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1
KUMAR, KULDIP, K. M. GOH, W. R. SCOTT und C. M. FRAMPTON. „Effects of 15N-labelled crop residues and management practices on subsequent winter wheat yields, nitrogen benefits and recovery under field conditions“. Journal of Agricultural Science 136, Nr. 1 (Februar 2001): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008522.
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Nitrogen-15 enriched ammonium sulphate was applied to micro-plots in a field in which two leguminous (white clover and peas) and two non-leguminous (ryegrass and winter wheat) crops were grown to produce 15N-labelled crop residues and roots during 1993/94. Nitrogen benefits and recovery of crop residue-N, root-N and residual fertilizer-N by three succeeding winter wheat crops were studied. Each crop residue was subjected to four different residue management treatments (ploughed, rotary hoed, mulched or burned) before the first sequential wheat crop (1994/95) was sown, followed by the second (1995/96) and third wheat crops (1996/97), in each of which residues of the previous wheat crop were removed and all plots were ploughed uniformly before sowing. Grain yields of the first sequential wheat crop followed the order: white clover > peas > ryegrass > wheat. The mulched treatment produced significantly lower grain yield than those of other treatments. In the first sequential wheat crop, leguminous and non-leguminous residues supplied between 29–57% and 6–10% of wheat N accumulated respectively and these decreased with successive sequential crops. Rotary hoed treatment reduced N benefits of white clover residue-N while no significant differences in N benefits occurred between residue management treatments in non-leguminous residues. On average, the first wheat crop recovered between 29–37% of leguminous and 11–13% of non-leguminous crop residues-N. Corresponding values for root plus residual fertilizer-N were between 5–19% and 2–3%, respectively. Management treatments produced similar effects to those of N benefits. On average, between 5 to 8% of crop residue-N plus root and residual fertilizer-N was recovered by each of the second and third sequential wheat crops from leguminous residues compared to 2 to 4% from non-leguminous residues. The N recoveries tended to be higher under mulched treatments especially under leguminous than non-leguminous residues for the second sequential wheat crop but were variable for the third sequential wheat crop. Relatively higher proportions of leguminous residue-N were unaccounted in ploughed and rotary hoed treatments compared with those of mulched and burned treatments. In non-leguminous residue-N, higher unaccounted residue-N occurred under burned (33–44%) compared with other treatments (20–27%).
2
Hiel, Marie-Pierre, Sophie Barbieux, Jérôme Pierreux, Claire Olivier, Guillaume Lobet, Christian Roisin, Sarah Garré, Gilles Colinet, Bernard Bodson und Benjamin Dumont. „Impact of crop residue management on crop production and soil chemistry after seven years of crop rotation in temperate climate, loamy soils“. PeerJ 6 (23.05.2018): e4836. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4836.
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Society is increasingly demanding a more sustainable management of agro-ecosystems in a context of climate change and an ever growing global population. The fate of crop residues is one of the important management aspects under debate, since it represents an unneglectable quantity of organic matter which can be kept in or removed from the agro-ecosystem. The topic of residue management is not new, but the need for global conclusion on the impact of crop residue management on the agro-ecosystem linked to local pedo-climatic conditions has become apparent with an increasing amount of studies showing a diversity of conclusions. This study specifically focusses on temperate climate and loamy soil using a seven-year data set. Between 2008 and 2016, we compared four contrasting residue management strategies differing in the amount of crop residues returned to the soil (incorporation vs. exportation of residues) and in the type of tillage (reduced tillage (10 cm depth) vs. conventional tillage (ploughing at 25 cm depth)) in a field experiment. We assessed the impact of the crop residue management on crop production (three crops—winter wheat, faba bean and maize—cultivated over six cropping seasons), soil organic carbon content, nitrate (${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) soil content and uptake by the crops. The main differences came primarily from the tillage practice and less from the restitution or removal of residues. All years and crops combined, conventional tillage resulted in a yield advantage of 3.4% as compared to reduced tillage, which can be partly explained by a lower germination rate observed under reduced tillage, especially during drier years. On average, only small differences were observed for total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil, but reduced tillage resulted in a very clear stratification of TOC and also of P and K content as compared to conventional tillage. We observed no effect of residue management on the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ content, since the effect of fertilization dominated the effect of residue management. To confirm the results and enhance early tendencies, we believe that the experiment should be followed up in the future to observe whether more consistent changes in the whole agro-ecosystem functioning are present on the long term when managing residues with contrasted strategies.
3
Liu, Jian, und David A. Lobb. „An Overview of Crop and Crop Residue Management Impacts on Crop Water Use and Runoff in the Canadian Prairies“. Water 13, Nr. 20 (19.10.2021): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13202929.
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Although crop and crop residue management practices are mainly used for increasing crop yield, they and the resulting changes in crop growth affect one or more hydrological components, including runoff. Based on published research in the Canadian Prairies, this paper reviews the effects of crop type, quantity of crops and crop residues, crop variability within landscapes, tillage, and stubble management practices on crop water use (termed including evaporation, transpiration and interception), snow trapping, and water infiltration, with the aim to discuss major impacts of crop and residue management on runoff. Rainfall runoff is influenced by rain interception and crop water use, and it can be reduced by choosing appropriate crop types, increasing above-ground biomass, or increasing coverage on the soil surface, activities which coincide with the farmer’s efforts of increasing crop productivity. However, although high stubble and reduced tillage for maintaining good residue cover help conserve soil moisture and improve soil health, they increase snowmelt runoff potential. The review emphasizes the need of future research to assess the agronomic and environmental trade-offs of crop residue management, the linkage between crop water use and runoff, and the impacts of crop and residue management on runoff across various temporal and spatial scales.
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Sarkar, Sukamal, Milan Skalicky, Akbar Hossain, Marian Brestic, Saikat Saha, Sourav Garai, Krishnendu Ray und Koushik Brahmachari. „Management of Crop Residues for Improving Input Use Efficiency and Agricultural Sustainability“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 23 (24.11.2020): 9808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239808.
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Crop residues, the byproduct of crop production, are valuable natural resources that can be managed to maximize different input use efficiencies. Crop residue management is a well-known and widely accepted practice, and is a key component of conservation agriculture. The rapid shift from conventional agriculture to input-intensive modern agricultural practices often leads to an increase in the production of crop residues. Growing more food for an ever-increasing population brings the chance of fast residue generation. Ecosystem services from crop residues improve soil health status and supplement necessary elements in plants. However, this is just one side of the shield. Indecorous crop residue management, including in-situ residue burning, often causes serious environmental hazards. This happens to be one of the most serious environmental hazard issues witnessed by the agricultural sector. Moreover, improper management of these residues often restrains them from imparting their beneficial effects. In this paper, we have reviewed all recent findings to understand and summarize the different aspects of crop residue management, like the impact of the residues on crop and soil health, natural resource recycling, and strategies related to residue retention in farming systems, which are linked to the environment and ecology. This comprehensive review paper may be helpful for different stakeholders to formulate suitable residue management techniques that will fit well under existing farming system practices without compromising the systems’ productivity and environmental sustainability.
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Uddin, MT, und K. Fatema. „Rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood - an empirical study“. Progressive Agriculture 27, Nr. 2 (17.08.2016): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i2.29330.
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The study aimed to examine the present status of rice crop residue management and its impact on farmers livelihood covering two sub-districts in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. A total of 100 farmers (50 for crop residue practicing farmers and 50 for the farmers involved in traditional farming) were selected randomly for data collection. A combination of descriptive, statistical and mathematical techniques were applied to achieve the objectives and to get the meaningful results. The results of descriptive statistics showed that retention was found higher in far distance plots from homestead. No retention of crop residues was found in case of Aus and Aman rice. The whole retention was found only in case of Boro rice. The shortage of labour in season and the wage rate were also important factors for the retention of crop residues. However, farmers perceptions about the use of crop residues were mostly adding organic matter to the crop field followed by mulching and feeding animal. The recycling of resources among crop retention and livestock has the great potential to return a considerable amount of plant nutrients to the soil in the rice based crop production systems. Due to crop residue practices, crop and livestock both were benefited through resource interdependences. The sampled farmers were benefited from retention of crop residues by improving soil quality, soil moisture, etc.; and farmers used less amounts of fertilizer, irrigation water, etc. for the succeeding crops. Consequently, succeeding crop productivity, profitability and annual income were increased significantly. The result of logit regression model shows that age of household head, farm size, agricultural income and non-farm income were found as significant variables in explaining the variation in crop residue adoption of farm households. To assess the livelihood pattern of sample farm households through asset pentagon approach, noteworthy improvement was found s on different capitals. The study identified some problems regarding crop residue management and finally, recommended that if the farmers get proper training for such management, it would be helpful to improve their livelihood.Progressive Agriculture 27 (2): 189-199, 2016
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Amgain, LP, und AR Sharma. „Preceding crops and residue management practices on performance of mustard under zero-till semi-arid condition“. Agronomy Journal of Nepal 3 (23.10.2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983.
