Dissertationen zum Thema „Crises online“

Online learning in the present circumstances of the pandemic is unique, unlike common digital learning situations, raises a number of concerns. University students might struggle with adjustment and feel discouraged by changes, as conventional socializing in class is their major loss in online learning. Students should continue to learn, and schools have gone to great lengths to transfer educational content into the digital world, not just online teaching and delivery methods, but also support the students' wellbeing. The project created a framework for students’ wellbeing support, online learning in higher education and crisis preparedness. Moreover, the project used several research methods to collect and analyze data, and design methods to treat and develop ideation. The resulting project is called the ‘Online participation Art Strategy’. Based on the insights that ‘enhancing online learning by enhancing online participation’, the project provides educational materials in the form of campaign design and graphic design, to enhance online participation and thereby support the wellbeing of students.

Online presentation

The media and crisis communication of a company operate according to different logics. The media are known to be more entertainment driven, while the company tries to remain trustworthy and publishes information only once it is confirmed. Does this difference in logic and in framing a crisis persist when the crisis occurs without any warning signs?Different crisis life-cycle models exist of which two of them are presented and discussed within this study. Additionally, media framing, media logic theory and crisis communication theory are further going to be clarified in order to identify if the difference in framing an extraordinary crisis persist.One of the addressed research questions aims to determine if there was a difference in covering the event between Germanwings and two German media, Bild and FOCUS online. The objective of the second research question is to discern if there was a frame-alignment between the two different types of media, Bild and FOCUS online.The results show that Bild and FOCUS online applied different frames while covering the event. While Bild merely focused on emotional stories and speculations over the cause of the accident, FOCUS online based their coverage on facts and statements. Furthermore, FOCUS online aligned their frames with Germanwings crisis reportage, whereas Bild merely covered according to the media logic theory.

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This study is the result of research conducted on the management of Communication processes in organizational crisis. We seek to understand how the information flow is processed in these moments, either through traditional media, or by online social networks, and thereby bring contributions to the performance of organizations from an ethical perspective. In terms of methodology, the research relies on case study of Playcenter s crisis communication management, which occurred in April 2011. It uses literature review, analysis of newspaper articles, Twitter posts, and semi-structured interviews. The results show that the corporate image is not a matter of transmission, but reception, resulting from various perceptions, and that these phenomena, have been currently exacerbated by the rapid spread of events facilitated by the internet. However, there is still a strong role of traditional media in these episodes, strong convergence between traditional media and new media, as well as convergence between citizens in the spread of the facts.
O trabalho é resultado de pesquisa realizada sobre a gestão da Comunicação em processos de crise organizacional. Busca-se compreender como se processa, na atualidade, o fluxo informacional nesses momentos, seja pela mídia tradicional,seja pelas redes sociais online, e, dessa forma, trazer contribuições para a atuação das organizações sob uma perspectiva ética. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa apoia-se no estudo de caso da gestão da Comunicação da crise do Playcenter, ocorrida em abril de 2011. Utiliza-se de revisão bibliográfica, análises de matérias jornalísticas, posts do Twitter, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados revelam que a imagem não é uma questão de emissão, mas de recepção, resultado de percepções diversas e que esses fenômenos, na atualidade, têm sido potencializados pela rápida propagação dos fatos facilitada pela internet. Entretanto, ainda há um forte papel das mídias tradicionais nesses episódios, forte convergência entre as mídias tradicionais e as novas mídias, bem como convergência entre os cidadãos na propagação dos fatos.

This research paper is examining how corporations can create a rhetorical construction of transparency on digital platforms in order to make their communication appear transparent during a crisis. Crisis communication theory and theories of rhetoric and transparency have been used in order to analyse the crises situations and the linguistic means used in crisis related messages. By using the methods of semiotics and digital rhetoric, an analytical framework was developed to be able to analyse the level of both the rhetorical construction of transparency as well as the actual transparency by identifying what information has been disclosed and what has been withheld. The two companies used for the analysis were Toyota and Samsung, who both experienced a crisis in 2016. It was found that the two companies used different strategies in their crisis communication, in which Toyota came across as the best prepared corporation in times of crises due to a clearer reaction, which was not changed. Both corporations managed to construct a level of transparency through their use of language, however, some information was found to have been withheld, causing the actual transparency to be of a lower degree than the constructed transparency. Thus, by using language in certain ways, corporations are able to convince their stakeholders that they are transparent while being able to withhold different information that could prove valuable to some groups of stakeholders.

Since 1929, the world economy has not encountered any financial crisis as severe as the case of the Great Depression, until 2007 when the fall of stock markets and the collapse of large financial institutions in the United States resulted in a worldwide recession. According to an IMF report, and as a result of the direct impact of the crisis, advanced economies such as those of the United States and Europe are suffering from a systemic banking crisis with economic output expected to contract by over 1 ¾ % in 2009. (Bourdin 2009:2) Although the crisis erupted in the United States, the effects quickly spread to countries worldwide. However, its effects are said to be more devastating for the poorest regions in the world including Sub-Saharan Africa. During the last few years, prior to the crisis, many Sub-Saharan African countries had enjoyed a growth rate of over 5%. This was partly as a result of sound economic policies and increased external support in the form of debt relief and higher inflows from economically powerful countries in the West. However, with the current financial crisis, wealthy nations have been forced to concentrate on sustaining their own economy. As a result, amongst changes like tighter immigration policies, skyrocketing oil prices and food prices, foreign aid is being withdrawn. (ibid 2009:3) According to foreign media reports, donor governments and the G8 are no longer as committed to aid as before the crisis. This research paper examines the evolution of aid to Africa in view of various contexts through a broad historical economic and political economy overview, and finally corroborates these observations with a discourse analysis of a sample of BBC online articles. The research project thus investigates in this last section, the BBC’s representation of poverty and aid in Sub-Saharan Africa before and during the current global economic crisis.

Despite a documented increase in the use of online counselling services by youth, little research has been conducted on how counsellors establish rapport in the absence of voice tone and conventional spoken language. As a result, no empirically validated guidelines exist for crisis counselling with youth online. Research shows that youth who access online services are often in extreme distress or suicidal. Youth’s increasing affinity for online communication, coupled with a lack of research in this area, necessitate an examination of how rapport is built online. The current study was a qualitative exploration of client-counsellor interactions in online crisis counselling sessions with suicidal youth. Data sources consisted of transcripts obtained from an online crisis chat service for youth. A collective case study was conducted, using content analysis of client-counsellor interactions followed by an examination of patterns across cases. It was found that tentative language, open-ended questions, and figurative language were used most in the Initial Contact phase and that interventions tended to be connection-building in nature. In the Risk Assessment phase, providing a context for questions, showing acceptance of coping methods, and statements of care were the most frequent interventions, and interventions tended to be connection-building in nature. In the Termination phase, summaries, questions about coping, expressions of care, and emoticons were used; connection-building and action-oriented types of interventions were both used. Overall, it was found that the counsellor tended to mirror the language patterns of the youth and that threats to rapport were handled with genuineness, often using informal language.

This thesis explores crimes related to online dating. After an introduction to online dating crimes (chapter 1), a systematic literature review (chapter 2) looks at current studies considering online dating romance scams. Studies indicate several factors that make victims more vulnerable to these scams, such as their romantic beliefs. Techniques used by scammers are also discussed. Chapter 2 collates what is known so far and highlights gaps in the literature: namely the lack of research. Later chapters focus on crimes occurring on face to face dates with an online partner. Chapter 3 provides the first empirical look at these crimes, and explores potential ways of predicting when these crimes will occur. Results indicate that sexual, pressuring, arrogant, or self-deprecating message content is more likely to indicate risk. Chapter 4 uses interpretative phenomenological analysis to obtain rich qualitative information on the experience of sexual assault on dates. It reveals that this experience triggers a range of negative emotions in the victim, and indicates that better education on consent may be an important prevention technique. Finally, chapter 5 presents a critique of the Romantic Beliefs Scale (Sprecher & Metts, 1989), which has been used to measure romantic beliefs of online dating crime victims. The review suggests the scale is adequate for use in predicting who may fall victim to online dating crimes. These studies are then summarised in chapter 6 to provide implications for prevention of online dating crimes and suggests areas of further research.

Globalization and technological developments have made it possible to engage in virtual work modes. Globalization also enabled an enormous spread of the ongoing pandemic of covid-19. A situation that forced previously co-located teams to become virtual teams. This required an adaption for leaders to lead in an environment that differs vastly from traditional ones.We conducted a multiple case study with an abductive approach and qualitative method in which 10 semi-structured interviews were held with practitioners across 3 business cases that were experiencing a transition into a virtual work mode.The findings suggest that the work relations between leaders and followers change in several ways when previously co-located teams become virtual teams. This entails new challenges and a shift in the use of leadership styles as well as follower behavior.

Hernando de Soto es actualmente presidente del “Instituto Libertad y Democracia”, con sede en Lima, Perú. En los últimos 30 años, el Sr. de Soto y sus colegas del ILD han participado en el diseño y la aplicación de programas de reforma legal para empoderar a personas que viven en África, Asia, América Latina, Oriente Medio y las antiguas naciones soviéticas.
La crisis del COVID19 en el Perú Actual – Hernando De Soto, ILD

The Internet is becoming a more realistic means of accessing support, especially for those who are unable to or are uncomfortable with accessing supports in person. One population that experiences barriers to accessing face-to-face support is youth, and online counselling is an option available for youth to overcome these barriers (King, Bambling, Lloyd, et al., 2006). Online counselling can occur through e-mail and chat services; however, due to the text-based nature of these services, their effectiveness is criticized for having a lack of verbal and nonverbal communication (Cook & Doyle, 2002). Research, however, has suggested that it is possibly this lack of verbal and nonverbal cues that make online counselling effective. Research has also suggested that the effectiveness of counselling can be measured by the working alliance (Fletcher-Tomenius & Vossler, 2009; Hanley, 2009). This study explored if an effective working alliance can be established in online counselling mediums with youth who are in crisis. A quantitative research approach was taken, in which 91 youth completed an online survey that asked how they felt towards online support services. The results of this study suggest that youth respond positively to the lack of verbal and nonverbal cues; youth appear to enjoy an increase sense of anonymity that is created within online support services, which can contribute to open communication. In addition, the results suggest that an effective working alliance is established in online counselling services, as it was found that youth typical felt happy and satisfied with the services they received.
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This thesis asks whether the internet can at all re-configure political participation into a more inclusive experience for disabled users, enhancing their stakes in citizenship. This issue assumes particular relevance at a time in which, amidst the worst economic crisis in decades, the rights of those traditionally excluded from civic life are at risk of being compromised even further. In an effort to transcend the restrictive access/accessibility framework applied so far in disability and new media research, this project focused on the “digitalisation” of disability activism in the wake of the radical welfare reform introduced by the UK government between 2010 and 2012. A combination of emerging digital methods and established social science techniques were employed to map and analyse the groups involved in opposing proposed changes to disability welfare online. These included: hyperlink network analysis; an “inventory” of online media; content analysis of Facebook conversations; and semi-structured interviews with key figures from a variety of campaigning groups. Overall, this work exposed an evolution in the ecology of British disability activism involving both changes in the way in which existing organisations operate as well as the emergence of new, online-based players. In particular, three main group types were identified. These included: formal disability organisations (both “professionalised” charities and member-led groups); experienced disabled activists who experimented with e-campaigning for the first time; and a network of young disabled bloggers-turned-activists who operated exclusively online and rapidly gained visibility on both the internet and traditional mass media (i.e. print and broadcast). Each of these phenomena was explored in detail through the analysis of three emblematic case studies (The Hardest Hit; Disabled People Against Cuts; The Broken of Britain). Several findings emerged that invited reflections on both the changing nature of disability activism in the digital age and the significance of the internet as a civic resource for disadvantaged groups more broadly. To assess the influence of contextual factors on these trends, the online experience of British formal disability organisations was compared to that of their American counterparts, which in the same period were opposing proposals for drastic cuts to federal Medicaid funding. In Britain, established players were found to be blending traditional repertoires with participatory online tools in a bid to “survive” the pressure of changing user-expectations and the fast pace of contemporary politics. Meanwhile, a new generation of self-appointed disabled “leaders” used online media to construct a radically different form of disability activism. This was focused more on issues than ideology, aspiring to redesigning protest in a less contentious and arguably more effective fashion. Nevertheless, the high centralisation and rigid leadership style adopted by these very same campaigners also cast doubts on their ability to promote a more inclusive campaigning experience for online supporters, whose involvement ultimately constituted a form of “peer-mediated” citizenship rather than direct empowerment. At the same time, the comparative part of this study captured a counter-intuitive picture for which British formal disability organisations were ahead of their American counterparts in terms of online innovation. This generated some important reflections on the very nature of “context” in online politics with particular reference to the relationship between systemic and circumstantial factors, as well as the importance of acute crisis moments as triggers of progress in e-activism.

