyzed. On the basis of a comparative legal study, the author comes to the conclusion that giving the Russian law on personal data an extraterritorial character corresponds to the latest trend that has developed in other legal orders (EU, USA, China).
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Komukai, Taro. „A Comparative Study of the Extraterritorial Enforcement of Data Protection Rules in the EU, US and Japan“. Global Privacy Law Review 1, Issue 3 (01.10.2020): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gplr2020095.
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Globalization and the Internet have dramatically increased the international transfer of data and information. Consequently, personal data protection has become crucial in such cross-border data transfers. Personal data collected in one’s home country but processed by foreign entities must be subjected to data protection. Such regulations and rules for the international transfer of personal data are usually carried out through the laws of each country. There are two types of data protection rules associated with the cross-border transfer of personal data: restriction of cross-border data transfers and extraterritorial application of data protection rules. This article focuses on the latter type of laws and discusses the relationship between law enforcement and sovereignty. It also provides an approach for improving the rules for extraterritorial enforcement in Japan, comparing it with analogous regulations from the EU and the US
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Ismagilova, Olga, und Karine Khadzhi. „Global Experience in Regulating Data Protection, Transfer and Storage“. Economic Policy 15, Nr. 3 (Juni 2020): 152–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2020-3-152-175.
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Cross-border data flows management and privacy protection are placed high in the international digital agenda due to unprecedented growth in the volume and pace of data collection, processing, storage and transfer globally. Despite the high importance of data flows regulation and its serious influence on all enterprises involved in digital economy, there is little research conducted in Russia and systemizing the national strategies in this sphere of regulation. The article provides an overview of the existing approaches of different countries to data protection, transfer (cross-border included) and storage, analyses the impact of regulation on international trade flows, and develops proposals for possible measures to reduce costs for companies in the digital age. The research discovers that today most countries of the world regulate personal data and other categories of sensitive data flows through the introduction of either a separate law or data protection provisions in the relevant sectoral laws. The countries’ approaches range from a complete ban on the cross-border transfer of all or certain categories of data to foreign countries to complete liberalization in this area. The most common approach is the introduction of one or several restrictions from the set of measures related to cross-border data transfers: data localization requirement; limitations on the number or type of countries to which sensitive data can be transferred without additional requirements; and the requirement of the personal data subject’s consent or responsible public authorities’ permission.
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Wang, Cuimin. „Analyzing the Effects of Cross-Border E-Commerce Industry Transfer Using Big Data“. Mobile Information Systems 2021 (17.06.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9916304.
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With the increasing diversification and personalization of consumer demand in the international market, coupled with the rapid development of the internet, the many advantages of cross-border e-commerce as an emerging trading model have become more apparent. When the hybrid system synergy model is based on the effective combination of the systems, the overall performance is greater than the sum of various elements’ simple superposition. As the upstream chain of modern logistics, cross-border e-commerce requires its virtual characteristics to develop in the direction of informationization, automation, and intelligence. Only when they are interdependent and mutually promoted can they achieve greater synergy. The regional difference measurement theory is often used to measure the effect of cross-border e-commerce industry transfer. First, build a cross-border e-commerce industry transfer effect measurement model to analyze the development level of China’s cross-border e-commerce, for example, the measurement model of commercial industry transfer effects from 2001 to 2016. It is mainly because the development of modern logistics lags behind cross-border e-commerce, resulting in the inability of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics to form an orderly coupling in the system structure and function. Therefore, to better promote the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce and modern logistics, it is necessary to stimulate the functions of various subsystems and promote the synergy and deep integration of multiparty entities such as government, enterprises, and industry associations.
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Albrecht, Daniel. „China Releases New Regulation on Cross-border Data Transfers“. Computer Law Review International 25, Nr. 3 (01.06.2024): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9785/cri-2024-250303.
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Abstract The New Regulations introduce exemptions to the existing filing obligations for outbound data transfer, including (1) absolute exemptions, which are exemptions applicable to all regulatory procedures for outbound data transfer, and (2) exemptions from the obligation to file a security assessment, i.e., the New Regulations have modified the thresholds mandating the filing of a security assessment and if such thresholds are not met, the data processor still needs to conduct standard contract filing or PI (Personal Information) protection certification. The Regulation leaves space for special policies in Free Trade Zones.
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zhao, Lei. „The main models of cross-border data transmission regimes: EU, USA and China“. Право и политика, Nr. 4 (April 2024): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2024.4.70797.
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The subject of this article is the system of regulation of cross-border data flows and its legal regime. Data is a fundamental resource for the development of the digital economy. Today, with the great development of globalization, the presence of cross-border data flows in international trade is inevitable. However, the transfer of data abroad creates hidden threats to the confidentiality of personal information of citizens and national security. Many countries have established data transfer management systems to protect their own interests. Mature data transfer management regimes abroad often become an example for other countries. The adopted laws also served as a model for other countries. The most representative regimes currently exist in the EU, the USA and China, which demonstrate three ways of managing data. The purpose of this article is to compare the regimes of cross–border data transmission in the European Union, the United States and China in order to analyze the structure of the three representative regimes, as well as to study the causes of their formation and the consequences of their functioning. Considering the three systems makes it possible to show more clearly that the European Union, the United States and China have different value orientations, which directly led to the formation of three different legal systems. The free market and national security have become the main elements of national considerations in the development of laws on cross-border data. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the regime of cross-border data transfer in the EU is the most complete and effective, having a demonstration effect. The Chinese system currently has serious flaws. And in recent years, US law has been increasingly focused on serving the interests of geopolitics. Laws on cross-border data transfer demonstrate trends in political instrumentalization. The Balkanization of the Internet is becoming more and more obvious.
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Seira Hidano, Abdur Rahim Biswas und Shinsaku Kiyomoto. „Hierarchical Privacy CAs for Cross-Border Transfer of Personal Data“. Research Briefs on Information and Communication Technology Evolution 2 (31.03.2016): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56801/rebicte.v2i.30.
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The iKaaS (intelligent Knowledge-as-a-Service) platform integrates the data on multiple local cloudsystems organically and provides the data to various types of applications as knowledge while takingsecurity and privacy fully into account. However, access control on the iKaaS platform is not withoutcomplications because the application may access personal data in different countries from the onewhere the application exists. Hidano et al. thus designed a security gateway that is set at the entranceof each local cloud and controls access to the cross-border applications while interpreting regulationsrelated to personal data for both countries. In order to help the security gateway confirm the validityof the application, they introduced the concept of the privacy certificate authority (CA), which isbuilt for each country as an executive agency responsible for the national regulations governing thehandling of personal data. In this paper, we design a hierarchical model of multiple privacy CAsresponsible for regulations where the effective areas are different. The security gateway can therebycontrol the transfer of data not only to different countries, but also to different unions or cities.
