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1
Shevchenko, M. S., L. M. Decyatnik und K. A. Derevenets-Shevchenko. „Modern systems of agriculture and a new interpretation of crop rotation value of agricultural crops“. Scientific Journal Grain Crops 4, Nr. 2 (11.12.2020): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0141.
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Based on a broad experimental study of crop rotation productivity in different locations of the Steppe zone, a correlative model for estimating the role of predecessors in the formation of post-crop yields has been developed. The connection between quality of agrotechnologies and change of degree of crop rotation competitiveness of culture is presented. A retrospective analysis of the efficiency of farming and crop rotation systems showed that the constant improvement of varieties and hybrids of crops and technologies for their cultivation created objective agrobiological grounds for reassessment of predecessors in crop rotation. The main motive for this transformation was that in modern agricultural systems, high-potential biotechnological resources allow to obtain higher crop yields on the worst predecessors than on the best in the past. In order to universalize the evaluation of crop rotation efficiency and model their productivity, it is proposed to introduce a crop rotation depression coefficient, which shows the share of yield remaining after individual predecessors compared to its baseline level after black fallow. The most favorable conditions developed after crops with a coefficient above 0,80 – winter wheat, barley, rape, rye, spring barley, oats. At the same time, the development of post-rotational crops was significantly inhibited by sunflower, corn for grain and silage, beets, sorghum and soybeans, their depression coef-ficient was 0,66–0,78. The proposed methodology of system analysis for the assessment of predecessors opens wider opportunities for the formation of adapted crop rotations, optimization the set of crops to market requirements, formation important adjustments to crop rotations in extreme conditions, regulation crop rotation productivity taking into account agrotechnological modernization. Keywords: crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, crops, grain, predecessors, harvest, minimization.
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Prymak, I., L. Karpuk, M. Yermolaev, A. Pavlichenko und L. Filipova. „Main criteria for evaluation of efciency and contradictions in the process of crop rotation implementation“. Agrobìologìâ, Nr. 1(163) (25.05.2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-7-14.
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The nature of subjective positioning on the role of crop rotations in agriculture from many points of view, namely – agrochemical, biological, geological and energetic. This leads to the belief that crop rotation arose as a need for reasonable human interaction with nature, a careful attitude to it. However, a comprehensive ecological and biosphere approach to understanding the essence of crop rotation requires the resolution of certain contradictions that arise in the implementation of modern farming systems. Based on the data of long-term feld experiments, the main indicators of the biological cycle of humus carbon in black soil are calculated. The calculation is based on the balance of humus as the difference between the fnal and initial content and reserves in the soil under different crop rotations. We found that the joint application of organic and mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil and, ultimately, on crop yields and crop rotation productivity. Against this background, a positive balance of humus (+1.29 t/ha) and total nitrogen (+80 kg/ha) in the soil is observed. Strengthening the organic fertilizer system by using, in addition to manure, by-products of crops – cereal straw, peas, corn stalks contributed to the formation of a positive balance of humus and nitrogen in the soil: the annual accumulation of humus was 0.28 t/ha, nitrogen 14 kg/ha. Due to the humifcation of crop residues of cereals, peas and perennial legumes during the 7-year study period in the soil of control crop rotation 1 formed humus 2.85 t/ha, in crop rotation 14 with grasses – 7.0, the rest of crop rotations – from 3.4 up to 4.0 t/ha. In general, 5.5 % of the initial stock of humus or 8.9 t/ha was mineralized in the crop rotation without fertilizers during the specifed period. If we add to this about 3 t/ha of humus, the decomposition of which in the process of mineralization was compensated by plant residues, then during this period decomposed about 12 t/ha of humus. This value of mineralization characterizes the parameters of the biological cycle of humus in the control crop rotation. Key words: soil, fertilizers, crop rotations, crop yield, crop rotation productivity, plant residues, humifcation, humus, humus mineralization, humus balance.
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He, Dun-Chun, Yan-Li Ma, Zhuan-Zhuan Li, Chang-Sui Zhong, Zhao-Bang Cheng und Jiasui Zhan. „Crop Rotation Enhances Agricultural Sustainability: From an Empirical Evaluation of Eco-Economic Benefits in Rice Production“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 2 (21.01.2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020091.
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Cropping systems greatly impact the productivity and resilience of agricultural ecosystems. However, we often lack an understanding of the quantitative interactions among social, economic and ecological components in each of the systems, especially with regard to crop rotation. Current production systems cannot guarantee both high profits in the short term and social and ecological benefits in the long term. This study combined statistic and economic models to evaluate the comprehensive effects of cropping systems on rice production using data collected from experimental fields between 2017 and 2018. The results showed that increasing agricultural diversity through rotations, particularly potato–rice rotation (PR), significantly increased the social, economic and ecological benefits of rice production. Yields, profits, profit margins, weighted dimensionless values of soil chemical and physical (SCP) and heavy metal (SHM) traits, benefits and externalities generated by PR and other rotations were generally higher than successive rice cropping. This suggests that agricultural diversity through rotations, particularly PR rotation, is worth implementing due to its overall benefits generated in rice production. However, due to various nutrient residues from preceding crops, fertilizer application should be rationalized to improve the resource and investment efficiency. Furthermore, we internalized the externalities (hidden ecological and social benefits/costs) generated by each of the rotation systems and proposed ways of incenting farmers to adopt crop rotation approaches for sustainable rice production.
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Canner, Stephen R., L. J. Wiles, Robert H. Erskine, Gregory S. McMaster, Gale H. Dunn und James C. Ascough. „Modeling With Limited Data: The Influence of Crop Rotation and Management on Weed Communities and Crop Yield Loss“. Weed Science 57, Nr. 2 (April 2009): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-036.1.
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Theory and models of crop yield loss from weed competition have led to decision models to help growers choose cost-effective weed management. These models are available for multiple-species weed communities in a single season of several crops. Growers also rely on crop rotation for weed control, yet theory and models of weed population dynamics have not led to similar tools for planning of crop rotations for cost-effective weed management. Obstacles have been the complexity of modeling the dynamics of multiple populations of weed species compared to a single species and lack of data. We developed a method to use limited, readily observed data to simulate population dynamics and crop yield loss of multiple-species weed communities in response to crop rotation, tillage system, and specific weed management tactics. Our method is based on the general theory of density dependence of plant productivity and extensive use of rectangular hyperbolic equations for describing crop yield loss as a function of weed density. Only two density-independent parameters are required for each species to represent differences in seed bank mortality, emergence, and maximum seed production. One equation is used to model crop yield loss and density-dependent weed seed production as a function of crop and weed density, relative time of weed and crop emergence, and differences among species in competitive ability. The model has been parameterized for six crops and 15 weeds, and limited evaluation indicates predictions are accurate enough to highlight potential weed problems and solutions when comparing alternative crop rotations for a field. The model has been incorporated into a decision support tool for whole-farm management so growers in the Central Great Plains of the United States can compare alternative crop rotations and how their choice influences farm income, herbicide use, and control of weeds in their fields.
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Ismaeel, A., und Q. Zhou. „EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL INFORMATION TO MAP CROP ROTATION IN COMPLEX IRRIGATED INDUS BASIN“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (30.04.2018): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-617-2018.
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Accurate information of crop rotation in large basin is essential for policy decisions on land, water and nutrient resources around the world. Crop area estimation using low spatial resolution remote sensing data is challenging in a large heterogeneous basin having more than one cropping seasons. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of two phenological datasets individually and in combined form to map crop rotations in complex irrigated Indus basin without image segmentation. Phenology information derived from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI) of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, having 8-day temporal and 1000 m spatial resolution, was used in the analysis. An unsupervised (temporal space clustering) to supervised (area knowledge and phenology behavior) classification approach was adopted to identify 13 crop rotations. Estimated crop area was compared with reported area collected by field census. Results reveal that combined dataset (NDVI*LAI) performs better in mapping wheat-rice, wheat-cotton and wheat-fodder rotation by attaining root mean square error (RMSE) of 34.55, 16.84, 20.58 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 24.56 %, 36.82 %, 30.21 % for wheat, rice and cotton crop respectively. For sugarcane crop mapping, LAI produce good results by achieving RMSE of 8.60 and MAPE of 34.58 %, as compared to NDVI (10.08, 40.53 %) and NDVI*LAI (10.83, 39.45 %). The availability of major crop rotation statistics provides insight to develop better strategies for land, water and nutrient accounting frameworks to improve agriculture productivity.
