Dissertationen zum Thema „Crime reconstruction“

News reports in relation to criminality are often considered a trustworthy and factual source of information. However, media consumers often disregard the discourses within the content they consume as well as the power structures it reproduces. News criminality discourses, in particular, are expressions of power that contextualize and shape identity configurations as well as social relations. It is these discourses that reproduce patterns of inequality in a trickle-down manner. Following a period of mass immigration, the Swedish crime and criminality discourse has blended with the immigration discourse in news articles with ethnonationalist undertones. With the purpose to identify the descriptions of different entities and agents depicted in the crime and criminality discourse and the relationships the press establishes between these groups, this thesis applies elements from Critical Discourse Analysis to analyze 72 newspaper articles (36 from Aftonbladet and 36 from Expressen). This analysis highlights the presence of a spectrum of righteousness by which the press places European identities on the right end of the spectrum opposite to nonwestern immigrant identities. Such discourses elevate European identities and legitimize intolerant attitudes which limit newcomers’ access to resources and opportunities for upward social mobility. Additionally, this analysis relates previous findings to the Swedish context and presents possible implications that the blending of these discourses has had on the integration process and social cohesion overall.

Revisiting a crime scene is a vital part of investigating a crime. When physically visiting a crime scene there is however always a risk of contaminating the scene, and when working on a cold case, chances are that the physical crime has been altered. This thesis aims to explore what tools a criminal investigator would need to investigate a crime in a virtual environment and if a virtual reconstruction of a crime scene can be used to aid investigators when solving crimes. To explore these questions, an application has been developed in Unreal Engine that uses virtual reality (VR) to investigate a scene, reconstructed from data that has been obtained through laser scanning. The result is an application where the user is located in the court of Stockholm city, which was scanned with a laser scanner by NFC in conjunction with the terror attack on Drottninggatan in April 2017. The user can choose between a set of tools, e.g. a measuring tool and to place certain objects in the scene, in order to draw conclusions of what has happened. User tests with criminal investigators show that this type of application might be of use in some way for the Swedish police. It is however not clear how or when this would be possible which can be expected since this is a new type of application that has not been used by the police before.

The thesis presents experimental work conducted on environmentally altered bloodstains over four distinct experimental stages. Bloodstains that have been exposed to and altered by the environment are frequently encountered in crime scene analysis and developing accurate methods of quantitatively identifying, interpreting and analyzing them is important for crime scene reconstruction. Over the course of the four experimental stages bloodstains were progressively exposed to a range of environmental conditions and their responses to this exposure recorded. During the first stage stains were dried at a range of temperatures between -10 and 50oC in order to establish the influence of temperature on stain appearance. In the second stage stains were longitudinally exposed to natural environmental fluctuations over the course of a 6-month experimental period. In the third stage stains were exposed to a variety of extreme environmental conditions, including fire, freezing, freeze-thaw and extreme heat, in order to establish the influence of these conditions on stain appearance and behavior. In the final experimental stage the influence of environmental conditions on stain drying time was examined. During the course of stain analysis a new quantitative method for digitally capturing and measuring bloodstain colour was designed. The findings of the experimental work conducted represent the first empirical confirmation of relationships between the environmental conditions explored and bloodstain appearance and behavior. Quantitative confirmation of these relationships has direct implications for developing methods of spatial and temporal crime scene reconstruction from bloodstain pattern analysis.

The causes of errors in the angle of impact calculation were investigated including the surface type, falling velocity and the method used to fit an ellipse to a bloodstain. As had been cited previously the angle of impact was generally underestimated, especially at acute angles and the reason for this was determined to be due to an overestimation of the length of a bloodstain. The surface type was found to significantly affect the accuracy of an angle of impact calculation and as the falling velocity increased, the angle of impact calculation became more accurate. High-speed photography was used to further investigate the formation of bloodstains on surfaces. It was found that the formation of the bloodstain varied depending on the surface type and the angle of the surface. Bloodstain pattern analysis involves the application of scientific techniques to reconstruct events that resulted in a bloodstain pattern. The position of the blood source in three-dimensional space is a fundamental element of this application. Currently little is known about the methods used by bloodstain pattern analysts to select bloodstains when determining the region of origin. Fourteen analysts worldwide were surveyed in order to ascertain this information. It was found that the methods used were variable and were often not based on scientific research. Research was therefore undertaken into bloodstain selection and in particular, which bloodstains should be selected for a region of origin analysis. As a result of these experiments, two sets of selection criteria were established, one for use when the region of origin is being calculated manually and one for when directional analysis is being used.