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A field experiment was conducted in 2010/11 and 2011/12 at New Delhi to study the performance of zero-till rainfed mustard. The influence of preceding rainy season crops, viz. pearl millet, cluster bean and green gram; and residue management, viz. no residue, crop residue and Leucaena twigs mulching on this mustard crop was observed. Pooled analysis of mustard seed yield was significantly higher (+51%) in 2010/11 (1.80 t/ ha) than 2011/12 (1.19 t/ha) due to favourable weather condition in the first year. Further, Leucaena twigs mulching resulted higher seed yield of 2.17 t/ha in 2010/11 than 1.94 t/ha in 2011/12. Green gram as preceding crop resulted significantly higher mustard yield in 2010/11, while it was higher after cluster bean in 2011/12. Interaction between crop residue and preceding rainy season crops on growth parameters exerted significant variations, while yield attributes showed the mixed response. Cluster bean with Leucaena twigs led to higher yield of mustard, followed by green gram with crop residue. Economic analysis exhibited the highest net return of mustard grown after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching. From the findings it is observed that growth indices, yield, and yield attributes and economics of mustard were influenced significantly by preceding crops and crop residue application. The effect of Leucaena twigs was found better in 2010/11, while both crop residues and Leucaena twigs mulching were equally effective in 2011/12. Cluster bean as preceding crop to mustard resulted higher yield and net returns, followed by green gram and cluster bean with crop residues. It was suggested that mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs was a high yielding and profitable cropping system under zero-till semi-arid condition. It was concluded that growing mustard after cluster bean with Leucaena twigs mulching resulted increased yield and profitable cropping system for rainfed areas in zero-till semi arid condition of New Delhi. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 23-32 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.8983
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PRASAD, R., B. GANGAIAH und K. C. AIPE. „Effect of crop residue management in a rice–wheat cropping system on growth and yield of crops and on soil fertility“. Experimental Agriculture 35, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1999): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447979935403x.
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Crop residue management is posing a serious problem in the rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system, which is widely practised in the Indian Subcontinent and China, and covers about 22.5 × 106 ha. The problem is serious because there is very little turn-around time between rice harvest and wheat sowing. Three practices, namely, residue removal, residue burning and residue incorporation were compared in two field experiments, one with the rice residues and the other with the wheat residues. Results obtained showed that both rice and wheat residues can be safely incorporated without any detrimental effects on the crops of rice or wheat grown immediately after incorporation. Incorporation of crop residue also improved soil fertility status as judged by organic carbon and available phosphorus and potassium contents. Residue incorporation should be preferred over residue burning, which results in the loss of valuable plant nutrients and is both an environmental and a health hazard.
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Raza, Muhammad Haseeb, Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Faisal, Tingwu Yan, Shoaib Akhtar und K. M. Mehedi Adnan. „Environmental and Health Impacts of Crop Residue Burning: Scope of Sustainable Crop Residue Management Practices“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, Nr. 8 (14.04.2022): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084753.
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The burning of crop residue in the open field has become a significant concern for climate change mitigation efforts worldwide. This practice has led to air quality impairment, smog, haze, heat waves, and different health problems. These could be avoided by adopting sustainable crop residue management practices (SCRMPs) and enabling farmers to engage in SCRMPs. Assessing the health effects at the household level is critical for understanding this problem and finding a solution. Using the primary dataset of 420 farmers from Punjab, Pakistan, we estimated the incurred impacts and costs of crop residue burning. We calculated the health and environmental benefits associated with adopting SCRMPs by comparing the two groups of farmers (adopters and non-adopters). Furthermore, we used a propensity score matching technique to measure the causal impact of SCRMPs adoption on health costs. The findings showed that a surprisingly large number of farmers are all aware of the adverse effects of residue burning, and many do not burn crop residues and instead use SCRMPs. This study found that households with chronic and non-chronic diseases become acute, and the severity increases during the burning period. They spend USD 13.37 to USD 8.79 on chronic and non-chronic diseases during the burning season, respectively. Consequently, the use of SCRMPs has a positive effect on healthcare costs. Our study findings highlight the meaningful implications for developing a new policy to promote the sustainable utilization of crop residues and enhance their adoption in Pakistan.
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Langeroodi, Alireza Safahani, Emanuele Radicetti und Enio Campiglia. „How cover crop residue management and herbicide rate affect weed management and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) crop“. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, Nr. 6 (01.02.2018): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000054.
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AbstractIn the conventional cropping systems, increased costs and resource pollution are attributed to the intensive use of chemical inputs. The adoption of cover crops could be a part of a suitable strategy for improving the sustainability of the agro-ecosystems due to their ability to affect nutrient and weed management. A 2-yr field experiments were conducted in Gorgan, North of Iran, with the aim of assessing the effect of cover crop residue management and herbicide rates on weed management and the yield of tomato crop. The treatments consisted in: (a) three winter soil management: two cover crops [annual medic (Medicago scutellata L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)] and no covered soil; (b) two soil tillage (no-tillage, where cover crop residues were left in strips on the soil surface, and conventional tillage, where cover crop residues were green manured at 30 cm of soil depth); and (c) three pre-emergence herbicide rates (no-herbicide application, half rate recommended or full rate recommended ). Cover crops were sown in early September and mechanically suppressed in March about 2 weeks before tomato transplanting. At cover crop suppression, annual medic showed the highest aboveground biomass [569 g m−2 of dry matter (DM)], while barley showed the lowest weed content (32 g m−2 of DM). At tomato harvesting, weed density and aboveground biomass ranged from 6.9 to 61.5 plants m−2 and from 33.6 and 1157.0 g m−2 of DM, respectively. Cover crop residues placed on soil surface suppressed weeds more effectively than incorporated residues, especially in barley, mainly due to the physical barrier of residues which reduced the stimulation of weed germination and establishment. As expected, herbicide rate decreased both weed density and biomass, even if the adoption of annual medic and barley cover crops before the tomato cultivation could allow a possible reduction of herbicide rate while maintaining similar fruit yield. Tomato yield was higher in annual medic than barley and no cover regardless of tillage management (on average 62.3, 51.8 and 50.1 t ha−1 of fresh matter, respectively) probably due to an abundant availability of soil nitrogen throughout the tomato cultivation. This was confirmed by high and constant values of tomato N status grown in annual medic and evaluated using SPAD chlorophyll meter. Although further research of cover crop residue management is required to obtain a better understanding on herbicide rate reduction, these preliminary results could be extended to other vegetable crops which have similar requirements of tomato.
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Jiang, Yongzhong, Valerii Havrysh, Oleksandr Klymchuk, Vitalii Nitsenko, Tomas Balezentis und Dalia Streimikiene. „Utilization of Crop Residue for Power Generation: The Case of Ukraine“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 24 (08.12.2019): 7004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247004.
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Renewable energy is expected to play a significant role in power generation. The European Union, the USA, China, and others, are striving to limit the use of energy crop for energy production and to increase the use of crop residue both on the field and for energy generation processes. Therefore, crop residue may become a major energy source, with Ukraine following this course. Currently in Ukraine, renewable power generation does not exceed 10% of total electricity production. Despite a highly developed agriculture sector, there are only a small number of biomass power plants which burn crop residues. To identify possibilities for renewable power generation, the quantity of crop residues, their energy potential, and potential electricity generation were appraised. Cluster analysis was used to identify regions with the highest electricity consumption and crop residue energy potential. The major crops (wheat, barley, rapeseed, sunflower, and soybean) were considered in this study. A national production of crop residue for energy production of 48.66 million tons was estimated for 2018. The availability of crop residues was analyzed taking into account the harvest, residue-to-crop ratio, and residue removal rate. The crop residue energy potential of Ukraine has been estimated at 774.46 PJ. Power generation technologies have been analyzed. This study clearly shows that crop residue may generate between 27 and 108 billion kWh of power. We have selected preferable regions for setting up crop residue power plants. The results may be useful for the development of energy policy and helpful for investors in considering power generation projects.
