Dissertationen zum Thema „Cristallisation induite par déformation“
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Quandalle, Grégoire. „Étude et modélisation mécanique de la cristallisation induite par la déformation des polymères : caoutchouc naturel réticulé et PET“. Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM033/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe present PhD thesis aims at a better understanding and modeling of strain-induced-crystallization. The phenomenon is characterized for two polymers: PET and crosslinked natural rubber. Strain conditions leading to strain-induced-crystallization are determined by thermal and dynamic mechanical analysis. The developing microstructure is observed by X-ray scattering.The PET is stretched in uni- and biaxial tension. A part of samples is rapidly quenched after stretching and another is submitted to a stress relaxation after stretching. The studies demonstrate that the stretching of PET does not enable the formation of a complete PET crystal with all its own families of planes.The crosslinked natural rubber is stretched in uniaxial tension and in shear preceded by uniaxial stretching. In shear, the crystalline phase, appeared during the pre-stretching or during the shear rotates and has a tendency to orient as the directions of the principal strains. The principal elongation is used to compare the crystallization under the different stresses.A constitutive modeling for visco-hyperelastic behaviors, in a complete thermodynamics framework of irreversible processes, is extended in order to reproduce le mechanical hardening related to the development of an organized/crystalline phase. The modeling successes in reproducing the experimental behaviors in uploading/unloading for various strain conditions
Chaari, Fahmi. „Caractérisation en temps réel de la cristallisation induite lors de la déformation d'un thermoplastique : étude rhéo-optique et par diffraction de rayons X aux grands angles“. Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DENS0007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe propose in this thesis new methods to characterize the shear induced crystallization that occurs during semi-crystalline polymers processing. Rhéo-optical measurements allowed us to follow the different changes of microstructure during the crystallization of a polymer submitted to a temperature jump from molten state. We can distinguish three different crystallization stages: a nucleation, a first isotropic growth phase and a second phase where the growth becomes anisotropic. We showed that the optical measurements are able to characterize crystallization, and are even more sensitive than traditional rheological measurements. However, this type of measurement is not able to differentiate quantitatively the different polymer phases. We used then the x-rays diffraction in order to obtain this differentiation in a quantitative way. We carried out tensile tests on polymers in rubbery state and observed in real time the evolution of their crystalline phases using a synchrotron x-ray beam. The comparison with the mechanical behaviour shows that the hardening generally observed for these semi crystalline polymers comes essentially from amorphous chains stretching between crystallites. Deformation rate effect on the kinetic of crystallization kinetic was also studied. The same geometry of deformation was used to carry out measurements of the optical properties during the crystallization starting from rubbery state. The evolutions of turbidity, birefringence and dichroism were thus correlated with stress state in the polymer. The results obtained by X-rays diffraction were combined in order to differentiate the contribution from each phase of polymer
Laghmach, Rabia. „Modélisation de la cristallisation des élastomères sous sollicitation mécanique par champ de phase“. Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0061/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatural rubber NR and more generally elastomer presents unique physical properties that are very important for many engineering applications. Strain induced crystallization of elastomer presents a major interest because it improves considerably the mechanical properties. In fact, the presence of crystallites within the amorphous phase in a polymer network induces a strengthening of this material, giving NR a self-reinforcement character. In this thesis, we develop a mesoscopic model to describe the crystallization of elastomers under strain. In this context, we present a kinetic model using a new physical approach: a phase field model. This model combines the crystallization thermodynamics with the local stress field. The thermodynamic description of the phase transition is based on a Gibbs free energy functional F which contains all energy contributions of the system: the bulk contributions (enthalpy and entropy) and surface tension. To understand the experimental observation of nanometer size crystalites, an explicit account of the topological constraints induced by both entanglements and/or crosslinks is necessary. We investigated two limiting mechanisms, a kinetic limitation of the growth, and an energetic limitation. Based on both the kinetic and the energetic approaches, we have systematically studied the influence of topological constraints on the growth process. We have shown that the growth process is affected by the accumulation of elastic stress at the interface. The kinetic model predicts the existence of instabilities during the growth. These instabilities induce a heterogeneous dynamical growth which leads to the formation of dendrite like structures. On the contrary, the energetic approach predicts an exponential increase of the surface tension during the growth that limits the size of the crystallites very efficiently. In the last part we investigated elastomer crystallization under cyclic deformation. To this end, we coupled the previous energetic model with the nucleation process. Finally the simulation data are compared with experimental measurements
Wei, Yuanyuan. „Fracture of ultra-soft hydrogels probed by puncture and cavitation“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLS045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUltra-soft material exhibits different deformation and fracture characteristics compared to common soft material due to anticipated surface tension effects and structural heterogeneity. To this end, we systematically investigated fracture properties of ultra-soft hydrogels using puncture and cavitation methods. For soft polyacrylamide, PDMS, and carrageenan, fracture resistance is dominated by the non-linear elasticity above the elasto-capillary length scale. Below this particular scale, fracture resistance is improved since capillarity must play a role in the onset of fracture. By synthesizing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels with low hydrolysis degree from two percolation paths (bond-percolation and site percolation), we discovered that gels formed by site-percolation possess stronger structural heterogeneity studied via dynamic light scattering and thus result in lower fracture resistance. Surprisingly, an extremely large strain-induced crystallization during puncture was discovered in PVA hydrogel with high hydrolysis degree, which locally reinforces the network around the needle tip and displaces the crack initiation point from the needle tip to the edge. This anisotropic structure results in an irregular spherical cavity in the cavitation experiment and largely improves its fracture energy. In addition, we found that increasing the molecular weight, adding surfactant, and placing an oil layer on hydrogel surfaces could each increase their fracture resistance. In the end, we developed a novel optical technique - photon correlation imaging - in which compression and tension strain distribution around the needle is quantitatively revealed. These new insights and methodological advances will provide useful information to design soft but fracture-resistant materials and surgical assistant robots in medical applications
