Dissertationen zum Thema „Crispim e S“

A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para o conhecimento da história da vida corporativa e assistencial na cidade do Porto através da Confraria dos Sapateiros nos sécs. XIV e XV. Limita-se a uma abordagem sobre as origens das confrarias e como se desenvolveram em Portuga. A Confraria dos Sapateiros aparece-nos com uma relevante vertente assistencial através do seu hospital aos peregrinos de S. Tiago. Na assistência prestada transparece toda a esfera religiosa que envolvia o homem medieval e o medo perante a morte, o que leva a praticar todo o bem que lhe possa sufragar a alma. De salientar a organização, o brio e o bom desempenho na administração do Hospital pelos confrades sapateiros, cativando a simpatia real, levando ao embargue da ordem régia da anexação à Misericórdia.

A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para o conhecimento da história da vida corporativa e assistencial na cidade do Porto através da Confraria dos Sapateiros nos sécs. XIV e XV. Limita-se a uma abordagem sobre as origens das confrarias e como se desenvolveram em Portuga. A Confraria dos Sapateiros aparece-nos com uma relevante vertente assistencial através do seu hospital aos peregrinos de S. Tiago. Na assistência prestada transparece toda a esfera religiosa que envolvia o homem medieval e o medo perante a morte, o que leva a praticar todo o bem que lhe possa sufragar a alma. De salientar a organização, o brio e o bom desempenho na administração do Hospital pelos confrades sapateiros, cativando a simpatia real, levando ao embargue da ordem régia da anexação à Misericórdia.

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Decanato de Pesquisa e P?s-Gradua??o-UFRRJ
The present study attempts to address the conflict between the Brotherhood of St. Crispim and St. Crispiniano and the Chamber of Rio de Janeiro between 1764 and 1821, during which we could verify the aforementioned conflict. This conflict revolved around the street shoe trade, which sought to prohibit the brotherhood. Within this context, we seek to address such a fellowship as a brotherhood of office, wich had the organizational model of the mechanical crafts of the Kingdom as a parameter, but it was so specific, as long as it were part of a slave society. On the other hand, the period in discussion is highlighted, drawing attention to the continuities and discontinuities that was contained in it. Thus, there is the commitment of these shoemakers confreres in maintaining an institution that forged a monopolistic structure to a certain sector of the retail trade, this institution which found its legitimacy as a reference an array of Iberian corporatism. Thus, referring to the values and codes of the Ancient Regime, as a commitment to dissociate his office of the slavery, or as trying to keep "black lining" and "free mulatto" under their control, defining hierarchical gradations leading into account the criterion of color. At the same time, major changes were underway in the Portuguese Empire and the city of Rio de Janeiro, whether political, administrative, social, cultural, or in the framework of ideas (the Enlightenment, liberalism). Thus, in the twenties of the nineteenth century, the council members had become more firmly against the intention of St. Crispin?s cobblers in the prohibition of the trade in footwear through the streets of the city, which points to the adaptation and dissemination of the liberal ideas within the court itself and among the elite that made up the City Council, despite the social principles in hierarchies make sense also for this social segment. To the brothers of the Brotherhood of St. Crispim and St. Crispiniano, they only had to fight within the legal and institutional mechanisms that shaped itself to new times, but still had a strong element of continuity with the values and practices of the Ancient Regime, reported by Portugal.
O presente trabalho busca abordar o conflito entre a Irmandade de S. Crispim e S. Crispiniano e a C?mara do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1764 e 1821, per?odo em que se p?de verificar o mencionado conflito. O mesmo girava em torno do com?rcio ambulante de cal?ados, o qual a irmandade buscava proibir. Dentro deste contexto, procura-se abordar a referida irmandade como uma irmandade de of?cio, que tinha o modelo de organiza??o dos of?cios mec?nicos do Reino como par?metro, mas que se constituiu de forma espec?fica, j? que se inseria numa sociedade escravista. Por outro lado, destaca-se o per?odo abordado, chamando aten??o para as continuidades e descontinuidades que o mesmo comportava. Sendo assim, verifica-se o empenho desses confrades sapateiros na manuten??o de uma institui??o que forjava uma estrutura monopolista para determinado setor do com?rcio a varejo, institui??o esta que encontrava sua legitimidade tendo como refer?ncia uma matriz do corporativismo ib?rico. Desta maneira, remetiam-se a valores e c?digos de Antigo Regime, fosse no empenho em dissociarem o seu of?cio em rela??o ? escravid?o, fosse na tentativa de manterem ?pretos forros? e ?pardos livres? sob seu controle, definindo grada??es hier?rquicas que levavam em conta o crit?rio da cor. Ao mesmo tempo, mudan?as importantes encontravam-se em curso no ?mbito do Imp?rio Portugu?s e da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, fossem elas no campo pol?tico, administrativo, social, cultural, ou no campo das ideias (iluminismo, liberalismo). Assim, na d?cada de vinte do s?culo XIX, os vereadores apresentavam-se mais firmemente contra a inten??o dos sapateiros de S. Crispim em proibir o com?rcio de cal?ados pelas ruas da cidade, o que apontava para a dissemina??o e adapta??o das ideias liberais no seio da pr?pria corte e entre a elite que compunha a C?mara, n?o obstante os princ?pios sociais hierarquizantes fizessem sentido, igualmente, para este segmento social. Aos confrades da Irmandade de S. Crispim e S. Crispiniano, restava lutar no interior dos mecanismos legais e institucionais que se moldavam a novos tempos, mas que ainda guardavam uma forte componente de continuidade em rela??o aos valores e pr?ticas de Antigo Regime, comunicados por Portugal

This thesis examines a suspected demographic crisis in Lancashire in the latter years of the 1720s utilising evidence from a wide selection of parish registers and a number of contemporary accounts. Lancashire has proved to be an excellent county to study this crisis given its diverse topographic and economic characteristics, and a division of the county into four regions enhances the understanding of the incidence of crisis. Previously this crisis had been unexplored in Lancashire, with the regional studies conducted in the midlands and to the east of the country. Glimpses of crisis were evident in the forewords of the transcriptions of the parish registers by the Lancashire Parish Register Society and from contemporary accounts. Thus a full study of the parish registers would enhance the knowledge of the crisis in Lancashire. During the undertaking of this study an article considering the experience of the Lancashire crisis was published, which has provided a number of suppositions which this study explores in greater detail. In considering the data provided by the parish registers, the study explores a number of observations; a subsistence caused by harvest failures and disease, with the countryside being greatly affected. That the experience of crisis was socially selective in which the older members of the community formed the majority of the burials and that the poor and vulnerable were hardest hit Consideration of the experience of crisis is best explored through the review of one community that recorded exceptionally high levels of modality and had not only detailed registers but a record of the poor accounts.