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Korav, Santosh, Gandhamanagenahalli A. Rajanna, Dharam Bir Yadav, Venkatesh Paramesha, Chandra Mohan Mehta, Prakash Kumar Jha, Surendra Singh und Shikha Singh. „Impacts of Mechanized Crop Residue Management on Rice-Wheat Cropping System—A Review“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 23 (24.11.2022): 15641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315641.
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Residue management has become a new challenge for Indian agriculture and agricultural growth, as well as environmental preservation. The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) is predominantly followed cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), resulting in generating a large volume of agricultural residue. Annually, India produces 620 MT of crop residue, with rice and wheat accounting for 234 MT of the surplus and 30% of the total. Farmers are resorting to burning crop residue due to the short window between paddy harvest and seeding of rabi season crops, namely wheat, potato, and vegetables, for speedy field preparation. Burning of residues pollutes the environment, thus having adverse effects on human and animal health, as well as resulted in a loss of plant important elements. This problem is particularly prevalent in rice-wheat-dominant states such as Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. If we may use in situ management as residue retention after chopper and spreader, sowing wheat with Happy seeder/zero drill/special drill with full residue load, full residue, or full residue load incorporation with conventional tillage, burning is not the sole approach for residue management. In addition, off-farm residues generated are being utilized for animal feed and raw materials for industries. While there are regional variations in many mechanization drivers and needs, a wide range of mechanization components can be transported to new places to fit local conditions. This article focuses on innovations, methods, and tactics that are relevant to various mechanization systems in particular geographical areas. This article also stresses the need for a thorough analysis of the amount of residue generated, residue utilization using modern mechanical equipment, and their positive and negative effects on crop yield and yield attributes, weed diversity, soil physic-chemical, biological properties, beneficial, and harmful nematode populations in the IGP, which will aid researchers and policymakers in farming research priorities and policy for ensuring sustainability in RWCS.
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Dormaar, J. F., und J. M. Carefoot. „Implications of crop residue management and conservation tillage on soil organic matter“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, Nr. 4 (01.10.1996): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-112.
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Under natural grassland or native prairie, aboveground residue or surface litter modifies the microenvironment. It promotes water infiltration and, by insulating the soil surface, moderates soil temperatures and limits evaporation. Root mass decomposes and transforms within the conditions created by surface litter. Together with root exudates, this below-ground residue or subsurface litter reacts with soil minerals to form aggregates, lower bulk density and increase water-holding capacity. Bringing such soils under cultivation leads to lower soil organic matter content, thereby increasing bulk density. The role of surface litter becomes even more important, as it affects wind and water erosion, reduces the impact of raindrops, prevents crusting, protects the soil from drying by sublimation, and captures snow. Management of crop residues depends on the role of the residue. A distinction must be made between above- and below-ground residues: their roles are distinctly different. Aboveground crop residue protects the soil and creates the conditions for below-ground residue to decompose and transform. These decomposition products, in turn, create favourable soil structure for plant growth. Research is needed on the effect of repeated harvesting of "excess" aboveground residues. Key words: Labile organic matter, resilience, resistance, surface litter, subsurface litter
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Stumborg, Mark, Lawrence Townley-Smith und Ewen Coxworth. „Sustainability and economic issues for cereal crop residue export“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, Nr. 4 (01.10.1996): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-117.
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Soil conservation and sustainability concerns, and a lack of markets for crop residues, have left producers with few alternatives for cereal residue export beyond cattle feed or livestock bedding. With the increasing producer use of minimum and zero-tillage systems, the management of crop residues has become an important issue. Opportunities for residue removal may exist provided markets are developed for the material and long-term soil sustainability concerns are addressed.Recent research on the effect of residue removal in Saskatchewan has shown that there is little or no impact on soil organic matter provided adequate fertilization is practised and tillage is reduced. Assuming that 750 kg ha−1 of retained residue is adequate for erosion protection in reduced tillage systems, significant quantities of residues may be available for export from the Black Soil zone. The economic returns to producers are such that residue export is an attractive diversification option. Key words: Crop residues, economics, residue export, soil erosion, soil nutrients, soil carbon
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Babu, Subhash, D. S. Rana, G. S. Yadav, Raghavendra Singh und S. K. Yadav. „A Review on Recycling of Sunflower Residue for Sustaining Soil Health“. International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/601049.
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Modern agriculture is now at the crossroads ecologically, economically, technologically, and socially due to soil degradation. Critical analysis of available information shows that problems of degradation of soil health are caused due to imbalanced, inadequate and promacronutrient fertilizer use, inadequate use or no use of organic manures and crop residues, and less use of good quality biofertilizers. Although sizeable amount of crop residues and manure is produced in farms, it is becoming increasingly complex to recycle nutrients, even within agricultural systems. Therefore, there is a need to use all available sources of nutrients to maintain the productivity and fertility at a required level. Among the available organic sources of plant nutrients, crop residue is one of the most important sources for supplying nutrients to the crop and for improving soil health. Sunflower is a nontraditional oil seed crop produced in huge amount of crop residue. This much amount of crop residues is neither used as feed for livestock nor suitable for fuel due to low energy value per unit mass. However, its residue contains major plant nutrients in the range from 0.45 to 0.60% N, 0.15 to 0.22% P, and 1.80 to 1.94% K along with secondary and micronutrients, so recycling of its residue in the soil may be one of the best alternative practices for replenishing the depleted soil fertility and improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil in the present era of production. However, some researchers have reported allelopathic effects of sunflower residue on different crops. So, selection of suitable crops and management practices may play an important role to manage the sunflower residue at field level.
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Maurya, Rakesh, Chandrabhan Bharti, Thokchom Dorenchand Singh und Vijay Pratap. „Crop Residue Management for Sustainable Agriculture“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, Nr. 5 (10.05.2020): 3168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.905.376.
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Saral, Rohit, und Dr Sarvjeet Kukreja. „Crop residue its impact and management“. International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, Nr. 6 (01.11.2020): 1550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6v.10985.
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Badagliacca, Giuseppe, Robert Martin Rees, Dario Giambalvo und Sergio Saia. „Vertisols and Cambisols had contrasting short term greenhouse gas responses to crop residue management“. Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 5 (25.05.2020): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/599/2019-pse.
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In sustainable agriculture crop residues management should consider the interactions between soil and residue properties, which can affect the decomposition and global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Through a laboratory experiment, we investigated the effect of the management (incorporation and surface placement) of wheat and faba bean residues on their decomposition and CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from two soils, a Chromic Vertisol and an Eutric Cambisol. In the Vertisol, wheat residues increased the CO<sub>2</sub> emission more than faba bean when left on the surface whereas no differences among residues were observed when incorporated. In the Cambisol, faba bean emitted more than wheat when left in the surface and less when incorporated. Total CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were higher in faba bean in Cambisol for both management and only when applied in the surface in Vertisol. Total N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the Vertisol was higher when faba bean was incorporated, and wheat was left on the surface. In the Cambisol, wheat addition increased total N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 20% compared to faba bean, with no differences between managements. Our study confirmed that contrasting properties among tested soils resulted in significant interactions with residues own degradability and their placement affecting residue decomposition, soil C and N dynamics, and GHGs emission.
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Cookson, W. R., M. H. Beare und P. E. Wilson. „Effects of prior crop residue management on microbial properties and crop residue decomposition“. Applied Soil Ecology 7, Nr. 2 (Januar 1998): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-1393(97)00032-2.
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Muftau, M. A., A. A. Kwaido, M. S. Ayuba, N. Kadi und Y. NaAllah. „Management problem of crop residues production in Aliero Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria“. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, Nr. 5 (26.12.2020): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i5.303.