Zubtsov, Sergey. „Etudes expérimentales de la déformation des roches carbonatées par dissolution cristallisation sous contrainte“. Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00744993.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKozelkova, Ivana. „Transformations martensitiques par trempe et induite par déformation plastique dans les alliages Fe-Ni-C“. Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0441.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAmmar, Amine. „Modélisation numérique de la cristallisation induite par l'écoulement d'un thermoplastique : application à l'injection“. Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DENS0014.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKarpp-Pfordt, Sophie. „Cristallisation induite par cisaillement du MXD6 dans différentes formulations : additifs nucléants, fibres de verre“. Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePihan, Étienne. „Élaboration et caractérisations de silicium polycristallin par cristallisation induite par aluminium de silicium amorphe : application au photovoltaïque“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13233.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleShaira, Maher. „Caractérisation non destructive de la transformation martensitique de l'acier 304L induite par déformation cyclique“. Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0087/these.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThree different non-destructive evaluation techniques have been applied to the monitoring of cyclic-strain-induced martensitic transformation in austenitic stainless steel 304L, namely ultrasonic measurements, eddy current characterisation and acoustic emission. They have been backed up by metallographic observations and made quantitative by comparison with X-ray diffraction measurements. In the low-cycle fatigue that was studied (cyclic strain 0. 5 %, fracture in about 1000 cycles), a significant amount of martensite is formed. But it is heterogeneously distributed: early transformation in the corners of rectangular-section tensile specimens, slower transformation close to the flat free surfaces and even slower in bulk. Considering this heterogeneity, global ultrasonic measurements are not adapted: they only detect damage through an increase of attenuation. On the other hand, local measurements with an eddy current probe proved sensitive to the martensitic transformation and even quantitative. Acoustic emission is a global collection of the local bursts in the sample, that can be caused by plasticity, damage growth (microcracks) and martensitic transformation. Three classes were sorted and attributed to each of these phenomena. It is possible to distinguish damage from martensitic transformation, and the rate of transformation is consistent with the one evaluation by eddy currents on the same sample. The interest and potential of a combination of these non-destructive techniques has therefore been demonstrated, as it had been on a previous concrete sample using ultrasounds and acoustic emission
Lechartier, Audrey. „Influence de la transformation martensitique induite par la déformation sur le comportement mécanique d’aciers inoxydables duplex“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI107/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuplex stainless steels offer an attractive combination of high mechanical properties, low thermalconductivity and a relatively low cost. They are increasingly used as structural materials such as inthe construction sector as concrete reinforcement bars, where both high strength (Rm > 900 MPa)and high elongation to failure (A% > 15 %) are required. This thesis aims at improving the strength/ elongation compromise by developing new duplex stainless steel compositions experiencing a wellcontrolledmartensitic transformation induced by plasticity (TRIP effect). The optimisation of thiscompromise has required a good understanding of the transformation mechanisms and of plasticdeformation associated with each phase : ferrite (BCC), austenite (FCC) and martensite (BCC).The influence of martensitic transformation on mechanical behavior has been studied in four duplexgrades of variable austenite stability as a function of their chemical composition. The influence ofmultiphase microstructure on martensitic transformation kinetics has been determined by makingthree alloys respectively representative of a duplex grade and its two constituents (austenite andferrite). Using multiple characterization techniques at different scales has allowed determiningboth the transformation mechanisms and its kinetics as a function of strain, giving thus accessto the influence of transformation on the mechanical behavior. The study of kinematic fields hashighlighted the impact of the martensitic phase on the distribution of deformations. Finally, theuse of a mechanical model taking explicitly into account the phase transformation has allowed theduplication of the mechanical behavior of a duplex stainless steel
Clair, Bertrand. „Contributions à la compréhension des phénomènes de nucléation induite par laser : applications à la glycine et études préliminaires sur l'histidine et l'acide glutamique“. Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0056/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolymorphism control of drug molecules is one the main challenges facing drug companies. Several examples have shown than an uncontrolled polymorphism crystallization could lead to dramatic situation. One the most recent progress in the polymorphism control is the unwanted discovery of polymorphic selective crystallization of organic molecule dissolved in solution based on the laser beam polarization. This thesis deals with the implantation of this method in France for the first time based on a methodology limiting experimental hazard and a special design experimental device dedicated to this study. This work is based on an important review of known results of the field and published for the first time. An important multifactor study was done on glycine, histidine and glutamic acid, which allows to improve knowledges on the putative initial mechanism based on the Kerr effect. It has been established that the solvent is the dominant factor, letting laser polarization as the third factor for polymorphism control after concentration