Many analysts believe that problems in the U.S. housing market initiated the 2008–2010 global financial crisis. In this regard, the subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) shook the foundations of the financial industry by causing the failure of many iconic Wall Street investment banks and prominent depository institutions. This crisis stymied credit extension to households and businesses thus creating credit crunches and, ultimately, a global recession. This thesis specifically discusses the SMC and its components, causes, consequences and cures in relation to subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data. In particular, the SMC has highlighted the fact that risk, credit ratings, profit and valuation as well as capital regulation are important banking considerations. With regard to risk, the thesis discusses credit (including counterparty), market (including interest rate, basis, prepayment, liquidity and price), tranching (including maturity mismatch and synthetic), operational (including house appraisal, valuation and compensation) and systemic (including maturity transformation) risks. The thesis introduces the IDIOM hypothesis that postulates that the SMC was largely caused by the intricacy and design of subprime agents, mortgage origination and securitization that led to information problems (loss, asymmetry and contagion), valuation opaqueness and ineffective risk mitigation. It also contains appropriate examples, discussions, timelines as well as appendices about the main results on the aforementioned topics. Numerous references point to the material not covered in the thesis, and indicate some avenues for further research. In the thesis, the primary subprime agents that we consider are house appraisers (HAs), mortgage brokers (MBs), mortgagors (MRs), servicers (SRs), SOR mortgage insurers (SOMIs), trustees, underwriters, credit rating agencies (CRAs), credit enhancement providers (CEPs) and monoline insurers (MLIs). Furthermore, the banks that we study are subprime interbank lenders (SILs), subprime originators (SORs), subprime dealer banks (SDBs) and their special purpose vehicles (SPVs) such as Wall Street investment banks and their special structures as well as subprime investing banks (SIBs). The main components of the SMC are MRs, the housing market, SDBs/hedge funds/money market funds/SIBs, the economy as well as the government (G) and central banks. Here, G either plays a regulatory or policymaking role. Most of the aforementioned agents and banks are assumed to be risk neutral with SOR being the exception since it can be risk (and regret) averse on occasion. The main aspects of the SMC - subprime mortgages, securitization, as well as data - that we cover in this thesis and the chapters in which they are found are outlined below. In Chapter 2, we discuss the dynamics of subprime SORs' risk and profit as well as their valuation under mortgage origination. In particular, we model subprime mortgages that are able to fully amortize, voluntarily prepay or default and construct a discrete–time model for SOR risk and profit incorporating costs of funds and mortgage insurance as well as mortgage losses. In addition, we show how high loan–to–value ratios due to declining housing prices curtailed the refinancing of subprime mortgages, while low ratios imply favorable house equity for subprime MRs. Chapter 3 investigates the securitization of subprime mortgages into structured mortgage products such as subprime residential mortgage–backed securities (RMBSs) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). In this regard, our discussions focus on information, risk and valuation as well as the role of capital under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. Our research supports the view that incentives to monitor mortgages has been all but removed when changing from a traditional mortgage model to a subprime mortgage model. In the latter context, we provide formulas for IB's profit and valuation under RMBSs and RMBS CDOs. This is illustrated via several examples. Chapter 3 also explores the relationship between mortgage securitization and capital under Basel regulation and the SMC. This involves studying bank credit and capital under the Basel II paradigm where risk–weights vary. Further issues dealt with are the quantity and pricing of RMBSs, RMBS CDOs as well as capital under Basel regulation. Furthermore, we investigate subprime RMBSs and their rates with slack and holding constraints. Also, we examine the effect of SMC–induced credit rating shocks in future periods on subprime RMBSs and RMBS payout rates. A key problem is whether Basel capital regulation exacerbated the SMC. Very importantly, the thesis answers this question in the affirmative. Chapter 4 explores issues related to subprime data. In particular, we present mortgage and securitization level data and forge connections with the results presented in Chapters 2 and 3. The work presented in this thesis is based on 2 peer–reviewed chapters in books (see [99] and [104]), 2 peer–reviewed international journal articles (see [48] and [101]), and 2 peer–reviewed conference proceeding papers (see [102] and [103]).
Thesis (Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Kingsley Martin was the editor of the New Statesman from 1930-1960 and this part of his professional life has already been heavily scrutinised by academics and more general writers alike. The purpose of this thesis however, is to examine and explain his work in the immediately preceding decade, the 1920s, and place it in its intellectual context. In 1922 Kingsley Martin graduated with a first class honours in history from Cambridge University. He had already published articles while still an undergraduate but from 1923 on his employment as an academic and a journalist afforded him more opportunities for comment on the problems Britain faced in the 1920s. These problems were many and serious; mass unemployment, the general strike of 1926, the position of the newspaper industry in wider society, the threat of Bolshevik revolution in Britain, even the continuation of democracy itself, so newly installed, was under consideration. Martin made serious contributions to these debates, contributions that were published in places as diverse as the Manchester Guardian, where he was employed as a leader writer from 1927-1930, and relatively small circulation journals such as the Nation and Athenaeum and Economica, the in-house journal of the LSE. Martin’s work still finds its way into contemporary historiography, particularly on the subject of press theory, and it is this fact, together with the obvious relevance of Martin’s 1920s work to his subsequent employment as editor of the New Statesman, that gives this thesis both its originality and modern relevance. One thing Martin’s 1920s work did was to convince John Maynard Keynes, co-owner of the journal, that he was a suitable candidate for the editor’s chair at the New Statesman when it became available in 1930.

This thesis is focused on the financial analysis of firm Pražské silniční a vodohospodářské stavby, a.s. and comparision with the four selected competing firms. Financial analysis is carried out for the period 2007-2011 and compared to the situation before the economic crisis and during the crisis in the sector of civil engineering. The thesis is divided into several parts. The first focuses on the theoretical part of the financial analysis, then is analyzed the civil engineering before and during the economic crisis, and then are characterized the compared companies. Then there is the financial analysis performed on all the comparision companies, consisting primarily of the analysis of profitability, liquidity, activity and indebtedness, completed with bankruptcy and credibility models. In the conclusion is summarized all the results obtained.

El artículo, en base a un análisis del discurso, propone dar cuenta de las principales características del perfil carismático de Rafael Correa, actual presidente del Ecuador. A partir de los dispositivos retóricos emprendidos por su persona, se trata de explicar la modalidad discursiva mediante el cual el liderazgo correísta afronta, aprovecha y adquiere forma, sobre todo en coyunturas de crisis, como el motín policial del 30 de setiembre del 2010, más conocido como 30-S. De esta manera, se pone especial énfasis en la construcción narrativa de los ‘culpables’ y de los atributos asignados al líder y a su gobierno.

La tesi prende in considerazione le dinamiche dei consumi alimentari italiani avvenute dall'anno 2005 al 2012. Particolare attenzione viene rivolta alla crisi economica del 2008 e all'aumento della povertà che ha contribuito fortemente a creare un clima negativo, pieno di malumori e depressioni tra le persone del nostro Paese. Questo clima oltre ad essere poco produttivo dal punto di vista economico, ha determinato un cambiamento strutturale nei comportamenti e nelle scelte economiche degli italiani. In questo contesto generale, gli italiani hanno dovuto ridimensionare le spese più tradizionali che fanno parte della abitudini del nostro Paese, tra cui quelle alimentari. Vengono elencati i metodi di misura utilizzati dal nostro apparato pubblico per rilevare il fenomeno della povertà nelle sue varie manifestazioni e presentate alcune politiche che potrebbero essere intraprese a livello istituzionale per ridurre i casi legati alla cattiva alimentazione.

Our research question arise from an empirical problem regarding the introduction and spread of new, more flexible, contractual forms in the Italian labour market in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The aim of the work is the decomposition of changes in the distribution of wages using a semi-parametric methodology to estimate counterfactual densities in order to analyse the role of various explanatory factors (composition and discrimination effects). Using data from from Eurostat, the Italian cross-sectional EU-SILC surveys 2007 and 2013, results show that a wage penalty at the bottom of distribution of wages is most important explanations accounting for pay differences between temporary and permanent contracts while changes in the distribution of wages across time are due to the job-polarisation of the labour market in which low paid jobs are the most affected. Disclaimer: The responsibility for all conclusions drawn from the data lies entirely with the author

INCOME INEQUALITY IN SWEDEN PRE AND POST THE 1990’S BANK CRISIS The aim of this thesis is to see if Sweden has had an increasing income inequality during the financial crisis in the 1990’s. The economy was in a deep recession after the booming years in the late 1980’s. A recession in Sweden’s case meant that the labourmarket was severely hit;the unemployment rate rose and income inequality as a result of this is expected to have increased. The main focus will be on the effect of income inequality between man and women as well as between natives and foreigners. Have these groups been effected by the crisis? If so, what may be the reason?Was it purely due to the crisis or was it due to other factors? The result showed that the income gap between men and women actually decreased during the financial crisis while on the other hand it increased between natives and foreigners.

The aim for this thesis is to evaluate whether there is a risk for Sweden to be the subject of a financial crisis. This question is addressed by making a comparative analysis of three different periods in time. These are the prelude to the crisis in the early 90’s, the period before the substantial decrease in the market value of IT-related stock followed by a short recession 2001-2003 and lastly the still on-going economic boom which started about three years ago. The variables and indicators we are focusing on are mainly the same which have been used in earlier studies in this field. We examine the interest risk rate of banks by looking at the variations in market value between assets and liabilities using duration mismatch analysis. We also study the average debt-level among firms, the debt-level of households, currency fluctuations, trade-deficit levels. We analyze our empirical results utilizing crisis theories as well as looking at Sweden’s experiences of financial troubles.

Our most important results shows that Sweden is unlikely to become a subject of a financial crisis. The main reasons for that statement is that the banks are becoming more prudent in their lending policies. The debt-ratio among the public is today lower than the period before the crisis in the 90’s. Second, the risk management among Swedish banks seem to have improved compared to past events. We can see this through witnessing a reduction in credit-loss and a better coverage of risky loans in their portfolios with own capital in accordance with the Basel guidelines in the later period compared to the previous periods. Third: using duration-gap analysis we conclude that the banks nowadays are better at matching their short-term debts with long-term loans. Fourth, Sweden’s trade surplus is a huge contrast compared to the trade deficit the years before the financial crisis of the 90’s which implies that the productivity in the Swedish firms has improved and their debt-levels have been reduced.

The aim of my diploma thesis is to analyze the current situation of Panelárna St. Město, joint-stock company on construction market, and to suggest measures that can be used as a basis for top management decisions regarding future operations. To achieve the objective, internal and external analysis methods were used. Methods of external analysis included PEST analysis and Porter's five forces analysis. Internal analysis was made by using financial analysis, analysis of resources and analysis of the activities. Results of internal analysis are expressing opinion to tangible assets, intangible assets, human resources and financial resources, in addition to evaluating the tie between activities and total economical stability of the company. Information from external analysis served for assesing current and future progress of construction, intensity of competition, and for identifying factors that may become a source of opportunity and threats. Set suggestions and recomendations for future strategy will emerge from the synthesis of internal and external analysis.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the most economically important industries and also one of the most vulnerable to crises as Pandemic. This thesis tends to investigate cognition and behavior change of travelers caused by coronavirus 2020 This research tries to figure out the cognition of Travel after coronavirus Pandemic Crisis.