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A study was conducted to examine the management problems of crop residues production in five villages within Aliero Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 75 respondents within the study area. The data collected was analyzed using simple statistical tools such as frequency counts and percentages. The family size of the respondents showed that more than half (52.41%) had 5-8 members. Majority of the respondents were within the age categories of 23-32 (39.60%) and 32-42 years (33.30%). It was observed that most of the respondents were male (78.08%) with different educational background. The study revealed that about 47.95% of the respondents were farmers. Mixed cropping is common to the household with cereal and legume crops combination; sorghum/groundnut (6.85%), millet/groundnut (28.03%) and sorghum/cowpea (36.99%). Various storage methods existed among the house hold in handling crop residues as majority (45.21%) kept crop residues on the roof tops and the least (9.59%) kept crop residues on the tree branches. Crop residues were from groundnut straws, cowpea straws, maize stover, millet stover and rice straws with sorghum stover constituting the highest (30.14%). Majority of the respondents (39.74%) source their crop residues from self production. The study also showed that all the respondents encountered one or more management problems which limit crop residue production and they include high cost of irrigation (78.08%), inadequate storage structures (75.34%) and inadequate capital (68.86%) among others constitute the prominent problems to crop residue production in the study area.
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Mirzaei, Morad, Manouchehr Gorji Anari, Ehsan Razavy-Toosi, Hossein Asadi, Ebrahim Moghiseh, Nermina Saronjic und Jesús Rodrigo-Comino. „Preliminary Effects of Crop Residue Management on Soil Quality and Crop Production under Different Soil Management Regimes in Corn-Wheat Rotation Systems“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 2 (09.02.2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020302.
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Strategic management of crop residues is essential to enhance soil quality for sustainable agriculture. However, little is known about the specific amounts of crop residues needed to improve soil quality characteristics which are key to develop economic plans. In this study, we investigated the effects of applying crop residue at five rates, including 100% (R100), 75% (R75), 50% (R50), 25% (R25), and 0% (R0), on wheat yield and soil properties. Field experiments were conducted for two cropping seasons in a wheat-corn rotation under conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) systems to observe the first results obtained during short-term periods (one-year application). During the study, the wheat and corn fields were irrigated. Application of plant residue resulted in increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and available nutrients and improved soil physical properties, i.e., aggregates mean weight diameter in wet (MWDw) and dry (MWDd) conditions, water-stable aggregates (WSA), dry-stable aggregates, (DSA), soil water infiltration (SWI), soil available water (SAW), and yield of wheat and corn. The effects were stronger at higher residue application rates. In the CT system, compared to R0, R100 resulted in the highest increase equal to 38, 29, 23, 34, 35, 41, and 11% for SOC, MWDw, MWDd, WSA, DSA, SAW, and wheat grain yield, respectively. This was equivalent to 28, 19.5, 19, 37, 44, 52, and 6% for the NT system, respectively. Generally, the NT system resulted in a stratification of the soil properties within 0–10 cm compared to 10–20 cm soil depth, but a uniform distribution for both depths under CT system. Overall, these results show that crop residue application can improve soil quality and yield in cereal production systems under semi-arid conditions during the first year of application. It will be key to monitor these changes in along-term field studies.
21
KUSHWAHA, C. P., und K. P. SINGH. „CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND SOIL FERTILITY IN A TROPICAL DRYLAND AGRO-ECOSYSTEM: IMPACT OF RESIDUE AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENT“. Experimental Agriculture 41, Nr. 1 (Januar 2005): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002303.
Annotation:
To understand the impact of residue and tillage management on crop productivity of rice and barley (including grain yield) and soil fertility in a tropical dryland agro-ecosystem, the following six treatments were established: (a) conventional tillage and residue removed (CT−R); (b) conventional tillage and residue retained (CT+R); (c) minimum tillage and residue removed (MT−R); (d) minimum tillage and residue retained (MT+R); (e) zero tillage and residue removed (ZT−R); and (f) zero tillage and residue retained (ZT+R). Minimum total net productivity (TNP) in both barley (the winter season crop) and rice (the rainy season crop) was recorded in the ZT−R treatment and the maximum in the MT+R treatment. In these crops, 83–88% of TNP was represented by above-ground net productivity (ANP). A reduction in tillage, from conventional to zero, especially when combined with residue retention, reduced the crop TNP/weed TNP ratio, reflecting the abundance of weeds with zero tillage. In both crops, minimum tillage increased grain yields, compared with conventional, but zero tillage resulted in reduced yields. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and N-mineralization rates were higher in rice than in barley, and were maximum in the MT+R treatment. Crop productivity and grain yield in different treatments were positively correlated with MBC, MBN, N-mineralization rate and available-N. Strong negative correlations between crop productivity and grain yield with weed TNP and N-uptake were recorded. This study suggests that retention of a small fraction (one-third) of above-ground biomass from the previous crop and its incorporation in the soil through minimum tillage enhances the crop productivity and grain yield of succeeding crops and promotes soil fertility in a cereal based tropical dryland agro-ecosystem.
22
Pereira, J. L., M. C. Picanço, E. J. G. Pereira, A. A. Silva, A. Jakelaitis, R. R. Pereira und V. M. Xavier. „Influence of crop management practices on bean foliage arthropods“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, Nr. 6 (27.05.2010): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000039.
Annotation:
AbstractCrop management practices can affect the population of phytophagous pest species and beneficial arthropods with consequences for integrated pest management. In this study, we determined the effect of no-tillage and crop residue management on the arthropod community associated with the canopy of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Abundance and species composition of herbivorous, detritivorous, predaceous and parasitoid arthropods were recorded during the growing seasons of 2003 and 2004 in Coimbra County, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Arthropod diversity and guild composition were similar among crop management systems, but their abundance was higher under no-tillage relative to conventional cultivation and where residues from the preceding crop were maintained in the field. Thirty-four arthropod species were recorded, and those most representative of the impact of the crop management practices were Hypogastrura springtails, Empoasca kraemeri and Circulifer leafhoppers, and Solenopsis ants. The infestation levels of major insect-pests, especially leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), was on average seven-fold lower under no-tillage with retention of crop residues relative to the conventional system with removal of residues, whereas the abundance of predatory ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and springtails (Collembola: Hypogastruridae) were, respectively, about seven- and 15-fold higher in that treatment. Importantly, a significant trophic interaction among crop residues, detritivores, predators and herbivores was observed. Plots managed with no-tillage and retention of crop residues had the highest bean yield, while those with conventional cultivation and removal of the crop residues yielded significantly less beans. This research shows that cropping systems that include zero tillage and crop residue retention can reduce infestation by foliar insect-pests and increase abundance of predators and detritivores, thus having direct consequences for insect pest management.
23
Baskoro, Dwl Putro Tejo. „Effect of Placement Method of Crop Residue and Irrigation on Soil Physical Properties and Plant Production“. Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 7, Nr. 2 (01.10.2005): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.7.2.66-70.
Annotation:
A proper management of crop residue can increase crop production since it plays an important role on increasingwater availability. The effect of crop residue application on soil productivity depends on many factors. In this research. theeffect of placement of crop residue and irrigation on soil physical properties and crop production were examined under field condition on dry season. The result showed that crop residue placement had no significant effect on all parameters of measured soil physical properties both under dry condition (no irrigation) and wet condition (with irrigation). The effects ofcrop residue placements on maize growth were also not significant. Nevertheless there was a tendency that surface application produced higher biomass than buried application. On grain yield, however. the effect of crop residue placement was significant. especially under dry condition with no water applied Surface application of crop residues produced higher grain yield than buried application.
24
Porichha, Gaurav Kumar, Yulin Hu, Kasanneni Tirumala Venkateswara Rao und Chunbao Charles Xu. „Crop Residue Management in India: Stubble Burning vs. Other Utilizations including Bioenergy“. Energies 14, Nr. 14 (15.07.2021): 4281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144281.