Guillotin, Alban. „Étude de la rugosité de surface induite par la déformation plastique de tôles minces en alliage d'aluminium AA6016“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrasland, François. „Vieillissement du caoutchouc naturel par thermo-oxydation : Etudes de ses conséquences sur la cristallisation sous déformation, la fissuration et la rupture“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI029/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatural rubber (NR) is largely used in the tire industry due to its excellent mechanical properties, e.g. its very good resistance to fatigue crack growth at high strain. It is generally accepted that this outstanding behavior is related to its ability to crystallize under strain. Such phenomenon, so called SIC, strongly depends on parameters like temperature, strain rate as well as the architecture of the rubber network. The microstructure of this network is formed during the crosslinking process and depends on the vulcanization system, i.e. “Efficient” or “Conventional”. The former vulcanization recipe consists in the formation of short or monosulfide bridges in the elastomer network whereas the latter (necessary to ensure a good adhesion between metallic and rubber parts in a tire) will mainly create longer polysulfide bridges. During its life, the tire will be submitted to a slow aerobic ageing which will cause structural modifications of the initial network and therefore an evolution of the rubber ability to crystallize under strain and to resist against crack propagation. In general, the structural modifications are caused by complex chemical mechanisms, highly sensitive to temperature, leading to chain scission and chain crosslinking. They can also involve sulfur bridge reorganization when NR is conventionally vulcanized. Nevertheless, most of the literature on NR ageing has been performed on efficiently cross-linked NR, and in thermal conditions which are much too severe to be representative of the material ageing in tire applications. Within this frame, our objective is to study this material when it is aged at 77 °C in air. Such parameters have been identified as capable of reproducing more realistically and over a reasonable duration, the ageing of rubber in some use conditions. After characterization of the evolution of the aged materials microstructure, their crack propagation resistance will be studied at 0.01 Hz for different values of macroscopic deformations. Time resolved Wide Angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measure-ments, carried out at room temperature, will then provide information on the crystallization process around the crack tip. Based on these results, the relation between the network evolution during ageing, the fatigue properties and the ability to strain crystal-lize in such conditions will be established in this work
Ammar, Amine. „Modélisation numérique de la cristallisation induite par l'écoulement d'un thermoplastique du comportement non linéaire des fondations superficielles sous séisme : application à l'injection /“. Cachan : Laboratoire de mécanique et technologie, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38806932d.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePellegrino, Antonio. „Comportement fragile des roches : dégradation des propriétés élastiques et anisotropie induite par les contraintes“. Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523151.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePenel-Pierron, Laurence. „Transition de phase induite par déformation dans les polymères à liaisons hydrogène : cas des copolymères éthylène-alcool vinylique et du polyamide 6“. Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-155.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJalali, Amirjalal. „Quiescent and flow-induced crystallization of poly(lactic acid)“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9892.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbstract : Poly(lactic acid), PLA, is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be produced from renewable resources. As a result, it has raised particular attention as a potential replacement for petroleum-based polymers. It is an aliphatic polyester with properties such as high modulus, high strength, and biocompatibility and is thus a promising material for various applications such as implants, drug encapsulation, and packaging. In the wake of low glass transition temperature, PLA has a low heat resistance and its application is limited to those not associated with high temperatures. In addition, this polymer suffers from a low degree of crystalinity. Increasing the crystallization rate in many processing operations, such as injection molding, is required. So far, many routes have been found to improve the crystallinity of PLA. These methods include using nucleating agents, plasticizers, and combination of nucleating agents and plasticizers together. PLA crystallization in the melt state results in two slightly different crystalline forms known as α and α’forms. This thesis compares the self-nucleation ability of these two crystal forms by self-nucleation. This is achieved by comparing crystallization temperatures upon cooling for samples previously crystallized at various temperatures and then re-heated to a temperature in the partial melting range for PLA. In the second step, we study the effect of molecular weight of PLA on the nucleation efficiency of PLA crystalline phases. This part of the investigation opens a new pathway to understand the role of PLA crystalline phases on the optimal condition for its crystallization kinetics. Polymer processing operations involve mixed shear and elongational flows and cause polymer molecules to experience flow-induced crystallization during flow and subsequent solidification. The mechanical properties of the final products are significantly dependent upon the degree of crystallization and types of formed crystals. Therefore, optimization of any polymer process requires a good understanding of how flow influences crystallization. The type of flow can play a significant role in affecting crystallization. For example, elongational flow causes molecules to orient and stretch in the direction of extension, as in the case of fiber spinning and film blowing, helping the process of flow-induced crystallization. An extensive body of literature exists on flow-induced crystallization of conventional thermoplastics. Having said that, less attention has been paid to the effect of shear and elongational flow on the PLA crystallization kinetics. As investigated in the final part of this thesis, the effect of iv molecular weight on the shear-induced crystallization of PLA is reported. For this, low, medium and high molecular-weight PLAs were prepared from a high molecular weight one by a hydrolysis reaction. Next, by means of a simple rotational rheometry, effect of the shear flow was examined on the crystallization kinetics of these three PLAs.