The thesis deals with insurance fraud in connection with the economic crisis. The first chapter describes the moral hazard, adverse selection and information asymmetry. Focus on the topic global financial crisis. Further, the concepts fraud and insurance fraud are explained. The main focus of this work is that the financial crisis has led to an increase in insurance fraud and what aspects lead to this fact. The last chapter deals with the procedures of insurance companies, which seek to insurance fraud detection, prevention and repression. This chapter is a description of the settlement of claims, insurance fraud investigation, which includes the characteristics of fraud perpetrators. The last part is dedicated to the prevention and repression of insurance fraud.

L’elaborato parte da un’analisi della letteratura riguardante il Crisis Management e le sue applicazioni nel settore turistico, per poi concentrarsi sugli effetti della pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 a livello nazionale ed europeo con particolare attenzione al comparto ricettivo. Viene quindi presentato il caso di Europa Tourist Group, società che si occupa della vendita di servizi ricettivi e di real estate nelle destinazioni turistiche di Lignano Sabbiadoro e Bibione. Un capitolo è dedicato in particolare a due strutture di proprietà del Gruppo, di cui vengono esaminati l’andamento delle prenotazioni nel periodo marzo – settembre 2020 e le variazioni di fatturato rispetto agli anni precedenti. Infine, viene proposto un confronto tra le azioni commerciali intraprese dal Gruppo e da altri attori del settore per far fronte agli effetti del Covid-19.

This thesis includes three empirical chapters. The chapters analyze different elements that affect the lending behavior of banks, particularly during the crisis period. The recent global financial crisis highlighted the central role of financial intermediaries’ stability in assuring a smooth transmission of credit to borrowers. In this thesis, I show that factors, such as the structure of the banks’ balance sheet and the country level particularities such as banking sector concentration significantly affect the banks’ lending behavior and lending channel.

The aim of this thesis is introduction of the company MARKID TRUTNOV spol. s r.o., which operates ski resorts and related infrastructure, assessment of its current activities and detailed dissection of the situation in recent years. The company has been given in this period for several reasons to the crisis threatened to escalate into possible bankruptcy. They were outlined possible options for solving crisis situations, commented decision, which was adopted and created a preview of the possible future progress of conduct for the prevention of crisis situations.

Nel periodo di crisi economica che sta attraversando il nostro Paese molte famiglie italiane hanno cominciato a ridefinire l’allocazione del proprio budget da destinare ai consumi, delineando una nuova mappa dei bisogni e dei desideri. Questo lavoro si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare, mediante l’ausilio di strumenti come l’indagine sui consumi delle famiglie, gli indici dei prezzi al consumo e soprattutto applicando il modello Almost Ideal Demand System, i cambiamenti occorsi nel comportamento d'acquisto dei nuclei familiari negli anni della crisi concentrandosi sulle annate 2007 e 2009 ritenute maggiormente significative. Ogni capitolo della trattazione contempla un approfondimento teorico seguito da una disamina di carattere maggiormente empirico dei risultati ottenuti. Nella prima parte si esamina la metodologia dell’indagine sui consumi delle famiglie condotta dall’Istat, in particolare per quanto concerne le finalità, l’oggetto della rilevazione e il piano di campionamento, soffermandosi sugli step di costruzione e valutazione delle stime. Infine, perseguendo una logica di progressiva focalizzazione sul tema oggetto della tesi, si attua un’ulteriore ricerca sui mutamenti subiti dalla spesa media mensile, dapprima a livello di macrocategoria e successivamente distinguendo per area geografica, numero di componenti, tipologia e condizione professionale. Il secondo blocco assume fondamentale importanza, in quanto funge da punto di connessione tra la precedente trattazione e il successivo studio empirico. Si analizzano gli indici dei prezzi al consumo NIC, FOI e IPCA contemplando i medesimi aspetti esaminati in sede dell’indagine sui consumi delle famiglie, con enfasi rilevante sulle procedure di calcolo dei suddetti, sulla determinazione dei pesi, delle variazioni percentuali e delle rivalutazioni monetarie. Il capitolo termina con una breve disamina sulle serie storiche registratesi, indispensabile per effettuare un raffronto negli anni della crisi tra l’andamento dell’indice NIC rilevato a livello nazionale e quello osservato nelle macroregioni. Nella terza parte vengono presentati i risultati della ricerca empirica realizzata personalmente adoperando il modello Almost Ideal Demand System. Naturalmente antecedentemente si è proceduto a richiamare alcuni concetti di teoria economica (elasticità, preferenze, utilità) e ad una descrizione dell’approccio utilizzato in termini di formulazione, campi di applicazione, evoluzioni recenti ed eventuali limiti. Quest’analisi rappresenta, quindi, un ottimo strumento di marketing di conoscenza dei gusti e delle preferenze dei consumatori in un’ottica di formulazione e implementazione di strategie mirate a target specifici.

A cavallo tra la fine dell’anno 2019 e l’inizio dell’anno 2020 si è verificata un’emergenza in ambito sanitario a livello mondiale. Più precisamente, si parla della diffusione di un nuovo coronavirus, scientificamente sconosciuto all’ uomo. Un virus, di origine animale, in grado di attaccare l’apparato respiratorio dell’uomo e di causarne, in alcuni casi, un’infezione tale da portare il soggetto alla morte. L’inizio della diffusione si è verificata, probabilmente, a partire dal mercato umido di Wuhan, in Cina, presso il quale vengono macellati animai vivi, consentendo così il passaggio da un corpo animale ad uno umano. Partendo dalle origini di questo nuovo virus, denominato SARS-CoV-2, si è analizzato il ceppo a cui appartiene, i sintomi e la malattia ad esso correlati e le possibili soluzioni attuabili mediante l’adozione di misure per il contenimento del virus e mediante gli studi in corso per la ricerca di un vaccino. Inoltre, si è analizzato il modus operandi mondiale per rispondere a questa emergenza sanitaria, ridefinita pandemia l’11 marzo 2020 dall’ Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità, guardando un po’ più nel dettaglio le misure attuate da Cina, Unione Europea e Stati Uniti. Si è analizzato, poi, cosa ha significato la diffusione del virus per il Servizio Sanitario Nazionale italiano e la riorganizzazione della struttura messa in atto per la tutela della salute dei cittadini. Dopodiché, in modo più dettagliato, si è analizzata la capacità di risposta alla crisi sanitaria in corso prima a livello mondiale, poi a livello nazionale. A livello mondiale è l’OMS che si è principalmente occupata della gestione della resilienza, tenendo conto anche dell’impatto economico sulle nazioni e, conseguentemente, mobilitando fondi e risorse economiche. A livello nazionale, invece, sono state attuate una serie di misure a tutela sia del benessere sociale, che del benessere economico, che della salute generale dei cittadini. Nella parte conclusiva si scende sempre più nel dettaglio analizzando l’operato della regione Veneto, prima, e quello dell’azienda Ulss4 veneto orientale, poi, prendendo quest’ultimo come caso studio dell’elaborato. Lo scopo di questo progetto di tesi è di comprendere quanto un’emergenza sanitaria, sfociata in crisi, abbia inciso sulla quotidianità degli Stati, degli enti e delle organizzazioni, ad ogni livello sociale, e come questi si siano dovuti adattare al cambiamento.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) act to prevent viral infection and horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes. The genomic CRISPR array contains short sequences (“spacers”) that are derived from foreign genetic elements. The CRISPR array is transcribed and processed into CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) used in the sequence-specific degradation of foreign nucleic acids. This process is called interference and is mediated by CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins. This thesis has focused on the structural and functional characterisation of four Cas proteins from the CRISPR/Cas system of Sulfolobus solfataricus. The crystal structure of Cmr7 (Sso1725), a Sulfolobales-specific subunit of the ssRNA-degrading CMR complex, allowed for the identification of a putative protein-binding site, though no specific function could be ascribed to the protein. Cas6 (Sso1437) is the enzyme responsible for crRNA maturation and the characterisation of this protein allowed for the molecular rationalisation of its atypical RNA cleavage mechanism. Csa5 and Cas8a2 are subunits of the aCascade complex that targets dsDNA. Csa5 (Sso1398) was shown to have a putative role in R-loop stabilisation during interference while the role of Cas8a2 (Sso1401) was not determined. The structures of these two proteins were used to define relationships between the subunits of interference complexes from various CRISPR/Cas systems. A second aspect of this work has been the expression and purification of eukaryotic ion channels for structural studies. The acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) and FMRFamide-gated sodium channel (FaNaC) are gated ion channels with unknown mechanisms of channel activation. These ion channels must be expressed in eukaryotic systems and so human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and baculovirus-insect cell expression systems were developed to express ASIC and FaNaC constructs. The expression and purification protocols have been optimised to allow for the preparation of soluble protein that will in future be used for crystallography and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies.