As a proactive, information-based policing approach, problem-oriented policing emphasizes the use of crime analysis techniques in the analysis of the underlying causes of the problems that police deal with. In particular, analysis applications can be powerful tools for criminal investigation, such as crime reconstruction, profiling, IAFIS, VICAP, and CODIS. The SARA Model represents a problem-solving strategy of problemoriented policing. It aims to address the underlying causes of the problems and create substantial solutions. However, implementing problem-oriented policing requires a significant change in both the philosophy and structure of police agencies. Not only American policing but also the Turkish National Police should consider problem-oriented policing as an alternative approach for solving criminal activities.

La carence des recherches académiques portant sur la problématique de l'insécurité urbaine dans le contexte particulier d'une ville affectée par une catastrophe majeure, nous a mené à investir cette problématique à travers le cas de la Nouvelle-Orléans et de la catastrophe Katrina. L'analyse de données criminelles inédites, complétée par un travail de terrain approfondi, a permis de « reconstituer » les évolutions spatiales et temporelles de la criminalité en lien avec la catastrophe Katrina. A court terme, Katrina a conduit à de nombreux « transferts » d'insécurité à l'échelle de la ville et des sites d'évacuation qui ont subi des « effets reportés » de la catastrophe. Néanmoins, l'analyse des données tant quantitatives et qualitatives permet de fortement nuancer certains discours qui ont orienté les réponses des gestionnaires. L'insécurité, notamment dans sa dimension subjective, a ainsi constitué une sérieuse entrave à la gestion de la crise, notamment à l'évacuation des victimes prises au piège par les inondations. A plus long terme, le retour progressif des populations évacuées s'est accompagné d'une criminalité violente qui avait connu une forte réduction au cours des premiers mois post Katrina. L'analyse des données criminelles menée à différentes échelles spatiales, permet d'envisager la criminalité comme une « grille de lecture » des transformations urbaines post catastrophe. D'autre part, les mutations urbaines rapides après Katrina ont affecté les représentations du danger qui ne se sont pas toujours ajustées à la nouvelle « réalité criminelle » des différents quartiers de la ville. L'approche systémique de l'insécurité urbaine post catastrophe permet de mettre en évidence une aggravation du risque criminel après Katrina à l'échelle de la ville en raison d'un affaiblissement prolongé des territoires en marge de la reconstruction où les activités criminelles ont pu proliférer. Dans la mesure où les catastrophes telles que Katrina peuvent conduire à un renforcement de l'insécurité urbaine, notamment à l'échelle des territoires les plus vulnérables, une plus grande considération de cette problématique par les chercheurs semble dès lors nécessaire. L'anticipation des conséquences qu'une catastrophe majeure peut avoir sur la sécurité d'une ville permettrait d'intégrer la question de l'insécurité urbaine dans les plans de gestion de crise et de reconstruction post catastrophe et ainsi de faciliter le processus de résilience urbaine
The lack of academic research on “urban insecurity” in the context of a city affected by a major disaster led us to investigate this issue through the case of New Orleans and the Katrina disaster. The analysis of crime data, complemented by an intensive field work, allowed us to “recreate” the spatial and temporal evolution of crime related to Katrina. In the short term, Katrina let to numerous crime displacements in New Orleans and in the cities affected by indirect impacts from the disaster. Nonetheless, the analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data allows to seriously play down the discourses which oriented the official responses to the disaster. Crime, in particular fear of crime, has represented a serious obstacle to the crisis management, especially to the evacuation of the residents trapped by the floods. In the longer term, the return of the inhabitants came along with the return of violent crime after a lull of several months after hurricane Katrina. The analysis of crime data at different spatial scales allows us to consider crime as a frame to “read” post disaster changes in urban dynamics. Besides, brutal changes in those dynamics and in the urban landscape have affected the perceptions of danger which didn't always adjust to the new “criminal trends” of the city's different neighborhoods. The holistic approach of post disaster “urban insecurity” allows us to highlight an increase of crime risk at the city scale after Katrina because of a long lasting weakening of territories that struggle to recover and where criminal activities have proliferated. Since disasters like Katrina can lead to an increase in urban insecurity, in particular in the most vulnerable territories, a better consideration of this issue by researchers seems therefore necessary. The anticipation of the consequences that a major disaster can have on urban security would allow to integrate the issue of crime and its prevention into disaster management and recovery plans and therefore to facilitate the process of urban resilience