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Al-Khafaji, Riyadh T., Erin E. Gunnink Troth, Kris N. Lambert, Jeffrey A. Johnston und Alan T. Dyer. „Pathotypes Detected Among Populations of Pratylenchus neglectus Collected From Montana“. Plant Disease 103, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2019): 3259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2234-re.
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The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus, is one of the most damaging nematodes to affect wheat worldwide. The nematode is widely distributed in Montana, primarily affecting winter wheat within the state. Managing the nematode primarily involves rotation to resistant and moderately resistant crops (peas, lentils, and barley). A nematode survey was conducted across the state nearly 10 years after an initial survey, to reassess the nematode threat and assess the impact of changing trends in crop rotations. To assess the broad applicability of rotation crops to control P. neglectus across Montana, greenhouse trials were conducted to challenge rotational crops using eight populations of P. neglectus collected from geographically diverse locations across the state. In the trials, conducted with four Montana crops, a significant interaction was detected between crop and nematode population (analysis of variance P < 0.001). Populations from Hill, Dawson, and Chouteau counties were found to be pathogenic on barley. Male nematodes were detected in seven of the eight pot culture populations, and these were confirmed to be P. neglectus by morphological and molecular methods. These results suggest a re-evaluation of barley and lentils as a management option for P. neglectus in Montana, as pathotypes for each exist within the state.
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SOLER, C. M. TOJO, V. B. BADO, K. TRAORE, W. MCNAIR BOSTICK, J. W. JONES und G. HOOGENBOOM. „Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach“. Journal of Agricultural Science 149, Nr. 5 (28.01.2011): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000050.
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SUMMARYIn recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farakô-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum–fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Young, Douglas L. „Role of economic analysis in the evaluation of new dryland technologies“. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 11, Nr. 2-3 (September 1996): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300006913.
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AbstractAn evaluation of agricultural systems often involves multidisciplinary teams that include crop scientists, animal scientists, soil scientists, pest control specialists, agricultural economists, and others. Agricultural economists can improve the technical quality and comprehe nsiveness of agricultural systems research in six major areas: budgeting and investment analyses; whole-farm and institutional factors; risk considerations; aggregate effects on crop and livestock prices; society-wide welfare effects of technical or policy changes; and economic values of environmental and other nonmarket effects. Economic analysis has been part of several successful multidisciplinary research efforts in the United States Pacific Northwest. These have covered soil conservation, integrated pest management, sustainable agriculture, crop rotation choice, and beef ranch management. As an example of institutional influences on economic outcomes, one study showed that the structure and selectivity of United States commodity programs have favored conventional over low-input rotations. Regarding risk management, an appropriate “package system” including conservation tillage, a diversified crop rotation, and adequate chemical weed management was shown both to sustain profitability and to reduce income fluctuations. Properly designed economic analysis can make similar contributions to identifying successful dryl and agricultural technologies throughout the world.
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ALLESINA, Giulio, Simone PEDRAZZI, Carlo Alberto RINALDINI, Tommaso SAVIOLI, Nicolo MORSELLI, Enrico MATTARELLI und Paolo TARTARINI. „ICOPE-15-1003 Experimental-analytical evaluation of sustainable syngas-biodiesel CHP systems based on oleaginous crop rotation“. Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2015.12 (2015): _ICOPE—15——_ICOPE—15—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2015.12._icope-15-_1.
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Takáč, Jozef, Bernard Šiška und Vladimír Píš. „Evaluation of Adaptive Measures to Reduce Climate Change Impact on Soil Organic Carbon Stock In Žitný Ostrov Region“. Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 57, Nr. 3 (01.10.2011): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10207-011-0009-9.
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Evaluation of Adaptive Measures to Reduce Climate Change Impact on Soil Organic Carbon Stock In Žitný Ostrov RegionClimate change impacts on soil organic carbon sequestration rate were simulated by agroecological model DAISY. Daily meteorological data for the Danubian Lowland up to 2100 were generated according to emission scenarios SRES A2 and B1 using general circulation model CGCM3.1. Effect of gradual increase of CO2concentration in the atmosphere was taken into account. Various crop rotations as well as various management practices including irrigation and crop residuals incorporation were considered in three variants: i/ rainfed, residuals not incorporated, ii/ irrigated, residuals not incorporated, iii/ summer crops irrigated and residuals incorporated. Modelling outputs confirm that conventional rainfed agro-technical practices without incorporation of crop residues resulted to significant loss of soil organic carbon in soil profile towards more distanced time slices. The irrigation and the incorporation of crop residuals including stems and leaves can reduce soil organic carbon losses. If it is combined with proper crop rotation the soil organic carbon stock in soil profile can even increase.
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Ushkarenko, V. O., und K. V. Dudchenko. „EVALUATION OF AGRO-AMELIORATIVE CONDITION OF THE MAIN TYPES OF SOILS OF RICE CROP ROTATION“. Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", Nr. 1 (22.07.2019): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201901-158.
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Relevance of research. The most common irrigation regime for rise in the world is constant flooding.
Soils of rice crop rotation undergo significant changes during the construction of rice irrigation systems, and during their operation. This leads to the formation of so-called "rice soils" that is the result of the transformation of full-profile soils, which were partially or completely disturbed when planning and building rice checks. Keeping the water layer in the field for 4-5 months leads to irreversible changes in the morphological, physical and chemical soil properties. Therefore, it is relevant to determine the indicators of the soil cover, taking into account the features of the soils of rice crop rotations, in order to prevent the development of degradation processes and increase the productivity of rice crop rotation.
The purpose of the study is to determine the main indicators of soil cover of rice crop rotation and their testing on a rice irrigation system with an area of 190 hectares.
Methods and methods of research. During the study the following methods were used: field method - to study the basic soil properties; laboratory one - to study of physical and chemical, ameliorative, agrochemical soil properties and chemical composition of irrigation, subsoil, drainage and waste water; mathematical and statistical, comparative and retrospective - to evaluate the study results of the basic soil fertility indices.
The research was carried out in the area of a rice irrigation system with 8-field crop rotation, where the proportion of rice does not exceed 50%. Rice was grown in accordance with the technology of rice growing, taking into account environmental protection requirements. For the companion crops, commonly used cultivation technologies were used. The system has been operated in a project mode for 50 years. The soil cover of the investigated system is represented by dark chestnut alkalized (72.9 hectares), meadow solonetz(18.9 hectares) and meadow chestnut alkalized (75.8 hectare) soil types.
Research results. On the basis of analysis of retrospective data of monitoring study of the main indicators of agro-amelioration status of soils under rice crop rotation, the indicators of soil condition for the main soil types of rice irrigation systems were determined: groundwater level, groundwater mineralization, content of light-soluble salts in arable layer, chlorine ions content in soil-water extract, toxic salt content, soil salt balance, humus content, the content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen compounds, the density of upper humus layer, the content of air-dry aggregates, content of water-stable aggregates.
Conclusions. The approbation of the developed soil condition indicators on the rice irrigation system of the Rice Institute of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences was carried out, which enabled to identify the main problems and specify the ways to overcome them. In the areas with meadow chestnut alkalized and meadow solonetzsoil types, it is necessary to increase their drainage capacity, namely to repair drainage networks. In the whole area of the investigated rice irrigation system, it is necessary to increase the proportion of perennial legumes and fallow land in the crop rotation, to do soil slitting or other types of mechanical soil treatments to improve its structural and aggregate composition, in particular, the content of air-dry soil aggregates in size of 0.25-10,00 mm and water-stable soil aggregates larger than 25 mm.
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Muchová, Z. „Changes in technological quality of food wheat in a four crop rotation“. Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 4 (10.12.2011): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4105-pse.