1. Єрмишин П.Г. Основи економічної теорії. К.: Вища школа, 2002. 450 с 2. Касич А.О., Хімич І.Г. Методичні підходи щодо оцінки ефективності діяльності підприємства. Бізнес Інформ. 2012. № 12. С. 176-179. 3. Соколова Л.В., Верясова Г.М., Соколов О.Є. Ретроспективний аналіз фінансових результатів функціонування суб’єктів господарювання України. Інфраструктура ринку. 2019. Випуск 31. С. 376-385. 4. Акімова Л.М. Сутнісна характеристика основних загроз в економічній безпеці держави. Державне управління: удосконалення та розвиток. 2016. № 10.URL: www.dy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=1247 (дата звернення: 20.03.2021). 5. Пашнюк Л. Загрози економічній безпеці підприємства та засоби їх нейтралізації. Вісник Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка. Економіка. 2013. № 10 (151). С. 93-97.
Economic theory knows a number of definitions of "threat", "crisis" and "factor", which are closely related when it comes to the question of ensuring the financial and economic security of the subject of economic activity. Threat in a broad sense is understood to mean a strong negative impact that arises from the danger, which is many times exacerbated by internal and external destructive factors. Thus, the question of consideration of possible destructive factors which can influence enterprise`s financial and economic security is actualized. Factor (from the Latin “factor” - one that does) - is the cause, the driving force of any process, the phenomenon that determines its nature or individual features [1]. In the context of this study, the factor is the reason that exacerbates the danger, turning it into a threat to enterprise`s financial and economic security in a market economy. This definition, in our opinion, most fully reflects the essence of this concept in relation to the security characteristics of any enterprise.
Економічна теорія знає ряд визначень "загроза", "криза" та "фактор", які тісно пов’язані, коли йдеться про питання забезпечення фінансових та економічна безпека суб’єкта господарської діяльності. Під загрозою в широкому розумінні розуміється сильний негативний вплив, що виникає внаслідок небезпеки, яка багаторазово посилюється внутрішніми та зовнішніми руйнівними факторами. Таким чином, актуалізується питання врахування можливих деструктивних факторів, які можуть впливати на фінансово-економічну безпеку підприємства. Фактор (від латинського «фактор» - той, що робить) - причина, рушійна сила будь-якого процесу, явища, що визначає його природу чи індивідуальні особливості [1]. У контексті цього дослідження фактор є причиною, яка посилює небезпеку, перетворюючи її в загрозу фінансовій та економічній безпеці підприємства в умовах ринкової економіки. Це визначення, на наш погляд, найбільш повно відображає суть цього поняття стосовно характеристики безпеки будь-якого підприємства.

The thesis deals with the tax measures adopted in the EU countries in the context of the global economic crisis. The objective of this thesis was to describe the tax changes and evaluate their effectivity. The adopted measures were evaluated with regard to the theoretical principles of taxation. In my thesis I used the method of secondary analyses of the EU and OECD materials; to evaluate the effectivity of the tax changes I have used the method of comparison and deduction. I made detailed analysis of tax reforms in Hungary, Greece and Germany. The tax measures in all compared countries confirmed the recent trend -- a shift from direct to indirect taxation. In my work I also focused on the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth. During the crisis the EU countries tried to support the economy by fiscal incentives which led to the high state debt and in some countries almost to a state bankruptcy. It is very complicated to explain how much influence had the taxes in the combat with the crisis. However it is quite certain that without the fiscal help a number of states would be still in recession.

Thesis political risk in Finland will explain the real nature of the financial crisis in Finland in the beginning of 1990’s. Before 1990’s Finland used to be a closed and controlled market. The liberalisation of the financial market began in 1980’s. This process caused the depression in Finland. Partly there is truth behind this statement. The restructuration of Finnish economy and state policy needed more. The government formed collaboration with the legal system and major actors in Finland. Financial institutions and large corporations were provided a parachute. The mentioned companies got a different treatment in front of the law than small and medium size companies. Government together with financial institutions made a plan for solving the problems what the market faced. They signed secret agreements upon execution of the plan. Actually, the three actors made a plot for the rest of the people in Finland. This is a thesis of political risk in a developed country called Finland. Political risk is not only concentrated on undeveloped countries. The existence of political risk is increasing throughout the world. Therefore, it is important to point out the possibility of political risk in developed world.

This thesis makes the task of clearly from many angles to describe and analyze the corporate reorganization in Kordárna, Inc. An important part of this plan is certainly describe "new" Insolvency law, the commercial law marks a significant step towards convergence to the West business law. Kordárna , Inc. the company came to the existential problems in the beginning of the year 2009 that lenders with a new crisis management handled the reorganization of the company. It was one of the first applications of the new reorganization law in that scope, which introduced this kind of solution. The emphasis of my work is primarily placed on the causes of problems and that the company pursued a number of different methods, which have to give a comprehensive view of the causes of various angles. My work also deals with the reorganization itself. An important passage is the comparison of solutions of bankruptcy and corporate reorganization, which is why the work has the support of the new insolvency law.

In the first part of my diploma thesis I analyze the reasons of the world economic crisis and I characterize Spanish economy. In the second part the reasons of Spanish economic crisis are analyzed with the focus on the main problems of the country, such as debt, rigid labor market, concentration on construction industry and real estate market. In the third part I describe the impacts of the crisis on the Spanish employment, external trade and I specify the measures and reforms which have been adopted by the new Spanish government. In the last part I try to find out whether the Spanish crisis has had some influence on business relations with Czech Republic and in which area this influence is visible. I also outline how the future relations between Czech Republic and Spain could look like.

Purpose:The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of stakeholders’ corporate reputation regarding a brand’s crisis communication.                                                                   Research Questions:  How are stakeholders’ cognitive reputation affected after exposure of the crisis communication and the generated eWOM? How are stakeholders’ affective reputation affected after exposure of the crisis communication and the generated eWOM?   Methodology:The research was of qualitative nature and had an explorative approach. The collection of data was done by semi-structured interviews based on a convenience sample of six respondents.  Findings:The results of this study indicated that the crisis communication had a higher impact on the respondents’ corporate reputation than the eWOM had. The generated eWOM worked as an influential factor of the corporate reputation rather than the dominant factor in connection to corporate reputation. The crisis communication is proposed to be a dominant factor affecting one’s corporate reputation of a brand, even though one’s corporate reputation of a brand previous to the crisis lays the foundation for how one is affected. Research limitations:Since this study applied the crisis communication of two fashion-retailer brands, there was a limitation by aiming the focus towards the fashion industry. Previous corporate reputation towards these two specific brands may also have affected the results.

Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 1998.
Thesis advisor: Dr. Norton Mezvinsky. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in American History." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-178).