During March 2020, Swedish upper secondary schools switched from traditional teaching to crisis online teaching due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a lack of research on crisis online teaching, but there is research on online teaching and English online teaching. The fundamental difference between online teaching and crisis online teaching is choice, as crisis online teaching is mandated due to external factors beyond the teachers’ control. Transition from traditional teaching to crisis online teaching forces teachers to rely on their Technical Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). This was an instrumental case study using a semi-structured in-depth interview with a non-probability purpose sample that examined how three experienced English teachers in Western Sweden modified their teaching as well as the challenges and opportunities they experienced during crisis online teaching. Time was found to be a factor that affected crisis online teaching because the teachers interviewed reported that they were given two days to prepare in which they also had professional development to learn new platforms. In regard to professional development, teachers needed more and differentiated professional development due to teachers’ different levels of TPACK. The professional development also needed to explicitly show teachers to integrate the digital tools and platforms into their English teaching.

Cette thèse se concentre sur le rapport entre la crise des réfugiés et l’émergence des médias numériques qui ont contribué à la montée des mouvements xénophobes et populistes en Italie. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analyserons l’impact sur le vote à l’extrême droite de la présence de réfugiés au niveau municipal. Nous trouverons que des centres d’accueil de petite taille contribuent à une diminution de la quantité de crimes de haine et à une baisse du vote en faveur de l’extrême droite. Cet effet est plus important lors que la municipalité a un accès limité à internet. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudierons comment une hausse de l’attention médiatique pour la migration peut avoir un effet sur le racisme en ligne. Nous montrerons que les naufrages de bateaux de migrants en Méditerranée sont un choc exogène à la conversation en ligne sur Twitter et qu’après ces tragédies la polarisation du discours augmente. D’un côté, les sympathisant de gauche diminuent les critiques envers l’immigration après un naufrage, de l’autre la droite augmente la quantité de tweets s’opposant à la migration. Le racisme en ligne est aussi corrélé à une augmentation des crimes de haine au niveau départemental. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous effectuerons une expérience pour comprendre la popularité des médias numériques. Nous trouvons que la populations plus âgée et moins éduquée, ainsi que les votants d’un parti populiste, préfère les médias numériques. Ce choix n’est pas seulement dû à une préférence stylistique, mais à une perception différente de la qualité des articles numériques. Cette population trouve que les médias numériques sont plus dignes de confiance que les médias traditionnels
This dissertation aims to shed light on how the refugee crisis and online media interacted together and contributed to the rise of xenophobic and populist movements in Italy. In the first chapter we analyse the impact on far-right voting of an increased presence of refugees at the municipal level. We find that small reception centers lead to a decrease on far-right voting and hate crimes. This effect is driven mostly by municipalities that are less connected to the internet, which suggests that online media play an important role in the way migration is perceived. We also find that right-wing politicians are less likely to open such reception centres, possibly anticipating the negative electoral effect they might have. In the second chapter, we focus on the impact of a rise in salience of migration on hate speech online. We show that shipwrecks in the Mediterranean are an exogenous shock on the online conversation on Twitter and we show that in the aftermath of a tragedy polarization increases. While left-wing politicians and voters are less likely to express an anti-migrant sentiment after a shipwreck, right-wing ones are even more openly anti-migrant. Hate speech online is also correlated with an increase of hate crimes offline. In the third paper, we run an experiment to understand who consumes clickbait news and why. We find that older, less educated people who are more likely to vote for a populist party prefer online media. We also show that this preference does not come from taste alone, but from a perceived higher level of informativeness of such media by this population

This study examines the use of Twitter by decision-makers, the media, and the public during the pre-crisis stage of the 2013 Fargo-Moorhead flood. Three research questions guide this study in order to gain understanding of the content and assumed motives that drive users to utilize Twitter prior to a crisis. Data analysis revealed that decision-makers and the media active in tweeting were consistent with what would have been expected in a crisis situation. Additionally, the public were driven by the assumed motive of sharing and seeking information during the pre-crisis stage, consistent with previous research regarding the crisis stage.

Roberto Chang, Desde el año 2000 es Profesor de Economía en Rutgers. A su vez, se desempeña como Investigador Asociado en National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). Su investigación se centra en la economía monetaria, política cambiaria, y crisis financieras. Sus trabajos académicos han sido publicados en prestigiosas revistas científicas.
El Rol de la Política Económica en la Crisis de Covid-19 – Dr Roberto Chang, Rutgers University

In this case study, I focus on Berlin’s BVG (public transport provider), who overcame asevere online firestorm in reaction to their marketing campaign centered around the slogan “Weil wir dich lieben “ (because we love you) in January 2015. Through a content analysis of the BVG’s Twitter feed in January 2015 (during the firestorm) and January 2016 (after the firestorm), I aim to determine how crisis communication strategies were employed by the BVG and what role humor played in their communication on Twitter. My approach to this topic is very much rooted in a rhetorical/ text-based theory of both crisis communication and humor, focusing exclusively on tweets authored by the BVG and analyzing each tweet’s content regardless of its context.My results indicate that humor is employed in the majority of the BVG’s tweets both duringthe crisis and after, a practice that may have helped reduce the perceived severity of the initial cause for the online firestorm. The use of humor in direct response to the crisis is more cautious than after the crisis, showing that despite its newfound jovial image, the BVG in no way underestimated the severity of the crisis situation. Furthermore, the BVG’s Twitter communication is shown to be highly interactive and conducted in a conversational tone. This indicates that the BVG uses their Twitter account to engage with their customers in a friendly and open conversation, building stronger relationships and ultimately creating a network of support, which can be useful both for marketing purposes and as a deterrent for future communication crises.This study can be seen as a small addition to crisis communication and humor research as well as research into online marketing. For future research the framework and methodology may need to be expanded to more widely assess how humor could be employed to overcome negativity online and especially face organizational crises such as online firestorms.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar notícias de crimes, quando veiculadas concomitante às investigações policiais, logo após o acontecimento de um crime, e que seja de grande repercussão na imprensa. Ao tratarmos de notícias de crimes referimo-nos, respectivamente, às notícias veiculadas online, nos Jornais Folha de São Paulo e O Estado de São Paulo, ao passo que as notícias do crime referem-se à notitia criminis. Dessa forma, o corpus da pesquisa é constituído pelos boletins de ocorrência, assim como pelas peças das denúncias e das sentenças, além das notícias de crimes dos jornais selecionados, a respeito da morte de Isabella Nardoni e Eloá Cristina. A fundamentação teórica tem por base a Retórica e a Argumentação configurando-se na linha central de pesquisa, que serve também para estabelecer parcialmente a metodologia do estudo. Os principais teóricos que fornecem as bases da pesquisa são Aristóteles (384 322 a.C), Barilli (1985), Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005 [1958]), Mosca (2004), Petri (2005), Meyer (2007), Plantin (2012), dentre outros. Além da Retórica e da Argumentação, para situarmos o tema da notícia do crime (notitia criminis), utilizaremos os teóricos Magalhães Gomes Filho (1997), Petri (2005), Tourinho Filho (2008), Capez (2011), principalmente. Quanto ao discurso jornalístico serão tecidas considerações, de acordo com Laje (1986; 2006), Marcondes Filho (1986), Albert & Terrou (1990), Dias (1996), Kucinski (2005) e Albaladejo (2009). Como suporte para tratar das marcas linguísticas expostas na superfície textual, das notícias de crimes, no que se refere ao Discurso Relatado, especialmente, tomaremos por base o estudo de Charaudeau (2008; 2007). Além deste teórico serão tomadas as noções de Grácio (2012) quando for observada a situação argumentativa da peça da sentença. A partir desse referencial teórico, serão analisados os enunciados das manchetes e alguns excertos das notícias, para verificar em quais momentos são feitos os prejulgamentos pelo enunciador-jornalista e quais são as principais características deste discurso. Percebe-se que, ao tratar de notícias de crimes, a imprensa sente-se no direito-dever de investigar, apurar fatos, e que, na maioria das vezes expõe pessoas, sentenciando em caráter definitivo. Assim, como formadora de opinião pública, a imprensa levanta e apresenta provas, investiga suspeitos, transformando-os em acusados, ao enunciar em uma manchete, um acontecimento relacionado a um fato delituoso e principalmente ao afirmar que o suspeito cometeu determinado crime. Todavia, nos casos analisados, observa-se que há uma antecipação em relação a determinados fatos, mesmo que esses não tenham sido registrados discursivamente na peça da denúncia ou da sentença. Deste modo, são determinadas sequências discursivas relatadas pelo jornalismo online que interessam ao presente estudo, com vistas a demonstrar que pode haver um discurso velado, ou até mesmo, um prejulgamento implícito por parte do discurso da mídia. Tais sequências do discurso podem provocar certos efeitos de sentidos e até mesmo influenciar na formação de opinião do auditório universal.
The aim of this work is to analyze crimes news, when concomitant disclosed to police investigations, immediately after the occurrence of a crime, and that it will bring about a great repercussion in the press. By dealing with crime news we refer, respectively, to the news disclosed online, in the newspaper Folha de São Paulo and O Estado de São Paulo, while the news of crime refer to the notitia criminis. In this way, the corpus of this research is constituted by the police reports, as well as the accusations and the sentences briefs, in addition to the crime news of the selected newspapers, about the death of Isabella Nardoni and Eloá Cristina. The theoretical background is based on the Rhetoric and Argumentation, which is consisted of the principal research line, which also serves to establish partially the methodology of the study. The main theorists that provide the foundations of research are Aristotle (384 322 a.C), Barilli (1985), Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005 [1958]), Mosca (2004), Petri (2005), Meyer (2007), Plantin (2012), among others. In addition to the Rhetoric and Argumentation, in order to consider the news of crime (notitia criminis), we will use mainly, the theorists Magalhães Gomes Filho (1997), Petri (2005), Tourinho Filho (2008) and Capez (2011). Concerning the journalistic discourse, it will be made considerations, according to Laje (1986; 2006), Marcondes Filho (1986), Albert & Terrou (1990), Dias (1996), Kucinski (2005) and Albaladejo (2009). As support to treat language imprint exposed on the surface of textual crimes news regarding especially to the reported speech, we will be based on the study of Charaudeau (2008; 2007). In addition to this theorist it will be taken notions from Grácio (2012; 2013), when observed the argumentative situation of sentence brief. From this theoretical background, it will be analyzed the headlines statements and a few excerpts from the news, to check in which moments are made the preconceptions by enunciator-journalist and what are the main features of this speech. It is noticed that, when dealing with crime news, the press feels the right-duty to investigate, ascertain facts that, in the majority, exposing people and definitely sentencing. Thus, as public opinion forming, the press raises and presents evidence, investigating suspects, turning them into accused, when enunciating in a headline, an event related to a criminal suit and mainly, by saying that the suspect committed a particular crime. However, in the analyzed cases, it is observed that there is an anticipation regarding to certain facts, even if these have not been discursively registered, in accusation and in the sentence brief. In this way, there are certain discursive sequences that concern to this study, which are reported by the online journalism, in order to demonstrate that there may be a veiled speech, or even an implied \"prejudging\" by the media discourse. Such sequences of discourse can cause certain senses effects and even influence the formation of universal Auditorium opinion.