Annotation:
In recent studies, various reports reveal that stubble burning of crop residues in India generates nearly 150 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), more than 9 million tons of carbon monoxide (CO), a quarter-million tons of sulphur oxides (SOX), 1 million tons of particulate matter and more than half a million tons of black carbon. These contribute directly to environmental pollution, as well as the haze in the Indian capital, New Delhi, and the diminishing glaciers of the Himalayas. Although stubble burning crop residue is a crime under Section 188 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the Air and Pollution Control Act (APCA) of 1981, a lack of implementation of these government acts has been witnessed across the country. Instead of burning, crop residues can be utilized in various alternative ways, including use as cattle feed, compost with manure, rural roofing, bioenergy, beverage production, packaging materials, wood, paper, and bioethanol, etc. This review article aims to present the current status of stubble-burning practices for disposal of crop residues in India and discuss several alternative methods for valorization of crop residues. Overall, this review article offers a solid understanding of the negative impacts of mismanagement of the crop residues via stubble burning in India and the other more promising management approaches including use for bioenergy, which, if widely employed, could not only reduce the environmental impacts of crop residue management, but generate additional value for the agricultural sector globally.
25
Fredrikson, Levi, Patricia A. Skinkis und Ed Peachey. „Cover Crop and Floor Management Affect Weed Coverage and Density in an Establishing Oregon Vineyard“. HortTechnology 21, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.2.208.
Annotation:
Five vineyard floor management treatments were evaluated for effects on weed control over two growing seasons in an establishing ‘Chardonnay’ (Vitis vinifera) vineyard in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Four cover crop management treatments and an unplanted treatment were compared to assess the effects on vine row and alleyway weed coverage and densities of broadleaf and grass weeds. A winter annual cover crop was grown in alleyways of the cover-cropped treatments and was mowed in spring. The mowed residue was managed as follows: 1) residue transferred in-row as mulch representing the industry practice of “mow-and-throw,” 2) residue transferred in-row as mulch at three times the rate of the earlier treatment, 3) mowed residue incorporated into alleyways, and 4) removal of mowed cover crop residue from the vineyard. Weed coverage was assessed visually within a 1.0-m2 quadrat placed randomly in alleyways and vine rows, and densities of broadleaf and grass weeds were determined by counting and grouping individual weeds within each quadrat. Vine row weed coverage and densities were lower in treatments with residue mulch at each sampling date in 2009 and 2010, with nearly 100% in-row weed suppression by the heavier mulch treatment. Alleyway weed coverage was lowest when residue was incorporated and highest in the unplanted treatment at some sampling dates. Grass weed densities in alleyways were similar between treatments at all sampling dates. Results of this study indicate that in-row mulch of cover crop residues at fresh weight densities of 2.5–15.0 kg·m−2 provided effective weed control in a non-irrigated vineyard in western Oregon. Also, alleyway weed coverage may be reduced through incorporation of mowed cover crop residues.
26
Freebairn, DM, und WC Boughton. „Hydrologic effects of crop residue management practices“. Soil Research 23, Nr. 1 (1985): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9850023.
Annotation:
A daily water balance model of catchment behaviour was used with rainfall and runoff data from three 1 ha catchments over the period 1976-1981 inclusive to study the effects of different practices of crop residue management on volumes and peak rates of runoff. The practices studied were stubble burning, stubble incorporation, and stubble mulching. Rainfall and runoff data from the six-year study period were used to calibrate the catchment model to each of the management practices in turn. A 64-year record of daily rainfalls from a nearby meteorological station was used to estimate the long-term effects of the practices on the frequency distributions of runoff. An empirical relationship between peak rates of runoff and daily amounts of runoff was used with the daily water balance model to estimate the effects of the practices on peak rates of runoff. Burning of stubble produced the highest peak rates and amounts of runoff and mulching the lowest.
27
Elliott, L. F., und R. I. Papendick. „Crop Residue Management for Improved Soil Productivity“. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 3, Nr. 2-3 (Januar 1986): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1986.9754467.
28
Vaish, Sunny, Gagandeep Kaur, Naveen Kumar Sharma und Nikhil Gakkhar. „Estimation for Potential of Agricultural Biomass Sources as Projections of Bio-Briquettes in Indian Context“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 9 (23.04.2022): 5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095077.
Annotation:
Energy is an indicator of the socio-economic development of any country and has become an indispensable part of modern society. Despite several renewable sources of energy generation, biomass sources are still under-utilized due to the absence of standard policies of estimation of resources at the country level. This paper attempts to estimate the gross crop residue and surplus residue potential for all provinces of the agricultural country, India. In India, the total area under crop production is 94,305 thousand hectares and the yield from all significant crops is 309,133 kg per hectare. It is estimated that total gross crop residue generation in the country is 480 million tonnes. Subsequently, after consumption of crop residues for numerous applications, the surplus crop residues are 121 million tonnes. The bioenergy potential from the surplus residues is estimated as 1988 PJ, which offers a huge potential energy source, from materials otherwise treated as waste. The Indian province Punjab, rich in agricultural sources and covering only 7% of the total cropping area of the country, generates 11% of the total surplus crop which could be used for further efficient use as bio briquettes.
29
Amgain, L. „Effect of Preceding Winter Crops and Residue Management on Growth Performance, Weed, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Clusterbean (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba L. Taub.] Under Zero-Till Semi-Arid Condition“. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 35, Nr. 1 (03.12.2018): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22516.
Annotation:
Field experiments under zero-till rainfed ecosystem were conducted during 2010-11 and 2011-12 at Indian Agricultural Research Institutive New Delhi for identifying the agronomic performance, weed dynamics, nutrient uptake and profitability of clusterbean based cropping systems (clusterbean-wheat, clusterbean-mustard and clusterbean-chickpea) as influenced by three residue management practices (no residue, crop residues and Leucaena twigs) applied to both summer and winter seasonal crops. Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications were used to conduct the trials. Significantly higher green-pod yield of clusterbean (10.08 t ha-1 and 6.70 t ha-1) was recorded with the application of Leucaena twigs, followed by crop residue mulching and the least with no-residue application in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Wheat and chickpea as preceding crops produced significantly higher clusterbean green-pod yield (6.54 t ha-1 and 6.43 t ha-1) than mustard (5.18 t ha-1). The yield attributes viz. pod-clusters and weight of pods per plant showed significant variation. Significantly higher dry matter yield (299.9 g m-2) of Cyperus iria was recorded with mustard residues followed by chickpea (253.1 g m-2) and wheat (194.0 g m-2) residues. The nutrient uptake showed the same trend as that of dry pod and stalks yields and resulted significant influence due to residue management and preceding crops. Economic analysis exhibited the highest returns and net returns per Rupee invested under wheat with Leucaena twigs followed by chickpea with Leucaena twigs. Clusterbean after wheat and chickpea with Leucaena twigs was high yielding and profitable for rainfed areas under zero-till semi-arid condition.
30
Li, Jie, Shuai Wang, Yuanliang Shi, Lili Zhang und Zhijie Wu. „Do Fallow Season Cover Crops Increase N2O or CH4 Emission from Paddy Soils in the Mono-Rice Cropping System?“ Agronomy 11, Nr. 2 (21.01.2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020199.
Annotation:
Cover crop management during the fallow season may play a relevant role in improving crop productivity and soil quality, by increasing nitrogen (N) and soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation, but has the possibility of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. A year-long consistency experiment was conducted to examine the effects of various winter covering crops on annual nitrous oxide (N2O) together with methane (CH4) emissions in the mono-rice planting system, including direct emissions in the cover crop period and the effects of incorporating these crops on gaseous emissions during the forthcoming rice (Oryza Sativa L.) growing period, to improve the development of winter fallow paddy field with covering crops and to assess rice cultivation patterns. The experiment included three treatments: Chinese milk vetch-rice (Astragalus sinicus L.) with cover crop residue returned (T1), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.)-rice with cover crop residue returned (T2), and rice with winter fallow (CK). Compared with CK, the two winter cover crop treatments significantly increased rice yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) by 6.9–14.5%, 0.8–2.1% and 3.4–5.4%, respectively. In all cases, the fluxes of CH4 and N2O could increase with the incorporation of N fertilizer application and cover crop residues. Short-term peaks of these two gas fluxes were monitored after all crop residues were incorporated in the soil preparation period, the early vegetative growth period and the midseason drainage period. The winter cover crop residue application greatly enhanced CH4 and N2O cumulative emissions compared with CK (by 193.6–226.5% and 37.5–43.7%, respectively) during rice growing season and intercropping period. Meanwhile, the mean values of global warming potentials (GWPs) from paddy fields with different cropping crops were T2 > T1 > CK. Considering the advantages of crop productivity together with environmental safety and soil quality, Chinese milk vetch-rice with cover crop residue returned would be the most practicable and sustainable cultivation pattern for the mono-rice cropping systems.