Garrot, Damien. „Etude par microscopie en champ proche des phénomènes de migration de matière photo-induite dans les matériaux photochromiques“. Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe main goal of this PhD work is to study photo-induced matter deformation phenomena in thin polymeric film containing azobenzene moieties. This study is based on the in-situ observation of surface relief gratings kinetic of formation under illumination by an interference pattern. The observation relies on a coupled microscopy technique, allowing to correlate photo-induced morphology with the electromagnetic field distribution, with a resolution better than the lattice pitch. The study as a function of the light polarisation and of the film thickness shows that four microscopic mechanisms are involved in the photo-induced deformation of the azo-polymer: the optical reorientation of chromophore, the local reorganization of the matrix, oriented matter transport and the photobleaching. The contribution of these different mechanisms is evidenced by two phenomena observed for the first time. First, the kinetic of deformation presents a transition between two regimes, one, at short time, in phase with the light excitation, the other, at longer time, in opposition of phase. Second, the morphology of the induced relief grating depends strongly on the film thickness. This PhD work shed light on previous and somehow contradictory results, in particular in term of response of azo-polymer films at an excitation in near filed and far field optics
Xie, Zhong Jian. „Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI025/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis, we aimed to study the eC effect of natural rubber (NR) and to prove its potential to act as an eC material primarily. The method for improving the eC effect efficiency and fatigue life of NR were also proposed. The eC effect of NR is characterized directly, and interpretation based on the theory of strain-induced crystallization/crystallite (SIC) is proposed. The eC adiabatic temperature change and isothermal entropy change of NR can be up to 9 K and 50 kJ.m-3.K-1 (56 J.kg-1.K-1), which are larger than most of caloric materials. Two coefficients, eC strain coefficient and eC stress coefficient , are defined for evaluating the eC performance at different strains, where is the specific entropy, is the engineering strain, is the temperature and is the stretching stress. It’s found that both coefficients are maximum for a strain around 4.5, indicating that the highest eC performance occurred at middle strain, which is attributed to the occurrence of SIC. To improve the eC performance, it is proposed to apply a pre-strain, so that the low strain regime where eC performance is low can be skipped. Moreover, the large needed deformation can be reduced by the pre-strain and thus the possibility of a compact cooling system designed based on NR is improved. The fatigue property of eC effect of NR is then investigated. The fatigue life at large deformation strain amplitudes (strain of 1-6) is about 800 cycles for the tested NR, which is too short to be used for a cooling system. Decreasing strain amplitude is necessary to extend fatigue life up to requirement of a cooling device. For the same small strain amplitude of 3, the fatigue property is compared at amorphous strain regime (strain of 0-3), onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) and high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). It’s found that a larger eC temperature change and a better fatigue property can be obtained at two SIC strain regimes (strain of 2-5 and 4-7) than amorphous strain regime. Especially, the fatigue property at the onset strain of melting (strain of 2-5) is better than that at high strain of SIC (strain of 4-7). A high-cycle fatigue was applied at the strain of 2-5 (most promising strain regime) up to 1.7×105 cycles. It was observed that there is no crack of the sample, as well as a degradation degree of 12% of the eC temperature change. Furthermore, the eC stress coefficient (4.4 K/MPa) at onset strain of melting is larger than that at high strain of SIC (1.6 K/MPa). As a result, the middle strain regime (onset strain regime of melting) can get a higher eC performance, larger temperature change, and better fatigue life, which should be chosen for eC cooling system
Zinet, Matthieu. „Modélisation de la cristallisation des polymères dans les procédés de plasturgie : quantification des effets thermiques et rhéologiques“. Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555771.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYoshida, Yukihiro. „Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel et le terpolymère : Mécanismes responsables de la variation de température et bilan énergétique sous déformation“. Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCaloric effects (CEs), which are the phenomena that temperature variation is caused by entropy change, have been investigated for the novel system which might be able to replace conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. In the present thesis, the elastocaloric effect (ElCE) of natural rubber (NR) and terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)), was focused. First of all, NR, which is an excellent candidate material for ElCE, was evaluated in cyclic deformation with different strain levels. It was found that NR exhibits temperature variation of around 4.0 °C. In general, the relation between stress/strain versus temperature variation is used to evaluate ElCE. The unsuitability of such evaluation method for NR was demonstrated. The evaluation method for ElCE which uses energy balance was then proposed. A linear relation between the temperature variation caused by ElCE and the applied mechanical energy by deformation was experimentally found. This fact verifies the suitability of the proposed method. Using the energy balance, besides, not only the conversion efficiency but also the influences of the Mullins effect and the strain-induced crystallization on the ElCE of NR were discussed. ElCE of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was also evaluated in order to find out the potential of polymer. It was found that present terpolymer which is not one of the elastomers can also exhibit a large temperature variation, 2.1 °C, caused by ElCE if a large pre-stretch such as more than 1050 % is applied in advance. By comparison with other materials for ElCE, it was demonstrated that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) can be a high potential material for ElCE. It was also shown that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) converts most of the applied mechanical energy into the heat energy