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Wu, Junxuan. „THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CROSS-BORDER DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN MAINLAND CHINA AND HKSAR“. International Journal of Law, Ethics, and Technology 2024, Nr. 2 (28.05.2024): 277–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.55574/ujow8817.
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Cross-border data transfer is a hard issue in today’s world of “digital nationalism”. In this post-Snowden world, data-localization has become the norm. China has adopted data localization rules in various laws, from Internet Security Law to Data Security Law. China’s constitutional structure of “one country, two systems” presents a unique question to data localization: should cross-border data transfer between the Mainland and SARs (Special Administrative Regions) be constrained by data-localization rules? Since both basic laws for Hong Kong and Macau define these two SARs as "free trade" zones and "separate customs" territories, once data from the Mainland are transferred to the SARs, there would be no existing laws to hinder their further flow to the globe. Furthermore, the SARs have their laws protecting data rights and regulating data use, which are quite different from the national laws. These unique features render cross-border data transfer within China a challenging and interesting topic. This article takes the challenge by focusing on the legal framework for data transfer between Mainland China and Hong Kong. It delineates the relevant legal rules in China and its HKSAR, points out the obstacles and difficulties, and suggests reforms. Keywords: Cross-Border Data Transfer, Digital Sovereignty, Data Localization, National Security, Hong Kong SAR, Mainland China
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Chu, Liang, Fangrui Ding und Yanbo Sun. „The Establishment of the Legal System of Data Outbound Transfer from the Perspective of Comparative Law“. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 14 (30.05.2023): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v14i.8954.
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Data are considered as one of the basic production factors, the cross-border flow of which has brought new development opportunities for the digital economy, but the unordered data outbound transfer has brought new challenges to national, public and enterprise interests, and the rights and interests of data subject. The legislation of different countries and regions has basically formed three paradigms: absolute prohibition, complete openness and conditional cross-border transmission. China should draw on the mature international mechanisms for the control of cross-border data flows, and combine its national interests and data protection realities to establish a legal supervision mechanism with hierarchical and categorical data management and control as the core, so as to realize the secure and free cross-border flow of data.
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Tehrani, Pardis Moslemzadeh, Johan Shamsuddin Bin Hj Sabaruddin und Dhiviya A. P. Ramanathan. „Cross border data transfer: Complexity of adequate protection and its exceptions“. Computer Law & Security Review 34, Nr. 3 (Juni 2018): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.12.001.
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Koval, A. A., und A. D. Levashenko. „EXPORT OF SERVICES: IS DATA LOCALIZATION A BARRIER?“ International Trade and Trade Policy, Nr. 2 (23.06.2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-2-22-32.
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The export of services is not related to the physical movement of goods across the border but is directly dependent on the cross-border movement of data. Cross-border data flows play a vital role in the cross-border provision of digital services. The international community pays particular attention to issues regarding the application of data localization policies. Indeed, this requirement significantly affects global trade in services. The data localization policy provides, according to the WTO, limiting the ability of companies to transfer data about internal users to foreign countries. Developing countries (Russia, China, etc.) involve the application of the localization requirement, i.e., first records in the country, personal data of citizens, while the EU and the US consider the total need of data localization as a barrier to international trade. The article assesses the impact of data regulation requirements on the export and import of digital services.
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Agus Riswandi, Budi, und Alif Muhammad Gultom. „Protecting Our Mosts Valuable Personal Data: A Comparison Of Transborder Data Flow Laws In The European Union, United Kingdom, And Indonesia“. Prophetic Law Review 5, Nr. 2 (01.12.2023): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/plr.vol5.iss2.art3.
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Information technology and its relationship with data protection is a crucial area that needs to be addressed, especially for data flows among different countries. In the majority of jurisdictions, international data transfers are restricted unless specific requirements stipulated by data protection laws are met. However, in the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) there are three exceptions, adequacy, appropriate safeguards, and derogations. This paper conducts a comparative legal analysis of the regulations governing the cross-border transfer of personal data in the EU, UK, and Indonesia. The research method is normative, while the approaches employed are statutory and conceptual with an analytical and descriptive research design. The study focuses on the legal framework and the various mechanisms to protect personal data during transborder flows. The research identified both commonalities and disparities in data protection regulations in Indonesia, the EU, and the UK. Notably, differences appeared in the application of appropriate safeguards and the use of criminal sanctions in Indonesia. Finally, the study concludes by providing recommendations for future developments in the legal frameworks for cross-border data transfer in the EU, UK, and Indonesia.
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Liu, Yan, Changshui Yang, Qiang Liu, Mudi Xu, Chi Zhang, Lihong Cheng und Wenyong Wang. „PDPHE: Personal Data Protection for Trans-Border Transmission Based on Homomorphic Encryption“. Electronics 13, Nr. 10 (16.05.2024): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101959.
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In the digital age, data transmission has become a key component of globalization and international cooperation. However, it faces several challenges in protecting the privacy and security of data, such as the risk of information disclosure on third-party platforms. Moreover, there are few solutions for personal data protection in cross-border transmission scenarios due to the difficulty of handling sensitive information between different countries and regions. In this paper, we propose an approach, personal data protection based on homomorphic encryption (PDPHE), to creatively apply the privacy computing technology homomorphic encryption (HE) to cross-border personal data protection. Specifically, PDPHE reconstructs the classical full homomorphic encryption (FHE) algorithm, DGHV, by adding support for multi-bit encryption and security level classification to ensure consistency with current data protection regulations. Then, PDPHE applies the reconstructed algorithm to the novel cross-border data protection scenario. To evaluate PDPHE in actual cross-border data transfer scenarios, we construct a prototype model based on PDPHE and manually construct a data corpus called PDPBench. Our evaluation results on PDPBench demonstrate that PDPHE cannot only effectively solve privacy protection issues in cross-border data transmission but also promote international data exchange and cooperation, bringing significant improvements for personal data protection during cross-border data sharing.
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Fang, Ruian. „China’s Concerns on the Core Issues of Digital Trade“. Advances in Economics and Management Research 4, Nr. 1 (02.03.2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.4.1.59.2023.
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In the current era of digital trade, more and more regional free trade agreements regulate e-commerce or cross-border flows of data, and the WTO has started plurilateral e-commerce negotiations as well. With the gradual emergence of China’s industrial advantages in the field of cross-border e-commerce, it has increasingly expressed its point of views on digital trade rules on various occasions. China is currently in RCEP and may soon join CPTPP and DEPA. Moreover, China has already put forward its claims in the WTO. However, although China has introduced a lot of laws and regulations in the field of digital law, it still needs to further improve the legal system of outbound data transfer in the future, and China needs to further clarify its position on controversial digital trade issues, striking a balance between data security and data free flow. component; digital trade;cross-border e-commerce; outbound data transfer; cross-border data flow.