31
Zschornack, Tiago, Cimélio Bayer, Josiléia Acordi Zanatta, Frederico Costa Beber Vieira und Ibanor Anghinoni. „Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated rice by no incorporation of winter crop residues into the soil“. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35, Nr. 2 (April 2011): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000200031.
Annotation:
Winter cover crops are sources of C and N in flooded rice production systems, but very little is known about the effect of crop residue management and quality on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study was conducted in pots in a greenhouse to evaluate the influence of crop residue management (incorporated into the soil or left on the soil surface) and the type of cover-crop residues (ryegrass and serradella) on CH4 and N2O emissions from a flooded Albaqualf soil cultivated with rice (Oryza sativa L.). The closed chamber technique was used for air sampling and the CH4 and N2O concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Soil solution was sampled at two soil depths (2 and 20 cm), simultaneously to air sampling, and the contents of dissolved organic C (DOC), NO3-, NH4+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ were analyzed. Methane and N2O emissions from the soil where crop residues had been left on the surface were lower than from soil with incorporated residues. The type of crop residue had no effect on the CH4 emissions, while higher N2O emissions were observed from serradella (leguminous) than from ryegrass, but only when the residues were left on the soil surface. The more intense soil reduction verified in the deeper soil layer (20 cm), as evidenced by higher contents of reduced metal species (Mn2+ and Fe2+), and the close relationship between CH4 emission and the DOC contents in the deeper layer indicated that the sub-surface layer was the main CH4 source of the flooded soil with incorporated crop residues. The adoption of management strategies in which crop residues are left on the soil surface is crucial to minimize soil CH4 and N2O emissions from irrigated rice fields. In these production systems, CH4 accounts for more than 90 % of the partial global warming potential (CH4+N2O) and, thus, should be the main focus of research.
32
Schoenau, Jeff J., und Constantine A. Campbell. „Impact of crop residues on nutrient availability in conservation tillage systems“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, Nr. 4 (01.10.1996): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-111.
Annotation:
Crop residue management is a key consideration when attempting to optimize fertility in conservation tillage systems. Major factors affecting the impact of crop residues on nutrient availability include the chemical composition of the residue [e.g. carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratio], residue placement, fertilizer placement in relation to residue and time. Greater surface accumulation of crop residues in reduced and no-till systems tends to slow decomposition of N-poor residues such as cereal straw, and crop N supply during the current year can be reduced by immobilization if the straw is incorporated close to the time of high crop demand. Similarly, placement of fertilizer directly in the surface straw residue can reduce fertilizer use efficiency due to greater immobilization. Greater immobilization in reduced and no-till systems can enhance the conservation of soil and fertilizer N in the long term, with higher initial N fertilizer requirements decreasing over time because of 1) reduced losses by erosion and 2) the build-up of a larger pool of readily mineralizable organic N. For N-rich residues, such as legumes, volatilization losses may be greater when these residues are left on the surface than when incorporated into soil. Leaching of soluble phosphorus and sulfur compounds from standing and surface-placed crop residues into the mineral soil below may be a significant pathway for recycling of these elements in no-till systems. Greater coverage of the soil surface by crop residues can increase soil moisture and affect soil biological activity related to nutrient turnover. Future research should address how above- and below-ground decomposition processes differ for a wider range of crop residues and nutrients, emphasizing both short and long-term nutrient recycling. Key words: Crop residue, no-till, nutrient availability, nutrient cycling
33
Beyaert, Ron, und R. Paul Voroney. „Estimation of decay constants for crop residues measured over 15 years in conventional and reduced tillage systems in a coarse-textured soil in southern Ontario“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, Nr. 6 (November 2011): 985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-055.
Annotation:
Beyaert, R. P. and Voroney, R. P. 2011. Estimation of decay constants for crops residues measured over 15 years in conventional and reduced tillage systems in a coarse-textured soil in southern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 985–995. Crop residues are the primary means of sustaining soil organic matter levels in agricultural soils. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of tillage practices on the rate of decomposition of crop residues over a 15-yr period under field conditions in southern Ontario. Microplots were amended with14C-labelled above-ground residues of five annual agricultural crops: corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum L.). The crop residues were added to the soil immediately following harvest during the 1990 growing season using a simulated conventional mouldboard plough–disc management (CT) or conservation tillage management (RT), and the amounts of crop residues remaining were measured periodically. The rate of decomposition of the labile C was positively correlated to the levels of hot-water soluble C and N content and negatively correlated to the C:N ratio and hemicellulose concentration of the residues. Decomposition of the residue C was greater under CT during the initial phase of decomposition, indicating that the incorporated residues were exposed to a more favourable environment for microbial activity compared with surface-applied residues. Kinetic analysis of residue decomposition showed that residues managed under CT had a larger labile component and faster rate of decomposition and a smaller resistant component with a slower decomposition rate than RT. Comparisons of models describing the decomposition of combined crops/tillage practices did not describe the decomposition process as well as models for individual crop/tillage combinations.
34
Lupwayi, N. Z., G. W. Clayton, J. T. O’Donovan, K. N. Harker, T. K. Turkington und Y. K. Soon. „Potassium release during decomposition of crop residues under conventional and zero tillage“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, Nr. 3 (01.05.2006): 473–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-049.
Annotation:
Nutrient cycling is an important part of integrated nutrient management. The litterbag method was used in field experiments to determine potassium (K) release patterns from red clover (Trifolium pratense) green manure (GM), field pea (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica rapa) and monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum) residues under conventional and zero tillage from 1998 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2000. Potassium contained in crop residues ranged from 25 kg ha-1 in wheat to 121 kg ha-1 in pea residues, both under zero tillage. The percentage of K released over a 52-wk period ranged from 65% of pea K under zero tillage to 99% of clover K under conventional tillage, and the amounts released were 20–32 kg ha-1 from wheat, 31–52 kg ha-1 from canola, 28–79 kg ha-1 from pea, and 31–118 kg ha-1 from legume GM residues. In both trial periods, K from wheat residues was released at a faster rate under conventional tillage than under zero tillage during the first 10 wk of residue decomposition. In contrast, K from pea and canola residues was released more quickly under zero tillage than under conventional tillage. The effect of tillage on K release from GM residues was similar to that on pea and canola residues in 1998–1999, but similar to that on wheat residues in 1999–2000. Correlations between K release and residue quality were inconsistent, presumably because K is not a structural component of plant tissue, and therefore its release is probably related more to leaching than to residue decomposition. These results show that crop residues recycle substantial amounts of K for use by subsequent crops in rotation. Key words: Conservation tillage, crop residue quality, crop rotation, organic soil amendments
35
Bajgai, Yadunath, Paul Kristiansen, Nilantha Hulugalle und Melinda McHenry. „Comparison of organic and conventional managements on yields, nutrients and weeds in a corn–cabbage rotation“. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, Nr. 2 (12.08.2013): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000264.
Annotation:
AbstractConventional soil management systems (SMS) use synthetic inputs to maximize crop productivity, which leads to environmental degradation. Organic SMS is an alternative that is claimed to prevent or mitigate such negative environmental impacts. Vegetable production systems rely on frequent tillage to prepare beds and manage weeds, and are also characterized by little crop residue input. The use of crop residues and organic fertilizers may counteract the negative impacts of intensive vegetable production. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effect of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) residue incorporation in a corn–cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) rotation on crop yields, nutrient uptake, weed biomass and soil nutrients for organic and conventional SMS in two contrasting soil types (a Chromosol and a Vertosol). Yields of corn and cabbage under the organic SMS were not lower than the conventional SMS, possibly due to the equivalent N, P and K nutrients applied. Macro-nutrient uptake between the organic and conventional SMS did not differ for cabbage heads. Corn residue incorporation reduced the average in-crop weed biomass in cabbage crops by 22% in 2010 and by 47% in 2011. Corn residue-induced inhibitions on weed biomass may be exploited as a supplementary tool to mechanical weed control for the organic SMS, potentially reducing the negative impacts of cultivation on soil organic carbon. Residue incorporation and the organic SMS increased the average total soil N by 7 and 4% compared with the treatments without residue and the conventional SMS, respectively, indicating the longer-term fertility gains of these treatments. Exchangeable K, but not Colwell P, in the soil was significantly increased by residue incorporation. The clayey Vertosol conserved higher levels of nutrients than the sandy Chromosol. Yields under organic SMS can match that of conventional SMS. Residue incorporation in soil improved soil nutrients and reduced weed biomass.