Crisis management in law enforcement context is considered to be a kind of Naturalistic Decision-making (NDM), which is hard to acquire due to the ill-structured, non-determined nature of crisis is also a challenge. Crisis either natural or man-made comes in all forms and degree of intensity. In a NDM situation, the crisis management personnel are usually anticipated in a dynamic environment of high level stress and uncertainty. Therefore, each critical incident is different; it can neither be treated identically nor pre-determined. In addition, crisis management is a small group activity that involves a number of parties or roles at different geographic locations. Groupthink is a term coined by psychologist (Janis, 1972), Groupthink victims ignore alternatives and tend to make irrational decisions in facing crises. The literature review finds that group think tendency is high for crisis management, especially in law enforcement agencies. In fact, the danger of groupthink is the most serious threat to good decision-making for effective crisis management. There are two sets of research questions for this study. The first set comprises three research questions on how the design features of an online role play simulation affect the effectiveness of crisis management training in a law enforcement context. The research focuses on three aspects: storytelling, use of multimedia and recording facilities. The second set comprises two research questions on whether and how the use of an online role play simulation affects trainees’ learning and understanding of groupthink tendency. Many researchers suggest that role play simulation (RPS) is a suitable tool for crisis management training for the realisation of collaboration and authentic situation awareness. In this paper, a case study of crisis management training in the context of law enforcement using online RPS is illustrated. By using Bales' Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) method, the interactions of participants in training are observed and categorised. The results show that using online role play simulation in crisis management training has positive effect on the reduction of Groupthink tendency. The existing groupthink research is mainly based on content analysis of retrospective data, and information or empirical observations gathered in laboratory settings. Very often, only a partial model is examined. Therefore, online role play simulations can be a new method to groupthink research. Since online role play simulations can provide a holistic scenario for the crisis management exercise. As such, the whole crisis process can be visualised by researchers and facilitators. Finally, the groupthink tendency can be observed, recorded and analysed. In fact, due to the complexity of the groupthink model, many researchers can only focus on partial or several variables of the whole process in their studies. This study provides a ground work on online role play simulation research with an application on crisis management training. Design-based Research (DBR) is adopted in this study and this methodology is new to this kind of research. DBR is proved to be a suitable methodology as researcher can improve and generate evidence-based claims about learning through iterations of refinement. In addition, this study also shows that online role play simulation can be a research tool for the holistic study of groupthink.
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To understand crime dynamics is essential for the development of public politics to control many types os crimes. In this study, we aim to map the crime occurrences at the state of São Paulo by collecting posts from the Twitter Social Web. Using the coollected data and machine learning techniques this study aim to classify, in an automatic way, the occurrences of crimes in the cited area. This way, we are able to dinamically visualize space time aspects of the crime distribution due to the possibility of real time collection of data. In this work, we present how to collect tweets and the machine learning methodology for the tweet classification. At first, we present and use three text classification techniques, known as, Naive-Bayes, Decision Trees and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Next, a cross validation study is performed for each technique and they are compared by classification eficiency and computational time.
Entender a dinâmica criminal é essencial para criação de políticas públicas mais adequadas para o controle dos diversos tipos de crimes. Neste estudo, procura-se mapear a ocorrência de crimes no estado de São Paulo através da coleta de postagens na rede social Twitter. A partir da informação dos dados coletados e através de métodos de aprendizado de máquina, o trabalho tem como objetivo classificar, de forma inteiramente automatizada, a ocorrência ou não de um evento de crime na região citada. Assim, pode-se visualizar aspectos espaço tempo da distribuição dos diversos tipos de crimes de maneira dinâmica, pois as coletas podem ser realizadas em tempo real. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos a forma empregada para coleta de tweets e os métodos de aprendizado de máquina para classificação dos tweets. Inicialmente, são utilizadas e apresentadas três técnicas de classificação de textos conhecidas como: Naive-Bayes, Árvore de Decisão e Máquinas de Vetores de Suporte (SVM). Um estudo de validação cruzada é realizado em cada uma das técnicas e essas são comparadas sob o ponto de vista da eficiência de classificação e tempo computacional.

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This dissertation aims the analysis of the non-official practices of distribution of feature length films. Although piracy follows the cinematographic industry since its beginning, the popularization of digital technologies has contributed to the increase of the discussions on the subject. In this work, we used the Grounded Theory and will analyze the user’s interaction with the piracy to understand their responsibility related to the non-official distribution of cinematographic material. We applied the analysis in two feature length films, focusing on BitTorrent protocol: Let The Right One In (2008) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). We realized with these analyzes, that the unofficial distribution is more agile than the formal distribution, attracting spectators and creating new demands for the industry. We emphasize that the computer and the internet are key-piece in the increase of official circulation. The computer, for the ability to produce many copies in a short time, and the Internet for the possibility of distributing the content worldwide at no cost and with great agility.
Essa dissertação busca analisar as práticas extraoficiais de distribuição de longas-metragens. Ainda que a prática da pirataria acompanhe a indústria cinematográfica desde seu surgimento, a popularização das tecnologias digitais contribuiu para o aumento das discussões sobre o assunto. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a Grounded Theory (Teoria Fundamentada em Dados) e vamos analisar a interação dos usuários com a pirataria para entender sua responsabilidade com relação à distribuição não oficial de material cinematográfico. Aplicamos a análise em dois filmes de longa-metragem, focando no protocolo BitTorrent: Deixa Ela Entrar (2008) e Capitão América 2: O Soldado Invernal (2014). Percebemos, com essas análises, que a distribuição paralela é mais ágil do que a distribuição formal, atraindo espectadores e criando novas demandas para a indústria. Ressaltamos que o computador e a internet são peças chave no aumento da circulação oficial. O computador, pela possibilidade de produzir muitas cópias em pouco tempo, e a internet pela possibilidade de distribuir o conteúdo mundialmente sem custo e com grande agilidade.

This thesis examines whether there is a frame difference in online news coverage of the controversial 2014 Crimean referendum by The New York Times and the Russian newspaper, Kommersant. The research is grounded in framing theory and literature on the attribution of news sources. The study is conducted in two languages and it seeks to examine how media systems, perspectives on the issue, journalistic standards, as well as cultural backgrounds and historical ties influenced framing of the event. Sample online articles from each newspaper were selected and a quantitative content analysis was performed in order to identify the main themes, frames and source attribution patterns in media news coverage about the referendum. The pattern to quote official sources for providing justification and legitimacy to news stories has influenced the coverage in both newspapers: both The New York Times as well as Kommersant heavily relied on their respective government officials and experts. However, The New York Times provided a greater diversity of opinions supporting the values of a libertarian media system. Politics was the dominant theme of the referendum-related articles in both newspapers, however, Kommersant and The New York Times touched on economy and military themes with different frequencies. A comparison between themes in two periods (before and after the referendum) has not shown a meaningful difference for both newspapers. Kommersant’s online coverage was less critical of Russian policies and frequently utilized a set of the For-referendum frames, rarely touching upon Russian military activities on the peninsula. However, the frame depicting breach of international law appeared with the same frequency as the For-referendum frames, showing that Kommersant tried to maintain independence under the Russian neo-authoritarian media system. The New York Times focused on the illegitimate character of Crimean annexation and exposed every move of Russian troops, which is in line with U.S. foreign policy aims. However, the American publications did not hide the cultural and historical ties between Crimea and Russia and frequently mentioned the illegal character pertaining to Ukrainian protests and a temporary government.

This thesis examines the ways in which Reddit, a social news aggregator, functions as a tool that allows users to give and receive support and information during times of crisis. By exploring how Reddit was used in the aftermath of the Aurora shootings of July 2012 and the Boston bombings of April 2013, this thesis argues that Reddit has the potential to be a powerful and useful tool in times of crisis.

Ranked the third biggest cyber security threats of 2013 by Forbes, Internal Identity Theft-Related Crimes (IIDTRC) leave countless victims in their wake, including online retail companies and consumers. With the rapid growth in the use of credit and debit cards in e-commerce, the online retail has been a key target for the IIDTRC perpetrators. IIDTRC involve the misuse of information systems (IS) by the dishonest employees to steal victims’ personal identifiable data. The crimes pose significant socio-economic impact and data security risks. In the context of online retail, relatively little research has been done to prevent IIDTRC. A few studies focus on situational-based IIDTRC prevention approach built on an independent use of software security. Others develop IIDTRC prevention frameworks in the context of generic e-businesses. The majority of the frameworks have little or no grounded empirical research. This research entitled the ‘The Prevention of Internal Identity Theft-Related Crimes: A Case Study Research of the UK Online Retail Companies’, attempts to bridge this research gap. It provides answers to two questions – what is the nature of IIDTRC in online retail companies and what framework can be used for IIDTRC prevention. This research set out three aims to answer the two questions. First, it provides understanding of causes, methods of carrying out and prevention of IIDTRC. Second, it extends a role-based framework (RBF) for the prevention of IIDTRC. Third, it evaluates the extent the RBF can be applied in the prevention of IIDTRC in online retail companies. A qualitative case study was used to achieve these aims. The empirical data were collected in the northwest of UK from 2011 to 2013. The field study was carried through archival analysis, semi-structured interview and participant observation. Organisational role theory (ORT) was used to guide the concept of a role-based framework (RBF) – a collaborative approach where the key components of management work in unison is required to prevent IIDTRC. The attributes of RBF were synthesised from the recommended IIDTRC prevention practices. The empirical evidence suggests that IIDTRC perpetrators in online retail companies are likely to be the top management and call centre employees. The findings suggest that online retail consumers’ credits/debits cards details are as much vulnerable to IIDTRC as the companies’ identities such as trade secrets and trademarks. Furthermore, the common methods used by the IIDTRC perpetrators include collaboration, collusion, infiltration and social engineering. Some of the IIDTRC prevention practices, of which the majority is software security, are implemented without considering the contribution of human-centred security based on management roles. In examining the contribution of the management roles in implementing Information Systems security practices, major challenges that are faced by online retail companies were identified. They include lack of resources, lack of management support and lack of IIDTRC prevention awareness training. This research concludes that an application of RBF can reduce the impact of the identified challenges. This was suggested by applying RBF in conducting IS security auditing in three online retail companies. The finding from the selected companies suggests that the RBF approach can maximise management performance in providing effective IIDTRC prevention practices. It provides better returns on cost, quality and time in the IS security auditing. It has an impact on management attitudes on preventing IIDTRC by clarifying and aligning their roles in implementing effective IS security auditing. There is heterogeneity of this effect across the companies suggesting that some are utilising the RBF approach while others are not. The finding confirms the plausibility of the RBF attributes. It suggests that the human-centred security play an integral role for effective internal data security in preventing IIDTRC. It suggests that it pays to use the collaborative management roles approach for implementing IIDTRC prevention practices. Furthermore, the use of the RBF approach can improve the effectiveness of the online retail companies in preventing IIDTRC. The findings suggest that benefits may accrue from the RBF approach when supplemented with a collaborative IS auditing. The benefits depend on the level of management IT skills, their perception of their roles, top management support and the organisational operations. This research contributes to the literature in identity theft prevention in online retail. To IS security practitioners, it identifies the data security challenges and IIDTRC prevention practices. To theory, it extends a role-based framework for IIDTRC prevention. To the emerging research in the digital economy, it puts forward as a robust starting point for further related works in cyber security, cybercrimes prevention and criminology.