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Kim, Boyeon. „A Study on Regulating Cross-border Data Transfer in International Trade Agreements“. Institute for Legal Studies 39, Nr. 1 (31.03.2022): 107–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18018/hylr.2022.39.1.107.
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Sitinjak, Posman Krismanto, und Riva'atul Adaniah Wahab. „ANALYSIS OF DATA LOCALIZATION IN DIGITAL MARKET INTEGRATION IN SOUTH EAST ASIAN REGION“. Masyarakat Telematika Dan Informasi : Jurnal Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 10, Nr. 1 (25.09.2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17933/mti.v10i1.147.
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The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has influenced various human life sectors, including trade. On November, Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) member countries signed a cooperation framework for digital market integration as manifestation of member willingness to facilitate cross border e-commerce transaction within region. One of its concerns is trade barrier originating from digital data protection schemes applied by ASEAN states particularly data localization policy. Using the descriptive qualitative approach through literature study, this research aims to 1) introduce existing status and rationales behind digital data localization law in ASEAN countries, 2) describe possible economic implication by allowing data exchange across borders among ASEAN countries, 3) propose mechanism to address cross border data transfer issues in the perspective of regional integration theory. Results show that localization law in ASEAN member states particularly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore have different attitude but same economic motives towards cross border data transfer. Besides having positive influence on economic performance, trans-border data transfer may result in capital concentration within business-friendly territory in the condition of development disparity and may harm the existing ICT business. Thus, ASEAN could jointly established commission to develop new single regulation framework. ASEAN countries also must develop more mature ICT infrastructure and business environment in order to support the implementation of existing law. In this conditions, the role of international relation in addressing data localization issues considering various political regimes within ASEAN is needed.
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Rodrigues, Ricardo, Carlos Sampaio, Paulo Duarte und José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón. „Cross-Border Innovation: Assessing Concepts, Contexts, and Content“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 23 (23.11.2022): 15581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315581.
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This study provides an outlook of the evolution of cross-border innovation literature. A sample of 226 articles addressing cross-border innovation and knowledge transfer published between 1997 and 2022 was screened using bibliometric methods. Data are split over three time slices and a thematic analysis is conducted, suggesting three main themes in literature: research-and-development, mostly linked with mergers and acquisitions and competitiveness, knowledge creation and transfer linked with innovations systems and performance, and innovation linked with networks, firms’ capabilities, and absorptive capacity. A co-citation analysis was also conducted which showed that the background literature of the research stream is based on the internationalization process, knowledge transfer and competitiveness, research-and-development, business performance and innovation systems. Results further introduce a geographic boundary to the research in knowledge and innovation, particularly frontier and regional innovation systems. Based on the results, future research lines are suggested, including the role of organizational learning and knowledge creation, towards the innovation of new products and services of companies seeking internationalization, and how disruptive events in worldwide supply chains affect cross-border innovation.
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Shang, Carrie Shu. „Remarks by Carrie Shu Shang“. Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 116 (2022): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2023.2.
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Increasingly, issues are arising regarding transnational access to evidence in electronic formats in dispute resolution proceedings. Currently, there is not a comprehensive solution to cross-border gathering of electronic stored information and regulations in the area remain a patchwork of divergent instruments. Over the past few years, private practitioners and in-house counsel have had to familiarize themselves with various discovery rules, data privacy laws, and data localization laws to ensure that they transfer data in ways that are compliant with strict cross-border data transfer requirements. Further, the current private international law framework seems outdated for the rapidly changing transnational e-evidence discovery needs. This Panel, organized by the ASIL Private International Law Interest Group (PILIG), addressed issues concerning cross-border conflicts of e-evidence in party-managed processes and whether there is a “best practice” for adjudicators and parties to co-develop such a protocol. As the Co-Chair of PILIG, I had the pleasure of moderating the Panel.
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Smirnov, E. N. „Directions of development and regulation of cross-border data flows in international trade“. E-Management 3, Nr. 1 (20.05.2020): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2020-1-16-26.
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The problem of using cross-border data flows, which are becoming an important factor of production for the sustainable development of modern international trade in goods and services has been analysed. In international exchange, the importance of digital services continues to grow steadily, and as this rises, global data flows are increasing too. The latter, while serving the interests of global digital platforms, can nevertheless contribute to the diversification of developing countries’ exports and increase their participation in global value chains. The increase in digitalization of companies due to the rapid introduction of new technologies (data analysis, cloud computing) has raised their importance as a factor in commercial transactions, affecting both new and traditional industries. Despite the advantages for companies, consumers and national economies arising from the ability of organizations to easily exchange data across borders, many countries at all stages of development have established barriers to cross-border data transfer. The most common concept of such restrictions has become data localization, the implementation of which is a significant burden on the growth of the Gross National Product. The digital mercantilism of countries considered in this article is a response to the challenge of increasing the country’s participation in the international division of labour in the digital economy. However, barriers for cross-border data transfer also delay and increase the cost of developing new and innovative products, undermine the ability of local multinational companies to use global platforms to facilitate collaboration between firms, universities and other research organizations and promote their own innovations. International practice has not yet developed a single, dominant approach in the context of regulating cross-border data flows, but addressing this issue requires a new format of multilateral regulation that has not been used for international trade in traditional goods and services.
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Hofmann, Robin, und Hans Nelen. „Cross-border cooperation in the execution of sentences between the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium: an empirical and comparative legal study on the implementation of EU framework decisions 2008/909/JHA and 2008/947/JHA“. Crime, Law and Social Change 74, Nr. 4 (14.05.2020): 381–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-020-09900-7.
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Abstract This study aims at comparing legal practices in the execution of sentences within the framework of cross-border cooperation between The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, the implementation of the EU Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA on the transfer of prisoners and 2008/947/JHA on the mutual recognition of judgments and probation decisions in the three countries is analyzed. Interview data with legal practitioners suggest that social rehabilitation, consents of the convicted individuals and the actual place of living, play an important role in the initiations of transfers. Empirical evidence that both Framework Decisions are increasingly instrumentalized for migration control purposes, as the current scientific debate suggest, is weak in the three case countries. The relatively small numbers of transfers of prisoners and judgements show, that the transfer instrument is still not implemented to its full potential. This study exemplifies remaining challenges connected to the principle of mutual trust in the daily practice of cross-border legal cooperation within the EU.