36
Wang, Yamei, Shuhe Zhao, Wenting Cai, Joon Heo und Fanchen Peng. „A Sensitive Band to Optimize Winter Wheat Crop Residue Cover Estimation by Eliminating Moisture Effect“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 11 (29.05.2019): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113032.
Annotation:
Crop residues can retain soil moisture and increase soil organic matter. Crop residue cover is also a hot issue in agricultural remote sensing. Crop residue cover can be estimated linearly with cellulose absorption index (CAI), while moisture of crop residues and soil would reduce the accuracy of crop residue cover estimation. Crop residue and soil were used as materials to carry out the laboratory experiment to reveal the impact of moisture on crop residue cover estimation and eliminate said impact. This paper discovered a sensitive band, R2005, which can invert water content of materials to eliminate moisture effect and improve estimation accuracy of crop residue cover. In terms of inverting water content, compared with two ratio water indices proposed in 2016 (R1.6/R1.5, R1.6/R2.0), using R2005 can increase R2 from 0.828 to 0.935 and decline root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 0.12 to 0.07. At the point of results validation, R2 is 0.958 and RMSE is 0.06, indicating R2005 has a high accuracy. Another advantage of R2005 is that it is more suitable to promote to actual production because of simple and efficient band calculation.
37
Lei, En, ChaoBo Wang, Wen Xue Li, Yue Dong Wang, Yong Bing Yang, Hua Bin Zheng und Qi Yuan Tang. „Straw Mulching with Minimum Tillage Is the Best Method Suitable for Straw Application under Mechanical Grain Harvesting“. Scientific Programming 2021 (26.12.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6878176.
Annotation:
Mechanical grain harvesting is a crop production development direction. However, the residue management methods suitable for mechanical grain harvesting have been not established. In order to study the effect of residue management modes on maize yield formation and explore the best residue management methods for mechanical grain harvesting, four crop field surveys were carried out in Southwest China. Crops were mechanically harvested, and the residues were shredded and returned to the field using various straw application methods including straw deep burial with plowing (SDBP), straw shallow burial with rotary tillage (SSBRT), and straw mulching with minimum tillage (SMMT). The first-season rape residues were returned to the field, and the second-season maize yield under SDBP and SSBRT was significantly higher than that under SMMT. However, with the increase in rounds of residue application, compared with SDBP and SSBRT, SMMT continuously increased the soil moisture content in the 0–30 cm soil layer at the early stage of maize growth, increased the soil alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen content in the 0–20 cm and 40–60 cm layers, and reduced the soil compaction under 40 cm layer, which were more conducive to the root system growth. Maize yield with the SMMT increased by 5.4% compared with that of the previous season, while the yields with SDBP and SSBRT decreased by 16.7% and 12.7%, respectively, compared with those of the previous season. In conclusion, it is recommended to employ the SMMT method during crop mechanical harvesting, which is of great significance to improve soil quality and increase maize grain yield.
38
Kumar, Mukesh, Sabyasachi Mitra, Sonali Paul Mazumdar, Bijan Majumdar, Amit Ranjan Saha, Shiv Ram Singh, Biswajit Pramanick, Ahmed Gaber, Walaa F. Alsanie und Akbar Hossain. „Improvement of Soil Health and System Productivity through Crop Diversification and Residue Incorporation under Jute-Based Different Cropping Systems“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 8 (16.08.2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081622.
Annotation:
Crop diversity through residue incorporation is the most important method for sustaining soil health. A field study was conducted over five consecutive years (2012–2017) to see the impact of residue incorporartions in Inceptisol of eastern India. The main plot treatments had five cropping systems (CS), namely, fallow−rice−rice (FRR), jute−rice−wheat (JRW), jute−rice−baby corn (JRBc), jute−rice−vegetable pea (JRGp), jute−rice−mustard−mungbean/green gram (JRMMu), which cinsisted of four sub-plots with varied nutrient and crop residue management (NCRM) levels, namely crops with no residue +75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (F1R0), crops with the residue of the previous crops +75% RDF (F1R1), crops with no resiude +100% RDF (F2R0), and crops with residue +100% RDF (F2R1). The highest system productivity was obtained for JRBc (15.3 Mg·ha−1), followed by JRGp (8.81 Mg·ha−1) and JRMMu (7.61 Mg·ha−1); however, the highest sustainability index was found with the JRGp cropping system (0.88), followed by JRMMu (0.82). Among the NCRMs, the highest productivity (8.78 Mg·ha−1) and sustainability index (0.83) were recorded in F2R1. Five soil parameters, namely, bulk density, available K, urease activity, dehydrogenase activity, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), were used in the minimum data-set (MDS) for the calculation of the soil quality index (SQI). The best attainment of SQI was found in the JRGp system (0.63), closely followed by the JRMMu (0.61) cropping system.
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Prajapati, R., D. Chakrborty, S. Saha, V. K. Gupta und R. N. Sahoo. „REMOTE SENSING FOR ESTIMATION OF INTENSITY AND EXTENT OF PLANT RESIDUE COVER“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (26.07.2019): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-423-2019.
Annotation:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Left-over crop residue on the surface is a measure of tillage intensity and soil management, and is an integral part of the conservation agriculture practice. Remote sensing can be successfully used to monitor the large area crop residue cover which is otherwise difficult through the conventional way, provided the spectrally similar crop residues and soil can be suitably differentiated. Hyperspectral reflectance (350&ndash;2500&thinsp;nm) of various quantities of crop residue cover over red soil was measured with varying moisture contents in the residue. A broad spectrum near 2100&thinsp;mm was identified for dry residue, which was not recorded in soil spectra. This could possibly be linked to the cellulose-lignin content. The cellulose absorption index (CAI) was evaluated for crop residue cover with moderate to good correlations, with strong dependency on the residue water content. A few narrow bands were identified to characterize both the cellulose-lignin (i.e. the CAI) and the water content, and could be incorporated in on-board multispectral sensors for regional estimation of crop residue over the soil surface.</p>
40
Diouf, M., E. Baudoin, L. Dieng, K. Assigbetsé und A. Brauman. „Legume and gramineous crop residues stimulate distinct soil bacterial populations during early decomposition stages“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 90, Nr. 2 (01.05.2010): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09034.
Annotation:
This study characterized the genetic structure of the active soil bacterial populations involved in the decomposition of maize and soybean residues over 3 d. Significant compositional differences between the total bacterial community and its active component were observed that were residue specific, suggesting that residue management should be further evaluated as a driver of soil C cycle through selection of bacterial populations.Key words: 16S rRNA DGGE, active bacterial community, organic matter, crop residue
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Zinia, JF, MR Uddin, MD Hossain, UK Sarker, MSM Akanda und S. Rasul. „Effects of barley crop residues on weed management and grain yield of transplant Aman rice“. Progressive Agriculture 31, Nr. 2 (16.12.2020): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i2.50716.
Annotation:
The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University during the period from July to December 2017 to evaluate the effect of barley crop residues on weed management and yield of transplant aman rice. The experiment consisted of three time of crop residue application viz. one week before transplanting, at the time of transplanting, at one week after transplanting and five doses of barley crop residues such as no crop residues, barley crop residues @ 0.5 t ha-1, barley crop residues @ 1.0 t ha-1, barley crop residues @ 1.5 t ha-1, and barley crop residues @ 2.0 t ha-1. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Weed population and weed dry weight were significantly affected by the dose and time of barley crop residues application. The minimum weed growth was noticed with the application of barley crop residues @ 2.0 t ha-1 at one week after transplanting and the maximum one was observed in no crop residues treatment at one week before transplanting. The highest values of percent weed inhibition was found with the application of barley crop residues @ 2.0 t ha-1 which were 48.13%, 41.39%, 39.71%, 39.88% and 38.73% for panikachu (Monochoria vaginalis), shama (Echinochloa crusgalli), chesra (Scirpus juncoides), amrul (Oxalis corniculata) and sabujnakful (Cyperus difformis), respectively. Rice grain yield and the yield contributing characters produced by the application of crop residues at one week before transplanting was the highest among different times of application and the highest reduction of rice grain yield was obtained in no crop residue treatment. The highest number of effective tillers hill-1, number of grains panicle-1, 1000-grain weight, rice grain and straw yields were observed when barley crop residues were applied @ 2.0 t ha-1 at one week before transplanting. Results of this study indicate that application of barley crop residues @ 2 t ha-1 at one week before transplanting showed the maximum suppression of weed growth. Therefore, barley crop residues might be used as an alternative tool for weed management in transplant aman rice.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (2): 119-129, 2020
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Cromey, M. G., G. S. Francis, L. A. Trimmer, F. J. Tabley, R. N. Gillespie, P. M. Fraser, A. J. Pearson, R. C. Butler, D. Curtin und S. L. Bithell. „Influences of crop rotation tillage residue management and winter cover crop on takeall in spring wheat“. New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (01.08.2008): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6804.
