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1
Новгородцев, Виктор, und Viktor Novgorodtsev. „Difficulties of criminal responsibility for mediation in bribery“. Services in Russia and abroad 9, Nr. 1 (25.06.2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/11706.
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The article deals with the problem of criminalization of bribery intermediary as an independent crime.
Socially dangerous acts are committed when a direct transfer of a bribe in a large amount on behalf of the briber or the bribe-taker takes place or otherwise facilitates the briber and (or) the bribe-taker to achieve or implement the agreement between the receiving and giving bribes.
The first - a classic mediation - transmission subject of a bribe in the chain "briber-taker", the mediator may not be unique.
The second type of mediation in bribery - otherwise promote the briber and (or) the bribe-taker to achieve or implement the agreement between receiving and giving bribes, which can be of two types:
1) to contribute to the achievement of an agreement between the briber and the bribe taker (can be expressed in the search for potential bribe giver or taker, negotiations to reach an agreement);
2) to contribute to the implementation of the agreement, which takes place after the transfer agreement and conditions bribes reached (can be in providing subject of bribes to arrange a bribe).
Criminal liability for intermediation in bribery occurs only if the mentioned actions committed in a significant amount, ie, amount of money, the value of securities, other property, property-related services, other property rights in exceed of twenty-five thousand rubles.
2
Wolf, Sebastian. „Political Corruption as a Regulatory Problem in Germany“. German Law Journal 14, Nr. 9 (01.09.2013): 1627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200002443.
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The shortcomings identified in German bribery law—such as the limited criminalization of bribery of parliamentarians and other members of domestic assemblies, coupled with the absence of trading in influence offenses, and furthermore, certain limits in the criminalization of bribery of foreign and international officials and of private sector bribery—represent significant lacunae in the law.
3
Sidorenko, E. L. „REFORM OF THE RUSSIAN ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGISLATION: OECD ECONOMIC CONDITION OR LEGAL IMPORTANCE“. MGIMO Review of International Relations, Nr. 3(36) (28.06.2014): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-188-194.
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In this paper we define the prospects for the criminalization of promises and offers a bribe to a foreign official or an official of a public international organization in the Russian criminal law. Despite the increased interest in the problem of implementation of international law in the national legal system, many aspects of the topic studied. These include punishment, the possibility of establishing criminal liability for bribery. OECD anti-corruption standards considered in working with three positions: through Russia ratified the convention, through the analysis of the experience of the criminalization of bribery of foreign public officials in foreign legislation and from the perspective of the established system of national criminal and administrative law. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the proposal and the promise of a bribe as socially dangerous acts. Refined methods of implementation of anti-corruption standards in the Russian legislation. Problems has led to widespread use of the system, comparative law and documentary approaches. The paper concludes formulate concrete proposals to improve the criminal law and identifies strategic directions of modern anti-corruption policy.
4
Semykina, Olga. „Historical Conditionality of the Institute of Bribe Offering and Promising“. Journal of Russian Law 4, Nr. 4 (11.04.2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18692.
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The article discusses criminalization trends in the Russian criminal law of the institute of bribe offering and promising. Analyzing the rules on liability for bribery in the criminal law in mid XIX — early XX centuries, the author comes to the conclusion about historical conditionality of the review of legislative approaches to enshrine in the Russian Criminal Code the institute of bribe offering and promising in favor of recommendations of anticorruption standards. The study attempts to justify the possibility of introducing criminal liability for bribery not only in articles 290, 291 of the Russian Criminal Code, but also in other articles of the Code, that include giving and accepting any material wealth or other benefits as a criminal-forming characteristic (for example, in Articles 201—204, 285—286, 309). Thus, this article raises the issue of presence of a set of special hybrid rules in the Russian Criminal Code, forming part of the institute of criminal liability for offering and promising certain benefits. The author identifies and confirms by modern case studies three models of criminalization of bribe offering and promising or abuse of powers and recognizing them completed at an earlier or later stage of criminal activity.
5
Byung-Sun Cho. „The Criminalization of New Type Bribery in Korea“. Journal of Criminal Law 21, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2009): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21795/kcla.2009.21.4.91.