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Chong, Chin Wei, Yee Yen Yuen und Booi Chen Tan. „Cross-border knowledge transfer in Malaysian multimedia super corridor (MSC) status corporations“. Review of International Business and Strategy 27, Nr. 1 (06.03.2017): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ribs-09-2016-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the antecedents of successful organizational cross-border knowledge transfer and also the relationship among the antecedents for sustainable competitive advantage. Design/methodology/approach First, a focus group study was conducted to identify major constructs and map out the proposed framework. This is then followed by questionnaire survey from 210 Malaysian multimedia super corridor (MSC) status corporations as recipients. Their international business affiliates refer to any organizations located outside Malaysia with which the recipient firm has a relationship. Data were analysed using SPSS. Findings The findings suggest that the perceived value of the knowledge, relational dimension and cognitive dimension, as well as recipient learning intent and the attractiveness of a foreign source are significant related to the effectiveness of organizational cross-border knowledge transfer. Research limitations/implications Because this research only covered 210 MSC status corporations, future research can try to have more coverage on other industry to have larger sample size for generalizability purposes. Other factors such as organizational and context characteristics can be added as antecedents to strengthen the framework for effective knowledge transfer. Practical implications The empirical findings can be used as a guideline for MSC status firms to undergo a self-check and help them rethink and reposition themselves in light of the findings. It helps MSC status corporations to frame their organizational cross-border knowledge transfer activities to enable the creation and application of knowledge which should allow them to drive the capability of creating and retaining a greater value onto their core business competencies. Originality/value This study provides valuable insights to help creating a successful foundation for organizational cross-border knowledge transfer. This study is also among few studies to examine the critical antecedents in successful organizational cross-border knowledge transfer from a multidimensional perspective in Malaysia.
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Jin, Ruiyang. „Comparative Study on Legal Regulations of Cross-border Transfers of Personal Information“. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 17 (05.05.2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v17i.617.
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The free and rapid cross-border transfer of personal information is one of the main contributors to the prosperity of digital economy. However, China has relatively strict restrictions on the cross-border transfers of personal information. Although such provisions are conducive to safeguarding the interest of the individuals and the nation, they have adverse impact on giving full play to the commercial value of personal information in the era of digital economy. Additionally, China's insufficient participation in the formulation of international rules counts against to the construction of China's data discourse power. Therefore, the Chinese legislation is immature and needs to be perfected. This article analyzes the advanced legislative experience abroad, including the GDPR rules, the CBPR rules, and the Personal Information Protection Law of Japan. Taking actual situations of China into consideration, this article then puts forward four suggestions, including issuing practical standard contracts as soon as possible, promoting the construction of industry self-discipline mechanism, carrying out supplementary legislation in key areas, and participating on our own initiative in mapping out international rules.These suggestions are expected to benefit the perfection of China's legislation on the cross-border transfers of personal information as well as the enhancement of China's international data discourse power.
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Corrales Compagnucci, Marcelo, Mateo Aboy und Timo Minssen. „Cross-Border Transfers of Personal Data After Schrems II: Supplementary Measures and new Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs)“. Nordic Journal of European Law 4, Nr. 2 (30.12.2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36969/njel.v4i2.23780.
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This article analyses the legal challenges of international data transfers resulting from the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decision in Case C-311/18 Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited, Maximillian Schrems (Schrems II). This judgement invalidated the EU-US Privacy Shield Framework but upheld the use of standard contractual clauses (SCCs). However, one caveat is that organisations would have to perform a case-by-case assessment on the application of the SCCs and implement ‘supplementary measures’ to compensate for the lack of data protection in the third country, where necessary. Regrettably, the CJEU missed the opportunity to specify what exactly these ‘supplementary measures’ could be. To fill this gap, the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) adopted guidelines on the measures that supplement transfer tools to ensure compliance with the EU level of protection of personal data. In addition, on June 4th, 2021 the European Commission issued new SCCs which replaced the previous SCCs that were adopted under the previous Data Protection Directive 95/46. These new developments have raised the bar for data protection in international data transfers. In this article, we analyse the current regulatory framework for cross-border transfers of EU personal data and examine the practical considerations of the emerging post-Schrems II legal landscape.
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Cengiz, Nezerith, Siti M. Kabanda und Keymanthri Moodley. „Cross-border data sharing through the lens of research ethics committee members in sub-Saharan Africa“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 5 (23.05.2024): e0303828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303828.
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Background Several factors thwart successful data sharing—ambiguous or fragmented regulatory landscapes, conflicting institutional/researcher interests and varying levels of data science-related expertise are among these. Traditional ethics oversight mechanisms and practices may not be well placed to guarantee adequate research oversight given the unique challenges presented by digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Data-intensive research has raised new, contextual ethics and legal challenges that are particularly relevant in an African research setting. Yet, no empirical research has been conducted to explore these challenges. Materials and methods We explored REC members’ views and experiences on data sharing by conducting 20 semi-structured interviews online between June 2022 and February 2023. Using purposive sampling and snowballing, we recruited representatives across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed the data with Atlas.ti V22. Results Three dominant themes were identified: (i) experiences in reviewing data sharing protocols, (ii) perceptions of data transfer tools and (iii) ethical, legal and social challenges of data sharing. Several sub-themes emerged as: (i.a) frequency of and approaches used in reviewing data sharing protocols, (i.b) practical/technical challenges, (i.c) training, (ii.a) ideal structure of data transfer tools, (ii.b) key elements of data transfer tools, (ii.c) implementation level, (ii.d) key stakeholders in developing and reviewing a data transfer agreement (DTA), (iii.a) confidentiality and anonymity, (iii.b) consent, (iii.c) regulatory frameworks, and (iii.d) stigmatisation and discrimination. Conclusions Our results indicated variability in REC members’ perceptions, suboptimal awareness of the existence of data protection laws and a unanimously expressed need for REC member training. To promote efficient data sharing within and across SSA, guidelines that incorporate ethical, legal and social elements need to be developed in consultation with relevant stakeholders and field experts, along with the training accreditation of REC members in the review of data-intensive protocols.
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Araújo, Alexandra Maria Rodrigues. „The Right to Data Protection and the Commissions’ Adequacy Decision“. UNIO – EU Law Journal 1 (01.07.2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.1.6.
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Data protection is a fundamental right protected by the EU as well as several international human rights instruments. However, an adequate relation of this right faces new challenges every day. A complicated area for the effectiveness of EU data protection law is the cross-border transfer of personal data. In European law, the main principle applicable to international data flows is the principle of adequate protection. This principle implies that a transfer to a third country/international organization is only permissible if an adequate level of protection of the personal data transferred is guaranteed. In this regard, this paper examines the application of this principle in the adequacy decisions adopted by the European Commission.
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Mihaylova, Iva. „Could the Recently Enacted Data Localization Requirements in Russia Backfire?“ Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 2 (01.04.2016): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016015.