Candau, Nicolas. „Compréhension des mécanismes de cristallisation sous tension des élastomères en conditions quasi-statiques et dynamiques“. Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0057/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStrain induced crystallization (SIC) of Natural Rubber (NR) has been the subject of a large number of studies since its discovery in 1929. However, the literature is very poor concerning the study of SIC when samples are deformed with a stretching time in the range of the SIC characteristic time (around 10msec-100msec). Thus, the aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the SIC phenomenon thanks to dynamic tensile tests at high strain rates. To meet this goal, we have developed a dynamic tensile test machine allowing stretching samples of elastomers at strain rates up to 290 s-1. The tests are carried out on four NR with different sulphur amount, two NR with different carbon black filler amounts. We also studied a synthetic rubber made of polyisoprene chains (IR) able to crystallize under strain. Dynamic tests are relatively difficult to interpret; a significant work has thus been first performed at slow strain rate. Moreover, the experiments are coupled with a thermodynamic approach. First, the general mechanisms associated to the crystallization are identified as follows: during mechanical loading or during cooling in the deformed state, SIC is the result of successive appearance of crystallite populations whose nucleation and growth depend on the local network density. Crystallization is enhanced when the cycle is performed above the melting stretching ratio. This phenomenon is attributed to a memory effect due to a permanent alignment of the chains. Finally, the effect of the strain rate is theoretically described thanks to a diffusion term. This approach, coupled with experiments suggests that SIC is mainly governed by the nucleation kinetics. For the dynamic test, the combination of the memory effect and the acceleration of the melting during the cycle lead to a reduction or even disappearance of the crystalline hysteresis. In addition, self-heating, which progressively increases with the frequency of the cycle, causes the delay of the melting stretching ratio. This well explains why the crystallinity index decreases at the minimum stretching ratio of the dynamic cycles when the frequency increases. We finally compared the ability of our different rubbers to crystallize at high strain rates. SIC is enhanced for the weakly crosslinked rubber. This might be related to the dynamics of its free entanglements, these ones acting as supplementary crosslinks at high strain rates. Then, a filled rubber is compared to the unfilled one. We found that the filled sample has a lower ability to crystallize at high strain rates as compared to the unfilled one. This is likely due to the strong self-heating at the interface between the fillers and the rubbery matrix. Finally, we observe a convergence of crystallization kinetics in natural and synthetic rubbers at high strains and high strain rates. This is attributed to the predominance of the entropic energy in the nucleation kinetics in these experimental conditions
Kumaresan, Vishnuvarthan. „Novel substrates for growth of III-Nitride materials“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066538/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA major advantage of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is the possibility to integrate these nano-materials on various substrates. This perspective is particularly attractive for III-nitrides, for which there is a lack of an ideal substrate. We examined the use of novel templates for growing GaN NWs by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. We explored three approaches with a common feature: the base support is a cost-efficient amorphous substrate and a thin crystalline material is deposited on the support to promote epitaxial growth of GaN NWs.In the first approach, we formed polycrystalline Si thin films on amorphous support by a process called aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC-Si). The conditions of this process were optimized to get a strong [111] fiber-texture of the Si film which enabled us to grow vertically oriented GaN NWs. The same idea was implemented with graphene as an ultimately thin crystalline material transferred on SiOx. We illustrated for the first time in literature that GaN NWs and the graphene layer have a single relative in-plane orientation. We propose a plausible epitaxial relationship and demonstrate that the number of graphene layers has a strong impact on GaN nucleation. Proof-of-concept for selective area growth of NWs is provided for these two approaches. As a simple approach, the possibility of growing NWs directly on amorphous substrates was explored. We use thermal silica and fused silica. Self-induced GaN NWs were formed with a good verticality on both substrates. Based on our observations, we conclude that the epitaxial growth of GaN NWs on graphene looks particularly promising for the development of flexible devices