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Given the current crisis faced by the teaching degrees in Brazil, specially due to the lack of attractiveness that teacher training has in the educational context; and considering the criticism made to the fragility of initial teacher training in online undergraduate courses (in this case, the Education course), PIBID – the Brazilian Government Institutional Program of Scholarships for Teaching Initiation emerges as a policy that encourages and adds value to the teaching profession. The aim of this policy is to contribute to a more solid and articulated training in terms of the relation between theory and practice, that can be gained especially due to the proximity that the students who receive this scholarships have to school daily life. This is the focus of this investigation that aimed: 1) to reflect on the history of teacher training and the devaluation of the teaching profession that has led, consequently, to a crisis in the offering of teaching degrees and, to analyze PIBID as the proposition of a public policy to face this crisis; 2) to analyze the representations of PIBID among the students who receive the scholarships in an Online Education Course, to discover whether the experience they have really helps to strengthen the choice they have done for the teaching career and whether the program really contributes to the their formation as undergraduate students; 3) to verify the PIBID contributions to the students, to their supervisors (teachers from public schools) and coordinators, and if these contributions really enhance the preparation for the exercising of the teaching profession. The research conducted a review of the literature on the context of the crisis and the launching of PIBID, as well as of online teacher training. The theoretical framework was based in authors such as Libâneo (1998), Gatti and Barreto (2009), Bahia and Duran (2011), Scheibe (2006), Sommer (2010), FCC (2009), and Tardif (2005). For this research we conducted a field survey using two instruments for data collection: a profile questionnaire and interviews, that were conducted along with seven fellows of PIBID at an online education teaching course (from a private higher education institution, in São Paulo), from which four were from the undergraduate course, two were supervisor teachers and one, an area coordinator. The results indicate that there were stronger criticisms to online initial teacher training in comparison to online on-going teacher training; and that studies regarding PIBID show positive experiences throughout the country, which articulate theory and practice and rescue teacher identity; valuing, integrating and retaining undergraduate students in their teaching courses. The representations about the experience subjects have with PIBID show that the program effectively provides opportunity for reflection and experience, linking theory and practice and allowing for a greater confidence in dealing with school pupils and developing practical activities. Subjects’ representations of the program also show that PIBID helps them to rest assured and feel the conviction that they really want to be teachers.
Tendo em vista a atual crise das licenciaturas, especialmente em termos da pouca atratividade que a formação para a docência vem apresentando em nosso contexto educacional e, considerando, ainda, as críticas sobre a fragilidade da formação inicial de professores ocorrer na modalidade a distância (no caso, o curso de Pedagogia), o PIBID - Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência surge como uma política de incentivo e valorização do magistério com o propósito de contribuir para uma formação mais sólida e articulada em termos da relação teoria-prática, especialmente pela proximidade que favorece aos alunos bolsistas, com o cotidiano escolar – este é o foco desta investigação que teve por objetivos: refletir sobre o histórico da formação docente em interface com a desvalorização do magistério que, consequentemente, levou à crise das licenciaturas e, a partir disso, analisar a proposição do PIBID como uma política pública para o enfrentamento desta crise; analisar as representações de bolsistas do PIBID, de um curso de Pedagogia a distância, sobre a experiência que estão tendo, e se ela contribui, no caso dos licenciandos, para o fortalecimento da escolha pela carreira docente; verificar as contribuições do programa para a formação dos licenciandos, dos supervisores (professores das escolas públicas parceiras) e do coordenador de área e se este oportuniza uma complementação na preparação para o exercício da docência. A pesquisa realizou uma revisão da literatura sobre a crise das licenciaturas e o contexto do aparecimento do PIBID, bem como sobre a formação de professores ocorrer na modalidade a distância, tendo como referencial teórico autores como Libâneo (1998), Gatti e Barreto (2009), Bahia e Duran (2011), Scheibe (2006), Sommer (2010), FCC (2009), Tardif (2005). Realizou, também, uma pesquisa de campo que teve como sujeitos sete bolsistas do PIBID de um curso de Pedagogia a distância (de uma instituição de ensino superior, particular, de São Paulo), sendo: quatro licenciandas, duas supervisoras e uma coordenadora de área do subprojeto. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos para a coleta de dados: um questionário para o delineamento do perfil dos sujeitos e a realização de entrevistas de aprofundamento. As reflexões realizadas a partir da revisão da literatura e das análises dos dados coletados junto aos sujeitos indicam que: em relação à proposição da formação inicial de professores a distância, esta denota maiores críticas, diferentemente da formação continuada de professores a distância, que apresenta uma maior aceitabilidade; em relação ao PIBID, os estudos vêm apontando a positividade das diversas experiências que vêm se desenvolvendo no território nacional e que denotam um trabalho articulado entre teoria e prática, bem como no resgate da identidade docente, com uma ênfase na valorização, inserção e permanência dos licenciandos nos seus cursos; as representações dos sujeitos investigados sobre a experiência que estão tendo com o PIBID apontam para: o reconhecimento de que o Programa garante, efetivamente, a reflexão e vivência entre a teoria e prática; a contribuição para a aquisição de maior segurança na relação com os alunos das escolas parceiras e também no desenvolvimento das atividades práticas; a certeza e/ou convicção de que realmente querem ser professoras.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação Social - vertente Comunicação Estratégica
O surgimento e crescente uso das redes sociais online fez com que as organizações perdessem o monopólio das mensagens difundidas sobre si. Os utilizadores veem nestas plataformas uma oportunidade de iniciarem diálogos com as organizações, que podem resultar de experiências negativas com produtos ou serviços. As organizações procuram saber o que é dito sobre si online, visando mitigar assuntos que podem evoluir para situações de crise. Com a pergunta de partida: “qual a importância atribuída pelos consultores de comunicação em Portugal à monitorização de redes sociais online na prevenção de situações de crise nas organizações?” esta investigação visa compreender a monitorização de redes sociais online como ferramenta de prevenção de situações de crise nas organizações, na perspetiva dos consultores de comunicação em Portugal. Recorreu-se ao método indutivo, realizando-se sete entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade a consultores de comunicação em Portugal e uma pesquisa e análise documental a conteúdos escritos, visuais, e multimédia de websites da especialidade, seguindo-se a análise interpretativa dos resultados. Através das técnicas de recolha e técnica de análise foram identificados e analisados 23 softwares de monitorização de redes sociais online. Concluiu-se que os consultores de comunicação em Portugal veem a monitorização de redes sociais online como uma importante ferramenta de prevenção de situações de crise nas organizações, ao considerarem imperativo que as organizações estejam atentas ao que é dito sobre si online.
The rise and increasing use of online social networks has caused organizations to lose the monopoly on the messages spread about them. On these platforms, users see an opportunity to initiate dialogues with organizations, which may result from negative experiences with products or services. Organizations seek to know what is said about themselves online, in order to mitigate issues that can evolve into crisis situations. With the starting question: “what is the importance attributed by communication consultants in Portugal to the monitoring of online social networks in preventing crisis situations in organizations?” this investigation aims to understand the relationship of online social networks monitoring as a tool for preventing crisis situations in organizations, from the perspective of communication consultants in Portugal. The inductive method was used, conducting seven semi-structured in-depth interviews with communication consultants in Portugal and a documentary research and analysis of written, visual, and multimedia content from specialized websites, followed by an interpretative analysis of the results. Through both the collection and the analysis techniques, 23 online social networks monitoring softwares were identified and analyzed. We concluded that communication consultants in Portugal see online social networks monitoring as an important tool for preventing crisis situations in organizations, as they consider it imperative that organizations pay attention to what is said about themselves online.
N/A

Despite an increase in the use of online crisis counselling services, little research has been conducted on how the therapeutic relationship is negotiated online. The prevalence of suicide in Canada as well the established importance of the therapeutic relationship when working with suicidal individuals led to the development of this study. The current study consisted of a discourse analysis of client-counsellor interactions in online crisis chats with individuals who reported thoughts of suicide. Data sources consisted of 24 transcripts obtained from two online crisis services: one for youth, one for adults. Of these, 16 were considered rapport-containing; eight were considered non-rapport-containing. Chats were separated into three phases: Initial Contact, Suicide Assessment, and Termination. Content analysis followed by discourse analysis found that, in the first two phases of the rapport-containing chats, the client tended to express a dialectic of wanting help and simultaneously feeling hopeless and of a person with a story to tell, and the counsellor positioned themselves as an empathic witness to the client’s narrative. The client-counsellor relationship in Phase 1 was characterized by themes of informality and equality/mutual respect. Main relational themes in the Suicide Assessment phase were client/counsellor collaboration and counsellor authenticity. In the Termination phase, main relational themes included shared humour, counsellor self-disclosure, and client trust. In the non-rapport-containing chats, in the Initial Contact phase, the client positioned themselves as a consumer of services and the counsellor positioned themselves as a service provider. The client-counsellor relationship in this phase was characterized by client frustration and counsellor helplessness with respect to the client’s unmet needs for counsellor directiveness, authenticity, and self-disclosure. In the Suicide Assessment phase, three main relational themes were found: client-perceived circularity of the conversation, feeling misunderstood, and feeling unheard. In the Termination phase, chats were frequently ended abruptly by the client, and the predominant theme was one of client rejection of the counsellor. Across all chats, client-perceived mattering (or lack thereof) was an observed theme. The results have important clinical implications for those working with suicidal individuals online.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate

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Como a religião e o exercício religioso, na contemporaneidade, são construídos e demarcados por novos diálogos, adaptações e estratégias de nichos, voltamos o nosso olhar, neste trabalho, para uma denominação religiosa específica: a Bola de Neve Church - BNC. Considerada uma das instituições modernas que operam no mercado religioso, com a Teologia da Prosperidade como arcabouço doutrinário e uma estrutura eclesiástica diferenciada e “atualizada”, o nosso objeto de investigação se constitui, claramente, como uma igreja de nicho que abraçou, de forma eficaz, objetivos para o alcance da juventude, e em especial dos atletas, como público prioritário para o seu proselitismo. Tendo essa realidade como pano de fundo, no empreendimento investigativo desta dissertação, estruturamos uma reflexão que discute a religião na sociedade de consumo elencando seus possíveis entrelaçamentos, enquanto apresentamos a Bola de Neve Church, sua estrutura, forma de governo e composição doutrinária e ministerial, principalmente a partir da sua atuação num importante espaço de mercado: a internet, pontuando igualmente a emergência e o estímulo à participação do ciber-fiel. Analisamos a fanpage oficial da Bola de Neve Church, com algumas breves referências às outras redes sociais de atuação da igreja e nos debruçamos sobre o site-portal como o espaço corporificado (mesmo que virtual) da ciber-igreja BNC, em busca de revelar a materialidade (mesmo que vivida em termos virtuais) das relações com o consumo, na atuação da Bola de Neve Church.