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In the wake of ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden’s surveillance revelations to the global public, and despite an unimpeded cross-border data flow and knowledge transfer being a prerequisite for the development of the digital economy, governments around the world are increasingly tending to resort to mandatory local data storage and to restrictions and bans on data transfers in a rather drastic attempt to protect their citizens’ data security and privacy. This article discusses the legal and economic aspects of the recently enacted data localization requirements in the Russian Federation, as well as the consequences for costs, uncertainty, and the hampering of business activities that may arise if they are applied unaltered. The principal conclusion reached is that a less extreme solution that adheres to or builds upon the existing global practices and takes into account non-economic goals should be considered.
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Yakovleva, Svetlana. „Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law: A Tale of Two ‘Necessities’“. Journal of World Investment & Trade 21, Nr. 6 (11.09.2020): 881–919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340189.
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Abstract Cross-border flows of personal data have become essential for international trade. European Union (EU) law restricts transfers of personal data to a degree that is arguably beyond what is permitted under the EU’s World Trade Organization commitments. These restrictions may be justified under trade law’s ‘necessity test.’ The article suggests that they may not pass this test. Yet, from an EU law perspective, the right to the protection of personal data is a fundamental right. An international transfer of personal data constitutes a derogation from this right and, therefore, must be consistent with another necessity test, the ‘strict necessity’ test of the derogation clause of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. This article shows how a simultaneous application of the trade law and EU Charter ‘necessities’ to EU restrictions on transfers of personal data creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance deadlock.
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Ade Rizki Saputra. „Aspects of Personal Data Protection According to International Law“. Formosa Journal of Social Sciences (FJSS) 2, Nr. 3 (29.09.2023): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/fjss.v2i3.6192.
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This journal investigates aspects of personal data protection in the context of international law. With the development of information technology and globalization, cross-border exchange of personal data has become commonplace. However, the challenge that arises along with this is how to protect individual personal data from potential misuse by various parties, including the state and private companies. This journal describes developments in international law related to personal data protection, including key legal instruments such as the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and the Protection of Personal Data, as well as the role of international organizations such as the United Nations in addressing this issue. This research also highlights the differences in approaches that exist in various countries in regulating personal data protection. In addition, this journal reviews the practical challenges of implementing personal data protection principles in a global context, including issues of data security, cross-border transfer of data, and comparison of applicable regulations in various jurisdictions. Furthermore, this journal evaluates the impact of personal data protection policies on international trade, technological innovation, and human rights. This research provides in-depth insight into the complexity of personal data protection issues in international law and the importance of global regulatory harmonization to maintain a balance between individual protection and technological developments
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Bradley, Duruflé, Hellmann und Wilson. „Cross-Border Venture Capital Investments: What Is the Role of Public Policy?“ Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, Nr. 3 (01.07.2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030112.
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(1) Background: Cross-border venture capital (VC) investments play an important role in the scaling up of high-growth companies. However, policymakers worry that foreign VC investments transfer the majority of economic activity to the investor country. On the one hand, start-ups welcome the foreign capital, expertise, and networks that accompany cross-border investments. On the other hand, policymakers are concerned that cross-border investments predominantly benefit foreign economies and fail to develop the local entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper describes a framework for how policymakers can develop a set of policies toward cross-border VC investments. (2) Methods: The paper examines available data and trends about the role of cross-border investing, focusing on Europe, Israel, and Canada. Then, the paper explains the underlying economic challenges and develops a policy framework. (3) Results: The analysis shows that in addition to policies that aim to attract foreign investors, there are also important policies for the development of the domestic VC market. The analysis encompasses policies that are both financial and non-financial in nature. (4) Conclusions: A core insight for policymakers is to retain a balance of initiatives, attracting foreign investors while simultaneously making sure to strengthen the country’s domestic VC industry and innovation ecosystem. The mix of policies will adjust as the domestic ecosystem matures.
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Wang, Xiangyang, Yujuan Xi, Jingsi Xie und Yingxin Zhao. „Organizational unlearning and knowledge transfer in cross-border M&A: the roles of routine and knowledge compatibility“. Journal of Knowledge Management 21, Nr. 6 (09.10.2017): 1580–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-03-2017-0091.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to adopt the perspective of congruence to explore how organizational unlearning facilitates knowledge transfer in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the congruence theory, this study built a theoretical model and examined it with survey data from 212 firms in China. Findings Organizational unlearning has no direct influence on knowledge transfer. In contrast, it promotes knowledge and routine compatibility that facilitate knowledge transfer. Routine and knowledge compatibility have different mechanisms on knowledge transfer. Specifically, the higher routine compatibility, the more effective is knowledge transfer. When knowledge compatibility is at a medium level, the effectiveness of knowledge transfer is optimal. Practical implications Firms should regard organizational unlearning as a crucial facilitator to knowledge and routine compatibility that promote knowledge transfer. Originality/value This study provides a specific understanding of the relationships between organizational unlearning and knowledge transfer by focusing on knowledge and routine compatibility as the crucial links, and enriches existing literature regarding knowledge transfer.
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Liu, Yue. „Cross-border transfer of personal data to countries outside the EEA: a case study of Norwegian companies“. International Journal of Private Law 4, Nr. 4 (2011): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpl.2011.042685.
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Mazetova, Elena. „Data Protection Regulation and International Arbitration: Can There Be Harmonious Coexistence (with the GDPR Requirements Concerning Cross-Border Data Transfer)?“ Legal Issues in the Digital Age 2, Nr. 2 (27.07.2021): 21–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2713-2749.2021.2.21.48.
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Recent global trends are producing powerful growth in the digital environment, and its spread is prompting adoption of strict and comprehensive regulation to ensure data protection. This results in a number of difficulties, one of which is lack of consistency between data protection regulation and the regulatory regimes applicable to specific industries and institutions. That inconsistency is particularly evident in the field of international arbitration — one of the most widely used and convenient methods for resolving international disputes. The principles and fundamental concepts that largely define international arbitration, such as autonomy of the parties and confidentiality, have made its use very well accepted and widespread. However, data protection requirements often force the parties that are subject to them to make a difficult choice between the basic principles of international arbitration and the requirements of data protection regulation. This bind has come about because data protection regulation, which generally imposes comprehensive compliance obligations, rarely takes into account the specifics of the industries in which it will be applied. In this article it is analyzing application of the GDPR requirements that pertain to cross-border data transfer from the perspective of international arbitration in order to illustrate difficulties and regulatory gaps that may be encountered by the entities interested in thorough compliance with the applicable regulations.
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Li, Siyue, und Chunyu Kit. „Legislative discourse of digital governance: a corpus-driven comparative study of laws in the European Union and China“. International Journal of Legal Discourse 6, Nr. 2 (25.11.2021): 349–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijld-2021-2059.