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The evaluation of technological characteristics of food wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), grown in a four crop rotation (corn, barley, pea, wheat) since 1994, is presented. Samples of grain, whole grain meals, and flours of the varieties Vlada and Samanta were analyzed. The samples originated from field trials at a research base nearNitra. All important methods of the assessment of the raw material technological quality (intended use for milling and baking) were applied. A total of 22 characteristics were evaluated (15 of them are shown in Table 1). The highest abundance of highly significant (significance levels being results of both parametric and nonparametric methods) changes (a £ 0.01) in quantity (grain and flour yield) and quality (gluten and its properties, water-binding capacity of flour, a-amylase activity) was observed between different years (7). The soil management methods (3; 2 + 1) had a significant (a £ 0.05) influence on the test weight (grain volume mass) and gluten content. In interaction with the year (as a factor), they significantly influenced gluten swelling number (Q-number) and highly significantly the activity of a-amylases. Highly significant differences were also found between varieties (2; 1/1), significant ones in interaction with soil management. Fertilization (3) and other interactions of factors were not statistically significant. Parameter means for factor levels (along with statistical significance of the influence of particular factors) and simple quality coefficients (used for the ranking of factor levels) are shown in Table 1.
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Berdnikov, О. М., V. V. Volkohon, L. V. Potapenko und S. F. Kozar. „AGROCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF BIOPREPARATIONS IN A HIGHLY CROP ROTATION“. Agriciltural microbiology 31 (07.07.2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.31.44-50.
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Objective. Determine the parameters of uptake of organic matter and biogenic elements withby-products of crops under the use of mineral and green-manure-mineral fertilization systems andmicrobial preparations. Methods. Field experiment, agrochemical, balance, statistical. Results.Under the conditions of short crop rotation “winter wheat – intermediate green manure – corn forgrain – soybean – winter wheat”, the influence of microbial preparations Biogran (on the basis ofnitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense 410 and physiologically active substances) forcorn and Nitro-Legu (on the basis of complex of diazotrophs Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Azospirillum brasilense and polysaccharide) for soybeans on crop yields, uptake of by-products in the soil,balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium depending on fertilization systems. Under exposureto biopreparations, uptake of corn by-product in the soil increased by 1.41–2.12 t/ha, soybeans —by 0.51–0.71 t/ha of dry matter, depending on the agrarian backgrounds, which, taking into account the humification factors, can provide soil replenishment with humus at the level of 0.31 to0.47 t/ha and 0.12–0.17 t/ha, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus balances, as well as their intensity under the mineral fertilization system were positive. Green-manure-mineral fertilization system and pre-sowing bacterization of seeds helped to improve the parameters compared to the mineral fertilization system. Potassium balance was slightly deficient (–16.2 to 20.4 kg/ha at a balanceintensity of 78–80 %) under exposure to the mineral fertilization system and positive under exposure to green-manure-mineral system. Microbial preparations helped to improve parameters. Additional uptake of the biogenic element compounds in the soil provided an increase in the yield ofwinter wheat. According to the results of the evaluation of the balance of the key nutrients, a satisfactory ecological balance was created in the short crop rotation under exposure to green-manuremineral fertilization system and pre-sowing bacterization of corn and soybean seeds. Conclusion. Upon evaluation of the efficacy of microbial preparations in crop cultivation technologies, theparameters of uptake of organic matter and biogenic element compounds with by-products in the arable soil layer should be taken into account along with their direct effect on yield formation andproduct quality.
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Potapenko, L. V., L. M. Skachok und N. I. Horbachenko. „ECONOMIC AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZING SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS UNDER ACTION OF MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS IN SHORT ROTATION OF CROPS“. Agriciltural microbiology 28 (10.07.2018): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.28.63-69.
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Objective. Carry out economic and energy evaluation of fertilizing systems of agricultural crops, including for the use of microbial preparations.
Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical-economic, calculation-comparative.
Results. On the basis of studies in a long-term field experiment on sod-podzolic soils, economic and energy estimation of crop cultivation in the crop rotation line: lupine - winter rye – potato - oats-was carried out depending on fertilizing systems and pre-seed bacterization of seeds. The prospect of improved organomineral fertilizing system “animal manure + NPK + green manure” has been shown. This fertilizing system provides growth of the conditionally pure profit of crop rotation by UAH 6,922/ha. Using fertilizing system “animal manure + NPK + green manure” for cultures of crop rotation provides an opportunity to increase the conditionally pure profit 2.2 times in comparison with the mineral fertilizing system. With the addition of green manuring to mineral fertilizing system, the conditionally net profit increased from UAH 3,066 to UAH 4,598/ha, or by 50 %. Due to the use of microbial preparations for inoculation of seeds, the profit increases by UAH 1,641/ha, and the return on costs is provided for UAH 1 at the level of UAH 5.09 to 8.10. For energy efficiency, the alternative organic-mineral fertilizing system (animal manure + NPK + green manure) exceeded the traditional one (animal manure + NPK) by 43 % without the use of microbial preparations and by 61 % using biopreparations, and mineral – 2.6 times. The obtained results demonstrate significant prospects for the biological factors of fertilization of crops for their cultivation in short crop rotation.
Conclusion. The application of organo-mineral fertilizing system (animal manure + NPK + green manure) in combination with microbial preparations in the cultivation of crops in short crop rotation provides high economic and energy efficiency.
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Strašil, Zdeněk, Milan Vach und Vladimír Smutný. „The Energy Effectiveness Of Crops In Crop Rotation Under Different Soil Tillage Systems“. Agriculture (Polnohospodárstvo) 61, Nr. 3 (01.09.2015): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2015-0013.
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Abstract The paper identifies and compares the energy balance of winter wheat, spring barley and white mustard – all grown in crop rotation under different tillage conditions. The field trial included the conventional tillage (CT) method, minimum tillage (MT) and a system with no tillage (NT). The energy inputs included both the direct and indirect energy component. Energy outputs are evaluated as gross calorific value (gross heating value of phytomass dry matter) of the primary product and the total harvested production. The energy effectiveness (energy output: energy input) was selected for evaluation. The greatest energy effectiveness for the primary product was established as 6.35 for barley, 6.04 for wheat and 3.68 for mustard; in the case of total production, it was 9.82 for barley, 10.08 for wheat and 9.72 for mustard. When comparing the different tillage conditions, the greatest energy effectiveness was calculated for the evaluated crops under the MT operation and represented the primary product of wheat at 6.49, barley at 6.69 and mustard at 3.92. The smallest energy effectiveness for the primary product was found in wheat 5.77 and barley 6.10 under the CT option; it was 3.55 for mustard under the option of NT. Throughout the entire cropping pattern, the greatest energy effectiveness was established under the minimum tillage option – 5.70 for the primary product and 10.47 for the total production. On the other hand, the smallest values were calculated under CT – 5.22 for the primary product and 9.71 for total production.
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Miller, D. R., S. Y. Chen, P. M. Porter, G. A. Johnson, D. L. Wyse, S. R. Stetina, L. D. Klossner und G. A. Nelson. „Rotation Crop Evaluation for Management of the Soybean Cyst Nematode in Minnesota“. Agronomy Journal 98, Nr. 3 (Mai 2006): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0185.
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Pokhrel, S., und S. Pokhrel. „Legumes crop rotation can improve food and nutrition security in Nepal“. Agronomy Journal of Nepal 3 (24.10.2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9014.
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An intensive review of the literatures was made to access the importance of crop rotation for sustainable agriculture in Nepal. Result shows that an appropriate crop sequences improves soil fertility, reduces fertilizer cost, controls soil erosion, makes environment healthy, increases crop yields and develop sustainable crop production in the long run. Based on the study, identification of location specific crop sequences, their extension and evaluation of the impact on food production are recommended. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 123-127 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9014
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Pankhurst, CE, BG Hawke, HJ McDonald, CA Kirkby, JC Buckerfield, P. Michelsen, KA O'Brien, VVSR Gupta und BM Doube. „Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, Nr. 7 (1995): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951015.