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Rinaldy, Alexzander, und Dian Andriawan Daeng Tawang. „KRIMINALISASI MATCH FIXING DALAM PERTANDINGAN SEPAKBOLA DI INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 1980 TENTANG TINDAK PIDANA SUAP“. Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, Nr. 1 (30.07.2018): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2204.
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The current football competition has changed because it began to be infiltrated by organized criminals, especially in match manipulation and match fixing. Setting scores and match manipulation as a global threat in the world of football. The problem faced in writing this essay is how to criminalize match fixing in soccer matches in Indonesia based on Law Number 11 of 1980 on the Crime of Bribery. The research method used in this research is normative legal research that is research which gives systematic explanation of rules governing a certain legal category, analyze the relation between regulation explain difficulty area and may predict future development. The results showed that the criminalization of match fixing in Indonesian soccer matches based on Law Number 11 of 1980 on the Crime of Bribery was threatened with a criminal sanction although bribes in the private sector can’t be regarded as an act of corruption because they do not belong to the category of corruption based on Corruption Act. This means that it does not mean it has no impact at all in enforcing the rule. In fact, the non-regulation of bribery in the private sector in Corruption Law is related to the actors who can eradicate and enforce the provisions. Bribes (as well as corruption in general) in the private sector have brought so many bad impacts on the business sector including in football matches.
7
NASIMOV, Gennady A. „MEDIATION IN BRIBERY: VALIDITY OF CRIMINALIZATION AND ADEQUACY OF REFLECTION IN THE LAW“. HERALD OF THE RUSSIAN LAW ACADEMY, Nr. 1 (2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33874/2072-9936-2020-0-1-31-35.
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Denilkhanova, R. H. „The question of preconditions of criminalization of commercial bribery in domestic criminal law“. Аграрное и земельное право, Nr. 11 (2020): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2020_11_258.
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Zamaleeva, Svetlana Vladimirovna. „Analysis of the history of the development of criminalization of bribery under Russian criminal law“. Право и государство: теория и практика, Nr. 1 (2021): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1337_2021_1_278.
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Berezner, V. V. „BRIBERY AS A WAY OF SPECIAL INCITEMENT TO TRAFFICKING“. Actual problems of native jurisprudence, Nr. 4 (30.08.2019): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/391941.
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The article analyzes the novelties proposed by the domestic legislator concerning ways of committing such an offense as human trafficking. It is concluded that there are certain contradictions in the design provided for in Part 1 of Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, stipulated by the mechanical combination of national and international representations about the essence of this crime. In particular, it is noted that, unlike national criminal law, international legal acts consider this concept as a civil law category, defining it in accordance with the content of the contract of sale, and position the trafficking of human beings as a combination of mandatory elements, which includes the act, the ways of its commission and the purpose of exploitation of a person. Therefore, on the one hand, the transfer- receipt of a person, including for monetary compensation, cannot be considered as trafficking in persons, if they are not carried out in the indicated ways and do not pursue the purpose of exploitation, and on the other - preservation in the disposition of Part 1 of Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, trafficking in human beings, as an independent form of the objective aspect of thiscrime, leads to the double criminalization of the transfer-receipt of a person, since any sale or purchase without this is impossible. In this regard, the disposition of Part 1 of Art. 149 to be described as descriptive of the definition of trafficking in persons as the recruitment, transfer, harboring, transfer or receipt of a person for the purpose of exploitation that occurs through the use of violence which is not dangerous to the life or health of the victim or his relatives or the threat of the use of such violence, deception, blackmail, material or other dependence of the victim, his vulnerable state, or the bribery of a third person who controls the victim. The criminal nature of the bribing of a third person who controls the victim is determined for obtaining an agreement on its exploitation. It is argued that the bribery of a third person is connected with the transfer of a person, in particular, with its component, such as providing another person with control over the victim and is not a way of committing this act, but a kind of special incitement to it. There is justification for recognizing the subject of the bribe of a third person who controls the victim, the perpetrator of the crime provided for in Part 1 of Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
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Khozeimeh, Mohammad Ali, und Mahmood Boulagh. „A Look at Legislative Criminal Policy of Iran against Violent Crimes“. Journal of Politics and Law 9, Nr. 4 (24.04.2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n4p9.