Rozel, Antoine. „Taille des grains et localisation de la déformation dans la lithosphère“. Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBen, Hafsia Khaoula. „Identification des micro-mécanismes de déformation du PET amorphe et semi-cristallin in situ au cours d’un essai mécanique“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0081/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAccording to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer
Kumaresan, Vishnuvarthan. „Novel substrates for growth of III-Nitride materials“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066538.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA major advantage of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) is the possibility to integrate these nano-materials on various substrates. This perspective is particularly attractive for III-nitrides, for which there is a lack of an ideal substrate. We examined the use of novel templates for growing GaN NWs by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. We explored three approaches with a common feature: the base support is a cost-efficient amorphous substrate and a thin crystalline material is deposited on the support to promote epitaxial growth of GaN NWs.In the first approach, we formed polycrystalline Si thin films on amorphous support by a process called aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC-Si). The conditions of this process were optimized to get a strong [111] fiber-texture of the Si film which enabled us to grow vertically oriented GaN NWs. The same idea was implemented with graphene as an ultimately thin crystalline material transferred on SiOx. We illustrated for the first time in literature that GaN NWs and the graphene layer have a single relative in-plane orientation. We propose a plausible epitaxial relationship and demonstrate that the number of graphene layers has a strong impact on GaN nucleation. Proof-of-concept for selective area growth of NWs is provided for these two approaches. As a simple approach, the possibility of growing NWs directly on amorphous substrates was explored. We use thermal silica and fused silica. Self-induced GaN NWs were formed with a good verticality on both substrates. Based on our observations, we conclude that the epitaxial growth of GaN NWs on graphene looks particularly promising for the development of flexible devices
Callahan, Michael. „Analyse de la cinétique de transformation et des instabilités de déformation dans des aciers TRIP "Moyen Manganèse" de 3ème génération“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC065/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis studies the mechanical behavior of a 0.2C-5Mn-2.5Al Medium Mn steel that exhibits a very high degree of work hardening due to transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) during plastic deformation. During TRIP, paramagnetic retained austenite is transformed to ferromagnetic martensite with the application of plastic strain and generates a significant amount of work hardening. The rate of work hardening is seen to vary greatly depending on processing parameters—notably the intercritical annealing temperature. These steels also often deform heterogeneously through the propagation of Lüders or PLC strain bands.This research develops a method to characterize the kinetics of the TRIP effect through measurements of the samples magnetic properties. The method is novel in that it is performed in-situ with no effect on the tensile test and is able to correct for the effects of the applied stress on the magnetic properties. The results of these experiments were compared to characterizations of the strain bands to demonstrate that TRIP coincides with the passage of a Lüders or PLC band. The strain rate sensitivity of the steels is analyzed and the presence and type of PLC bands are characterized with respect to the transformation kinetics
Bardin, Antoine. „Durabilité des élastomères thermoplastiques pour applications marines“. Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThermoset elastomers are currently used for watertightness applications on marine structures, due to their interesting elastic properties and their important chemical resistance. However, thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) represent an interesting alternative in an industrial context being increasingly restrictive toward chemical risks. In order to determine their behaviour in marine environment, hydrolytic and oxidative ageing of several TPEs was investigated. Degradation was particularly assessed with molecular chain scission measurement. Based on these data, a hydrolytic kinetic model predicting scissions was developed, including the autocatalytic effect as well as the use of a hydrolytic stabilizer. Meanwhile, characterization of mechanical properties change enabled to highlight strong correlation between molar mass and failure properties, including all TPEs and all exposure conditions. Finally, in situ XRD analyses showed that the failure properties loss is associated with a weakening of the strain-induced crystallization phenomenon. Coupling the hydrolytic kinetic model and the relationships between chain scissions and mechanical behaviour, a prediction of the mechanical failure properties change for all exposure conditions was proposed