Annotation:
The effects of soil and residue management factors (tillage postharvest crop residue management and winter cover crops) and crop rotation (wheat following two barley crops wheat following ryegrass) on take all were compared in a 3year field trial in Canterbury Incidence of takeall was very high in plots that had previously grown barley and very low in plots that followed ryegrass Takeall incidence was also much greater in plots that were disced than in plots that were directdrilled Differences in soil pH and in plant emergence were also recorded between disced and directdrilled plots but there was no evidence that they caused the increased levels of takeall There was a tendency towards reduced yields in the disced plots that had severe levels of takeall
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Norsworthy, Jason K., Nicholas E. Korres, Michael J. Walsh und Stephen B. Powles. „Integrating Herbicide Programs with Harvest Weed Seed Control and Other Fall Management Practices for the Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)“. Weed Science 64, Nr. 3 (September 2016): 540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00210.1.
Annotation:
A large-plot field experiment was conducted at Keiser, AR, from fall of 2010 through fall of 2013 to understand to what extent soybean in-crop herbicide programs and postharvest fall management practices impact Palmer amaranth population density and seed production over three growing seasons. The effect of POST-only (glyphosate-only) or PRE followed by (fb) POST (glyphosate or glufosinate) + residual herbicide treatments were evaluated alone and in combination with postharvest management options of soybean residue spreading or soil incorporation, use of cover crops, windrowing with/without burning, and residue removal. Significant differences were observed between fall management practices on Palmer amaranth population density each fall. The use of cover crops and residue collection and removal fb the incorporation of crop residues into soil during the formation of beds were the most effective practices in reducing Palmer amaranth population. In contrast, the effects of fall management practices on Palmer amaranth seed production were inconsistent among years. The inclusion of a PRE herbicide application into the herbicide program significantly reduced Palmer amaranth population density and subsequent seed production each year when compared to the glyphosate-only program. Additionally, the glufosinate-containing residual program was superior to the glyphosate-containing residual program in reducing Palmer amaranth seed production. PRE fb POST herbicides resulted in significant decreases in the Palmer amaranth population density and seed production compared to POST application of glyphosate alone for all fall management practices, including the no-till practice. This study demonstrated that crop residue management such as chaff removal from the field, the use of cover crops, or seed incorporation during bed formation in combination with an effective PRE plus POST residual herbicide program is important for optimizing in-season management of Palmer amaranth and subsequently reducing the population density, which has a profound impact on lessening the risk for herbicide resistance and the consistency and effectiveness of future weed management efforts.
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Okeyo, Jeremiah M., Jay Norton, Saidou Koala, Boaz Waswa, Job Kihara und Andre Bationo. „Impact of reduced tillage and crop residue management on soil properties and crop yields in a long-term trial in western Kenya“. Soil Research 54, Nr. 6 (2016): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15074.
Annotation:
Sustainable farming practices are required to address the persistent problems of land degradation and declining crop productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Approaches such as reducing tillage and retaining crop residues as mulch are potential entry points for smallholder farmers to move towards sustainability. In this study, we assessed the impact of reduced tillage (RT) compared with conventional tillage (CT), each combined with crop residue reapplication, on soil quality indicators and crop yields under an 8-year trial in western Kenya. Our results indicate that RT combined with crop residue reapplication enhanced soil physical quality through increased macroaggregate (>2000µm) proportions and mean weight diameter. Similarly, lower respiratory quotient values indicate that soil microbes under RT have better substrate-use efficiency than those under CT. Nevertheless, soil organic carbon (C), potentially mineralisable C, microbial biomass C and mineral nitrogen contents were all higher under CT with crop residue incorporated into the soil. Maize grain yield and aboveground biomass were also higher under CT. Thus, despite RT showing potential to improve soil physical properties, CT performed better. A stepwise approach is proposed towards the practice of conservation agriculture under resource-constrained smallholder farming conditions, starting with increased biomass production to provide crop residue for soil cover, followed by RT approaches.
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Hoyt, Greg D. „Tillage and Cover Residue Affects on Vegetable Yields“. HortTechnology 9, Nr. 3 (Januar 1999): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.3.351.
Annotation:
The availability of various conservation tillage (CT) practices along with a variety of cover residues creates an opportunity for farm managers to create new systems for vegetable production. We established various tillage practices and cover crop residues for CT use to determine which systems would continue to deliver high vegetable productivity. Recommendations for using CT based only on a yield perspective would lead us to conclude that full season crops could be grown with some form of CT and respectable yields would be obtainable. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production with CT is successfully being practiced in North Carolina in both the mountain valleys and Piedmont region. Because of the cooler soil temperatures with cover residue, summer and especially fall harvested tomatoes produce the least risk in obtaining similar yields as plow/disc production. Our experiments with short season vegetable crops and CT have had mixed results. Cole crops (Brassica L.) grown with CT in early spring or late fall experience soil temperatures cool enough to delay growth compared to plow/disc management. Proper selection of a cover crop residue type and the amount of cover residue can increase yield. Growing short season vegetable crops with CT during the warmest season of the year will reduce the risk of delayed plant growth and thus, decrease the time to harvest.
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Carbonari, Caio A., Giovanna L. G. C. Gomes, Maria L. B. Trindade, José R. M. Silva und Edivaldo D. Velini. „Dynamics of Sulfentrazone Applied to Sugarcane Crop Residues“. Weed Science 64, Nr. 1 (März 2016): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00171.1.
Annotation:
The sulfentrazone is regularly applied to sugarcane crop harvest residue for PRE control of weedy species, especially in the dry season during the year, but little is known about how rainfall timing or crop residue mass affect the release of sulfentrazone into the soil and its subsequent effectiveness. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of sugarcane residue mass (5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha−1) and rainfall timing (1, 30, and 60 d after herbicide application) on sulfentrazone retention. Rainfall volumes were simulated at 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, and 100 mm. A 20-mm rainfall volume was simulated at 7 and 14 d after the first simulated event. The water passing through the straw was collected after each rainfall simulation. The concentration of sulfentrazone was measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The initial 20 mm of rain released the maximum mass of sulfentrazone from the sugarcane residue. The mass of sugarcane residue affected the amount of sulfentrazone recovered. The amount of sulfentrazone released from the residue was significantly reduced by the persistence on the residue surface for long periods before the occurrence of rain. During periods of low rainfall, recommendations for sulfentrazone rate must take into account losses that occur when applied over the harvest residues to design a weed-management plan that does not compromise efficacy and duration of the residual effects.
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Clay, David E., Ronald Alverson, Jane M. F. Johnson, Douglas L. Karlen, Sharon Clay, Michael Q. Wang, Stephanie Bruggeman und Shaina Westhoff. „Crop Residue Management Challenges: A Special Issue Overview“. Agronomy Journal 111, Nr. 1 (Januar 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.10.0657.
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Martens, Dean A. „Management and Crop Residue Influence Soil Aggregate Stability“. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, Nr. 3 (Mai 2000): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900030006x.
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Sangeef und Raj Kumar. „Crop Residue Generation and Management in Punjab State“. Indian Journal of Economics and Development 12, Nr. 1a (2016): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2016.00109.8.
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Aggarwal, G. C. „Crop-residue management on mechanized farms in India“. Energy 19, Nr. 9 (September 1994): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(94)90080-9.