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According to the opinions of the experts in the field of law, recognition of crimes and fighting against them is a social need combined with favorable political consequences that result in the acceptance and legitimacy of all political systems. The present article, with the descriptive-analytic method and application of all library resources, attempts to examine the designated policy of legal system of Iran in response to violent crimes. The results of the study indicate that the legislative-criminal policy of Iran includes different stages of prosecution, investigation and trial and even criminalization and sentencing. Populist criminal policy has been always considered in the Iranian legal system that instances of it can be observed in the act of intensification of punishments for the perpetrators of embezzlement, bribery and fraud. But in the late eighties and early nineties populist criminal policy emerged in the form of plans, bills and even multiple rules and unfortunately this trend is growing. At the end, it should be noted that in the populist legislative policies, due to lack of causal connection between the actions, the expected results are often not achieved and ineffectiveness of this policy on crimes and incapacity and inefficiency of this criminal policy is clear and obvious. It is hoped that the findings of this study can pave the way for further efforts in understanding and adopting wise policies and strategies to deal with all kinds of crime.
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Maradona, Tigana Barkah. „TINDAK PIDANA GRATIFIKASI DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI ASPEK BUDAYA HUKUM“. Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan Ekonomi 9, Nr. 1 (17.07.2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/hpe.v9i1.52526.
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<p><em>Seeing definition of meaningful gratification neutral provision, then the implementation of cultural value system of plant cultivation and reciprocation in the form of gift-giving when it is done the work environment of government, civil service, and organizers of the State, can be interpreted as a form of modus operandi of the practice of gratuities. Gratuity is a form of criminalization of cultural values reciprocation that basically prohibited is a gift related to their occupation, position or influence. Setting the Crime of Bribery in the formulation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the exclusion of the elements of the acceptance of gifts as a form of crime.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Social system, Reciprocation, Gifts, Gratuities.</em></p><p> </p><p>Melihat definisi gratifikasi yang bermakna pemberian yang bersifat netral, maka Implementasi sistem nilai budaya menanam budi dan balas budi dalam bentuk pemberian hadiah jika dilakukan dilingkungan kerja pemerintahan, pengawai negeri, dan penyelenggara Negara, dapat ditafsirkan sebagai bentuk modus operandi dari praktek gratifikasi. Gratifikasi merupakan bentuk kriminalisasi terhadap nilai budaya balas budi yang pada dasarnya yang dilarang adalah hadiah yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan, jabatan atau pengaruhnya. Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Penyuapan dalam rumusan United Nations Convention Against Corruption dan tidak dimasukkannya unsur-unsur penerimaan hadiah sebagai bentuk tindak pidana.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong> : sistem sosial, balas budi, hadiah, gratifikasi. </p>
13
Rahmdel, Mansour. „FATF and money laundering in Iran“. Journal of Money Laundering Control 21, Nr. 3 (02.07.2018): 314–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2017-0033.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is considering that obtaining illegitimate property and obtaining property illegally is morally outrageous. The law also condemns it as a crime. The act of those who launder the proceeds of crime is also condemned. This condemnation is almost universal. So, money laundering as a way of diversion of the origin of the illegal gains into legitimate currency or other assets has been criminalized in most of the countries, including in Iran. Before criminalization of money laundering, there were different laws which referred to the case without referring to the term of money laundry. According to Article 49 of the Iranian Constitution “all proceeds of illegal sources like embezzlement, bribery, gambling and other ways should be confiscated.” Design/methodology/approach Article 662 of the Islamic Penal Code (IPC) ratified in 1996 criminalized dealing with the proceeds of theft and Note 2 of Article 119 of the Penal Code of the Armed Forces criminalized obtaining the proceeds of embezzlement. But, in 2008, to follow the international conventions, especially Article 3 of the psychotropic substances 1988 in Vienna and also Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations on Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, the legislator ratified the anti-money laundering code (AMLC). The methodology is an analytical one. The author using an analytical method, has analyzed the subject with consideration of Iran’s situation, as well as international documents and FATF’s recommendations. Findings The author has studied the issue, believing that domestic regulations of Iran comply with international regulations and FATF recommendations. The current paper considers the different aspects of the AMLCs in Iran in relation to FATF recommendations. Originality/value The author confirms the originality of the paper and declares that he has referred all the other materials.