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This dissertation aims the analysis of the non-official practices of distribution of feature length films. Although piracy follows the cinematographic industry since its beginning, the popularization of digital technologies has contributed to the increase of the discussions on the subject. In this work, we used the Grounded Theory and will analyze the user s interaction with the piracy to understand their responsibility related to the non-official distribution of cinematographic material. We applied the analysis in two feature length films, focusing on BitTorrent protocol: Let The Right One In (2008) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). We realized with these analyzes, that the unofficial distribution is more agile than the formal distribution, attracting spectators and creating new demands for the industry. We emphasize that the computer and the internet are key-piece in the increase of official circulation. The computer, for the ability to produce many copies in a short time, and the Internet for the possibility of distributing the content worldwide at no cost and with great agility.
Essa disserta??o busca analisar as pr?ticas extraoficiais de distribui??o de longas-metragens. Ainda que a pr?tica da pirataria acompanhe a ind?stria cinematogr?fica desde seu surgimento, a populariza??o das tecnologias digitais contribuiu para o aumento das discuss?es sobre o assunto. Neste trabalho, utilizamos a Grounded Theory (Teoria Fundamentada em Dados) e vamos analisar a intera??o dos usu?rios com a pirataria para entender sua responsabilidade com rela??o ? distribui??o n?o oficial de material cinematogr?fico. Aplicamos a an?lise em dois filmes de longa-metragem, focando no protocolo BitTorrent: Deixa Ela Entrar (2008) e Capit?o Am?rica 2: O Soldado Invernal (2014). Percebemos, com essas an?lises, que a distribui??o paralela ? mais ?gil do que a distribui??o formal, atraindo espectadores e criando novas demandas para a ind?stria. Ressaltamos que o computador e a internet s?o pe?as chave no aumento da circula??o oficial. O computador, pela possibilidade de produzir muitas c?pias em pouco tempo, e a internet pela possibilidade de distribuir o conte?do mundialmente sem custo e com grande agilidade.

This doctoral thesis represents an investigation into financial fraud in online banking and card payment systems in the UK and China, involving network security, online financial transactions, internet fraud, card payment systems and individuals' perception of and behaviours towards electronic environments. In contrast to previous studies, the research questions were tackled by survey questionnaires both in the UK and China, with a particular interest in fraud and attempted fraud. The main findings from the UK respondents were that those with higher IT skill and younger respondents are more likely to be defrauded on the internet. Certain types of online activities are associated with higher risks of fraud, these being internet banking; online shopping and media downloading. Furthermore, four predictors (internet banking, online education services, downloading media and length of debit card usage) provided significant effects in the logistic regression model to explain fraud occurrence in the UK. Based on the data collected in China, younger respondents were more likely to have higher general IT skill and higher educational qualifications. However, online shopping was the only online activity which was significantly correlated to fraud occurrence. Finally, two predictors (frequency of usage of online shopping and number of debit cards) were selected in the logistic regression model to explain fraud occurrence in China.

An increasing number of students entering college lack the academic skills necessary to perform well at the college level, forcing professors and academic institutions to lower standards. Students approach higher education as a commodity, and as consumers they assert their desire for easier course work by giving poor evaluations to instructors whose courses they find too demanding or difficult. Eliminating student evaluations is one necessary change that will help reverse declining standards in higher education and increase performance; providing effective venues for supplemental instruction is another. Teaching basic writing skills in freshman composition courses would waste valuable instruction time that must be spent on higher-order concerns, such as critical thinking, abstract reasoning, essay development, and research skills. Online writing labs offer lower-order instruction in grammar, punctuation, syntax, and style for students at any level, as do the learning programs that accompany composition textbooks and handbooks, yet these resources are under-utilized by students who need the most help. Usability studies would reveal site-specific reasons students avoid or abandon them. This paper includes an initial view of two online writing resources from the perspective of usability: what works about the design and functionality, and what most likely does not.

Context. According to Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, there is an increase of 19% in residential burglary crimes in Sweden over the last decade and only 5% of the total crimes reported were actually solved by the law enforcement agencies. In order to solve these cases quickly and efficiently, the law enforcement agencies has to look into the possible linked serial crimes. Many studies have suggested to link crimes based on Modus Operendi and other characteristic. Sometimes crimes which are not possible to travel spatially with in the reported times but have similar Modus Operendi are also grouped as linked crimes. Investigating such crimes could possibly waste the resources of the law enforcement agencies. Objectives. In this study, we investigate the possibility of the usage of travel distance and travel duration between different crime locations while linking the residential burglary crimes. A filtering method has been designed and implemented for filtering the unlinked crimes from the estimated linked crimes by utilizing the distance and duration values. Methods. The objectives in this study are satisfied by conducting an experiment. The travel distance and travel duration values are obtained from various online direction services. The filtering method was first validated on ground truth represented by known linked crime series and then it was used to filter out crimes from the estimated linked crimes. Results. The filtering method had removed a total of 4% unlinked crimes from the estimated linked crime series when the travel mode is considered as driving. Whereas it had removed a total of 23% unlinked crimes from the estimated linked crime series when the travel mode is considered as walking. Also it was found that a burglar can take an average of 900 seconds (15 minutes) for committing a burglary. Conclusions. From this study it is evident that the usage of spatial and temporal values in linking residential burglaries gives effective crime links in a series. Also, the usage of Google Maps for getting distance and duration values can increase the overall performance of the filtering method in linking crimes.

La reputación, es un factor clave en las relaciones vendedor-consumidor Online, sin embargo, la diversidad de medios y el poder que la tecnología ofrece a sus usuarios, provoca la necesidad de más investigaciones científicas para entenderla en profundidad (Chouliaraki & Morsing, 2010). De manera paralela, aunque el concepto y definición de “crisis reputacional” en los medios clásicos ha sido tratada ampliamente en la literatura científica (Fink, 1986; Barton, 1993:2; Fearn-Banks, 2001:2), estudios más recientes muestran una falta de conocimiento en la composición, y en cómo reaccionar especialmente en aquellas crisis derivadas de campañas por internet (Potter, 2007; Hannah, 2009; Kurtz, 2009; Wigley & Zhang, 2011). La Investigación propuesta pretende contribuir a la investigación académica sobre “marketing en Internet” y específicamente sobre “comportamiento del usuario online”, “reputación” y “visibilidad estratégica”. Estas líneas de investigación que abordamos, forman parte de las siguientes prioridades de investigación del Marketing Science Institute establecidas para el periodo 2012/2014: - Profundizar en la persona en su rol de consumidor. - Estudiar la confianza entre las personas, sus instituciones y redes sociales. - Profundizar en organizaciones de marketing y sus capacidades. Y también formaron parte de siguientes prioridades de mismo instituto en el periodo 2010-2012: - Estudiar la involucración del cliente mediante el entendimiento de su comportamiento y la experiencia de usuario. - Identificar oportunidades usando la información de mercado generada por la tecnología. El presente estudio tiene por objeto evaluar si los diferentes eslabones de la cadena de mando conocen y tienen la misma percepción sobre los componentes y elementos que influyen en la proyección exterior de las compañías. De este modo pretendemos generar directrices que contribuyan a la mejora de los planes de comunicación interna de las compañías.

Att genomföra kris- och samverkansövningar är tidskrävande och kostsamma på grund av långa planeringstider och långa resesträckor mellan deltagarna. CriseIT-2 är ett forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt vars uppgift är att ta fram digitala stöd för att underlätta genomförandet av kris- och samverkansövningar. Inom forskningsprojektet startades ett utvecklingsprojekt för att utveckla en synkron chattfunktion för att understödja diskussionsmoment i realtid på distans. Studiens syfte var att genomföra användartester på Prototyp 7 av denna chattfunktion, för att sedan kunna skapa en utvärdering med rekommendationer. Den empiri som ligger till grund för besvarandet av fyra undersökningsfrågor samlades in via observation, kvalitativa intervjuer, diskussionsprotokoll samt skärminspelning. Användartestet genomfördes digitalt, och bestod av två moment som de sex testdeltagarna skulle genomföra med hjälp av prototypen. Efter genomfört användartest kunde resultaten analyseras och användas för att besvara undersökningsfrågorna. Fyra rekommendationer definierades för att kunna förbättra nästa prototyp: Skapa tydligare etiketter till feedbackknapparna, korrigera buggar, låsande av resultatruta, och slutligen anpassa instruktioner efter målgrupp. Chattfunktionens användargränssnitt med en diskussionsruta (den verkliga chatten) och en resultatruta (där bara en person kan skriva åt gången) fungerade bra, men raderingsmöjligheterna i resultatrutan bör ses över.

The Master thesis focuses on the application of Information Systems in the field of Library and Information Science.  Within the context of organizational learning, a collaborative user-centered approach is used to produce desired system characteristics and future research suggestions. More specifically, this research study explores the library users’ and academic librarians’ perceptions of the current library discovery and access services as mediated through the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) of the Academic Library of the School of Philosophy at Athens University in Greece. Additionally, it explores their desired characteristics for the ‘public facing’ Integrated Library System (ILS), of which the OPAC constitutes a module, in order to generate recommendations that guide the Academic Library staff members’ collaborative design of a more user-centered library information system. The study is built upon the systems thinking framework of Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). Applied theories and design processes guide research processes aimed at advancing both inclusive social learning and system improvements.