Ziel der Arbeit war es, die regulatorischen Mechanismen von Virulenz-assoziierten Genen in den Pathogenen Francisella novicida und Streptococcus pyogenes zu untersuchen. Kapitel eins befasst sich mit der Regulation des Virulenzfaktors Streptolysin S (SLS) von S. pyogenes. Wir untersuchten die Rolle der Ribonuklease (RNase) Y in der transkriptionellen und posttranstrikptionellen Regulation des Gens sagA. RNase Y begünstigte die Produktion einer kleinen RNA (sRNA) vom sagA Transkript, war jedoch nicht an der posttranskriptionellen Regulierung der sagA RNA beteiligt. Dennoch förderte RNase Y die Transkription von sagA indirekt. Wir konnten weiterhin zeigen, dass die 5′- untranslatierte Region (UTR) der sgaA RNA eine Sekundärstruktur besitzt, die möglicherweise einen Liganden bindet und damit die Zugänglichkeit der ribosomalen Bindungsstelle beeinflusst. Die Deletion einzelner Abschnitte der 5′ UTR hat einen negativen Effekt auf die sagA Expression. Wir haben eine Methode entwickelt um die Aktivität von Riboswitches, (u.a. die sagA 5‘ UTR) zu analysieren und konnten damit drei putative Riboswitches in S. pyogenes validieren. In Kapitel zwei charakterisierten wir den Mechanismus mit dem CRISPR-Cas9 aus F. novicida (FnoCas9) die Expression bakterieller Lipoproteine (BLPs) unterdrückt, um dem Immunsystem des Wirtes zu entgehen. Wir zeigen, dass FnoCas9 eine duale Funktion besitzt, die es dem Protein ermöglicht nicht nur DNA zu schneiden, sondern auch Transkription zu regulieren. In dieser erstmals beschriebenen Aktivität bindet FnoCas9 an den tracrRNA:scaRNA Duplex, wodurch der Protein-RNA Komplex an einen DNA Abschnitt hinter dem Promoter der blp Gene bindet und somit deren Transkription verhindert. Diese Bindungsstelle besitzt ein protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) und eine scaRNA-komplementäre Sequenz, an die der FnoCas9-RNA Komplex bindet, allerdings nicht schneidet. Dieses System könnte in Zukunft das Repertoire an CRISPR-basierten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erweitern.
The aim of this thesis was to study regulatory mechanisms of virulence-related genes in the bacterial pathogens Francicella novicida and Streptococcus pyogenes. Chapter one focuses on the regulation of the virulence factor streptolysin S (SLS) in S. pyogenes. First, we investigated the role of the ribonuclease (RNase) Y in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SLS-coding gene, sagA. We found that RNase Y promotes the production of a small RNA (sRNA) from the sagA transcript but we observed no regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Yet, RNase Y promotes sagA transcription indirectly and affects hemolysis levels. We next showed that the sagA 5′ untranslated region (UTR) contains a secondary structure that is is possibly modulated by direct binding to a ligand and may affect the accessibility to the ribosomal binding site (RBS). Our results indicate that removing fragments of the 5′ UTR has a negative effect on sagA expression. We developed a method for testing the activity of putative riboswitches, including sagA 5′ UTR. Using this method, we validated three predicted riboswitches in S. pyogenes. In chapter two, we characterized the mechanism by which F. novicida CRISPR-Cas9 (FnoCas9) represses the expression of bacterial lipoproteins (BLPs), allowing evasion of the host immune system. We show that FnoCas9 is a dual-function protein that, in addition to its canonical DNA nuclease activity, evolved the ability to regulate transcription. In this newly-described mechanism, the non-canonical RNA duplex tracrRNA:scaRNA guides FnoCas9 to the DNA target located downstream of the promoter of the BLP-coding genes, causing transcriptional interference. The endogenous targets contain a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) and a sequence that is complementary to scaRNA, promoting FnoCas9 binding but not DNA cleavage. Engineering this system expands the toolbox of CRISPR applications by allowing repressing other genes of interest.

Diploma thesis deals with the bilateral economic relations between Czech republic and Israel in the context of global financial crisis. The first part includes the theoretical approach to financial crisis, its origins and impact on world economy. I continue with description of procedures adopted in EU in order to overcome the financial crisis as qickly as possible. Third part analyzes the economy of Israel, above all its development in last five years and shows, how did Israel deal with the impacts of crisis. This will predetermine the development of bilateral economic relations with Czech republic, that are analyzed in the last part of the thesis.

La teoria economica classica si basa sull’assunzione di piena razionalità dell’investitore, il cui comportamento è volto unicamente al soddisfacimento dei propri bisogni. L’ipotesi di mercati efficienti, di informazione completa, di non sazietà dell’agente economico sono alcuni dei fondamenti della Teoria dell’Utilità Attesa, caposaldo dell’economia nello spiegare le scelte dell’investitore in condizioni di incertezza. Tuttavia, recenti studi empirici hanno fatto emergere l’inconsistenza di dette ipotesi, che almeno in certi contesti vengono sistematicamente violate dagli operatori economici. Proprio a partire da queste evidenze, l’ipotesi di razionalità dell’investitore viene posta in discussione. Al suo posto, incontrano sempre maggior interesse teorie che, a partire da studi di psicologia cognitiva, guardano all'individuo come ad un soggetto il cui comportamento è sistematicamente influenzato da errori cognitivi (bias comportamentali) che dunque influenzano le sue decisioni. Daniel Kahneman e Amor Tversky sono tra gli studiosi che riuscirono a conciliare aspetti psicologici con quelli economici, merito che gli fece vincere anche il Premio Nobel nel 2002. Tra i loro più importanti apporti all'economia moderna risulta la Teoria del Prospetto, secondo cui le scelte dell’investitore si basano sulla funzione di valore e sulla funzione di ponderazione delle probabilità. L’elaborato si propone di presentare un’applicazione della Teoria del Prospetto al fine di analizzare il cambiamento delle scelte di portafoglio a seguito della crisi occorsa nel 2008, con particolare interesse al raffronto con il modello di ottimizzazione classico à la Markowitz.

Cette recherche part des profondes modifications de l’espace sociétal cristallisées par la crise économique et sociale de 2008 dans nos sociétés occidentales. L’objectif de cette étude est d’inscrire la crise de la publicité et des marques dans une mutation sociétale plus profonde, avec une remise en cause du modèle capitaliste de consommation de masse. Dans un contexte de crises, nous sommes en droit de nous interroger sur l’avenir de la marque : va-t-elle évoluer vers un modèle alternatif correspondant davantage aux mutations sociétales en cours ? Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans le champ des sciences de l’information et de la communication en étudiant l’évolution du concept de marque d’un point de vue sociosémiotique, c’est-à-dire en considérant le contexte économique et social comme un cadre primaire analytique au sens de Goffman. Il s’agit de partir d’occurrences concrètes de communication (alter-marque, insertions de produits et de marques dans la série The Big Bang Theory, webséries de marque, publicité native dans le Huffington Post) pour mieux comprendre la société qui constitue leur espace de mutation. Nos travaux mettent en évidence la capacité de la marque à s’extraire du cadre commercial à travers des procédés d’insertion ou de mimétisme médiatique. En mettant en perspective des concepts issus des recherches en sciences de l’information et de la communication contemporaines avec les interprétations de certains experts en stratégie des marques, nous avançons l’hypothèse d’un nouvel ordre de la marque, médiatique et culturel. En effet, la marque mute progressivement vers un modèle culturel et médiatique pour répondre à sa « crise de sens » (Semprini, 2005), notamment en instaurant un imaginaire de marque davantage ancré dans la culture médiatique du public. McLuhan (1967) affirmait dans les années 60 que le médium était le message : aujourd’hui, la marque ne tend-elle pas à devenir elle aussi un média et faire sens en tant que tel dans l’espace public ?
This research emanates from the deep the social changes that our Western societies faced in a context of economic and social crisis, which peaked in 2008. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the media and brand crisis is part of a deeper social mutation and question the capitalist model of mass consumption. In this context of crisis, we can question the future of brand marketing: is it going to evolve towards an alternative model, more in line with current social changes? Through our study of the evolution of the brand concept from a socio-semiotics angle, we will consider the economic and social environment from the analytical primary framework as defined by Goffman. Therefore, our research is firmly anchored in the field of information and communication sciences. We focus on specific communication occurrences (alter-brand, brand placements in The Big Bang Theory series, brand webseries, native advertising in The Huffington Post) in order to better understand the society that constitutes their environment of transformation. Our research highlights the capacity of the brand to extricate itself from a commercial aspect through insertion or media imitation processes. By focusing on concepts emerging from research in contemporary information and communication sciences, and by putting in perspective experts’ interpretations of brand strategy, we explore the hypothesis of the emergence of a new order of media and cultural brand. Indeed, the brand gradually shifts towards a cultural and media model in order to respond to its “meaning crisis” (Semprini, 2005), in particular by establishing an imaginary around the brand, more anchored in media culture. McLuhan (1967) suggested in the sixties that the medium was the message: today, the brand seems to tend to become a media and establish itself as an integral part of the public sphere

This thesis deals with the development of the International Monetary Fund from its establishment to the present in connection with the changing reality in the world economy and with its reform in the new millennium that was caused by the unsuitable form of this institution considering the current situation in the world economy. In the third part it deals with the development of this reform in connection with the last financial crisis and with the impact of this crisis on the International Monetary Fund.

Antibiotic resistance is worldwide an increasing problem for the public health. Scientists are working to better know the features of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria to develop new strategies to overcome the antibiotic resistance. Among the most common bacteria capable to infect humans and become resistant to antibiotics, the members of the genus Staphylococcus are the etiological agents of some infectious diseases that can be lethal if the pharmacological treatment fails. S. aureus can cause a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild skin forms to systemic forms, whilst S. epidermidis has been frequently implicated in endocarditis and infections of surgical implants and it seems to be the source for antibiotic resistance related gene acquisition by S. aureus. A comparative transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq and bioinformatic of two Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus isogenic pairs, the characterization of the CRISPR-Cas system and phage infection sensitivity tests of ten Italian pathogenic clinical MDR S. epidermidis strains were performed to deepen knowledge the antibiotic resistance related traits in Italian MDR Staphylococci. Results of transcriptomic analysis showed the contribution of Staphylococcal mRNAs and small-RNAs in daptomycin resistance, with multiple pathways associated, including the cell-wall biosynthesis and organization, metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, stress response and transport, confirming the role of transcriptome in developing antibiotic resistance. CRISPR-Cas system presence seems to not be a common trait in MDR S. epidermidis (33%) although they showed a high resistance to phage infection, results that should be considered in the perspective of developing a phage therapy. Finally, recent discoveries suggest the possibility to use CRISPR, in the future, to target not only the genes, but also RNAs (messenger and small), linking transcriptome analysis and CRISPR system studies as parts of a possible strategy to cure the antibiotic resistance.