Le Mali a connu en 2012 un conflit qui est sans précédent, même s’il s’inscrit dans la lignée de plusieurs mouvements de rébellion des populations touareg de la partie nord du pays depuis l’indépendance. La crise qui en découle n’est pas résorbée encore. La reconstruction de l’Etat et le retour des populations malienne déplacées et réfugiées sont au coeur de la problématique du post conflit. Ces deux enjeux sont liés, et de longue date. La défaillance et la faiblesse de l’Etat malien, qui n’était pourtant pas considéré avant 2012 comme un Etat fragile, est une des causes des migrations forcées des populations du Nord. La crise depuis 2012 peut se lire comme la crise de l’Etat m alien, crise de légitimité, d’effectivité et d’efficacité. En étudiant la trajectoire des réfugiés maliens dans les camps de Abala et Tabarey-barey au Niger, en décryptant les conditions posées à leur retour, nous pouvons dessiner « en creux » un « besoin d’Etat » matériel et symbolique, exprimé de manière plus ou moins consciente par les réfugiés. Mais le processus de reconstruction de l’Etat malien, conditionné par la temporalité et les modalités de la sortie du conflit, façonné par les rapports de force internes et externes esquisse une toute autre réalité étatique
In 2012, Mali experienced a conflict that was unprecedented even in a string of rebellious movements by the Touareg population since the country’s independence. The ensuing crisis has not yet been resolved. The reconstruction of the state and the return of the displaced and refugee populations of Mali are at the heart of the post-conflict problem. These two issues are related and have affected each other for a long time. The failure and weakness of the Malian state, which was not considered fragile before 2012, is one of the causes of forced migration of northern populations. The crisis since 2012 can be interpreted as the crisis of the Malian state: a crisis of legitimacy, effectiveness, and efficiency. By studying the trajectory of Malian refugees in the camps of Abala and Tabarey-barey in Niger; by decrypting the conditions laid down for their return, we can draw "in hollow" a "need of State" material and symbolic, expressed more or less consciously by the refugees. However, the process of reconstruction of the Malian state, conditioned by the temporality and modalities of the exit from the conflict, shaped by the internal and external power relations, sketches a completely different state reality