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Two long-term field trials in South Australia were used to detect and characterise changes in soil biological properties that were a consequence of different agricultural management. The properties examined were total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes; total pseudomonads; cellulolytic bacteria and fungi; mycorrhizal fungi; plant root pathogens (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium irregulare); bacterial-feeding protozoa; soil mesofauna (collembola and acari); earthworms; microbial biomass; C and N mineralisation; in situ CO2 respiration; cellulose decomposition; and soil enzyme activity (peptidase, phosphatase, sulfatase). The sensitivity of these biological properties was assessed to tillage (no-tillage v. conventional cultivation), stubble management (stubble retained v. stubble harvested), crop rotation (continuous wheat v. wheat-sown pasture), and N fertilisation (nil v. 80 kg N/ha applied during the crop phase). Tillage, stubble management, crop rotation, and N fertilisation significantly (P<0.01) affected C mineralisation and microbial biomass. Tillage with stubble management significantly affected root pathogenic fungi, protozoa, collembola, earthworms, and cellulose decomposition. Crop rotation affected mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and soil peptidase activity, and N fertiliser had a significant effect on mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and cellulose decomposition. As these biological properties are responsive to agricultural management, they may have potential as bioindicators. Total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, cellulosedecomposing bacteria and fungi, soil phosphatase and sulfatase activity, and N mineralisation were less affected by these treatments and may therefore have limited potential as bioindicators.
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Borsato, Eros, Alejandro Galindo, Paolo Tarolli, Luigi Sartori und Francesco Marinello. „Evaluation of the Grey Water Footprint Comparing the Indirect Effects of Different Agricultural Practices“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 11 (01.11.2018): 3992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113992.
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Increasing global food demand and economic growth result in increasing competition over scarce freshwater resources, worsened by climate change and pollution. The agricultural sector has the largest share in the water footprint of humanity. While most studies focus on estimating water footprints (WFs) of crops through modeling, there are only few experimental field studies. The current work aims to understand the effect of supposedly better agricultural practices, particularly precision agriculture (variable rate application of fertilizers and pesticides) and conservation agriculture (minimum, strip, or no-tillage), on water deterioration and water pollution. We analyzed the results from an experimental field study in the northeast of Italy, in which four different crops are grown across three years of crops rotation. We compared minimum, strip, and no-tillage systems undergoing variable to uniform rate application. Grey WFs are assessed based on a field dataset using yield maps data, soil texture, and crop operations field. Leaching and associated grey WFs are assessed based on application rates and various environmental factors. Yields are measured in the field and recorded in a precision map. The results illustrate how precision agriculture combined with soil conservation tillage systems can reduce the grey water footprint by the 10%. We assessed the grey Water Footprint for all the field operation processes during the three-year crop rotation.
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Keatinge, J. D. H., und K. Somel. „Guidelines for Improved Agronomic Management and Economic Evaluation of Crop Rotation Trials in Mediterranean Environments“. Experimental Agriculture 29, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1993): 437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021153.
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SummaryThis paper offers guidelines for successful crop rotation trials derived from experience at ICARDA in the period 1980–1990. Emphasis is placed on the need to determine realistically the likelihood of the long-term, successful completion of the trial and the importance of considering carefully experimental design criteria prior to trial establishment. This involves assessment of what primary and secondary information to collect for the trial, and over what duration, in order to ensure an appropriate return for the large investment generally undertaken in any crop rotation trial.Principios para ensayos con rotación de cultivos
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Kvasnitska, L. S. „Productivity of short-term crop rotation sones of sufficient moisture Right-Bank Forest“. Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, Nr. 92 (16.05.2017): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.50-53.
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It is presented the results of the comparative evaluation of five-fields rotation, rich in grain and industrial crops, it is determinedthe most productive set of options that offer high and sustainable yield of crops, high energy and economic efficiency in the conditions of sufficient moisture Right-Bank Forest. It is found that the highest overall performance of all experimental rotation - out of 1 hectare of arable land fodder units - 10.60 m and digestible protein - 0.789 tonnes was received in rotation with 20% saturation of sugar beets and soybeans, 60% of crops for mineral fertilizer system. High levels of energy efficiency in rotation were received with 20% saturated white mustard, soya and 60% of grain crops. The energy efficiency ratio was 4.65 standard units
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Colbach, Nathalie, und Philippe Debaeke. „Integrating crop management and crop rotation effects into models of weed population dynamics: a review“. Weed Science 46, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1998): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500089761.
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Current weed demography models were reviewed to evaluate how the effects of cultural practices on weed dynamics were integrated into the models and to suggest possible ways to improve the simulation of cropping system effects. Several models were chosen to illustrate the interactions between cropping systems and weed dynamics. The first one described the structure of the weed life cycle. The second model integrated the effects of a wide set of cultural practices; the comparison of this example with other models suggested how the integration of cropping system effects could be improved. The last two models introduced the interactions of cultural practices with intraplot weed variability, either spatial variability of weed densities or genetic and phenotypic variability within weed populations. This review indicates some ways to make weed population models more comprehensive, robust, and accurate in order to improve their contribution to the evaluation and management of cropping systems.
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Bulyhin, S., und O. Tonkha. „Biological evaluation of the rationality of soil usage in agriculture“. Agricultural Science and Practice 5, Nr. 1 (15.04.2018): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp5.01.023.
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Aim. To perform biological evaluation of 60-year-long application of different variants of fertilization in terms of the number of microorganisms, transforming the compounds of nitrogen and carbon. Methods. Microbiological methods – determining the number of microorganisms, transforming the organic compounds and nitrogen, statistical processing. Results. It was determined that the application of a crop rotation with legumes and the variant with complete mineral fertilization on meadow-chernozem carbonate soils formed a balanced composition of microbial cenosis and the most optimal conditions for humus accumulation and nitrogen transformation. Conclusions. The microbiological monitoring demonstrated that it is possible to achieve non-degradation development of meadow-chernozem soil at the quasi-stable level in case of applying the 10-fi eld crop rotation with legumes (clover) and complete mineral fertilization.
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Nizkiy, Sergei, und Aleksei Muratov. „On the issue of involving abandoned agricultural land in crop rotation“. E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020302005.
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In the nineties of the last century due to the known economic stress experienced in this time in Russia there were more than fifty million hectors of arable lands withdrawn from the Russian agricultural turnover. There are more than one million hectors of such arable deserted lands in the Amur Region of the Russian Federation (The Far Eastern part of Russia). These arable lands have turned into deteriorating lands in abeyance being colonized by weeds and periodically attacked by fires. As a result of this, these promising agricultural lands, being used for the food supply and forage resources production, have lost their primary purpose of use. It has become a serious national economic problem. Nowadays there is a gradual inclusion of such arable lands into soya and wheat production. The conduction of agrochemical and geo-botanical research needed for suitability evaluation of such arable lands for soya and wheat species cultivation is to a certain degree very expensive and time-consuming procedure. Our research work suggests implementing resources-evaluating method which implies one-time route study in the period of mass flowering of plants and identifying the plants of the arable lands that have resource value. If the number of these plants exceeds eighty percent in relation to the whole species composition, then such arable lands are considered to be suitable for crop rotation. If this ratio is less than sixty percent, then it is necessary to take extra measures in order to reduce the number of weeds and woody plants on such arable lands.
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Hama, Takehide, Toshio Fujimi, Takeo Shima, Kei Ishida, Yasunori Kawagoshi und Hiroaki Ito. „Evaluation of groundwater recharge by rice and crop rotation fields in Kumamoto, Japan“. Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, Nr. 4 (16.09.2019): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.045.
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Abstract In Kumamoto, Japan, about one million people depend for all their water on groundwater resources. Paddy fields and rice farming in the middle river watershed area make a large contribution to the groundwater recharge. In our research, an environmental measure (artificial flooding for groundwater recharge) conducted by local governments is evaluated. Hydrological measurement was conducted in a paddy plot in the area. A simple model of water distribution was developed on the basis of the field measurement. Then, drought risk in the paddy-field district was estimated using the model and GIS data. The results reveal that the fields with a high percolation rate of more than 30 mm/d result in inefficient use of irrigation water although they have large potential for groundwater recharge. In addition, the water distribution model suggests that environmental measures can increase the risk of water shortage in the paddy-field district due to the farmers' careless use of water.