This diploma thesis analyses the effects of the consequences of the economic sanctions that were imposed on the Russian Federation by the European Union. The sanctions were imposed as a result of Russian participation in the Ukrainian crisis. The main goal of this work is to analyze the effectiveness of sanctions. The paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter explains the problems of imposing sanctions upon Russia from a theoretical perspective. The second chapter evaluates the state of economic cooperation between Russia and Europe after sanctions were imposed. The goal of the third chapter is to offer a general analysis of the effectiveness of sanctions.

It analyzes contemporary legislature which stimulate market with flats. It adapts general theory of crisis management to housing authority or living with mortgage. It shows effect of specifict menaces at market with flats in the CR. It analyzes and documents with examples specific menaces which treaten at market with flats.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
102
In recent years, China''s rise is unstoppable, Rather than threaten the United States, might as well say the impact of Japan. Japan as Asia''s former boss, the status of the growing decline of almost Chinese steal the spotlight, in the analysis of future trends in the world, only the United States and China are also roles for such a transformation of the international community, although not new, but for many Japanese people, is still an unacceptable fact. In experienced rapid growth, the Japanese economy has gradually entered a stable growth stage. Seventies and eighties, several events occurred a serious impact on global economic growth in Japan. "Two of the economic crisis" and "the two oil crises" has fully exposed the vulnerability of the Japanese economy. Japan''s economic crisis, the ecological crisis and the energy crisis interleaved burst, forcing the Japanese had to change the way the original development of dependence on imports of cheap energy, the energy-saving industrial structure to a technology-intensive and high value-added type of change. Meanwhile the economic policies have been adjusted accordingly, on the one hand to encourage the export of capital to expand monopoly capital, the high energy consumption, environmental pollution industries to developing countries go; hand vigorously support the automotive, electronics, precision machinery, aviation , the development of atomic energy and other industrial sectors. Increasing research investment, and efforts towards "self-independent technology era." Japan today (2013) years, the economic performance of the country''s most dramatic. Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe progressively introduced three arrows: the first arrow, super quantitative easing, let the yen Kuangbian, promote exports, business investment and stimulate consumption; second arrow, is the fiscal stimulus, resorted to scale up to 10 trillion yen fiscal stimulus; now, Abe once again pulled his bow, ready to go to the third shot arrows "structural economic reforms", which will be renewed if the Japanese economy will also see whether this third arrow to succeed.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
97
Due to the global competition, the survival of enterprises must face the major test. Since the poor management of the market will increase number of companies, so the crisis early warning model of business has the necessary to establish. The cause of financial crisis is the main source of financial situation of the deteriorating. Therefore, if we could analysis the facets and weights of potential affect factors through the financial and managerial situation of business to judge the crisis cause of a corporation and establish the early warning model is worth to discuss deeply. The precious year of companies’ data that this study collecting are from the Taiwan Securities Exchange 2006/01/01-2008/12/31 which have been out of the open security market based on the analysis standards and omitting the less information and banking, have total 36 enterprises data for analysis. The application of total variables, this study pre-adapts the TEJ business credit risk indicators to integrate the documentation and analysis the fundamental variables. It can be seen that all the factors have the relationship with each other through this study. This highlights a very important message, and also to the crisis among the factors and normal company with a considerable fluctuations. The judging results of DEA-DA model show that most of the company might be affected with some important factors of interpretation in abnormal situation to let the company in crisis cluster. Through Logistic regression analysis results show that our study forecasting model has the great explanatory power to meet the behavior of interpretation with the crisis and normal companies. By the enterprises crisis model of this study building to assess and forecast the crisis situation have the same results with the simplified model constructing with key factors to affect the original model direction. This study shows a very important fact that the crisis forecasting models will not be simplified to change the outcome which also indicating to increase of variables won’t change the results of the assessment. In accordance with this study proposed model, if value positive that would be show more and more vulnerable to crisis. By other words, if value negative that would be more small vulnerable to crisis.

碩士
國立臺北大學
公共行政暨政策學系碩士在職專班
92
During April 2003, a new infectious disease was outbreak in Hoping Hospital. In order to prevent transmission of the disease, the Department of Health and Taipei City Government decided to shut down Hoping Hospital, quarantine all the staffs and patients of Hoping’s. More than 1300 quarantined during that period. Because of the unknown nature of SARS, many health workers experienced low morale and panic. Also the shortage of protective equipment and medical supplied at the first three days of condemnation. But many staffs still devote themselves in patient care. The superintendent of Hoping- Dr Wu organized the crisis management team immediately to communicate with other resources centers. The purpose of the study is mainly focusing on the issue of Hoping Hospital’s SARS crisis management. By sharing the experience to learn the important of critical management. This thesis composes six chapters, including : (1) Introduction; (2) The historical review on Hoping Hospital’s SARS crisis management; (3) the process of Hoping SARS crisis management before condemnation; (4) the process of Hoping SARS crisis management after condemnation；(5) The evaluation of SARS crisis management; (6) Conclusion and discussion. The conclusions of the study show: （1）Crisis management decisions：Base on the issues of infection control and public safety, the decision making of condemnation can be accepted. But the transferring plan should be operated at the same time was sorrowful. （2）Crisis management organizing：The coordination between these crisis management teams had no effective communication, such as: overlapping orders, unclear cooperation manners, made the crisis management teams shown low functions. （3）The Process of crisis management：The crisis management have to be modified flexible. For the series processes of condemnation, central isolation and transferring, it is the first episode of the world, nobody has the experience before. We learn by doing, through adjust the personal feeling, compromise with the miserable situation and modify the policy, finally we pass and survive. Key word: Hoping Hospital, SARS, crisis management

碩士
輔仁大學
金融研究所
87
The success or failure of a company will affect its stock holders, bond holders, employees and sometimes even the whole economy. It is believed that there are signs when a company is suffering its financial difficulties. A good indicator will give correct warnings. It can help to reduce the risks faced by investors, creditors, banks, and related firms if the managerial level takes early actions to prevent the failure. It will help the government in monitoring the company''s financial situations too. Based on the above, the objective of this research is to predict the crisis of Taiwan listed companies. The traditional methods of predicting company failure include single variant, multiple variant, tobit/logit and neural network models. The chaos model can be considered as the most recent model to predict the company failure. It was found that the more healthy a system is the more chaos it will be. Lindsay and Compell(1996) first used chaos model in bankruptcy prediction. They found its prediction error is low relative to which of the traditional method. Therefore, this current research will use the stock returns and apply the non-linear dynamic chaos theory to predict the company''s crisis based on Lindsay and Campell(1996). The research period begins on January 11, 1976, and ends on March 6, 1999. We find that the Taiwan Stock Market follows a chaotic system. We also select 33 of the unhealthy companies and their healthy pair matches to do the company''s crisis prediction. The empirical results indicate that the returns of the unhealthy companies while approaching crisis will exhibit significantly less chaos, measured by Lyapunov exponents, than at an earlier period. In addition, we also find that the returns of the healthy companies will exhibit significantly more chaos than unhealthy companies while approaching its crisis. This current research applies Chaos Theory to develop the prediction model. The resulting rule is that if the difference between the Lyapunov exponent for the late period and the early period is less than -0.0086766, the company will face crisis after one year. And if the difference is less than -0.0224776, the company will face crisis after half a year. These two prediction models exhibit 80% and 93.33% accurate rate, respectively. The prediction models that applies Chaos Theory can detect the crisis before one year and the ability of prediction becomes better nearing the crisis. The results indicate that Chaos Theory has its contribution in company''s crisis prediction.