14
Wiratmaja, I. Nyoman. „Dilema Demokrasi Elektoral“. Jurnal Bali Membangun Bali 1, Nr. 2 (17.08.2018): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51172/jbmb.v1i2.24.
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The practice of democracy is not the same as as its theory. People's sovereignty is often derailed by power-hungry political elites. Even though people in the Reform era are no longer expected to only play a limited role or merely as a giver or renew political legitimacy or as mere objects of political activity. It is worried because the practice of electoral democracy is felt further away from the spirit of democratic principles. There is still widespread behavior that justifies any means that is contrary to the values and principles of democracy, such as: politicization of SARA (suku, agama, ras, antargolongan) or politics of identity, criminalization of political opponents, dissemination of hoaxes, hate speeches, and intimidation, unneutral state apparatus, or election organizers, practices of money politics, sound auction and bribery, document forgery and manipulation of operating procedures. As a result, elected leaders often do not serve the people. All policies taken are often biased in the interests of the ruling elite or the interests of investors, and tend to be very minimal even without involving the people. In the future bad practices should not be continued and should be replaced by a shared commitment to establish substantial democracy by upholding law and justice. Stop the electoral democracy is only a lip-service of a five-year democratic party and must have a real contribution to the improvement of the nation. Electoral democracy must be an arena of healthy competition to get someone who is qualified and able to be a leader in an effort to realize common goals of just prosperity. If it fails to uphold a substantial democracy in everyday political life, then it does not only mean the castration of people's sovereignty or the failure of democracy alone, but the destruction of the Republic of Indonesia will be at stake.
15
Borovyk, A. V. „GENESIS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND THE PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION CRIMES IN UKRAINE“. Actual problems of native jurisprudence, Nr. 06 (02.03.2020): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/3919109.
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This article presents a view on peculiarities of criminalization of acts of corruption (corrupt practices, offences) and on their prevention in Ukraine in different historical times. Besides, a personal variation of periodization of this practice has been introduced that allows performing the comparison of correspondent corruption phenomena in foreign countries with classification of genesis. It has been established that acts of corruption fixed in written sources have been developing during rather long time. In the criminal laws of state formations on the territory of Ukraine of past ages there were no direct indications on “corruption-related” crimes (offences), their list and specific types, and therefore, we define the most typical forms of their objectivization as “corruption expression”, “corruption practices”, “acts of corruption”, etc., which could have various forms of their external manifestation and which in different ages had various names (“sacrifice”, “offering gifts”, “palm greasing”, “bribability”, “sin”, “extortion”, “feeding”, “bribetaking”, “venality”, “bribery”, “favouritism”, etc.). If to speak about measures to prevent acts of corruption, it has to be mentioned that within a historical context they cannot be characterized by systemacity, large scope, correspondent levels, and other important features. Only in 2014 the concept of corruption-related crime was firstly introduced into the criminal law of Ukraine of 2001 as a consequence of implementation of provisions of correspondent international Anti-corruption Conventions of previous decades. Phenomenality of corruption crimes is tightly connected with the absence of any historical example of its complete liquidation both in a separate state and within separately determined chronological period. Corruption as one of the oldest phenomena in social relations has continuously been altered and modified throughout history and new forms of its expression have appeared due to complication of political and economic order. Taking into consideration the aforesaid, in order to have comprehensive understanding of modern issues of criminal liability and prevention of corruption-related crimes (corruption-related offences) in Ukraine, it is actual to appeal to an estimation of practice of the fight against various acts of corruption and their prevention in correspondent state formations of the past ages from the perspective of its optimality, reasonableness, and correlation with political, economic and social challenges of the life in those days. Besides, the comparison of periodization of criminal liability development and corruption-related crimes in Ukraine and in foreign countries would be of great importance as such investigations are practically non-existent. At the same time we understand that we may actually speak about criminal liability just for corruption-related crimes and their prevention (both on national and worldwide basis) in a strict sense taking into consideration only the last hundred years, that means the period, when the term “corruption” and its derived concepts have become steadily used in policy, regulatory legal acts, and legal literature, when international Anti-corruption Conventions have been adopted, basing on which the correspondent provisions in the criminal law of some specific countries have been approved and reformed thereafter, and also anti-corruption programs (laws) have been developed. However, the diverse corruption phenomena of the past (sacrifice, offering gifts, palm greasing, extortion, “feeding”, “bribetaking”, “venality”, bribery, etc.) have formed the basis for appearance of modern complex concept of “corruption-related crime (corruption-related criminal offence)”.