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Abstract Based on the self-compiled corpora of the European Union and Chinese laws on data governance, this study adopts a corpus-driven approach to comparatively study the legislative design of the EU and China on digital governance, especially on key issues such as data protection, data processing and utilization, and cross-border data transfer. It is found through corpus analysis that the EU has developed a relatively comprehensive data protection system, which internally focuses on the protection of individual data rights and externally sets high standards on the cross-border transfer of data. Despite the data protection paradigm as it manifests, the EU is facing new challenges on data exportation, data jurisdiction in the competitive digital marketplace. Shared the same concern on the data protection legislation, Chinese data law has made significant progress in personal data protection with the nascent enactment of Data Security Law and Personal Data Protection Law. Notably, Chinese legislation features the hierarchal taxonomy of data under the principle of the national security exception, while it requires more legislative skills, flexible response mechanisms, and more subordinate laws to prevent future data security threats. Moreover, the corpus-driven method conducted in this study provides evidential insights for the comparative legal textual studies across jurisdictions.
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Anand, Sahil, Shubh Sanchayita, Mayank Kumar Pandey, Varshini Suresh, Gayathri M, Mohammed Siyas S, Supriya Lamba Sahdev, Agharanya Gift Chidera und Natanael Natanael. „Cross-Border Collaboration: India's UPI Success Story In Indonesia (A Case Study On Unified Payments System)“. International Journal of Accounting & Finance in Asia Pasific 7, Nr. 1 (20.02.2024): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32535/ijafap.v7i1.2903.
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This research paper delves into the successful introduction of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) in the Indonesian market, with a primary focus on crucial elements such as the India-Indonesia (MoU), technology transfer, the impact of the 5G spectrum, credit generation, and quantitative analysis through surveys. A notable aspect of this study is examining the current technology transfer process in UPI implementation alongside previous instances, shedding light on the evolution of knowledge transfer methodologies. The effectiveness of the India-Indonesia MoU in facilitating UPI adoption reflects the dedication of both nations. The research investigates how India's expertise in UPI is customized to meet Indonesia's specific needs, historically and in the present. The study also evaluates UPI's role in promoting credit generation, thereby contributing to financial inclusion and economic growth. The research measures user sentiments, adoption rates, and transaction trends using a multifaceted approach involving surveys and quantitative data analysis. The findings provide valuable insights for policy development, the refinement of technology transfer strategies, and the sustainable growth of digital payment systems in Indonesia and similar emerging markets.
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CHEN, DAPENG, und JIEJIE CUI. „Study on Compliance of Cross-Border Transfer of Corporate Data Following the launch of China"s “3 Acts Regarding to Data”“. Dong-A Journal of International Business Transactions Law 35 (31.10.2021): 159–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31839/ibt.2021.10.35.159.
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Nefedov, B., und N. Istomin. „Features of the development of intersystem legal formations designed to regulate personal data protection during cross-border transfer“. Russian Juridical Journal, Nr. 2 (2021): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.34076/20713797_2021_2_164.
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Laspa, Christina. „Bridging Cultural Differences through Established Cross-Border Economic Relations“. Journal of Economics and Public Finance 2, Nr. 2 (15.07.2016): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v2n2p240.
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<p><strong><em>Purpose:</em></strong><em> </em><em>t</em><em>he paper aims to investigate if the countries that conduct cross border investments and trade are transferring their own culture to the host countries. <strong>Methodology:</strong> </em><em>c</em><em>ulture was represented by book collections’ data selected by the digital library LibraryThing. In total 2,569 book-titles that represent the 50 top books of 52 country-groups have been used as the study’s sample. Author’s Nationality was set as the country of influence. Statistical analysis was employed to measure if the book collections of LT users were of foreigner-driven or homoethnic-driven authorship. <strong>Findings:</strong> </em><em>t</em><em>he most industrialized countries and the best exporting countries were the best performers in culture transferring. Statistical significance with the amount of the books traded abroad was found to (i) the outward FDIs in millions of $ (p=0.004), (ii) the stock of outward FDIs in millions of $ (p<0.001), (iii) the outward FDIs as GDP percentage (p=0.004)</em><em>,</em><em> and (v) the export volume index (p=0.011). Regression analysis showed that outward FDIs in mil. $ (p=0.016) and outward FDIs stock in mil. $ (p<0.001) were significant predictors of a country’s success to transfer its own cultural product abroad. <strong>Originality/value:</strong> </em><em>t</em><em>his research is addressed to a tangible cultural output, books, issuing the objectiveness in measurements.</em><em></em></p>
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Naser, N. „The Interaction between Profitability and Macroeconomic Factors for Future Examinations of European Banks Soundness – Theoretical Study“. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 3, Nr. 3 (2019): 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.3(3).63-97.2019.
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Any weakness in the financial institution is subject to the contagion mechanism. As result, the whole financial system will experience unpredictable financial risks and possible crisis, such as to a systemically relevant institution (e.g. Lehman Brothers’ default, 2008’s financial crises and Asian financial crises). The contagion mechanism (Quagliariello, M., 2009 [1] (Trapanese, M.) is a crucial element in the assessment of the cross-border dimension. The direct cross-border contagion risks (idiosyncratic risks) are: risks related to cross-border interbank links; money markets and cross-border ownership links; common shocks of foreign economies and global financial markets that can affect banks’ exposures due to changes in credit quality, market valuations and funding costs. Secondly, the indirect cross-border contagion risks (Indirect contagion) are caused by systematics risks that exclusively related to cross-border credit exposures (e.g. lending to non- financial institutions, credit risk transfer exposures as well as international syndicated lending), market risk exposures (by holdings of securities and off-balance sheet positions), common cross-border funding (by financing through market instruments and operational risk). From a theoretical point of view, said institutions are defined as risky banks, have unpredictable impacts on the smoothness of whole financial system. Moreover, these credit, market and liquidity risks represent the main triggers of crises. This paper is the second part of my theoretical study focused on the profitability and the soundness of European banks with an emphasis on the role of the Macro profile. In this paper, I also thoroughly investigated the macroeconomic determinants used to predict the Banking crises. Moreover, this paper analyzed the history and behavior of European banks during financial crises, and the corrective measures taken by authorities, governments and supervisory institutes to bail out the troubled banks, or to support the banking system as a whole. An extensive assessment of collected data resulted in detailed analysis of quantitative methodologies as well as the examination of the effectiveness of selected macroeconomic determinants to avoid the financial instability. This study shows that the macroeconomic adjustments were called upon during the crises. Keywords: bank profitability; soundness of banks, inflation, GDP, interest rates, macroeconomic determinants, Moody’s rating, exchange rates.
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Zheng, Guan. „Trilemma and tripartition: The regulatory paradigms of cross-border personal data transfer in the EU, the U.S. and China“. Computer Law & Security Review 43 (November 2021): 105610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105610.