Introduction : la Terre au Trias inférieur et la reconquête après l’extinction fini-PermienneSitué après la limite entre le Paléozoïque et le Mésozoïque, le Trias inférieur est un intervalle court (~4Ma seulement ; Ovtcharova et al., 2006 ; Galfetti et al., 2007a ; Baresel et al., 2017). Lors de la transition entre le Permien et le Trias (PTB), la configuration tectonique de la Terre était différente, et la plupart des masses continentales étaient rassemblées en un seul super continent, la Pangée, lui-même entouré par un unique océan global, la Panthalassa (e.g., Murphy & Nance, 2008 ; Murphy et al., 2009 ; Stampfli et al., 2013).Lors de cette transition et durant le Trias inférieur, un évènement volcanique majeur, la mise en place de la grande province ignée de Sibérie (e.g., Ivanov et al., 2009, 2013), a conduit à l’émission de grande quantité de gaz à effet de serre (e.g., Galfetti et al., 2007b ; Romano et al., 2013). Ceux-ci ont contribué à l’acidification de la colonne d’eau et à l’augmentation des températures consécutivement à l’injection de CO2 dans l’atmosphère (e.g., Galfetti et al., 2007b ; Sun et al., 2012 ; Romano et al., 2013).Les perturbations environnementales qui en découlèrent ont eu des conséquences sur les milieux de dépôts associés à cette période, mais également sur les écosystèmes. Elles sont supposées avoir contribué à la mise en place de conditions délétères pour les organismes et avoir perduré durant tout le Trias inférieur, restreignant ainsi la rediversification biologique d’après-crise (e.g., Pruss & Bottjer, 2004 ; Fraiser & Bottjer, 2007 ; Bottjer et al., 2008 ; Algeo et al., 2011 ; Meyer et al., 2011 ; Bond & Wignall, 2014 ; Song et al., 2014).La limite PT fut le théâtre de la plus importante et la plus destructrice crise biologique du Phanérozoïque, et fut responsable de la disparition de plus de 90% des espèces marines (Raup, 1979), ou encore de la perte d’environ 50% des familles de tétrapodes continentaux (Benton & Newell, 2014), pour ne citer que ces deux exemples. De nombreux groupes ont été oblitérés durant cette extinction, comme par exemple les groupes caractéristiques du Paléozoïque tels que les coraux tabulés ou encore les trilobites (Sepkoski, 2002). Cependant, si la Vie a failli s’éteindre à l’aube du Mésozoïque, celle-ci a tout de même pu se reconstruire, au prix d’une rediversification communément admise comme lente et difficile dans des conditions environnementales délétères (e.g., Twitchett, 1999 ; Fraiser & Bottjer, 2007 ; Meyer et al., 2011 ; Chen & Benton, 2012). De grands paradigmes sont couramment associés à la rediversification du Trias inférieur (illustrés dans la Figure R.1a) :La présence de taxons « désastre », représentant des organismes opportunistes et généralistes qui auraient proliféré à la suite de la libération de niches écologiques laissées vacantes par les métazoaires disparus (e.g. ; Schubert & Bottjer, 1992, 1995 ; Rodland & Bottjer, 2001 ; He et al., 2007) ;Des faciès dit « anachroniques », composés de récifs exclusivement microbiens tels ceux trouvés dans les dépôts Précambriens (e.g., Schubert & Bottjer, 1992 ; Woods et al., 1999 ; Pruss & Bottjer, 2005 ; Pruss et al., 2005 ; Woods, 2009) ;Un effet « Lilliput », soit un nanisme généralisé des faunes présentes (e.g., Urbanek, 1993 ; Hautmann & Nützel, 2005 ; Payne, 2005 ; Twitchett, 2007 ; Fraiser et al., 2011 ; Metcalfe et al., 2011 ; Song et al., 2011) ;Une anoxie/euxinie généralisée dans le domaine marin, y compris littoral (e.g., Isozaki, 1997 ; Meyer et al., 2011 ; Song et al., 2012 ; Grasby et al., 2013).Fig. R.1 : a) Représentation synthétique des principaux paradigmes communément acceptés pour la rediversification biologique au cours du Trias inférieur. b) Représentation synthétique de ces mêmes paradigmes, révisés selon les données récemment recueillies dans le bassin ouest-américain (d’après Brayard, 2015). Inf. : inférieur ; m. : moyen ; s./sup. : supérieur (...)
In the wake of the Mesozoic, the Early Triassic (~251.95 Ma) corresponds to the aftermath of the most severe mass extinction of the Phanerozoic: the end-Permian crisis, when life was nearly obliterated (e.g., 90% of marine species disappeared). Consequences of this mass extinction are thought to have prevailed for several millions of years, implying a delayed recovery lasting the whole Early Triassic, if not more.Several paradigms have been established and associated to a delayed biotic recovery scenario expected to have resulted from harsh and deleterious paleoenvironments. These paradigms include a global anoxia in the marine realm, a “Lilliput” effect, and the presence of “disaster” taxa and “anachronistic” facies. However, recent works have shown a more complex global scheme for the Early Triassic recovery, and that a reevaluation of these paradigms was needed. Especially, new data from the western USA basin were critical in re-addressing these paradigms.The western USA basin is the result of a long tectono-sedimentary history that started 2 Gyr ago by the amalgamation of different lithospheric terranes forming its basement. A succession of orogenies and quiescence phases led to the formation of several successive basins in the studied area, and traces of this important geodynamical activity are still present today. The Sonoma orogeny occurred about 252 Ma in response to the eastward migration of drifting arcs toward the Laurentian craton. As a result, compressive constrains lead to the obduction of the Golconda Allochthon above the west-Pangea margin in present-day Nevada. Emplacement of this topographic load provoked the lithosphere flexuration beneath present-day Utah and Idaho to form the Sonoma Foreland Basin (SFB) studied in this work.The SFB record an excellent fossil and sedimentary record of the Early Triassic. A relatively high and complex biotic diversity has been observed there leading to describe a rapid and explosive recovery for some groups (e.g., ammonoids) in this basin after the end-Permian crisis. The sedimentary record is also well developed and has been studied extensively for a long time. Overall, these studies notably documented a marked difference between the northern and southern sedimentary succession within the basin, whose origin was poorly understood.This work therefore aims to characterize the various depositional settings in the Early Triassic SFB, as well as their paleogeographical distribution. Their controlling factors are also studied based on an original integrated method using sedimentological, paleontological, geochemical, geodynamical, structural and cartographic analyses. Aside the fossil and sedimentary discrepancy between the northern and the southern parts of the SFB, geochemical analyses provide new insights supporting this N/S dichotomy. This study also questions the validity of the geochemical signal as a tool for global correlation, as it appears to mainly reflect local forcing parameters.The geodynamical framework of the SFB was also investigated along with a numerical modelling of the rheological behavior of the basin. This work distinguishes the northern and southern parts of the basin based on markedly distinct tectonic subsidence rates during the Early Triassic: ~500 m/Myr in the northern part vs ~100m/Myr in the southern part. Origin of this remarkable difference is found in inherited properties of the basin basement itself. Indeed, different ages and therefore, rheological behaviors (i.e., rigidity to deformation and flexuration) of the basement lithospheric terranes act as a major controlling factor over the spatial distribution of the subsidence, and therefore of the sedimentary deposition. The lithosphere heritage is thus of paramount importance in the formation, development and spatio-temporal evolution of the SFB.This work leads to a new paleogeographical representation of the Sonoma Foreland Basin and its multi-parameter controlling factors (...)