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Nikonov, Pavel V. „Criminalization of illegal remuneration in russian criminal law“. Laplage em Revista 7, Extra-E (27.07.2021): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-e1161p.60-64.
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A general description of illegal remuneration in Russian criminal law has been given and the range of encroachments associated with it has been determined. Historical-comparative, formal-logical, system-structural, statistical, and other methods have been used. A circle of socially dangerous acts related to corruption crimes related to giving and receiving bribes and other types of illegal remuneration has been identified. The author concludes that Russian criminal legislation in the field of combating corruption crimes is constantly being improved.
17
Martin, Timothy A. „Corruption and Improper Payments: Global Trends and Applicable Laws“. Alberta Law Review 36, Nr. 2 (01.04.1998): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr643.
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This article reviews recent changes in the law relating to bribes and other improper payments made in the course of conducting business in foreign countries. The author points to an emerging trend toward greater criminalization of such payments, and summarizes relevant Canadian and American law on the subject. The impact of multilateral agreements and international organizations is examined. The author also reviews laws against corruption and improper payments in Yemen, Libya, Nigeria, Kazakstan, Colombia, Venezuela, Indonesia and Vietnam. In conclusion, the reader is presented with recommendations for achieving compliance with Canadian and American laws, as well as with those of specific host countries.
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Bondarenko, Olha S., Volodymyr V. Pakhomov, Sergey V. Saulyak und Mykhailo O. Dumchikov. „RELEVANT ISSUES OF THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF THE PRIVATE DOCTORS FOR CORRUPTION CRIMES“. Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, Nr. 7 (2019): 1354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201907123.
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Introduction: Corruption, as a socio-economic problem, is characteristic of every society. The aim: To study relevant issues of criminal liability of the private doctors for committing corruption crimes. Materials and methods: In the article general scientific and special-scientific methods of cognition wer eused which provided an objective analysis of the research purpose. Review: The article analyzes actual questions of relenant issues of criminal liability of the private doctors for committing corruption crimes. The authors propose to research the criminal responsibility of this specific subject through the prism of the crime, as well as it’s elements. Thus, special attention is focused on the analysis of thees sence of the object of the crimes, the responsibility for which provided in. Art. 365-2 and 368-4 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Inaddition, the concept of “unlawful profit” is investigated, in the context of comparison with the “bribe”. Thees sence of the objective side of corruption crimes, the subject of which is a private doctor, is explained in detail. In particular, the concepts of “authority”, “offer”, “promise”, etc. Particul arattention is paid to analyzing the legal status of a private doctor as a person authorized to provide public services. The authors focus on the analysis of the subjective side of thes corruption crimes being studied by a private physician. All penalties that can be applied to a private doctor for committing corrupt acts are systematized. At the very end, the issue of the totality of crimes is investigated. Conclusions: Bringing a private doctor in the responsibility for committing a corrupt act is difficult in there gion, because the criminalization of corruptionactions of suchpersons took place relatively recently, therefore, pre-trial investigation bodies have not yet established a well-established system of tactical and methodological actions that would facilitate this process.
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Dubonosov, Evgeny S., Natalia V. Bugaevskaya, Tat’iana S. Volchetskaia und Valery N. Vlasenko. „The Problems Of Perfecting Of Anticorruption Legislation And Activity Of Law-Enforcement Agencies On Struggle With Corrupt Practice In The Regions Of Siberia And The Central Russia“. Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, Juni 2019, 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0429.