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Akulin, Igor M., Ekaterina A. Chesnokova, Umberto Genovese, Roman A. Presnyakov und Anastasia E. Pryadko. „Legal regulation of the transmission of health-related data: Balance of public interests and individual rights in the context of cross-border health care“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, Nr. 2 (2021): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.211.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory and legal regulation for the processing of a special category of personal health data in the European Union and in the Russian Federation in regard to the digitalization of national health systems. Special attention is paid to the legal framework for the transmission of health information at the cross-border level. It is established that within the framework of European and Russian legislation at this stage, in the context of the formation of digital medicine, there is a comparability in the definition of legal mechanisms for the protection of medical data. It is also noted that in the issue of the transfer of personal health data to third countries, both the Russian Federation and the European Union choose the path of strict restrictive regulation and the introduction of a closed list of grounds for overcoming the ban on cross-border transfer. The reasons for this approach to issues of supranational interaction in healthcare are analyzed, as well as the potential risks of inertia of national legislators in this issue. Based on the analysis, the authors propose a number of amendments and additions to the national legislation on personal data, aimed at simplifying the interaction between jurisdictions on the transfer of confidential medical information. The authors suggest an international agreement on the exchange of medical data in digital format, which potentially should include not only the Russian Federation and the EU states, but also other countries, including Eurasian Economic Union member states, China, and countries of the American continent. The proposed concept is intended to create an opportunity for the formation of a supranational information system in the field of healthcare, which allows for the effective exchange of medical data, taking into account the sovereign interests of the countries participating in the agreement.
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Hudima, Tetiana, Oleksandr Trehub und Vladyslav Kamyshanskyi. „INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL TRADE & DIGITAL ECONOMY AGREEMENTS: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE“. Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 5, Nr. 52 (31.10.2023): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.5.52.2023.4139.
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The article examines the prospects for the digital transformation of Ukraine's foreign economic policy in the context of international digital trade/economy agreements, especially the Digital Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ukraine. The economic and legal effectiveness of these agreements in the process of digital transformation of foreign economic policy (foreign trade) in Ukraine and at the international level is proven. To increase their effectiveness and accelerate implementation, the political and legal framework is of great importance. Under other circumstances, the realisation of such agreements will be complicated by the need to bring domestic legislation in line with their provisions, as the case of Ukraine shows. It is substantiated that the implementation of the Digital Trade Agreement between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ukraine is complicated by the lack of national legislation regarding electronic document management in cross-border trade; the slow pace of implementation of international legislation, for example, on personal data protection; the existence of differences in the legislative approaches of the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland regarding certain issues of trade in goods and services etc. It is emphasized that certain norms of the agreement are declarative and that it does not address some important issues that can be of great value for cross-border trade in the future.The expediency of Ukraine's constant participation in international cooperation in order to modernize foreign economic and national economic policy, taking into account the requirements of international documents and current challenges, is reasoned. In this context, constant monitoring, study of foreign experience and analysis of the consequences of resolving such important issues as cross-border transfer of information by electronic means, localization of data and entities that provide their transfer, non-discrimination, etc. are vital.
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Tang, Yuk Ming, Ka Yin Chau, Yui-yip Lau und Zehang Zheng. „Data-Intensive Inventory Forecasting with Artificial Intelligence Models for Cross-Border E-Commerce Service Automation“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 5 (27.02.2023): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13053051.
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Building an adaptative, flexible, resilient, and reliable inventory management system provides a reliable supply of cross-border e-commerce commodities, enhances supply chain members with a flow of products, fulfills ever-changing customer requirements, and enables e-commerce service automation. This study uses an e-commerce company as a case study to collect intensive inventory data. The key process of the AI approach for an intensive data forecasting framework is constructed. The study shows that the AI model’s optimization process needs to be combined with the problems of specific companies and information for analysis and optimization. The study provides optimization suggestions and highlights the key processes of the AI-predicting inventory model. The XGBoost method demonstrates the best performance in terms of accuracy (RMSE = 46.64%) and reasonable computation time (9 min 13 s). This research can be generalized and used as a useful basis for further implementing algorithms in other e-commerce enterprises. In doing so, this study highlights the current trend of logistics 4.0 solutions via the adoption of robust data-intensive inventory forecasting with artificial intelligence models for cross-border e-commerce service automation. As expected, the research findings improve the alleviation of the bullwhip impact and sustainable supply chain development. E-commerce enterprises may provide a better plan for their inventory management so as to minimize excess inventory or stock-outs, and improve their sales strategies and promotional and marketing activities.
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Drohin, Ye R. „LEGAL REGULATION OF CROSS-BORDER TRANSFER OF PERSONAL DATA IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: CURRENT STATUS, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES“. Juridical scientific and electronic journal, Nr. 2 (2024): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2024-2/121.
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Manguzvane, Mathias Mandla, und John Weirstrass Muteba Mwamba. „South African Banks’ Cross-Border Systemic Risk Exposure: An Application of the GAS Copula Marginal Expected Shortfall“. International Journal of Financial Studies 10, Nr. 1 (03.03.2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10010018.
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Systemic susceptibility highlights the extent to which a banking sector is sensitive to negative shocks. Policymakers and regulators’ objective is to avoid financial crises, and even though they can somewhat control local conditions, internationally transmitted crises are difficult to tackle. This paper analyzes the cross-border systemic risk exposure of South African banks. The marginal expected shortfall is employed with data covering 2002 to 2020. The results show that South African banks are significantly prone to crises emanating beyond the country’s borders. The findings confirm the existence of a significant transfer of risk from other countries to South Africa’s banking sector. Moreover, the amount of foreign capital invested in a bank is found to be a strong predictor of a bank’s international exposure. Knowledge of the linkages that the banking system has with other countries, and how cross-border exposures endanger banks, will form a basis for regulations that ensure a safer financial system.
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Papaioannou, George P., Christos Dikaiakos, Christos Kaskouras, George Evangelidis und Fotios Georgakis. „Granger Causality Network Methods for Analyzing Cross-Border Electricity Trading between Greece, Italy, and Bulgaria“. Energies 13, Nr. 4 (18.02.2020): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040900.
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Italy, Greece, and, to a lesser degree, Bulgaria have experienced fast growth in their renewable generation capacity (RESc) over the last several years. The consequences of this fact include a decrease in spot wholesale prices in electricity markets and a significant effect on cross border trading (CBT) among neighboring interconnected countries. In this work, we empirically analyzed historical data on fundamental market variables (i.e., spot prices, load, RES generation) as well as CBT data (imports, exports, commercial schedules, net transfer capacities, etc.) on the Greek, Italian, and Bulgarian electricity markets by applying the Granger causality connectivity analysis (GCCA) approach. The aim of this analysis was to detect all possible interactions among the abovementioned variables, focusing in particular on the effects of growing shares of RES generation on the commercial electricity trading among the abovementioned countries for the period 2015–2018. The key findings of this paper are summarized as the following: The RES generation in Italy, for the period examined, drives the spot prices in Greece via commercial schedules. In addition, on average, spot price fluctuations do not affect the commercial schedules of energy trading between Greece and Bulgaria.