This dissertation critically interprets the international dimension of the Ukrainian crisis in 2013, crisis that intensified in the 2014 and resulted in an armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia in eastern part of Ukraine and occupation of Crimea. It argues this crisis to be simultaneously the result and the intensification of the collision of antagonist and foreign policies towards the contested borders of Ukraine between NATO and Russia. Notwithstanding Ukrainian domestic dimension related to recent and incomplete transition of the country after Soviet Union collapse and its independence, Ukrainian crisis has an inseparable international dimension to it. Analyzed from an international perspective, the events that started in Kiev in November of 2013 can be linked to the competition between the NATO and Russia for security in their shared neighborhood. After Soviet Union collapse in 1991, Russia fell into complex crisis in political, social, economic and national identity domains. In the foreign policy sphere, an internal debate started on what role Russia should perform, at regional or on global level in the post-Cold War background. In this context, Ukraine is inseparable ally and shield for Russia from West pressure near Russia borders, from EU enlargement and NATO expansion, which is considered as treat for Russian security. Russia combined a whole range of arguments to protect its borders, sphere of influence and its citizens in Ukraine. Vladimir Putin in 2014 presented those arguments in his address to the State Duma. This research intends to provide a contribution to the literature on Crimean crisis, Russian foreign policy and political discourse.
A presente dissertação interpreta criticamente a dimensão internacional da crise ucraniana começada em 2013, crise que se intensificou em 2014, e que resultou em conflito armado entre a Ucrânia e a Rússia na parte leste da Ucrânia e a ocupação da Crimeia. A dissertação argumenta também que esta crise é simultaneamente o resultado e a intensificação da colisão entre duas políticas externas antagónicas em relação às contestadas fronteiras da Ucrânia, entre a NATO e a Rússia. Quanto à esfera doméstica e interna da política ucraniana relacionada com a transição recente e incompleta do país após o colapso da União Soviética em 1991 e da sua independência no mesmo ano, lidando ainda hoje o país com problemas como nepotismo, oligarquismo, abuso de poder, corrupção e violação dos direitos humanos, a crise ucraniana tem uma dimensão internacional inseparável. Na perspetiva internacional, os eventos que ocorreram em Kiev em novembro de 2013 podem ser vinculados à competição entre o expansionismo e alargamento do Ocidente para junto das fronteiras Russas. O colapso da União Soviética mergulhou a Rússia na profunda crise nos domínios da identidade nacional, nas esferas da política interna e externa, económica e social. A Rússia enfrentou uma das maiores depressões económicas da sua história. A nivel geopolítico a Rússia enfrentou uma grande mudança na sua história recente, após perder asua influência sobre a esferea de influência tradicional da Europa Leste e nos países Bálticos, bem como o fracasso das políticas económicas de Mikhail Gorbachev. As mudanças geopolíticas transformaram o antigo espaço de influência da então União Soviética em um espaço completamente integrado nas organizações supranacionais ocidentais, nomeadamente a NATO e a União Europeia, organizações que continuam as suas políticas expansionsistas na região vital para a segurança Russa. Apesar disso, a Rússia, exercia os atributos de uma potência mundial, com um assento permanente no Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, e o segundo maior arsenal nuclear, mas o seu status económico enfraquecido abriu uma contradição entre a aspiração e capacidade do país. Na esfera da política externa, iniciou-se um debate interno sobre que posição e papel a Rússia deveria desempenhar, a nível regional e global no cenário da pós-Guerra Fria. Neste contexto, a Ucrânia é inseparável aliada e escudo, ainda que alguns autores considerem a Ucrânia como um estado buffer ou uma espécie de “ponte” para a Rússia das pressões ocidentais próximas das suas fronteiras, que impede assim o alargamento e expansão da União Europeia e da NATO para o leste europeu, questões essas que são consideradas essenciais na segurança Russa. A discussão acerca da identidade nacional russa remonta ao século XIX, um período de grandes mudanças na Rússia, também conhecido como período renascentista Russo, no qual o país eslavo testemunhou grandes mudanças sobretudo na literatura e na filosofia, com grande influência dos autores como Leo Tolstoy e Fyodor Dostoevsky. A elite e a nobreza russa começaram a separar duas escolas distintas, eslavófilia e ocidentalismo. Por um lado, o ocidentalismo incentivava o desenvolvimento do país de acordo com os princípios e valores europeus e ocidentais. Por outro lado, os eslavófilos argumentavam que a Rússia tinha uma missão histórica e cultural e só poderiam desenvolver-se de acordo com as suas tradições inerentes, sem influência do ocidente. A discussão ainda permanece nos dias de hoje, sobre se a Rússia é única nas suas tradições e deve continuar no seu próprio caminho com distanciamento para com o ocidente ou se o país devia seguir o resto do mundo com uma maior aproximação ao ocidente. Vladimir Putin pretende um posicionamento reconhecível e prestigiado da Rússia no sistema internacional, caracterizado por uma identidade russa única, com base na sua história, legado, língua, cultura, tamanho e obrigação de proteger as suas fronteiras e a sua população. Essa identidade revelase em interesses específicos e no reconhecimento de particular valor à independência e soberania do país como uma grande potência. Essa tentativa de afirmação da Rússia como uma grande potência começou logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, época na qual a Rússia, cercada pelo medo e pela incerteza que o mundo atravessava, foi obrigada a reagir, porque havia um sentimento e expectativa de que a guerra realmente não tinha terminado e que a qualquer momento poderia começar outra Guerra. Joseph Stalin impressionado com o poder destrutivo das primeiras bombas atômicas dos Estados Unidos da América, nos bombardeamentos atômicos das cidades de Hiroshima e Nagasaki no Japão, evento que ditou fim a Seguda Grande Guerra, ordenou o seu rápido desenvolvimento no território soviético, com ansiedade de que os EUA pudessem realmente utilizar as bombas contra o espaço da União Soviética. A identidade russa não é suficientemente forte para triunfar e ser reconhecida, está em processo de constante mutação, no qual os interesses internos misturam-se com externos. A Rússia tal como a Ucrânia são países de democracias recentes. Após a dissolução da antiga União Soviética, a Ucrânia procurou um novo caminho e uma maior aproximação com o ocidente, a União Europeia e NATO, o expansionismo e alargamento ao leste europeu dos mesmos eram vistos para o país Ucraniano como uma oportunidade de se “afastar” da Rússia, que assombrava e exercia um poder e uma influência enormes sobre o país desde a formação da antiga União Soviética até aos dias de hoje. O que a Ucrânia mais desejava, era o que a Rússia mais temia, ambições antagónicas dos dois países. Em 2013, o expansionismo e alargamento da União Europeia, sobretudo depois de 2004 contava com vários países a leste europeu, inclusive alguns ex-membros da União Soviética , a Ucrânia ambicionava assinar o Acordo de Associação, que colocaria o país a um passo de se tornar um membro da mesma. Víktor Yanukóvytch, ex-presidente Ucraniano entre 2010-2014, ponderou assinar o acordo, apesar da vontade do povo e do país que ambicionavam um futuro com novos parceiros europeus. No entanto, Víktor Yanukóvytch não chegou a assinar nenhum acordo com União Europeia. De referir que um outro acordo estava nas mãos do Víktor Yanukóvytch, o da União Económica Eurasiática (UEE), Rússia expectava que Ucrânia resistisse e trocasse a União Europeia e a NATO por antigos membros e os seus aliados, nomeadamente voltar a ser um parceiro da Rússia. Após varias tentativas de resistência do Víktor Yanukóvytch para assinar o Acordo de Associação, Kiev começou a testemunhar vários protestos que se intensificavam a cada dia. Um dos protestos e movimentos mais marcantes ficou conhecido como Euromaidan, que simbolizava a “sede” dos Ucranianos para o país se tornar membro da União Europeia. A Ucrânia transformou-se num “tabuleiro” geopolítico e estratégico. A Rússia vê-se obrigada a agir, através das causas externas como a controvérsia geopolítica entre Ocidente e Rússia, a contínua expansão da União Europeia e a NATO nos Bálticos, são dos fatores fulcrais que levaram a Rússia a procurar pontos estratégicos para conter esta aproximação nas suas fronteiras. A intervenção na Crimeia é uma disputa assente na preocupação de Moscovo com os cidadãos da etnia russa na Crimeia (estes constituem mais de metade da população da Crimeia 58,5%), constituíndo um dos argumentos principais do discurso do Vladimir Putin ao tentar legalizar a intervenção na Ucrânia. Assim, o conceito de Mundo Russo, constitui uma figura de imaginação geopolítica, servindo de ferramenta que o Moscovo, sob representação de Vladimir Putin há mais de vinte anos, utiliza para tomar as medidas necessárias para proteger os seus cidadãos fora do país, uma vez que milhões de russos encontravam-se fora do alcance de Moscovo. A literatura considera que a promoção do conceito de Mundo Russo constitui um elemento da ideia de sonho da restauração da Rússia ou da sua influência nas fronteiras da exUnião Soviética. O conceito serve também para a Rússia como um instrumento para projetar o seu soft power. No caso da Ucrânia, a promoção do Mundo Russo tornou-se associada à intervenção militar russa na parte leste da Ucrânia nas cidades de Donetsk e Lugansk, que fazem fronteira com a Rússia, passando assim de soft power a hard power. Assim a Rússia continua em busca de implementar a sua influência no espaço póssoviético, usando a diaspora como justificação, onde as relações linguísticas e culturais entre os seus cidadãos no exterior desempenham papel central e, quando necessário, a intervenção pode estar associada ao uso da força (Geórgia 2008, Ucrânia 2014). É imperativo referir que, na influência da política soviética de domínio da língua russa, ainda está presente na Ucrânia. Após a independência em 1991, a língua ucraniana teve a oportunidade de se tornar a língua oficial e de pleno direito. No entanto, territorialmente, a lingua ucraniana é asimétrica, o que se reflete nas zonas onde a língua russa predomina e consequente bipolaridade da língua ucraniana. Estas circunstâncias estavam entre os principais fatores da erupção de um conflito armado no leste da Ucrânia e da anexação da Península da Criméia pela Federação Russa em 2014. Numa perspetiva histórica, a Crimeia foi conquistada pelo Império Russo durante o reinado de Catarina, a Grande, em 1783, e permaneceu como parte da Rússia até ao ano de 1954, sob o commando e ordem de então líder da União Soviética Nikita Khrushchev foi transferida para a Ucrânia. As razões que levaram para tal acordo de transferência da Crimeia sob commando da Rússia para a Ucrânia ainda não são claras e justificadas, continuam a causar polêmica e discussão aberta entre os historiadores. No entanto, contrariamente aos mitos russos difundidos nos últimos anos, esse ato, em primeiro lugar, não foi um "presente" solidário de Nikita Khrushchev. A transferência da Crimeia em 1954 para a República Soviética da Ucrânia não teve relevância geopolítica enquanto a URSS existisse. O Mar Negro é uma região e componente essencial da nova política russa e a sua tentativa de combater a crescente influência que a NATO tem vindo a exercer nas últimas duas décadas. Os principais objetivos da Rússia não são apenas reforçar a sua fronteira a sul, mas também intimidar os seus vizinhos mais desprotegidos e "bloquear" o acesso e aproximação da NATO a países como Ucrânia e Moldávia e toda a região do Cáucaso. Para a Rússia, a longo prazo, parece que a intenção será, em primeiro lugar, garantir que o Mar Negro seja controlado predominantemente pela Rússia. A Rússia reuniu os argumentos para proteger suas fronteiras, esfera de influência e os seus cidadãos na Ucrânia. Os argumentos foram apresentados no discurso do presidente da Federação Russa, Vladimir Putin, a 18 de Março de 2014. Discutir os conceitos de anexação, reunificação, autodeterminação dos povos e príncipio da integridade territorial torna-se imprescindível para compreender a perspetiva russa. O argumento de Moscovo refere que a Crimeia foi reunificada com a Rússia, e pode ser visível nos discursos politicos e meios de comunicação, pois a reunificação é vista como algo aceitável e uma ação legal, uma perspectiva diferente da ucraniana. Por sua vez, os argumentos dos pró-ucranianos referem-se às ações da Rússia na Crimeia como anexação, uma ação de violação de soberania e integridade territorial ucraniana; os prórussos, por sua vez, consideram que o território foi reunificado. Essa divisão e uso de palavras e conceitos é importante porque faz com que se perceba qual é a posição adotada quando se discutem as ações da Rússia na Crimeia em 2014. A decisão do governo da Crimeia, apoiada maioritariamente pelos resultados do referendo de 2014, de solicitar a reunificação com a Federação Russa foi considerada lícita no discurso de Putin. Com a desordem política em Kiev, tanto as forças militares como os cidadãos pró-Russos na Crimeia decidiram agir e organizaram um referendo em 16 de março de 2014, contanto com grande suporte por parte da Rússia, que se encaregava de conduzir e monitorizar o referendo. O conteúdo dos boletins era muito controverso, pois oferecia aos eleitores apenas duas opções que tanto a opção 1 como a opção 2 beneficiavam uma maior aproximação da Crimeia a Rússia. Apesar do resultado avassalador de (96.77%) segundo fontes oficiais, dos eleitores terem optado por opção 1 que permitia a Crimeia reunificar com Rússia, o referendo ocorrido na Crimeia é considerado illegal. Por sua vez, os resultados do mesmo são considerados legais por parte da Rússia. Através da aplicação da metodogloia de análise crítica do discurso, que melhor se enquadra para a presente investigação, torna-se possível e crucial fragmentar e desconstruir o discurso de legitimização de Vladimir Putin e apresentar os resultados sob uma ótica critica e reflexiva do mesmo. A Rússia reuniu os argumentos para proteger suas fronteiras, esfera de influência e os seus cidadãos na Ucrânia. Os argumentos foram apresentados no discurso do presidente da Federação Russa, Vladimir Putin, a 18 de Março de 2014. Discutir os conceitos de anexação, reunificação, autodeterminação dos povos e príncipio da integridade territorial torna-se imprescindível para compreender a perspetiva russa. O argumento de Moscovo refere que a Crimeia foi reunificada com a Rússia, e pode ser visível nos discursos politicos e meios de comunicação, pois a reunificação é vista como algo aceitável e uma ação legal, uma perspectiva diferente da ucraniana. Por sua vez, os argumentos dos pró-ucranianos referem-se às ações da Rússia na Crimeia como anexação, uma ação de violação de soberania e integridade territorial ucraniana; os prórussos, por sua vez, consideram que o território foi reunificado. Essa divisão e uso de palavras e conceitos é importante porque faz com que se perceba qual é a posição adotada quando se discutem as ações da Rússia na Crimeia em 2014. O lugar da Rússia na ordem internacional mudou significativamente, não apenas devido às ações de 2014 na Ucrânia, mas também ao discurso de criar um novo posicionamento para o país no sistema internacional. Abordar uma Europa pós-Crimeia como realidade social radicalmente diferente devido à intervenção da Rússia na Crimeia é, muito provavelmente, um exagero. Porém, ajuda perceber a estratégia russa no espaço póssoviético que, perante a impossibilidade de controlar Kiev, opta pela divisão formal (com recurso ao soft e hard power) da Ucrânia em esferas de influência. Este estudo pretende assim contribuir com a literatura sobre a crise da Crimeia de 2014, a política externa da Rússia e o discurso político.