Le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication s’est accompagné de l’apparition de phénomènes violents et/ou infractionnels, qui se tiennent sur, ou grâce à, Internet. Existe-t-il une spécificité de ces conduites de cyberviolence, qui s’inscrivent dans ce que l’on nomme cyberespace ? La psycho-criminologie et la cyberpsychologie seront convoquées afin de proposer une réponse à cette question. Le présent travail étudiera, dans une approche clinique et qualitative, des situations d’infractions à caractère sexuel envers mineurs réalisées sur Internet. Ce travail proposera, à partir des données recueillies, une grille de lecture de la cyberviolence, qui s’intéressera au rapport du sujet auteur d’infractions avec la conduite infractionnelle, la victime, et le cyberespace. La cyberviolence naît d’une rencontre, celle d’un sujet vulnérable avec un cyberespace porteur d’opportunités. Il s’agira alors d’interroger cette rencontre, afin de saisir les processus et les dynamiques qui l’animent
The development of information and communication technologies was followed by the emergence of violent and/or offensive phenomena that exist on or thanks to the Internet. Is there a specificity to these behaviors of cyberviolence, which are rooted in what one calls cyberspace? This question will be answered partly thanks to psycho-criminological and cyberpsychological theories. This work takes a close look at sex offences against minors on the Internet. Thanks to the collected data, this work will offer a perspective on cyberviolence, with an interest in the relationship between the offender and the offence, the victim, and cyberspace. Cyberviolence arises from an encounter between a vulnerable subject and a cyberspace bearing opportunities. This encounter will thus be questioned, in order to understand the process and dynamics it stems from

Este trabalho tem como finalidade a elaboração de um caso pedagógico no âmbito da Gestão de Crises. Aplica-se à marca Ensitel, que actua no mercado de telecomunicações móveis e foi a primeira loja multi-marca a abrir em Portugal, em 1989. Por ser um mercado extremamente competitivo pela homogeneidade de oferta de produtos, actualmente a Ensitel tenta diferenciar-se dos seus concorrentes através do desenvolvimento de diversos serviços. Em 2010 a Ensitel sofreu uma crise de Relações Públicas num ambiente online, quando uma cliente insatisfeita, Maria João Nogueira, após o insucesso com a troca de um telemóvel publicou no seu blogue todos os episódios que ia tendo com a marca. Passados quase dois anos a Ensitel quis obrigar a bloguer a apagar os posts colocados sobre a marca, ao que esta não acedeu, tendo a marca iniciado um processo em tribunal. Rapidamente esta história se tornou viral através do blogue da consumidora, tendo os cibernautas invadido o facebook e o twitter da marca com duras críticas e insultos à Ensitel, acusando-a inclusivamente de violar o direito à liberdade de expressão. A Ensitel não soube lidar com esta situação da melhor maneira, tendo começado a apagar os comentários das pessoas, deixando-as ainda mais indignadas e com vontade de falar negativamente da marca. Inicialmente a marca não reconheceu a sua culpa, tendo apenas pedido desculpa passados quatro dias, quando a sua reputação já estava bastante abalada, nos meios sociais online e fora deles, com referências em TV e imprensa. Este caso permite, através da reflexão sobre os principais temas estudados – Web 2.0, Relações Públicas e Gestão de Crises - perceber os principais desafios que uma marca enfrenta numa situação de crise e estruturar uma resposta à crise coerente e que seja um caso de sucesso. Irá permitir ter a percepção de que uma resposta rápida e eficaz é importante para que a imagem da empresa não seja demasiado afectada. A elaboração deste caso torna-se bastante pertinente visto que cada vez mais a empresas estão expostas a este tipo de situação, com o desenvolvimento dos novos meios de comunicação digitais, onde há liberdade para ser dito tudo o que as pessoas quiserem sobre as marcas, sem que as mesmas possam ter qualquer tipo de influência. Espera-se que os alunos, que um dia poderão vir a ter contacto directo com uma situação semelhante, consigam desenvolver estratégias de forma a preparar e ultrapassar uma situação de crise.
The present work is a case study of Crisis Management and it refers to Ensitel. Ensitel was the first telecommunication brand emerging in Portugal in 1989 with a multi-brand store and it has been present on the market since then. The telecommunications market is very competitive due to its homogeneity of products; however, Ensitel has been trying to differentiate itself from its competitors developing a huge variety of services. In 2010, Ensitel suffered from a Public Relations online crisis, when one unsatisfied costumer, Maria João Nogueira, posted on her blog all the process and errors of Ensitel when exchanging her mobile phone. After two years, Ensitel almost forced this costumer to delete these posts, which she denied to do, so Ensitel started a judicial process. This case become viral and many cybernauts posted strong negative critical on Ensitel facebook page and twitter, accusing the brand of violating the rights of freedom of speech. Ensitel reacted wrong and started to delete the posts, which get people unsatisfied and upset with the brand. It lasted four days for Ensitel to recognize its mistakes, which was too late since its reputation was already affected, not only in social media but also on press and TV. This case is a reflection of some studied themes – Web 2.0, Public Relations and Crisis Management-, at the same time it helps to understand the major challenges that a brand faces on a crisis situation and how they can respond successfully to it. As you will see, it is very important to have a fast and effective response, so the brand image doesn’t be too much affected. The elaboration of this case is very relevant since nowadays the companies are more and more exposed to this type of situations due to the developments of the new digital communication where everyone has the freedom of expressing themselves about a brand, without any influence about it that the brand may have. We are hoping that the students who one day might face a similar situation, can develop effective and successful strategies to overcome these crisis.

Durante as atividades realizadas em estágio, foi notório que é extremamente fácil surgirem situações de crise nas redes sociais. Por exemplo, um comentário negativo numa das plataformas digitais de uma empresa pode prejudicar drasticamente a imagem e a reputação desta. O facto de ter sido dada a oportunidade de gerir várias contas e plataformas de alguns clientes da Bastarda fez com que fique claro que a forma como se comunica com o público-alvo pode suscitar ou evitar uma destas crises em contexto digital. Foi neste ponto que nasceu o tema do presente trabalho, porque é uma situação pouco abordada, tanto a nível académico como a nível profissional, mas é algo que atinge qualquer organização ou empresa atualmente. Portanto, o papel das tecnologias de redes sociais na gestão de crises no contexto digital é pertinente, sendo necessário aprofundar o seu estudo. A gestão da comunicação em situações de crise é fundamental para a manutenção e credibilidade do bom funcionamento de qualquer organização. Atualmente, existem vários modelos que delineiam princípios e estratégias para situações de crise. O poder de uma nova sociedade de informação aliado à rapidez de partilha de conteúdos colocou as organizações numa posição em que lhes é essencial encontrarem novos métodos na gestão de crises.

abstract: Training for law enforcement on effective ways of intervening in mental health crises is limited. What is available tends to be costly for implementation, labor-intensive, and requires officers to opt-in. DEFUSE, an interactive online training program, was specifically developed to train law enforcement on mental illness and de-escalation skills. Derived from a stress inoculation framework, the curriculum provides education, skills training, and rehearsal; it is brief, cost-effective, and scalable to officers across the country. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or delayed treatment control conditions. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded a significant treatment-by-repeated-measures interaction and univariate analyses confirmed improvement on all of the measures (e.g., empathy, stigma, self-efficacy, behavioral outcomes, knowledge). Replication dependent t-test analyses conducted on the control condition following completion of DEFUSE confirmed significant improvement on four of the measures and marginal significance on the fifth. Participant responses to BPAD video vignettes revealed significant differences in objective behavioral proficiency for those participants who completed the online course. DEFUSE is a powerful tool for training law enforcement on mental illness and effective strategies for intervening in mental health crises. Considerations for future study are discussed.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2017

In 2011, the market leader in the Portuguese energy sector decided to delete its presence on Facebook, its most active social media platform, after a poorly perceived social media management decision went viral and unleashed a series of accusatory comments that harmed the company’s brand and reputation. Today, in 2018, this company is still opting not to be fully present on its social media platforms, revealing that the effects of the 2011 crisis were both long-lasting and harmful for the company’s image with its main stakeholders. In this thesis, we develop a set of best practices in social media management that can help prevent social media crises in the Portuguese energy sector and, simultaneously, provide energy companies with the tools to improve their brand awareness, image, and reputation through social media platforms in the current digital and globalized economy. We start by characterizing the main challenges faced by utility companies on their daily social media activities. Related to this, we identify the potential channels that can lead these companies into social media crises, and we study the best actions undertaken by the market leaders in the Spanish and UK energy markets against these reputation threats. To do so, we undertake a quantitative netnography analysis on these markets, using state-of-the-art data scrapping and text analytics techniques. Finally, we use the main results from the netnography analysis to clearly define the most important social media strategies followed by the Spanish and UK energy market leaders. We highlight the managerial implications of our analysis by developing a unifying social media strategy to help Portuguese energy companies prevent new social media crises and to allow them to effectively manage their brand awareness and reputation by using social media platforms. We conclude with the implementation of this strategy using a best practices framework that Portuguese energy companies could follow in the near future.
No ano de 2011, a empresa líder no mercado de energia em Portugal, colocou um fim à sua presença ativa nas redes sociais, após a tomada de uma decisão estratégica que levou à massificação de críticas de clientes e seguidores. Atualmente, a empresa continua cautelosa em estar nas redes sociais, mantendo apenas uma presença limitada no YouTube e, mais recentemente, através de uma página de Instagram específica para divulgação de eventos patrocinados ou desenvolvidos pela mesma. Esta estratégia de comunicação online da EDP, revela que os eventos vividos em 2011 foram duradouros e prejudiciais para a reputação e imagem da mesma junto dos seus stakeholders. Nesta dissertação, é desenvolvido um conjunto de práticas para uma melhor gestão de redes sociais, com foco especial no Facebook. Esta análise tem como objetivo ajudar as empresas de Energia Portuguesas a prevenir crises virais relacionadas com a sua política de comunicação nestas plataformas e, por conseguinte, melhorar a brand awareness e reputação destas empresas no contexto de uma economia digital e globalizada. Para tal, caracterizamos os principais desafios de diferentes estratégias de comunicação, envolvendo redes sociais por parte de empresas internacionais no setor da Energia. Consequentemente, são então identificados os potenciais canais e ações destas empresas que poderão deteriorar a relação da empresa com os seus stakeholders e levar, eventualmente, a uma situação de crise. Para fazer face a tal possibilidade, são estudados exemplos de empresas líderes no setor de energia no Reino Unido e em Espanha, através de uma netnografia quantitativa, utilizando técnicas de data scrapping e text analytics. Através desta análise, são realçadas as principais melhores práticas que poderão ajudar empresas Portuguesas a prevenir eventuais crises de comunicação online nas suas páginas e plataformas sociais. O objetivo último desta dissertação é permitir a estas empresas gerir eficazmente a sua brand awareness e reputação e, simultaneamente, fomentar de forma eficiente e transparente a sua relação com os seus stakeholders.

Este trabalho irá ser desenvolvido no contexto de uma tese de mestrado e será um estudo de caso acerca da Playstation Network, um serviço de jogos multijogadores online e de entrega de media digital da Sony Computer Entertainment, inc. destinado a ser usado na consola Playstation 3 e também na Playstation Portable. Este trabalho irá focar-se nos Estados Unidos da América, pois este é o país melhor representado na Playstation Network com mais de 30 milhões de utilizadores (Sony, 2010) e é também o país com mais estudos e informação acerca do mercado dos videojogos. A Playstation Network foi lançada no dia 10 de Novembro de 2006, ao mesmo tempo que a Playstation 3 no Japão. Desde então tem tido sucesso e hoje a rede tem aproximadamente 130 servidores, 50 programas de software e 77 milhões de utilizadores registados (Sony, 2011). Este estudo de caso irá centrar-se no encerramento deste serviço por 26 dias, desde o dia 20 de Abril de 2011até ao dia 15 de Maio de 2011, devido a um ataque externo à rede que resultou no comprometimento da informação pessoal dos utilizadores guardada nos servidores. Este ataque teve impacto não só nas marcas Sony e Playstation, especialmente na sua reputação entre os consumidores, mas também na indústria online, já que este ataque expôs os problemas que podem existir na segurança relativamente à informação pessoal. Neste trabalho iremos explicar o problema e o que aconteceu à Playstation Network. Iremos também olhar para as marcas envolvidas e fazer uma revisão de literatura sobre relações públicas, gestão de marcas, reputação de marcas, gestão de crises e privacidade online. Iremos também analisar as ações da Sony em reação a este evento e como poderia ter gerido esta situação de crise melhor.
This work will be developed in the context of a marketing master thesis and it will be a Case Study concerning the Playstation Network, an online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service provided by Sony Computer Entertainment, inc. for use with Sony’s home console, the Playstation 3 and its handheld, the Playstation Portable. The scope of this work will be in the United States as it is the best represented country on the Playstation Network with more than 30 million users (Sony, 2011) and it is also the country with more studies and information regarding the video games market. Playstation Network was launched in November 10, 2006, along with the Playstation 3 launch in Japan. Since then it has had a great success and today it consists of approximately 130 servers, 50 software programs and 77 million registered accounts (Sony, 2011). This Case Study regards the shutdown of this service for 26 days, from April 20 to May 15 (2011), due to an external attack to the network that resulted in the compromise of the personal information of the users stored on the servers. This attack had an impact not only on the Sony and Playstation brands, particularly in their reputation among consumers, but also on the online business industry, since this attack brought to light the problem of personal information security. In this work, we will explain the problem and what happened to the Playstation Network. We will also look into all the brands involved and do a literature review on public relations, brand management, brand reputation, crisis management and online privacy. We will also analyze what Sony did in reaction to this event and how it could have better managed this crisis situation.