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González U., Jorge, Pablo Undurraga, Juan Hirzel und Ingrid Martínez G. „Economic evaluation of a crop rotation portfolio for irrigated farms in central Chile“. Chilean journal of agricultural research 73, Nr. 3 (September 2013): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-58392013000300006.
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Tremblay, G. J., J. Boisvert, G. É. Fréchette, M. Saulnier, R. Alexandre und A. Vanasse. „Évaluation à moyen terme des besoins en engrais minéraux (N, P, K) d'une rotation en grandes cultures sur sol argileux“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, Nr. 4 (Juli 2011): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10013.
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Tremblay, G. J., Boisvert, J., Fréchette, G. É., Saulnier, M., Alexandre, R. and Vanasse, A. 2011. Mid term evaluation of mineral fertilizer requirements (N, P, K) of a field crop rotation on a clay soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 637–646. In Quebec, the recommended fertilizer requirements have been lowered since 1994. A study was undertaken from 1998 to 2005 in a 4-yr rotation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and grain corn (Zea mays L.) to verify the mid-term mineral fertilizer requirements (N, P, K) for these field crops. Four levels of nitrogen (N) and three levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were compared on a clay soil of the Saint-Lawrence Lowlands. Nitrogen requirements based on this study corresponded to the recommended levels of each field crop tested. Recommended phosphorus rates did not maintain initial PM-III soil level (1998). However, crop yields were not affected by this decrease in soil PM-III level. To improve fertilizer recommendation tables, it should be relevant to determine with more accuracy the critical phosphorus and potassium values for field crops on other typical Quebec soils.
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Campos, Ben-Hur Costa de, Telmo Jorge Carneiro Amado, Carlos Gustavo Tornquist, Rodrigo da Silveira Nicoloso und Jackson Ernani Fiorin. „Long-term C-CO2 emissions and carbon crop residue mineralization in an oxisol under different tillage and crop rotation systems“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, Nr. 3 (Juni 2011): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000300017.
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Soil C-CO2 emissions are sensitive indicators of management system impacts on soil organic matter (SOM). The main soil C-CO2 sources at the soil-plant interface are the decomposition of crop residues, SOM turnover, and respiration of roots and soil biota. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of tillage and cropping systems on long-term soil C-CO2 emissions and their relationship with carbon (C) mineralization of crop residues. A long-term experiment was conducted in a Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil, with subtropical climate Cfa (Köppen classification), mean annual precipitation of 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature of 19.2 ºC. Treatments consisted of two tillage systems: (a) conventional tillage (CT) and (b) no tillage (NT) in combination with three cropping systems: (a) R0- monoculture system (soybean/wheat), (b) R1- winter crop rotation (soybean/wheat/soybean/black oat), and (c) R2- intensive crop rotation (soybean/ black oat/soybean/black oat + common vetch/maize/oilseed radish/wheat). The soil C-CO2 efflux was measured every 14 days for two years (48 measurements), by trapping the CO2 in an alkaline solution. The soil gravimetric moisture in the 0-0.05 m layer was determined concomitantly with the C-CO2 efflux measurements. The crop residue C mineralization was evaluated with the mesh-bag method, with sampling 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 days after the beginning of the evaluation period for C measurements. Four C conservation indexes were used to assess the relation between C-CO2 efflux and soil C stock and its compartments. The crop residue C mineralization fit an exponential model in time. For black oat, wheat and maize residues, C mineralization was higher in CT than NT, while for soybean it was similar. Soil moisture was higher in NT than CT, mainly in the second year of evaluation. There was no difference in tillage systems for annual average C-CO2 emissions, but in some individual evaluations, differences between tillage systems were noticed for C-CO2 evolution. Soil C-CO2 effluxes followed a bi-modal pattern, with peaks in October/November and February/March. The highest emission was recorded in the summer and the lowest in the winter. The C-CO2 effluxes were weakly correlated to air temperature and not correlated to soil moisture. Based on the soil C conservation indexes investigated, NT associated to intensive crop rotation was more C conserving than CT with monoculture.
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Kamoshita, Akihiko, Masaya Ishikawa2, Jun Abe und Hiromi Imoto. „Evaluation of Water-Saving Rice-Winter Crop Rotation System in a Suburb of Tokyo“. Plant Production Science 10, Nr. 2 (Januar 2007): 219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.10.219.
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Jing, Y. D., Z. L. He, X. E. Yang und C. Y. Sun. „Evaluation of Soil Tests for Plant‐available Mercury in a Soil–Crop Rotation System“. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 39, Nr. 19-20 (November 2008): 3032–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620802432907.
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Kubát, J., J. Klír und D. Pova. „The dry nitrogen yields nitrogen uptake, and the efficacy on nitrogen fertilisation in long-term experiment in Prague“. Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (10.12.2011): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4134-pse.
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Long-term field experiments conducted under different soil and climate conditions and their databases provide invaluable information and are indispensable means in the study of the productivity and sustainability of the soil management systems. We evaluated the results of the dry matter yields of the main products obtained with four variants of organic and mineral fertilisation in three long-term field experiments established in 1955. The experiments differed in the cultivated crops. The period of evaluation was 12 and 16 years (1985–2000), respectively. The productivity of nine-year crop rotation was lower with the fertilised variants than that with the alternative growing of spring wheat and sugar beets. The dry matter yields on the Nil variants, however, were higher in the crop rotation than in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, apparently due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The dry matter yields of sugar beet and mainly of spring wheat declined in almost all variants of fertilisation in the alternate sugar beet and spring wheat growing, over the evaluated time period. In spite of the relatively high dry matter production, the declining yields indicated a lower sustainability of the alternate cropping system. Both organic and mineral fertilisation increased the production of the cultivated crops. The differences in the average dry matter yields were statistically significant. Both organic and mineral fertilisation enhanced significantly the N-uptake by the cultivated crops. The effectivity of nitrogen input was the highest with the alternate cropping of sugar beet and spring wheat indicating that it was more demanding for the external N-input and thus less sustainable than nine-year crop rotation.
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Šteinberga, Vilhelmīne, Olga Mutere, Inga Jansone, Ina Alsiņa und Laila Dubova. „Effect of Buckwheat and Potato as Forecrops on Soil Microbial Properties in Crop Rotation“. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences 66, Nr. 4-5 (01.12.2012): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-012-0027-7.
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Field trials were carried out at the experimental cereal breeding fields in Stende (Latvia), an area characterized by a northern temperate climate. The soil had been under short-term organic or conventional crop management and was then subjected to crop rotation, using buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as the forecrops; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) as the following crops; and two fertilizer regimes under common organic and conventional practices. As the evaluation criteria of the soil quality, physico-chemical (pH value, organic matter, N, P, K) were tested. In addition, the following biological properties were estimated: plate counts of different physiological groups of microorganisms, soil microbial respiration, enzymatic activity (urease, dehydrogenase and fluoresceine diacetate hydrolysis) of soil microorganisms. Soil microbial respiration activity, FDA hydrolysis and urease activity showed a tendency to decrease in the soil after potato cultivation as the forecrop. The number of bacteria was higher in plots with wheat, and the actinomycete count was lower after oat cultivation. The number of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, as well as soil microbial respiration and enzymatic activity, fluctuated due to weather seasonality.
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Zemko, Martin, Peter Petluš und Viera Petlušová. „Agricultural utilisation and potential suitability of the Sysľovské polia Special Protection Area (south-western Slovakia) landscape in relation to the habitat requirements of the red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus)“. Slovak Raptor Journal 11, Nr. 1 (01.12.2017): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/srj-2017-0010.