碩士
東吳大學
政治學系研究所
86
1995,R.O.C.govertment builded a crisis management system to response any possible crisis.But in 1996,a typhoon destroyed this ideal system and resulted a lot of damages.So,I am interested about our crisis management system and find three importem questions: 1.What is our crisis management system? 2.How did our crisis management system response to typhoon? 3.What''s problem of our crisis management system?

No
Since the election of Hugo Chávez Frías to the Venezuelan presidency in 1998 on a platform of `revolutionary¿ change, the country has been wracked by political turmoil and violence between pro- and anti-government groups. While the political crisis has been reported and portrayed as a new phenomenon that has emerged as a result of Chávez's policy programme and style of government, this article argues that the conflict has deep historical roots and that it has been shaped by the legacy of political organisation in the pre-Chávez period.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
政治學研究所
101
Since 2003, the imports of US beef have been abandoned twice because first the mad cow disease was found and then the ractopamine was detected. However, the complex political and economic relations between US and Taiwan, even within Taiwan, have led the issues more controversial and hard to make a consensus. Taiwan government, led by President Ma Ying-Jeou, has suffered the tension and conflicts from external and internal pressure. The US forced Taiwan to accept the import of US beef, and many people in Taiwan asked Ma government to resist the pressure. How should Ma government respond to the crisis caused by contentious struggles? This paper aims to reflect Ma government’s twice communication crisis of US beef imports and tries to find some useful lessons. In fact, there is something similar and something different in the two times which Ma government dealt with the open of imports of US beef in 2009 and 2012.In difference, in year 2009, the contention lay in the worry of mad cow disease which happened in 2003 in the US. In year 2012, the controversial issue changed to the problem of containing the ractopamine.In the same element, both times have led civil groups, opposite party and even the ruling party members to resist controversially. Su Chi, the Secretary of National Security Council, was regarded as President Ma’s close colleague by the media, but resigned because the crisis of US beefs. In year 2012, the opposite party, Democratic Progress Party has asked its Legislators to stand by in the Legislative Yuan for 120 hours, which is the longest ever, in order to boycott the bill of US beef and did not allow the chairman of the Legislator Yuan to anchor the meeting. Moreover, different media comments all indicated that Ma government has made several mistakes to communicate with people and lack of communicative ability in the importing issue. The imports of US beef might be regarded as the most serious of crisis communication of Ma government since 2008 coming to power. In order to understand the dealing process and ways of communication in which Ma government faced the twice importing issues of US beef, this paper analyzes the twice open events by the perspective of “crisis communication”. I hope to compare these two cases of Ma government and try to offer some reflective comments.

碩士
義守大學
管理學院碩士班
97
This research investigates the trading behavior of foreign investors and investment performance before and after the crises in the decade. The crises are: the strike of No.4 nuclear power plant in 2000, the 911 terrorist attack in 2001, the spread of SARS in 2003, the 319 shooting case of former president and the besiegement of Taipei City by protesters-in-red in 2006. Before the crisis takes place, the foreign investment tend to adopt the trend-following strategy in dealing with loser and winner portfolio, buying stocks that either inflate or decline. The reward for buying stocks with loser portfolio is not impressive. After the crisis, however, foreign investment enhance the buying of winner portfolio, while using reverse strategy in terms of loser portfolio, that is, selling the loser portfolio. The change of strategy also brings better profit than previous trading behavior.