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The purpose of this study is multidisciplinary research of the amendments to anti-corruption criminal-legal norms connected with crimes of corruption. By the example of statistics, judiciary and work practices of operational division in the regions of Siberia and the Central Russia norm application in questions of small-sized bribery are discussed together with unsystematic nature of its introduction to criminal law undermining justice principle. This study analyses criminal law cases connected with criminalization of corruption actions in the domain of purchases of goods, works, and services for supplying of state or municipal necessities. This article supports the idea of necessity of struggle with provocation of the bribe or bribery, including operational units realized by employees. Differences of operational experiment conducted for registration of corruption action, and provocation of the bribe or bribery are indicated
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Asmawi, Asmawi. „Teori al-Maslahah dan Aplikasinya dalam Norma Kriminalisasi Undang-Undang Antikorupsi“. AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 13, Nr. 2 (07.08.2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v13i2.929.
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Abstract: The Theory of al-Maslahah and its Application in Criminalization Norms of the Law on Anti-Corruption. This study demonstrates that the theory of al-maslahah has been applied in criminalization norms of the law on corruption eradication, namely in the criminalization norms of corruption related to a country’s finances or economy and the criminalization norms of corruption related to bribery. It can be concluded that the existence of such relevance carries the implication that the norms of Islamic criminal law have undergone a transformation or objectification through the application of al-maslahah into an arrangement of national criminal laws, which are represented by anti-corruption criminal law. The existence of such relevance also carries an implication that the anti-corruption criminal law has undergone Islamization through the application of al-maslahah, especially within the criminalization norms that are contained in it. In other words, the criminal law on anti-corruption in Indonesia is Islamic or has validity shar‘î, because it pervades the norms of Islamic criminal law through the application of the theory of al-maslahah.Keywords: al-maslahah, criminalization, corruption, ta‘zîrAbstrak: Teori al-Maslahah dan Aplikasinya dalam Norma Kriminalisasi Undang-Undang Antikorupsi. Studi ini membuktikan bahwa teori al-maslahah telah teraplikasikan dalam norma kriminalisasi undang-undang pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi, yakni dalam norma kriminalisasi korupsi terkait keuangan atau perekonomian negara dan norma kriminalisasi korupsi terkait suap-menyuap. Dapat disimpulkan pula bahwa adanya relevansi yang demikian membawa implikasi bahwa norma hukum pidana Islam telah mengalami transformasi atau objektivikasi melalui aplikasi al-maslahah ke dalam tatanan hukum pidana nasional, yang direpresentasikan hukum pidana antikorupsi. Adanya relevansi yang demikian juga membawa implikasi bahwa hukum pidana antikorupsi telah mengalami islamisasi melalui aplikasi al-maslahah, terutama dalam norma-norma kriminalisasi yang dikandungnya. Tegasnya, hukum pidana antikorupsi di Indonesia sudah islami atau punya validitas shar‘î karena sudah menyerap norma hukum pidana Islam melalui aplikasi teori al-maslahah.Kata Kunci: al-maslahah, kriminalisasi, korupsi, takzirDOI: 10.15408/ajis.v13i2.929
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Utomo, Subagyo Sri, Dwidja Priyatno und R. B. Budi Prastowo. „Juridic Philosophical Perspective and Criminalization Urgency of the Private Sector (Bribery in Private Sector) in UNCAC in Gratification of Pharmaceutical Companies for Medical Services in Indonesia“. International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies 7, Nr. 11 (30.11.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2019/v7/i11/hs1911-032.
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Ilyasova, Rufina Zagitovna, Adelya Robertovna Tulegenova und Yuriy Vladimirovich Ishkov. „SHADOW ECONOMY AND ITS NEGATIVE INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION“. Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University, 13.04.2018, 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2018-1-121-129.
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Shadow economy arose in Russia in XVIII century and today it remains an urgent issue and has a negative influence not only on general economic processes (generation and distribution of income, trade, investments), but also on economic development and economic security of the whole country. A high degree of economic criminalization seen in such facts of life as corruption, concealment of profits, manufacturing illegal and low-quality products is a consequence of inefficient state policy in respect to fighting the shadow economy. The article gives analysis of the dynamics of corruption crimes according to the following clauses of the Criminal Code in various subjects of the Russian Federation: abuse of the official power, bribe taking, bribe giving. There has been offered a set of measures for optimizing struggle against shadow sector of the Russian economics at the present stage of the development of society.