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Abstract Intensification of land use in an agricultural landscape significantly affects biodiversity also in protected areas. This can be observed in the Sysľovské polia Special Protection Area in relation to the occurrence of the red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus). The objective of this study was to evaluate the landscape structure and suitability of agrotechnical procedures for the habitat demands of this species in the course of the period from 2004 until 2017. The utilisation was assessed on the basis of four landscape elements representation in 1949 and 2017. The next step was analysis of landscape patches. The aim was to quantify the diversity and the spatial structure of the landscape mosaic using Shannon’s Diversity Index and Evenness Index as well as Simpson’s Diversity Index and Evenness Index and spatial pattern analysis in the Fragstats software programme. Assessment of crop suitability was carried out according to the following criteria: representation of positive/negative agricultural crops, diversity of crops in crop rotation, and (non-)observance of crop rotation. It was found that the agricultural landscape use did not change significantly. The study area has been used as an intensively-farmed agricultural landscape for a long time. The landscape elements have remained almost identical, with dominance of arable land. Differences emerged in the analysis of the micropatches, which are represented by natural hedgerows consisting of various species of trees, shrubs and grasses. The results show a decrease in the diversity of patches and changes in the structure of the landscape patches, which may be important in terms of the preservation of the habitat of fauna which form an important part of the F vespertinus diet. On the basis of the evaluation of the suitability of agricultural crop growing, we found that there were some areas showing negative values in all the criteria, and thus they require changes in the crop rotation focusing on increasing positive crop diversity and the share of grassland.
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Vach, M., Z. Strašil und M. Javůrek. „Economic Efficiency of Selected Crops Cultivated under Different Technology of Soil Tillage“. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 47, Nr. 1 (01.03.2016): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2016-0007.
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Abstract The objective of this study was the model comparison and economic evaluation of different methods of soil tillage and crop stand establishments used. Based on yield results (winter wheat, spring barley, and white mustard cultivated in three-crop rotation) from field experiments with conventional, conservation with minimum tillage, and no-tillage methods conducted at the site Prague-Ruzyně, model economic balances were evaluated. Prices of the main products were determined based on the yield results from the period 2010-2013 and the current market prices. In the individual tillage systems, the total costs of production of evaluated crops were counted up and profitability was calculated as a ratio of profit to total costs. The highest total costs of crop cultivation were identified in cereals under conventional soil tillage, on the contrary, the lowest in cereals cultivated under conservation tillage technology. As for the growing technologies, the highest profitability was found in winter wheat, as for the tillage methods, it was in the conservation variant with minimum tillage. The economic evaluation for individual crops was based on standards of growing technologies and particular work operations.
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Rokochynskyy, Anatoly, Sergey Mendus und Turchenyuk Basil. „SUBSTANTIATION OF EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR OVERALL FUNCTIONING EFFICIENCY OF UKRAINIAN DANUBE RICE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS“. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 3, Nr. 1 (30.06.2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4722.
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The paper presents the results of studies the efficiency of the Danube rice irrigation systems south of Ukraine on the basis of appropriate analysis of productivity leading rice rotation culture - the culture of rice. Substantiated a set of indicators covering different aspects of the complex process of formation of a crop of rice crop, with the aim of improving and optimizing the management of rice irrigation system in compliance with the modern ecological and economic requirements.
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Ogles, Charles Zachry, Joseph M. Kemble, Amy N. Wright und Elizabeth A. Guertal. „Evaluation of an Organic Nitrogen Source in a Yellow Squash–Collard Rotation“. HortScience 50, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.1.51.
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In-season nitrogen (N) management is a common challenge in organic vegetable production. This is especially true when using polyethylene mulch combined with fertigation. Soluble organic N sources suitable for fertigation in organic vegetable production are needed. The objective of this research was to evaluate an organic fish fertilizer in a squash/collard rotation and to compare its effectiveness to inorganic sources. A 2-year crop sequence of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo) and collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) was used. To eliminate the rotation order effect, the crops were switched each year: yellow squash-collard in Year 1 and collard-yellow squash in Year 2. Three N sources were used along with a zero N control: hydrolyzed fish fertilizer (HFF), inorganic N source with secondary and micronutrients (INORGWM), and inorganic N without secondary or micronutrients (INORGWO). Three N rates and a control were also included: 1) N at the recommended rate (152 kg·ha−1 for yellow squash and 110 kg·ha−1 for collards); 2) N at 80% of the recommended rate; 3) N at 60% of the recommended rate; and 4) a zero N control. Year 2012 yellow squash had a 30% higher yield when grown with inorganic N as compared with squash grown in HFF. Year 2012 collards had a 21% higher yield when grown with INORGWM as compared with collards grown in the HFF. In the second year, highest yields of collards were again produced in the INORGWM treatments followed by those grown in the HFF treatments. Second-year squash grown in the inorganic N treatments produced highest yields, and squash grown in the HFF had a 16% lower yield as compared with those grown in the two inorganic N sources. INORGWO produced lower marketable collard yields than INORGWM or HFF as a result of sulfur deficiency. Although yields were reduced in the crops grown in HFF treatments, the premium price and resultant profit associated with organic products were enough to offset the reduced yield. If growers can obtain the price premiums associated with organic produce, the use of HFF could be an economically feasible option in organic vegetable production.
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VESTBERG, M., S. KUKKONEN und K. SAARI. „Cropping system impact on soil quality determinants“. Agricultural and Food Science 11, Nr. 4 (04.01.2002): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5733.
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Worldwide interest in soil quality evaluation has increased rapidly throughout the past decade, prompting us to evaluate the long-term impact of four cropping systems on several biological, chemical and physical determinants of soil quality. We hypothesized that after 17 years several of the determinants would show significant differences between conventional cereal and low input/organic rotations. Four crop rotations were imposed on a silt soil from 1982 through 1999. Rotation A was a conventionally managed cereal rotation that received 100% of the recommended mineral fertilizer each year. Rotation B was also managed conventionally from 1982 until 1993, although it received only 50% of the recommended mineral fertilizer. From 1994 through 1999, rotation B was managed as an organic rotation. Rotations C and D were low-input rotations with plant residues returned either untreated (C)or composted (D)from 1982 until 1994.From 1994 through 1999,they were also anaged organically. Significant decreases in extractable phosphorus (P)and potassium were observed in rotations C and D compared with rotation A, presumably because their yearly nutrient inputs were somewhat lower. The amount of soil organic carbon (Corg), soil water holding capacity, the numbers and biomass of earthworms and the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were or tended to be higher in low input/organic than in conventionally managed plots. These effects may be in connection with the slightly increased levels of Corg in soil of the organic rotations. Activities of twelve enzymes were strongly affected by sampling time (early-versus late-summer), but much less by long-term management. Litter decomposition, numbers of soil nematodes, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)fungal diversity,AM spore density and AM functioning were little affected by rotation. However,AM spore density correlated positively with the high amounts of extractable calcium and P which were a result from excessive liming applied to some plots in 1982. The crucial question to be answered in future is whether plant growth and yield will correlate with the changes in soil properties. This question will be dealt with in a further paper using data from the same experiment.;
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Steiner, J. L., J. R. Williams und O. R. Jones. „Evaluation of the EPIC Simulation Model Using a Dryland Wheat‐Sorghum‐Fallow Crop Rotation 1“. Agronomy Journal 79, Nr. 4 (Juli 1987): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900040030x.
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Behle, Robert W., und Terry A. Isbell. „Evaluation of Cuphea as a Rotation Crop for Control of Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)“. Journal of Economic Entomology 98, Nr. 6 (01.12.2005): 1984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.6.1984.
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Revill, Andrew, Carmen Emmel, Petra D’Odorico, Nina Buchmann, Lukas Hörtnagl und Werner Eugster. „Estimating cropland carbon fluxes: A process-based model evaluation at a Swiss crop-rotation site“. Field Crops Research 234 (März 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.02.006.
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McKeown, Alan W., John W. Potter, R. F. Cerkauskas und L. Van Driel. „Long-term Evaluation of Cover Crop and Strip Tillage on Tomato Yield, Nematode Populations, and Foliar Diseases“. HortScience 32, Nr. 3 (Juni 1997): 511A—511. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.511a.