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Akinboade, Oludele Akinloye, Anrich Daseman, Trevor Taft und Victor M. S. Molobi. „Regulation, Cross Border Migrants and the Choice of Remittance Channels in South Africa“. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, Nr. 2(J) (18.05.2017): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2(j).1661.
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Remittances have become an increasingly important factor in developing economies. Among others, compliance with onerous regulation requirements discourages the use of formal methods of remittances. The paper discusses results from a survey of the influence of regulation on the choice of migrants’ remittance channels in South Africa. It aims to highlight how regulation affects the choice between formal and informal channels of remitting funds. A questionnaire was administered to collect primary data from migrants seeking documentations from the Department of Home Affairs, those remitting funds at taxi ranks or bus terminals, and those remitting through commercial banks and money transfer operators. 275 responses were analysed using a Likert rating scale format of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). Regulatory requirements of documentary evidence are an important factor influencing the choice of the remittance channel used. Documentation requirement in the formal market causes migrants to be ineligible for the formal channels of remittances and is a factor that influences the choice of remittance channel. Restrictive visa requirements could easily push migrants to become illegal aliens which further deny them access to formal remittance channels. The paper adds to the academic literature on the determinants of remittance channels in Africa. Understanding the relevant issues could assist regulatory authorities to restructure the remittance market with a view to encouraging migrant workers to enter the formal financial system.
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Akinboade, Oludele Akinloye, Anrich Daseman, Trevor Taft und Victor M. S. Molobi. „Regulation, Cross Border Migrants and the Choice of Remittance Channels in South Africa“. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 9, Nr. 2 (18.05.2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v9i2.1661.
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Remittances have become an increasingly important factor in developing economies. Among others, compliance with onerous regulation requirements discourages the use of formal methods of remittances. The paper discusses results from a survey of the influence of regulation on the choice of migrants’ remittance channels in South Africa. It aims to highlight how regulation affects the choice between formal and informal channels of remitting funds. A questionnaire was administered to collect primary data from migrants seeking documentations from the Department of Home Affairs, those remitting funds at taxi ranks or bus terminals, and those remitting through commercial banks and money transfer operators. 275 responses were analysed using a Likert rating scale format of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). Regulatory requirements of documentary evidence are an important factor influencing the choice of the remittance channel used. Documentation requirement in the formal market causes migrants to be ineligible for the formal channels of remittances and is a factor that influences the choice of remittance channel. Restrictive visa requirements could easily push migrants to become illegal aliens which further deny them access to formal remittance channels. The paper adds to the academic literature on the determinants of remittance channels in Africa. Understanding the relevant issues could assist regulatory authorities to restructure the remittance market with a view to encouraging migrant workers to enter the formal financial system.
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Zheng, Min, Joy Tio und Thelma D. Palaoag. „Push/Pull Factors, Networks and Rural Labor Migration: Based on the Survey Data of Rural Labor Force in Tobacco Enterprises“. Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, Nr. 5 (30.09.2021): 1656–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.89.
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Objectives: The “push-pull theory” analyzes the dynamic mechanism of the cross-border flow of labor force, and explains that the flow of labor force between countries is generated by the combined action of “push” and “pull”. Tobacco has always been an important cash crop in China, providing a lot of financial support for the rapid development of China’s economy. Tobacco production is the premise of the development of tobacco industry. The shortage of tobacco planting labor force and the decline of quality restrict the tobacco production and the development of the tobacco industry. Based on the “push-pull theory”, the researcher focuses on the survey data of the rural labor force of a specific Labor Cooperation Company. This paper clarified the current situation and transfer characteristics of rural labor force in tobacco areas, discussed the impact of labor force transfer on flue-cured tobacco production, and put forward the strategies to solve the dilemma of rural labor force transfer in tobacco areas.Therefore, the suggestion of taking the city as the center and form a network of migrant workers to enhance the sense of belonging of them is proposed.
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Kanashevskiy, V. A. „Legal problems of using cloud services of foreign providers by Russian banks“. Lex Russica, Nr. 3 (05.04.2019): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.148.3.108-115.
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The paper examines the legal aspects of the use of cloud solutions by Russian banks of foreign providers. Despite the obvious advantages, there are many obstacles to such a use in the Russian legislation, including the lack of general regulation of cloud computing services, requirements for information security (licensing of encryption activities, certification of information systems), requirements of legislation on the localization of personal data databases, electronic databases of banks, etc. Based on the analysis of existing regulations, in particular the industry regulators, the author comes to the conclusion that foreign cloud service providers have the right to provide services to Russian financial institutions under certain conditions: cloud solutions should not include outsourcing of business functions entirely and should not involve the production of internal (domestic) money transfers (payments); foreign cloud provider has taken measures to protect the protected information; cross-border transfer of personal data and bank secrecy should be carried out in an impersonal form, etc.
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Adebiyi, Olubukola Omolara. „Taxation in the Digital Age: An Examination of the Necessity, Feasibility, and Implications of Taxing Virtual Infrastructures“. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting 23, Nr. 23 (20.11.2023): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajeba/2023/v23i231168.
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This research paper explores the feasibility, methods, and implications of taxing virtual infrastructures within the evolving digital landscape and economy; considering the proliferation of digital assets, online transactions, and virtual entities, the taxation of virtual infrastructures becomes imminent as an avenue for government to accumulate revenue for effective government administration. The paper examined the objectives of the study through primary data collected from 320 tax professionals and 297 IT experts to explore the impact of virtual infrastructure taxation on government revenues, the feasibility of taxation models, its effects on innovation and investment in the digital sector, and the challenges of cross-border tax strategies. Findings show that although taxation of virtual infrastructures significantly enhances government revenues, contributing to fiscal sustainability and the funding of public services and infrastructure projects, measures must be put in place to cushion the effect of such taxation on investment and innovation in the digital economy, as the taxation of virtual infrastructures were found to hamper investment and innovation significantly. Also, the implementation of modified traditional and emerging taxation models is shown to increase the feasibility of taxing virtual infrastructures, offering opportunities to enhance government revenues while fostering digital innovation. Data analysis, including Pearson correlation and linear regression methods, was employed to assess the relationships between the variables. Moreover, cross-border tax strategies are found to have negative implications for the taxation of virtual infrastructures, including profit shifting, transfer pricing, and competition among countries to attract digital firms. International cooperation and comprehensive tax reforms are suggested to address these challenges and ensure equitable tax contributions. The study underscores the significance of global collaboration in addressing cross-border taxation challenges and recommends the integration of modern tools and technologies to streamline tax processes while developing modified tax methodologies and policies that suit the digital economy.