碩士
世新大學
公共關係暨廣告學研究所(含碩專班)
106
Social media is a good communication channel because of its function. It has helped to communicate timely information with the public during when crisis emerge. Past studies have only focused on the effect of crisis response strategy, and few scholars discussed the influence of the message content. Therefore, this study focused mainly on the message strategy to respond to crisis. By adding narrative and argument elements to crisis response message, this study attempted to explore the relationship between crisis types and response message strategies. In this study, we used online survey experiment as the research methodology to investigate the effects of message strategy in different types of crisis situations. The factorial experimental design was constructed with 3 crisis types (victim, accident, preventable) × 2 message strategies (narrative, argument). A total of 407 valid questionnaires were collected from the Internet. The study found that the narrative message is better than argument message in terms of reducing the rage of the public and enhance corporate image. Crisis types and message strategies have no significant difference on trust, messages forwarding. Anger was found to have direct impacts on trust, messages forwarding and corporate image. Moreover, the role of anger plays the mediating effect between the message strategies and corporate image.

Beatrice Rangel : Consultora internacional, norteamericana-venezolana, amplia experiencia profesional en el mundo académico, las artes, la política (al ocupar cargos ministeriales en Venezuela) y en el sector privado, tanto nacional como internacional. Actualmente asesora de la Alcaldía de Coral Gable (EEUU) y Presidenta de AMLA Consulting.
La reflexión se inicia con una breve definición del término, seguida con sus antecedentes históricos que nos remontan a la “Ruta de la Sede”, luego los factores coadyuvantes para su desarrollo y concluye citando algunos elementos para su combate. Esta conferencia guarda estrecha relación con una crisis del Estado, expresada en un Estado de Derecho débil por la falta de imperio a la ley, su imposibilidad para asegurar los bienes públicos básicos para el conjunto de su población y en una importante erosión de sus sistemas políticos, en especial en la democracia.

碩士
德明財經科技大學
服務業經營管理研究所
99
With the rise of the Internet, the consumer also has a significant change in approach. Trading through physical channel is gradually replaced by virtual path. Meanwhile, to search for information, purchase products and services via internet (Li, Browne, & Wetherbe, 2006). However, consumers still have doubts about shopping online. Gaps of time and space between the expectations from two sides create more barriers (Bechwati & Siega, 2004; Mollenkopf et al., 2007; Strader & Shaw, 1999; Williamson, 1975). It is, those online services failure happen all the time(Rao & Lee, 2007), if such cases become crisis, further threatening or harmness to the organization cannot be underestimated (Yu，2001). Coombs had developed "Situational Crisis Communication Theory", SCCT, at early 1999 to remind those who are at the face of crisis, to take the appropriate crisis response strategies (Coombs & Holladay, 2002). In this study, we try to extend the service situations (Mollenkopf et al., 2007) from physical service (such as hotels, restaurants)to the virtual network services. Meanwhile, consider the reference that consumer on the face of Characteristics of Trust Violation and trust of the research (Goles et. al., 2009) and include the model were constructed. To understand the respond of online consumer after the crisis taking place, especially the inner-processing pogress and the trust cases. In this study, paper and online questionnaires are both taken for empirical research. SPSS and AMOS software for data analysis are used after questionnaires being completed. Then we put to the conclusions, recommendations and restrictions of this study.

碩士
國立臺北大學
法學系
91
Chapter 1: This chapter is an introduction. It brings up Questions and defines the scope of this essay、the ways and goal of research. Chapter 2: We focus on computer and internet crime. First, take the academic circle and profession’s viewpoint for definition. Then, introduce the same cases which happen in the real world. Chapter 3: Take American Law for example. Show the same punishment about computer or internet crime in US Federation Law and State Law. And talk about similar criminal types for the compare Laws. Chapter 4: Take care about our actual situation in internet crimes, especially in 7 affairs. Chapter 5: This chapter is for the Law correction in 2003. To discuss how it works, think about its structure,and its legal theory. Chapter 6: In order to bring in the most important parts of this dissertation, it’s necessary to take some elucidation. First, divide it into 7 section, introduce how it happens, how to make a solution, than, make my own viewpoints. Chapter 7: it is the conclusion of this dissertation.

Tese de mestrado, Bioinformática e Biologia Computacional (Biologia Computacional) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2017
As doenças infecciosas representam um risco permanente para a humanidade. Existem duas abordagens naturais para tentar mitigar este risco: por um lado é necessário diminuir a probabilidade de infecção; por outro, tentar minimizar o seu impacto, caso o surto aconteça. Neste sentido, as instituições de saúde pública desenvolveram, ao longo de muitos anos, sistemas de monitorização que possam permitir uma deteção atempada e fiável de diferentes doenças e surtos epidémicos. Uma deteção em fases iniciais de um surto permite colocar em prática medidas que visam à contenção do mesmo, impedindo a sua progressão. O caso da gripe é particularmente interessante. A gripe é uma doença infecciosa sazonal e todos os anos origina surtos epidémicos, durante a época fria de cada hemisfério. Estes surtos de gripe sazonal causam até 500 000 mortes anualmente e sobrecarregam os sistemas de saúde, suscitando a necessidade de constante monitorização. Estes sistemas de monitorização de gripe, desenvolvidos e apoiados por instituições de saúde pública como o CDC dos Estados Unidos ou o Europeu ECDC, publicam relatórios semanais com informação relevante para acompanhamento e prevenção de surtos. Estes incluem estatísticas de gripe, comparação com anos anteriores e estimativas da prevalência na população. Os dados na origem destes relatórios são produzidos por uma rede de médicos (Médicos Sentinela). Estes oferecem dois tipos de informação: primeiro, reportam sobre o número de doentes que se deslocam a unidades de sáude primárias com sintomas de gripe, permitindo uma estimativa da prevalência, e segundo, recolhem e enviam para análise amostras de doentes com sintomas de síndrome gripal, que permitem não só validação do diagnóstico, mas também a identificação de estirpes circulantes. Este sistema é, muito possivelmente, dos mais eficientes do mundo, mas tem duas limitações principais: só utiliza informação de doentes que procurem serviçoes médicos, pelo que só uma pequena fração do verdadeiro número de pessoas com gripe é registado pelos sistemas de monitorização. Para além disso o processo é moroso e geralmente resulta em relatórios com um desfasamento típico de duas a quatro semanas. Este desfasamento implica que as decisões de saúde pública se baseiam em informação desatualizada, encurtando o período de atuação para a contenção de um eventual surto. Na era digital a procura por informação ocorre frequentemente na Internet, nomeadamente através de motores de pesquisa como o Google, e a pesquisa por questões de saúde é um hábito cada vez mais frequente. Quando um indivíduo infetado com gripe pesquisa no Google, por exemplo por sintomas que apresente, deixa um vestígio desta atividade. Se vários indivíduos infetados com gripe pesquisam em simultâneo por sintomas gripais então a atividade coletiva destes indivíduos pode constituir um sinal representativo de atividade gripal, o que fornece uma alternativa logisticamente e economicamente mais apelativa que os métodos tradicionais. Assim, o ideal de métodos de monitorização online ganhou tração com o lançamento da plataforma Google Flu Trends (GFT). O GFT agregava pesquisas online relacionadas com a gripe para obter um sinal de atividade gripal em tempo real, oferencedo uma solução para os problemas associados com os métodos de monitorização tradicionais. No entanto, o GFT errou nas previsões da magnitude da primeira onda da gripe pandémica de 2009 e, mais tarde, na magnitude da gripe epidémica sazonal de 2013, levando ao abandono do projeto. As razões para ambas as falhas não são inteiramente conhecidas, mas sabe-se que tanto o evento pandémico de 2009 como o evento epidémico de 2013 - ambos severos - estiveram associados a padrões de pesquisa online irregulares e a uma grande cobertura mediática. Na prática, o modelo do GFT não conseguiu distinguir pesquisas associadas à atividade gripal, de pesquisas associadas a outros fatores. Isto expôs uma limitação intrínseca dos modelos de monitorização online: uma infeção de gripe não é a única motivação, nem possivelmente a mais forte, para as pessoas se interessarem pelo evento e até expectável, dada a severidade de uma pandemia, que as pessoas desenvolvam diferentes graus de interesse, que podem variar entre curiosidade, medo, ou infeção de facto. Se não são infeções de gripe que levam indivíduos a pesquisar por termos relacionados com gripe durante uma pandemia, então é fundamental conhecer a sua motivação. Nesta tese exploramos diferentes formas de melhorar a análise de dados online, sob a hipótese de que deve ser possível utilizar esta informação para melhorar a monitorização da reação o público a uma gripe pandémica. Se conseguirmos identificar quais as motivações que induzem os indivíduos a pesquisar por determinados termos e quais os fatores que modulam essas motivações, então podemos separar pesquisas motivadas por infeção de gripe de pesquisas motivadas por outros factores, permitindo um sinal mais preciso da atividade gripal. A pandemia de 2009 fornece uma excelente oportunidade para testar as nossas hipóteses por duas razões, 1) porque ocorreu numa altura em que o uso de Internet já era prevalente e 2) porque a gripe pandémica foi extensivamente estudada nos contextos biológico, psicológico e sociológico. Estes estudos geraram uma grande diversidade e riqueza de dados que podemos utilizar. Ao nível do contexto biológico, os casos suspeitos de gripe pandémica foram testados em laboratório, originando curvas epidemiológicas precisas. No contexto psicológico vários questionários foram realizados ao longo do período pandémico para compreender a reação do público à pandemia, uma vez que o comportamento do público é determinante na contenção de transmissão viral. No contexto sociológico foram realizadas várias análises da atuação dos media e mesmo das entidades de saúde pública. A atividade mediática relativamente à pandemia foi muito elevada em fases iniciais mas rapidamente decresceu para niveis baixos. Extraímos então séries de pesquisas do Google da Alemanha (GT-DE) e dos Estados Unidos (GT-US) e do Wikipedia em inglês (Wiki-EN) ao longo do período pandémico. Tentámos cobrir o máximo possível de variação de termos relacionados com a gripe: sintomas, vacinação, antivirais, comportamentos de higiene, instituições de saúde pública, entre outros. Como possíveis variáveis explanatórias de comportamentos online, extraímos contagens de notícias relacionadas com gripe ao longo do período pandémico. Para além das notícias extraímos também o número de casos de gripe pandémica confirmados em laboratório. Paralelamente estimámos os níveis de ansiedade e de perceção de risco do público através dos dados de 17 questionários realizados em 9 países diferentes ao longo do período pandémico. Iniciámos a análise através de clustering hierárquico de modo a inferir como as diferentes séries de pesquisa se relacionaram. Apesar de todas as séries obtidas serem referentes à gripe observámos um comportamento díspar entre estas. O clustering hierárquico suportou esta observação, ao distinguir dois grupos principais. Posterioremente utilizámos análises de correlação de Pearson, regressões lineares e testes de causalidade de Granger, entre cada um dos grupos, com o número de notícias relacionadas com a gripe e com o número de casos de gripe. Descobrimos que um grupo de séries de pesquisa está mais associado à actividade dos media e que o outro grupo de séries de pesquisa está mais associado à actividade gripal. Posteriormente analisámos através da correlação de Pearson e de regressão linear a associação de cada grupo com os níveis de ansiedade e de percepção de risco. Descobrimos que o grupo associado à actividade dos media está mais associado aos níveis de ansiedade e que o grupo associado à actividade gripal está mais associado à percepção de risco. Deste modo os nossos resultados indicam que é possível distinguir entre motivações e que estas levam a diferentes padrões de pesquisa. A nossa abordagem permitiu também identificar termos que demonstraram menos sensibilidade à actividade mediática e que se correlacionaram com o número de casos de gripe. Estes termos são menos passíveis de conterém ruido, oferencendo a possibilidade de um sinal mais preciso de previsão de actividade gripal. Adicionalmente, e uma vez que comportamentos como ansiedade e percepção de risco estão a associados a diferentes séries de pesquisas, este sistema possibilita a monitorização da reacção do público durante o desenvolvimento da pandemia, informação muito útil para fins de sáude pública. Os nossos resultados também sugerem que os media tiveram um efeito preponderante na maioria das series de pesquisa, mesmo aquelas que representaram adequadamente o numero de casos de gripe, e que a monitorização da atenção mediática é fundamental quando se utilizam dados de comportamento online para estimar comportamentos offline. Assim, pensamos que este trabalho mostra ser possível refinar a análise de dados para distinguir entre diferentes tipos de comportamentos online. Em termos práticos, este novo sistema tem um grande potencial para complementar sistemas actuais de monitorização, para além de revelar uma grande riqueza e diversidade de comportamentos.
Seasonal flu places a heavy burden on both human populations and health care services every year, warranting permanent surveillance. Online-based surveillance models harness the collective online search activity of flu-infected individuals to provide real-time monitoring of flu activity. These models assume that most flu-related online behavior is motivated by a flu infection. However, when the flu pandemic emerged in 2009 it resulted in abnormal search behaviors that confounded these models, as several reasons, beyond infection, can motivate individuals to seek flu information. In practice, and despite their potential, current models cannot distinguish whether such activity is related with actual flu infection or not, rendering them useless, at least in pandemic settings. If the different motives that prompt flu-related searches can be pinpointed, then this information can be used to train the models to recognize what is infection-motivated and what is not. Moreover, if online behaviors reflect real-life behaviors, then valuable public health insights can be extracted by analyzing the public’s online response to a pandemic. To test these assumptions, we collected flu-related online search trends regarding the pandemic period. We estimated real-life behaviors, anxiety and risk perception, through data obtained from surveys conducted during the pandemic. As possible explanatory variables of online search trends, we collected flu-related media coverage as well as laboratory-confirmed flu cases. We found that a specific set of search trends was more associated with media activity, whereas another set of search trends was more associated with flu infections. The media-related search trends proxied the public’s anxiety levels and the infectionrelated search trends proxied the public’s risk perception. Having determined which factors correlated with specific search trends, and what real-life behaviors might have corresponded to these search trends, our findings place online sources as suitable tools for monitoring the public’s response to a flu pandemic. Our findings additionally support the possibility of separating search trends that are more sensitive to media activity and search trends that are more sensitive to flu activity. Thus, we provide proof-of-principle that it should be possible to infer human behaviour from online behaviour and, in practical terms, our system is flexible and general enough to be applied both to pandemic and seasonal flu, as well as to other infectious settings.