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A long-term experiment in the same site was planted to evaluate potential yield, nematode, and disease problems with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in a strip-till system. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crops and a 2-year rye–tomato rotation. Results of the first 5 years indicate a decrease in tomato yield over time for both tillage treatments and cover crops. Tomato yields were lower following wheat and perennial ryegrass than rye. Strip-tillage reduced yield compared to conventional tillage in only 1 year out of 6. Yield increased overall for treatments in 1992, with highest yield in the rye–tomato rotation. Bacterial speck/spot symptoms on foliage, although minor, were significantly greater in ST than in CT plots during the last 3 years. No major consistent trends in incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal diseases and of disorders of fruit were evident during the 5-year period, and neither fruit yield nor quality were significantly affected by these factors. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were numerically less numerous in the rye–tomato rotation than in other treatments; both root-knot and root lesion nematodes [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] tended to be less numerous under CT than under ST. Tomatoes grown under reduced tillage appear more sensitive to plant parasitic nematodes and preceding cover crops than in conventional tillage.
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Narimatsu, Karem C. P., Luiz M. M. de Mello, Luis A. da Silva Domingues, Carlos A. Chioderoli und Ronaldo C. Lima. „Corn productivity in function of surface application of lime in differents management systems and cultural preparation“. Engenharia Agrícola 34, Nr. 2 (April 2014): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162014000200007.
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The evaluation of technologies employed at the agricultural production system such as crop rotation and soil preparation, both associated with crop-livestock integration, is crucial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the incorporation of lime for three no-tillage systems and cultural managements in system of crop-livestock integration, with emphasis on corn grain yield. The experiment was conducted from January 2003 to April 2005 at Selvíria city, MS, in Dystroferric Red Latosol, clay texture. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots consisted of three main treatments, aimed the soil physics conditioning and the incorporation of lime: PD - No-no-tillage; CM - minimum no-tillage, and PC - conventional no-tillage; and of two secondary treatments related to the management: rotation and crop succession, with four replications. Data on agronomic traits of maize were analyzed: plant height, stem diameter, height of the first spike insertion, 100 grains weight and grain yield. The results showed that the maize produced under the system of crop-livestock integration is quite feasible, showing that grain yields are comparable to averages in the region and the different soil physical conditioning and incorporation of lime did not influence the corn yield as well as the cultural managements, rotation and succession, did not affect the maize crop behavior after two years of cultivation.
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Wiese, Allen F., Clay D. Salisbury, Brent W. Bean, Monty G. Schoenhals und Steve Amosson. „Economic Evaluation of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Control in a Winter Wheat-Fallow Rotation“. Weed Science 44, Nr. 3 (September 1996): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500094443.
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Field bindweed infests millions of hectares in the Great Plains greatly reducing productivity and value of land. The standard practice for field bindweed control is sweep tillage at 3 wk intervals combined with one or two annual 2,4-D) applications during the 14 mo fallow period in a winter wheat-fallow crop rotation. This was compared to tillage and 2,4-D in conjunction with dicamba or a mixture of picloram+2,4-D applied once during the first October of the first 14 mo fallow period. Also, three no-tillage systems were included using glyphosate+2,4-D at monthly intervals. Two of the treatments were supplemented with dicamba, or picloram+2,4-D as in the sweep tillage system. All treatments controlled field bindweed in two fallow periods and two winter wheat crops, and increased winter wheat yields to about twice the control. Sweep tillage at 3 wk intervals combined with 2,4-D resulted in $36 ha−1profit for an owner-operator compared to $15 ha−1loss with no herbicide or tillage treatment. On average no-tillage lost $35 ha−1. Other treatments, although controlling field bindweed, lost from 35 to $186 ha−1. To determine if long-term benefit after control was achieved, average yields for the area were used to calculate profits using normal farming practices. Profits were 136, 78, and $-50 ha−1, respectively, for sweep tillage and 2,4-D, no-tillage, and the untreated check. In a standard 33:67 owner-tenant rental, profits to the owner for the control period were 90, −33, and $43 ha−1, respectively for tillage and 2,4-D, no-tillage, and untreated check. The tenant lost from $24 to 69 ha−1for the three systems indicating owners must modify rental agreements during a field bindweed control program.
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Zoundji, Gerard C., Simplice D. Vodouhe, Florent Okry, Jeffery W. Bentley und Rigobert C. Tossou. „Beyond Striga Management: Learning Videos Enhanced Farmers’ Knowledge on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Mali“. Sustainable Agriculture Research 7, Nr. 1 (07.11.2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v7n1p80.
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This paper assesses the climate smart agricultural practices triggered by learning videos on integrated striga management, soil fertility and cost and benefit evaluation practices. Using household head interviews and focus group discussions, this study revealed that farmers have similar perceptions of climate change and related impacts in video-villages and in non-video-villages. However, farmers’ observation of climate change and related impacts are influenced by gender; men perceived more climate change and related impacts than women. In non-video villages, few respondents adopted crop rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, improved short-cycle seed varieties and zaï techniques as climate change adaptation strategies. Videos contribute more to the adoption of crop rotation, intercropping and fertilizer application for men than women. Videos on accounting (managing money) enable more women than men to enhance their cost-benefit evaluation practices for income improvement. During the interviews, women farmers in video-villages were eager to demonstrate their knowledge about cost and benefit evaluation. We also found that the yield of sorghum, millet and maize is high in video-villages and low in non-video-villages. Thus, using videos as extension tool is suitable for knowledge development and leads to the high adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices for food security.
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Yunusa, I. A. M., W. D. Bellotti, A. D. Moore, M. E. Probert, J. A. Baldock und S. M. Miyan. „An exploratory evaluation of APSIM to simulate growth and yield processes for winter cereals in rotation systems in South Australia“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, Nr. 8 (2004): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03121.
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The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) suite of models was used to predict dynamics in water and nitrogen in soil, as well as the growth and yield of sequential crops of wheat and barley in pasture–wheat–barley rotations, between 1995 and 1997 at Roseworthy, South Australia. The NWHEAT model satisfactorily predicted above-ground dry matter, leaf area index and grain yields for both crops in rotations with either grassy (Grass) or medic (Medic) pastures, including the lack of significant response of yield to nitrogen fertiliser applied to wheat at sowing. Simulation data for soil water, from SOILWAT2, was consistent with measured data. Simulation with SOILN2, however, largely underestimated soil nitrogen, due to excessive uptake by the simulated wheat during the season when nitrogen was abundant and water supply readily available. Thus, the soil nitrate had to be reset at sowing for the following barley crop; simulated soil nitrate agreed with the measured data in this season when this nutrient was low. For most variables of crop growth and soil water, the simulated data were mostly within 2 standard errors of the measured means. Prediction of grain protein was underestimated in all cases, including where nitrogen in the shoot was overestimated. This was possibly due to inadequate remobilisation of nitrogen from the straw and roots to the grain by the simulated crop. A satisfactory prediction of dry matter, grain yield and grain weight was obtained for wheat when the models were extended to other trials at Roseworthy (Lower North), Minnipa (Upper Eyre Peninsula) and Wunkar (Murray Mallee), based on limited soil data. Long-term simulations of wheat yields showed that, with early sowing in the Lower North, median wheat yield increased by 50 kg/ha for every kilogram of nitrogen applied at sowing, up to a maximum nitrogen rate of 50 kg/ha. In the drier districts of the Upper Eyre Peninsula and the Murray Mallee, nitrogen fertiliser of no more than 25 kg/ha, applied at sowing, was enough to achieve yield benefits in any given season. At these drier sites, crop failures occurred in 5% (Upper Eyre Peninsula) and 10% (Murray Mallee) of the seasons simulated. Median sowing dates from these simulations were 15 May for the Lower North, 30 May for the Upper Eyre Peninsula and 24 May for Murray Mallee. This suggested that sowing could be conducted at least a week earlier than currently practised in the 3 environments. This study demonstrated the capability of APSIM to predict growth and grain yield of wheat and barley, as well as the associated dynamics of soil water in the main cereal belts of South Australia.
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Johnston, A. M., H. H. Janzen und E. G. Smith. „Long-term spring wheat response to summerfallow frequency and organic amendment in southern Alberta“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, Nr. 2 (01.04.1995): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-059.