Les sources statistiques et bibliographiques montrent que l’industrie grecque des 50 dernières années n’est pas un champ de ruines que la crise récente aurait achevé de détruire. Elle a suivi l’évolution générale dans le monde du produit industriel vers le service industriel et des formes immatérielles ou culturelles et de ce fait a échappé au regard des historiens. Elle tient en Grèce une place analogue à celle qu’elle occupe dans l’Union Européenne. Sa spécialisation s’est fortement accrue du fait de son insertion dans des espaces concurrentiels et du fait de la crise. Elle occupe des espaces originaux en Grèce, qui favorisent l’évolution du produit et sa diffusion sur l’ensemble du territoire, loin de l’opposition traditionnelle entre Athènes et la province. Sa diaspora dans le monde a construit un commerce extérieur particulièrement ouvert.L’entreprise est le lieu géométrique de la croissance, comme elle l’est de l’adaptation à la crise, particulièrement violente depuis 2010. L’entreprise a conduit la restructuration industrielle, la réduction de l’emploi et la modification des formes d’emploi, mais aussi le rétablissement de la productivité et la restauration de son autonomie financière. Cette dernière est construite de manière originale, reposant aussi bien sur l’autofinancement familial que sur des pratiques de report de paiement des dettes bancaires et administratives. Ces stratégies d’entreprise invitent à observer de plus près l’entrepreneurialité en Grèce, sa vigueur, ses caractéristiques en termes de taille, de forme juridique et d’emploi. Elles orientent vers le rôle de la famille et de ses valeurs dans la construction historique de l’esprit d’entreprise, des propriétés de certaines branches d’industrie, du rapport de l’entreprise à l’Etat
The statistical and bibliographical sources show that the Greek Industry of the last 50 years is not a field of ruins which the recent crisis would have finished destroying. It has followed the general evolution in the world of the industrial product towards the industrial service and the immaterial or cultural forms and thereby escaped to historians sight. It holds in Greece a place similar to that hold in the European Union. Its specialization strongly increased because of its insertion in competitive spaces and because of the crisis. It occupies original spaces in Greece, which favor the evolution of the product and its distribution on the whole territory, far from the traditional opposition between Athens and the province. His Diaspora in the world helped to build aparticularly opened foreign trade. The company is the geometrical place of the growth, as it is of the adaptation to the crisis, particularly violent since 2010. The company led the industrial restructuring, the reduction of the employment and the modification of the forms of employment, but also the recovery of the productivity and the restoration of its financial autonomy. The latter is built in a original way, based as well on the family self-financing as on the practices of delaying payments of bank and administrative debts. These corporate strategies invite to a closer observation of the entrepreneurialité in Greece, its vigour, its characteristics in terms of size, legal form and employment. They point to the role of the family and its values in the historic construction of the entrepreneurial spirit, in properties of some branches of industry, in the relation between companies and the State