Monnier, Xavier. „Mobilité moléculaire dans des systèmes polymères complexes anisotropes et confinés“. Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR021/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work is to investigate the molecular dynamics of Polylactide (PLA) subjected to structural anisotropy during its processing. To do so, two experimental set-ups were used: electrospinning and flow induced crystallization. The first one leads to non-crystalline system, while the second one leads to semi-crystalline system. For each system, the microstructure is investigated to highlight the structural anisotropy induced during the processing. Different experimental techniques are used: optical microscopy, electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fast scanning calorimetry (FSC). FSC proves to be useful. Due to the high scanning rates (1000 K.s-1) and the decrease of the sample mass (few tens of nanogrammes), glass transition and physical aging kinetics are beforehand investigated in the case of a wholly amorphous PLA. It is shown that high cooling rates available by FSC allow to accelerate physical aging kinetics. Molecular dynamics are then investigated through concept of cooperativity and phenomenon of physical aging. It is shown that preferential orientation induced during electrospinning leads to the formation of mesophase, which increase cooperativity, namely the intermolecular interactions. With regard to semi-crystalline system, molecular dynamics are only affected by the coupling between amorphous/crystal and the confinement effect of the crystals, rather than the structural anisotropy induced before the crystallization step
Pelati, Daniel. „Elaboration of GaAs solar cells based on textured substrates on glass“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS456.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe increasing demand for clean energy has driven research toward higher efficiency and lower cost solar cells. Gallium arsenide solar cells detain the record efficiency for single junction devices but the high cost of the substrate limits their applications. In this work, we investigate an alternative GaAs substrate based on a low cost silica support coated by a thin (20 nm) Germanium layer. This layer is nearly lattice-matched to GaAs and can be crystallized with a high (111) texture using Metal Induced Crystallization (MIC). However, this requires a careful optimization of the deposition and annealing parameters. Here, we use a specially designed in situ optical microscope to optimize the annealing sequence. In particular, we identified two crystallization pathways, of which one should be minimized to obtain a good (111) crystalline texture. We then perform the heteroepitaxy of GaAs on this Ge seed layer using Molecular Beam Epitaxy, keeping the initial (111) crystal texture. We identify specific growth conditions for the twin- and defect-free growth of GaAs on Ge(111) surfaces. We also observe the growth of GaAs adopting the (111)A polarity on Ge (111) rather than the expected (111)B orientation. Finally, we fabricate (111)-oriented GaAs solar cells with 15,9% efficiency on a monocrystalline GaAs(111)B substrate. The transfer to standard Ge(111) monocrystalline wafers and to our Ge-coated silica pseudo-substrates reveals doping issues related to the (111)A orientation of the GaAs, as well as surface roughening due to grain boundaries in the initial Ge seed layer
Vauchez, Alain. „Mécanismes de déformation et cinématique des zones de mouvement ductiles : étude de la formation de zones hautement ductiles dans un granite de Grande Kabilie (Algérie), d'une mylonitisation par dissolution-cristallisation à la base des nappes de Vendée et des déplacements parallèles à la direction structurale des chaînes dans les Appalaches du Sud (USA) et les Maures en Provence“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX30096.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBennani, Amine. „Elaboration, comportement et durée de vie en fatigue du caoutchouc naturel renforcé de silice“. Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136825.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCe qui leur confère de meilleures propriétés (résistance à la rupture, abrasion, rigidité...). Actuellement, les charges
renforçantes les plus souvent utilisées sont les noirs de carbone. La substitution de cette charge classique par la silice constitue un challenge dans l'industrie pneumatique. En effet, il est admis que la silice diminue la résistance au roulement des pneus, de matrice synthétique, tout en conservant une bonne adhérence. La particularité de cette étude est d'analyser l'influence du renfort par la silice sur le comportement mécanique en endurance du caoutchouc naturel. Son principal objectif est de comprendre l'influence de la morphologie de la silice (surface développée en interaction avec le caoutchouc, dispersibilité, activité chimique) sur le comportement
mécanique et plus spécialement sur la durée de vie en fatigue du caoutchouc naturel ainsi chargé. L'élaboration de deux matériaux permettant d'établir l'influence de la morphologie de la silice constitue une première étape déterminante du travail. Elle se base sur l'incorporation de deux nuances de silice précipitée dans une matrice de caoutchouc naturel pouvant présenter des propriétés rhéologiques similaires. Les essais de caractérisation mécanique (monotones et cycliques) selon différents types de sollicitation (traction, compression, relaxation, traction cyclique, torsion) ainsi que des essais de traction in situ au MEB permettent d'identifier les mécanismes de déformation, de renfort et d'endommagement présents. L'interprétation des résultats de cette campagne expérimentale est basée sur une caractérisation microstructurale approfondie de l'état de dispersion de la silice ainsi que celui de la cristallisation de la matrice en caoutchouc naturel.. Les résultats des essais de fatigue ainsi que les observations microscopiques des mécanismes de propagation des fissures en fatigue permettent d'établir un critère de durée de vie prenant en compte les modes de sollicitation (traction, compression, et torsion). Celui-ci est capable de prévoir la durée de vie ainsi que le lieu d'amorçage des fissures. Il s'avère que, selon le mode de sollicitation appliqué, les propriétés de dispersion de la silice sont plus ou moins importantes dans le renforcement et l'endurance du caoutchouc naturel chargé de silice.