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A long-term rotation experiment was established in 1951 to determine the influence of summerfallow frequency and organic amendment on the yield and quality of unfertilized spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on a Dark Brown Chernozem (Typic Haploboroll) at Lethbridge, Alberta. Wheat was grown either continuously (W), in a 2-yr summerfallow-wheat rotation (FW), or in a 3-yr fallow-wheat-wheat rotation (FWW). No fertilizer N was applied and P, at 22 kg ha−1, was applied to all wheat crops starting in 1985. The 3-yr rotation was also amended with livestock manure (FmWW) and modified to include a hay mixture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L.) (FWWHHH). Annual grain production was affected by summerfallow frequency and organic amendment, with the lowest grain production obtained in the FW rotation. Amendment with livestock manure resulted in the highest grain yields for wheat grown on summerfallow, while 3 yr of hay in the rotation produced the highest stubble wheat yields. These higher grain yields were accompanied by a 12–31% increase in grain N uptake. Decomposing hay roots increased plant-available N as reflected in the highest grain N concentration and grain N yield in the FWWHHH rotation. Evaluation of grain yields under a range of moisture deficit conditions revealed that a year of summerfallow was often insufficient to recharge soil water depleted by 3 yr of hay in the FWWHHH rotation. Both summerfallow and stubble wheat yields were positively influenced by May rainfall. Overwinter precipitation contributed significantly to the variability observed in stubble wheat and hay yields. In the absence of fertilizer N additions, organic amendments such as animal manures and hay residues are effective means of increasing crop productivity and grain quality in semiarid regions. Key words: Hay, manure, rotation, spring wheat, summerfallow, Triticum aestivum L.
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Banda, John S. K., Alice M. Mweetwa, Munsanda Ngulube und Elijah Phiri. „Chemical and Biological Properties of Soils Under Maize-Cowpea Cropping Systems in Conservation Agriculture“. Journal of Agricultural Science 10, Nr. 5 (11.04.2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n5p100.
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The paper reports findings from an evaluation of the effects of selected chemical and biological properties of soils under maize-cowpea cropping systems in Conservation Agriculture (CA) and their relationship to biological nitrogen fixation capabilities of cowpea. Soils from Kayowozi Agriculture Camp of Chipata District of Zambia where CA had been practiced for six years were evaluated. Cropping systems studied included conventional tillage (control), maize monocropping (sole maize), maize-cowpea intercrop, maize-cowpea rotation: maize phase and maize-cowpea: cowpea phase. Standard laboratory procedures were used to determine the changes in the selected soil properties as a result of these cropping sequences under CA. The study showed that maize- cowpea intercrop and rotation-maize phase under conservation agriculture could result in a significant increase in soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and exchangeable calcium after six years of practice. This increase can be associated with the amount and type of residue retained and the contribution of biologically fixed nitrogen from the cowpea. Having cowpea as the immediate previous crop in sequence can result in a depression of soil pH. Soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium in maize-cowpea cropping sequences can influence the amount of biologically fixed nitrogen. Changes in soil activity and microbial biomass might need more than six years to be apparent. The sequencing pattern of crops in a rotation, the choices and characteristics of crops, and the length of time of practice, all play an important role in determining interactions and processes leading to changes in soil properties and crop performance over time.
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Lazányi, János, und J. Loch. „Evaluation of 0.01 M CaCl 2 Extractable Nitrogen Forms in a Long-term Experiment“. Agrokémia és Talajtan 55, Nr. 1 (01.03.2006): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.55.2006.1.15.
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Soil nitrogen undergoes a series of chemical and biological transformations, which influence their availability to plants and the leaching losses. Methods for measuring various forms of nitrogen in soil are important in order to improve N management and to minimize losses of essential nutrients in soils. In the present study 0.01 M CaCl 2 extraction was used to determine the concentrations of ammonium, nitrate and N-organic forms, as these are closely related to the N mineralization potential of the soil and play a major role in nitrogen availability to plants. Improving the precision of nitrogen requirement estimation is essential for increasing the efficiency and minimizing potential losses of nitrogen in agricultural production. A better knowledge of the plant-availability of nitrogen may help improve the efficient use of fertilizers and organic manure. In the present study the amounts of N-NO 3 , N-NH 4 and N organic were studied in Westsik's crop rotation experiment. The crop rotation experiment was established in 1929, and is the best known and most remarkable example of continuous production in Hungary, enabling the study of the long-term effects of organic manure treatment, the development of models and the prediction of the probable influences of different cropping systems on soil properties and crop yields in the Nyírség (sandy soil) region of Hungary. The study aimed the optimization of the fertilizer recommendation system by considering the soil N-organic content as a measurement of site-specific mineralization potential. The 0.01 M CaCl 2 extraction method measures soluble organic N compounds that are related to the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the soil. The introduction of this concept can possibly result in a more environment-friendly nitrogen fertilization, without negative effects on the yield or the quality of produced crops. Taking practicability and costs into consideration, the 0.01 M CaCl 2 extraction method is suitable for the routine analysis of measuring easily available organic nitrogen.
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Samuel, Alina Dora, Delia Mirela Tit, Carmen Elena Melinte (Frunzulica), Ciprian Iovan, Lavinia Purza, Manuel Gitea und Simona Bungau. „Enzymological and Physicochemical Evaluation of the Effects of Soil Management Practices“. Revista de Chimie 68, Nr. 10 (15.11.2017): 2243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5864.
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Soil enzymes activities have been considered as sensitive indicators of alteration soil quality by management. In order to obtain new data on the soil enzymological effects of soil management practices, we have determined some enzymatic activities in a preluvosoil submitted to a complex tillage and crop rotation experiment at the Agricultural Research and Development Station in Oradea (Bihor County). Actual and potential dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and catalase activities were investigated in a split plot experiment where tillage (no-till and conventional tillage) was the main plot and crop rotation (Wheat/Maize, W/M; Soybean/Maize, S/M; Oats-Clover/maize, O-C/M) was the subplot. Soil samples were taken at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. Each activity in both non-tilled and conventionally tilled soil under maize crop decreased with increasing sampling depth. It was found that no-till, in comparison with conventional tillage, resulted in insignificantly higher (p]0.10) soil enzymatic activities in the 0-20 cm layer and insignificantly (at least at p]0.10) lower activities in the deeper layers, excepting actual and potential dehydrogenase activities in the 40-60 cm layer, in which these activities were significantly lower(0.02]p]0.01). Based on the absolute values of the enzymatic activities, the enzymatic indicator of soil quality (EISQ) was calculated. The EISQ values ranged between 0.201 and 0.974 indicating the presence of high enzymatic activities in the upper layer and a moderate intensity of the enzymatic activities in the deeper layers. A significant correlation between soil enzyme activities and physical and chemical indicators was established.
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McKeown, Alan W., R. F. Cerkauskas, John W. Potter und L. van Driel. „Long-term evaluation of cover crop and strip-tillage on tomato yield, foliar diseases and nematode populations“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, Nr. 2 (01.04.1998): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-090.
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A 6-yr (1987–1992) experiment, continuous on the same site, evaluated potential problems for yield, nematodes and diseases with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in a strip-till system. Treatments consisted of conventional tillage (CT) and strip tillage (ST), rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cover crops and a 2-yr rye-tomato rotation. Results of the first 5 yr indicated a decrease in tomato yield over time for both tillage treatments and cover crops. However, yield rebounded overall for treatments in 1992 with the highest yield in the rye-tomato rotation. We suspect this was a result of high populations of root-knot nematodes which collapsed over the winter of 1991/1992. Tomato yields were lower following wheat and perennial ryegrass than rye. In only 1 yr out of 6, strip-tillage reduced yield compared with conventional tillage. Bacterial speck/spot symptoms on foliage, although minor, were significantly greater in ST than in CT plots during the last 3 yr. No major trends in incidence and severity of bacterial and fungal diseases and of disorders of fruit were evident during the 5-yr period and neither fruit yield nor quality were significantly affected by these factors. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) were numerically less in the rye-tomato rotation than in other treatments; both root-knot and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans [Cobb]) tended to be less numerous under CT than under ST. Strip-tillage is feasible for machine harvest processing tomatoes. However, we are concerned about the tendency of tomatoes grown under reduced tillage to have lower yields than those grown under conventional tillage. More work is required on the interactions of cultivars, cover crops and nematodes in soil conservation systems. Key words: Tomato, bacterial speck/spot, foliar diseases, root-knot nematodes, root lesion nematodes, tillage