Dans un département frontalier du nord-est de la France, matériellement et humainement meurtri par la grande guerre, de nombreux étrangers sont venus pour reconstruire. La population, pourtant habituée depuis longtemps a côtoyer des belges, supporte difficilement cette présence qui rappelle trop les affres de l'occupation. Cependant, durant les années vingt, le flux migratoire est intense pour répondre aux besoins d'une agriculture qui manque de bras et d'une industrie en plein essor. Quand la crise survient, les députes ardennais, du fait d'une forte pression populaire, militent pour qu'une loi de limitation du nombre des ouvriers étrangers soit votée. Une forte décrue commence dès 1931 et se poursuit jusqu'en 1936. Cependant les flux ne se sont pas taris. Agriculteurs du sud des Ardennes et industriels de la vallée de la Meuse continuent à employer une main-d’œuvre exogène. Ainsi, une partie des étrangers présents depuis plusieurs années s'enracinent sur le sol ardennais tandis que d'autres continuent à arriver. En 1939, trois familles nationales sont à part presque égale, les belges, les italiens et les polonais. L'analyse des formes et des limites de la décrue des années trente prouve que la situation frontalière génère des situations originales. Les crises internationales révèlent l'ambiguïté des comportements à l'égard d'étrangers, qui, quel que soit leur degré d'intégration, sont considères souvent comme des hôtes "indésirables" pour une nation en danger. Malgré une certaine méfiance alliée à la fierté nationale, leur intégration se fait. Il reste que la présence des étrangers est économiquement et démographiquement indispensable
At the time of reconstruction, many foreigners came to a department in the north east border zone of France, which had suffered materially and humanly from world war i. The population was used to mixing with belgians, yet they had difficulties in bearing that foreign presence, which reminded them of the torments they had been subjected to during the occupation. However in the 1920s, a significant migratory flow took place, as it corresponded to the needs of an agriculture which was short of manpower, as well as an industry in full expansion. When the crisis happened, the deputies from the Ardennes, urged by popular pressure, campaigned to pass a law which was to limit the number of foreign workers. The flow dropped from 1931 to 1936. Yet, it didn't stop. The farmers in the south of the Ardennes, and the manufacturers of the Meuse valley, kept hiring an exogenous manpower. Thus, a part of the foreigners who had lived in the Ardennes for several years settled there, while others were still arriving. In 1939, three national groups were represented : the belgians, the italians, and the poles. The analysis of the forms and limits of the drop which took place in the 1930s shows that being in a border zone generates original situations. The international crises revealed how ambiguous the attitudes toward foreigners could be. Whatever their degree of integration might be, they were often regarded as "undesirable" guests by the endangered nation. But in spite of some distrust and national pride, they managed to fit in. It is a fact that presence of foreigners is indispensable from economic and demographic points of view

Face aux nouveaux conflits armés en Afrique, généralement à caractèreinterne, même si le caractère international ou internationalisé n'est jamaiséloigné, l'internationalisation de leur règlement affecte tout naturellement lemodèle de reconstruction proposé.Les Accords de paix sont devenus les vecteurs, sinon, l'expression de cetteinternationalisation sans s'écarter de leur fonction d'instrument dereconstruction du pacte national. Le modèle de reconstructioninternationalisé qui en découle postule la mise sur pied d'un État de droitinternationalisé comme référant lequel s'appuie sur la justice internationalecomme garde-fou.Si ce modèle dans la pratique des États du panel sous examen dans cette étudereste globalement théorique faute de substantialité, il n'en demeure pas moinsla seule voie perfectible dans un monde aux intérêts aussi antagonistes avecune telle perméabilité des normes et ordres juridiques qui reflètentl'effritement de l'État classique et sa souveraineté.De telle sorte que dans les processus de paix, l'ordre international pénètre lenoyau dur de l'ordre interne pour pallier à ses défaillances structurelles, lerestaurer, non sans lui imposer un modèle de sortie de crise. Cette étudedémontre la nécessité d'enrichir ce modèle en fonction de paramètres internessans renoncer à l'universalité de ses valeurs et principes
The latest armed conflicts in Africa are generally local, though potentiallyinternational or internationalised, white the internationalisation of theirresolution naturally impacts on the proposed models of reconstruction.Peace agreements have become the vector, if not the very expression, of thisinternationalisation, white still acting as instruments of the reconstruction ofthe national pact.The basic premise of the ensuing model of internationalised reconstruction isthe implementation of an internationalised rule of law that will act as a pointofreference while relying on the international criminaljustice system.This model is mostly theoretical in the panel of countries under study. Yet it isalso the only perfectible solution in a world based on such antagonisticinterests, and porous norms and legal orders leading to the erosion of thestandard model of state. As part of these peace processes, international orderthus supports failing states to restore them while imposing a way out of thecrisis