Ce travail fait donc appel à la physico-chimie, à la mécanique et aux observations microstructurales, en allant de l'élaboration des matériaux jusqu'à la modélisation mécanique du comportement et de la durée de vie.
Zhang, Shaobin. „High frequency magnetic field-induced strain of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLY011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFerromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (FSMAs) have ability to provide large high-frequency reversible strain via magnetic field-induced martensite reorientation. But, the high-frequency frictional twin boundary motion of the martensite reorientation can induce a rapid accumulation of dissipation heat and cause a significant temperature rise in the material, which poses instability problems about the dynamic performance of FSMA. Particularly, the output strain amplitude would be reduced significantly when the temperature increases to be high enough to trigger the Martensite-Austenite phase transformation. However, such thermal effect on the dynamic responses of FSMA has not yet been investigated in literature where most existing dynamic experiments were performed only for a short-time period (a few seconds) to avoid the temperature variation. In this thesis, multi-scale experimental and theoretical analyses of the long-time performance of FSMA under high-frequency magnetic actuation are performed. Systematic experiments of the long-time magnetic actuation (> 100 seconds) on a Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal bar are conducted at various levels of magnetic field frequency, initial compressive stress and ambient airflow (ambient heat-exchange efficiency) to investigate their influences on the stable state of the high-frequency FSMA-actuator. A one-dimensional heat-transfer model is developed and the new experimental phenomena of the thermal effects are well understood. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis, critical conditions to achieve the large and stable output strain amplitude in the high-frequency actuation are derived. Moreover, to understand the heat-exchange dependence of the output nominal-strain from a microscopic view, the local strain distribution/evolution and the associated transformation/reorientation among the different phases/variants during the high-frequency actuation under various heat-exchange efficiencies are demonstrated via the in-situ Digital Image Correlation observations. A novel mechanism is revealed: the temperature-driven phase boundary motion (phase transformation) and the magnetic field-driven twin boundary motion (martensite reorientation) can be activated at the same time under the magneto-thermal-mechanical actuation (i.e., the high-frequency magnetic field, the mechanical spring force and the varying ambient airflow) as the material can self-organize its volume fractions of the different phases/variants to satisfy all the thermo-magneto-mechanical boundary conditions. Further, the self-organized morphology/pattern composed of various variants and phases during cyclic deformation (with the moving habit plane and twin boundaries) can be explained by microstructure compatibility analyses
Hassini, Sami. „Qualification multi-critères des gammes d'usinage : application aux pièces de structure aéronautique en alliage Airware®“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22587/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe optimization of machining sequences is not easy because it suffers from two major shortcomings. The first focuses on the adaptability of existing ranges to current production facilities and their evolution over the years to respond to technological developments. The second point concerns the lack of consideration in the mechanical behavior of the part during the development of machining sequence. This thesis addresses these in relation to the FUI OFELIA project. At first, they study the influence of the machining parameters on the deformation of the workpiece. The aim is to predict the mechanical behavior of the part to identify recommendations with minimal distortion. The second issue deals with multi-criteria evaluation of manufacturing ranges. The criteria take into account are the deformation of the workpiece, productivity through a quick estimate of machining time and recyclability of chips produced during machining. On the other hand, we propose a geometric model of the intermediate states of the workpiece during machining in order to both assess the manufacturing recommendations and to drive the simulation calculations of the deformation of the workpiece during machining
Yoshida, 1988 Yukihiro. „Effet élastocalorique dans le caoutchouc naturel et le terpolymère : Mécanismes responsables de la variation de température et bilan énergétique sous déformation“. Thesis, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI070/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCaloric effects (CEs), which are the phenomena that temperature variation is caused by entropy change, have been investigated for the novel system which might be able to replace conventional vapor compression refrigeration system. In the present thesis, the elastocaloric effect (ElCE) of natural rubber (NR) and terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)), was focused. First of all, NR, which is an excellent candidate material for ElCE, was evaluated in cyclic deformation with different strain levels. It was found that NR exhibits temperature variation of around 4.0 °C. In general, the relation between stress/strain versus temperature variation is used to evaluate ElCE. The unsuitability of such evaluation method for NR was demonstrated. The evaluation method for ElCE which uses energy balance was then proposed. A linear relation between the temperature variation caused by ElCE and the applied mechanical energy by deformation was experimentally found. This fact verifies the suitability of the proposed method. Using the energy balance, besides, not only the conversion efficiency but also the influences of the Mullins effect and the strain-induced crystallization on the ElCE of NR were discussed. ElCE of P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) was also evaluated in order to find out the potential of polymer. It was found that present terpolymer which is not one of the elastomers can also exhibit a large temperature variation, 2.1 °C, caused by ElCE if a large pre-stretch such as more than 1050 % is applied in advance. By comparison with other materials for ElCE, it was demonstrated that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) can be a high potential material for ElCE. It was also shown that P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) converts most of the applied mechanical energy into the heat energy