Trabalho de projeto de mestrado, Educação (Área de especialização em Educação e Tecnologias Digitais), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2017
This individual project envisages the creation of a digital online environment to run simulation exercises of public health crisis situations. The project is developed in the context of the Master Programme in Education and Digital Technologies of the Instituto de Educação, Universidade de Lisboa. The work takes place between September 2016 and October 2017, following a project plan composed of six phases: conceptualization; research; data collection and analysis; implementation; and reporting. A panel of six experts provides data (by means of semi-structured interviews) to support the process of definition of solid requirements for the implementation of a successful online environment to run simulation exercises. The outputs are two templates for tabletop and functional exercises that are ready to use in the learning management system of the European Centre for Diseases Prevention and Control. The project explores the innovative application and implementation of distance learning technologies to serve the execution of simulation exercises to prepare for public health crisis, which are traditionally delivered in face-to-face format. The target group for the project’s outputs is European audience of designers of simulation exercises. It is aimed to facilitate continuous training initiatives for professionals working in the area of preparedness and response to public health crisis in the European Union.
Este projeto centra-se na criação de um ambiente digital para executar exercícios de simulação online de situações de crise de saúde pública. Este projeto é desenvolvido no contexto do programa de mestrado em Educação e Tecnologias Digitais do Instituto de Educação da Universidade de Lisboa. Seguindo um planeamento de projeto composto por cinco fases: conceptualização; investigação; recolha e tratamento de dados; implementação; e escrita do relatório, o mesmo decorre entre setembro de 2016 e outubro de 2017. Durante a fase de conceptualização, vários temas são sugeridos e analisados no que diz respeito à sua pertinência, actualidade, exequibilidade e dependências de terceiros. Esta análise é levada com o apoio técnico de elementos em atuação no Centro Europeu para Prevenção e Controlo de Doenças Infecciosas (ECDC), onde o autor exerce funções na área da formação profissional. Na fase de investigação foram realizadas as pesquisas bibliográficas relevantes para o projeto, emergindo como documentação de base os manuais para suporte à organização de exercícios de simulação na área de saúde pública, publicados pelo ECDC em 2014 e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde em 2017. Estes documentos definem a base sobre a qual este projeto se edifica. Os exercícios de simulação são organizados com dois tipos de objetivos: formativos e procedimentais. Os objetivos formativos são alcançados envolvendo especialistas da área em tarefas que lhes permita exercitar as suas práticas. Os objetivos procedimentais são de extrema relevância para testar novos procedimentos ou alterações aos mesmos. Com recurso a entrevistas semi-estruturadas, um painel de seis especialistas foi constituído com vista a fornecer dados que, depois de analisados, permitem a definição de requisitos a considerar na criação de um ambiente online bem sucedido para suporte a exercícios de simulação, nomeadamente: a possibilidade reutilização dos exercícios; a simplicidade visual dos interfaces desenvolvidos que devem ser intuitivos, de fácil utilização e não requerentes de formação específica; a flexibilidade de adaptação aos objetivos e especificidades de cada exercício; a abrangência do grupo de potenciais utilizadores que primeiramente são as autoridades internacionais e as autoridades nacionais dos países membros da União Europeia, mas também outros países a nível mundial, especialmente os em vias de desenvolvimento; a fiabilidade do ambiente em termos de robustez da plataforma tecnológica bem como da segurança de dados; e finalmente o suporte dado à interação humana por meio das tecnologias digitais. O produto final deste projeto criado pelo aluno durante a fase de implementação, é constituído por dois modelos para exercícios de simulação implementados e prontos a utilizar, no sistema de gestão de aprendizagem do ECDC: um relativo a exercícios tabletop, baseados em discussão e interação dos participantes, que pode ser utilizado em formato totalmente a distância ou em formato híbrido com os passos pré- e pós-exercício a distância e a discussão a decorrer presencialmente; e outro relativo a exercícios funcionais, baseados em operações mais estruturadas, onde normalmente os participantes interagem a partir dos seus postos de trabalho e reagem a informação que lhes é apresentada seguindo os procedimentos estabelecidos. Nos exercícios funcionais, mede-se a eficácia de procedimentos e o alinhamento entre os vários procedimentos com vista a identificar pontos de melhoramento. O projeto é focado na exploração da aplicação inovativa das tecnologias de aprendizagem ao serviço dos exercícios de simulação de crises de saúde pública, que tradicionalmente são realizados em formato presencial. Os produtos finais deste projeto são desenhados para um público-alvo especifico, criadores de exercícios de simulação para a formação contínua de profissionais a exercerem funções em posições relacionadas com a preparação e resposta a situações de crise de saúde pública na União Europeia, nos países do Espaço Económico Europeu e nos países vizinhos. Sendo no entanto possível a abertura deste ambiente a outros países que o requeiram perante o ECDC. Os principais contributos dos produtos desenvolvidos neste projeto são: a capacidade de repetir a baixo custo mais exercícios de simulação, envolvendo assim mais pessoas em exercícios realizados a distância que doutra forma não poderiam tomar parte dos mesmos, ampliando-se assim formação individual fornecida e as contribuições recolhidas para os resultados dos exercícios; a estruturação dos vários elementos dos exercícios duma forma clara e acessível; a mais valia de poder recolher dados de avaliação de uma forma sistemática quer por parte dos participantes quer por parte dos observadores; oferecer um meio para comunicação entre os participantes nos exercícios e e finalmente de fazer um acompanhamento das actividades por eles levadas a cabo, questionando-os acerca do impacto do exercício. Através deste projecto, conclui-se que a relevância dos exercícios de simulação online é elevada no sector da saúde pública. Apesar da interação humana ser um aspeto importante para o fortalecimento de relações profissionais, há espaço para uma ampliação da massa critica de especialistas envolvidos nos exercícios através da execução de mais exercícios promovendo a interação, a distância, suportada por uma plataforma online. Conclui-se ainda que interfaces pessoa-máquina, que simulem ambientes imersivos de jogo, é ainda entendida como pouco ajustada à realidade vigente. A escolha técnica do ambiente de gestão de aprendizagem do ECDC traz vantagens estratégicas que potenciam a sua utilização mas introduz limitações na escolha da tecnologia a utilizar que poderia doutra forma ser escolhida dentro de um leque mais alargado de opções. Muitas das dificuldades identificadas pelo painel de especialistas, como a definição vaga de objetivos ou a falta de um plano de ações pós-exercícios, são questões que se aplicam genericamente a todos os exercícios de simulação e como tal não são uma preocupação especifica dum ambiente online. Este projeto assume algumas limitações: i) no que diz respeito à composição do painel de especialistas onde se poderia encontrar representada mais significativamente a área de formação de adultos e da aprendizagem em ambientes online; ii) a falta de um processo de validação dos resultados junto do painel de especialistas entrevistados para avaliar a correta interpretação das suas recomendações; iii) a falta de realização de um exercício piloto para testar o ambiente online em ação. Finalmente há que salientar que este tópico se revelou bastante abrangente e a sua adaptação a um projeto de mestrado, temporalmente circunscrito, acabou por limitar o trabalho a ser desenvolvido. Sem esta limitação este projeto poderia ser expandido em várias dimensões incluindo a mais abrangente que se prende com a internacionalização da perspetiva de análise e de conceção assumida no trabalho bem como a sua abertura aos desenvolvimentos que se encontram estabelecidos (e por estabelecer) nos setores de proteção civil e militar cujos exercícios de simulação certamente encontram paridade com os de saúde pública.