Depuis plus de deux décennies, un nombre d’Etats africains dits du champ de la Conférence Internationale sur la Région des Grands Lacs sont enlisés dans des conflits armés à la fois intra-étatiques et internationalisés. Du génocide rwandais aux guerres civiles au Congo-Brazzaville, en Angola, en Ouganda, au Burundi, ou encore aux violences politiques armées incessantes en Centrafrique, en passant par la Grande Guerre Africaine en RDC, nombreux et importants sont les mécanismes de résolution de conflits qui ont été expérimentés, de nature aussi bien bilatérale, communautaire, régionale, qu’onusienne. Malheureusement, les concepts de sortie de crise et de reconstruction post-conflit demeurent de vains mots, eu égard aux résurgences et aux prolongements des conflits dans cette Région. Ainsi, en mobilisant l’approche néo-élitiste s’inscrivant dans un dépassement de la réalité empirique, après avoir passé en revue toutes les grandes théories philosophico-politico-sociologiques des élites, défendues par les auteurs classiques comme Wilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca etc., d’un côté, et en recourant à la théorie de Johan Galtung de paix négative versus paix positive, d’autre part, cette étude se propose de mettre en évidence le rôle des élites dirigeantes dans la dynamique de pacification de la Région. Et après avoir défini et déterminé celles-ci, le travail démontre la difficulté de résoudre les conflits due à l’hétérogénéité sociologique caractérisant la Région. Puis, il souligne les mécanismes de l’entretien d’une paix négative par les élites dirigeantes, en interaction avec les autres protagonistes
For more than two decades, a number of African States within the scope of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region have sunk into both armed intrastate and domestic conflicts. From the Rwandan genocide to civil wars in Congo-Brazzaville, Angola, Uganda, and Burundi, or the constantly armed political violence in the Central African Republic (CAR), through the Great African War in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), numerous and important mechanisms for conflict resolution have been experienced, bilateral, communitarian, regional, as well as Onusian. Unfortunately, the concepts relative to the end of crisis and post-conflict reconstruction still remain empty words, given the revivals and extensions of conflicts in that Region. Thus, by mobilizing the neo-elitist approach which goes the empirical reality, after reviewing all the major elitist philosophical, political and sociological theories defended by the classical authors such as Wilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, etc. On one hand, and by resorting to Johan Galtung’s theory on negative peace versus positive peace, on the other, this dissertation aims at highlighting the role played by governing Elites in the peace process within the Region. After defining these elites, this monography shows the difficulties of solving conflicts due to the regional sociodemographic heterogeneity. Then, it emphasizes mechanisms for keeping negative peace by the governing Elites, in interaction with other protagonists

This thesis analyses the processes through which the United States sought to influence the political and social reconstruction of occupied Japan and Germany in the aftermath of the Second World War. An important aspect of this was debate within the US over what kind of peace settlement to be imposed on the defeated states. The debate over whether this settlement should be harsh or more moderate involved different visions of the political and social reconstruction and futures of Japan and Germany. While both arguments shared the same basic aims of democratisation, deradicalisation, and demilitarisation, they different substantially on how to achieve these aims. One aspect of moderate plans was the establishment of international criminal tribunals to try the leadership of the defeated regimes deemed responsible for the atrocities committed. An important part of the prosecution arguments was the idea of the victimisation of the Japanese and German people by their own governments. This was an important part of moderate peace arguments and extended into the political and social reforms implemented during the occupations. This idea of victimisation was not only held by the Japanese and German people, but by the occupiers as well.

Pendant les années de la reconstruction, le territoire libanais a connu une prolifération ubiquiste des grands ensembles, un modèle architectural profitant des exemptions de hauteur et de gabarit hors des règlements en vigueur. Le contexte politique, idéologique et socio-économique qui avait favorisé l’adoption législative de ce modèle, a stimulé cette prolifération à la période de la reconstruction adoptant les représentations de la mondialisation et évoquant l’image des tours. De par leur conception, les grands ensembles posent d’abord la question de l’intégration au tissu existant et au paysage. L’urbanisation sauvage des zones naturelles et agricoles et les menaces sérieuses aux rapports sociaux et aux ressources socio-économiques des micros sociétés où ils s’implantent sont aussi des représentations de leur mauvaise intégration. D’ailleurs, les grands ensembles suscitent d’autres problématiques portant des effets plus néfastes. L’adoption du système de fermeture pose la question de la cohésion sociale en menaçant les notions de citoyenneté et de solidarité sociale. Les politiques d’encouragement des investissements, qui ont pris à cette période une ampleur non anticipée, ont touché, en premier lieu, les promoteurs de construction. Portant les promesses d’une grande rentabilité, ce modèle a séduit ces promoteurs, même ceux n’ayant pas de compétences professionnelles et financières suffisantes. Le trébuchement de plusieurs opérations des grands ensembles a suscité des problèmes sociaux majeurs qui persistent toujours. Il s’agit alors d’apprécier le modèle des grands ensembles au Liban qui demeure un modèle de foisonnement des problèmes urbains et sociaux
During the years of reconstruction, the Lebanese territory has been a widespread proliferation of “grands ensembles”, an architectural model taking advantage of height exemptions and mastering off regulations in force. The political, ideological and socio-economic context which had facilitated the legislative adoption of this model has stimulated this proliferation in this period of reconstruction, adopting globalized representations and evoking the image of the towers. By design, “grands ensembles” first pose the question of integrating the existing fabric and the landscape. The wild urbanization of natural and agricultural areas are considered serious threats on social relationships and on the socio-economic resources of micro-societies where they were implanted; this represents the bad integration of such architectural model. At the same time, “grands ensembles” raise other issues with more harmful effects. The adoption of the sealing system is a question of social cohesion. It is threatening to the concepts of citizenship and social solidarity. Investment policies that took in this period a huge importance, touched in the first place, building developers. Bearing promises of high profitability, this model seduced these same proponents, those not having enough professional and financial skills. Several problems touched some “grands ensembles” construction operations and caused major social problems that still persist. So it seems, the “grands ensembles” model in Lebanon remains a model of expansion of urban and social problems

Cette thèse de doctorat, en géographie-aménagement du territoire, porte sur l’étude des impacts sociaux d’une inondation majeure en région francilienne. Les impacts sociaux sont compris, dans ces travaux, comme les effets de l’inondation sur la population, ses conditions et moyens d’existence. Elle comprend trois objectifs de recherche complémentaires : (1) l’évaluation par modélisation sous SIG des besoins sociaux en cas d’évacuation massive ; (2) l’étude qualitative de la prise en charge des populations en gestion de crise par les autorités ; (3) la cartographie des impacts sociaux post-catastrophe, et la modélisation des besoins de reconstruction.La méthodologie élaborée comprend une approche mixte, fondée sur le croisement d’analyses statistiques et géomatiques d’une part, et d’analyses qualitatives d’autre part. Les premières s’appuient sur le traitement de données de recensement, permettant d’identifier sur un plan sociodémographique les populations et de caractériser leurs besoins dans les différentes phases d’une inondation, à court terme dans l’évacuation et l’hébergement d’urgence, à long terme dans le relogement et la reconstruction. A ce titre, les travaux se fondent sur la littérature internationale, qui est interrogée de près sur les retours d’expérience de catastrophes passées afin d’identifier les facteurs prédictifs du comportement des populations dans un contexte de crise puis de reconstruction. Ces analyses donnent notamment lieu au développement d’indices synthétiques cartographiés, permettant de représenter la capacité des populations à évacuer et à trouver un hébergement d’urgence, d’une part, et d’autre part leur capacité à se reconstruire. Ces indices sont ensuite croisés aux données d’exposition face à l’aléa, pour des scénarios d’inondation d’ampleur catastrophique. Les secondes consistent dans des études descriptives et interprétatives de données qualitatives de sources diverses : documentation écrite, observations, entretiens semi-directifs. Ces sources permettent de caractériser les dispositifs de prise en charge des populations en cas d’inondation massive, par les autorités responsables, de l’échelle communale à l’échelle régionale. L’analyse qualitative permet donc d’identifier des moyens, les analyses statistiques des besoins sociaux : la confrontation des deux permet de caractériser les impacts sociaux de l’inondation.Les résultats sont présentés dans le cadre d’une approche résolument géographique, à travers un corpus de cartes disponible jusqu’à l’échelle communale. A court terme, face aux enjeux de l’évacuation massive, jusqu’à 700 000 personnes pourraient être évacuées pour un scénario d’inondation similaire à celui de la crue de référence de janvier 1910, 1,1 million pour une crue d’ampleur supérieure. 120 000 personnes devraient être prises en charge dans des centres d’hébergement d’urgence dans la première hypothèse, 200 000 dans la seconde. A plus long terme, nombre de structures et infrastructures nécessaires au maintien et au retour des populations sur un territoire donné pourraient être endommagées, avec des disparités spatiales particulièrement marquées : une douzaine de municipalités de plus de dix mille habitants pourraient dépasser le seuil d’endommagement de 30% de leurs structures et infrastructures, alors même qu’elles présentent pour certaines une faible ou médiocre capacité de reconstruction. Les résultats mettent aussi en avant le caractère temporel de la vulnérabilité, qui n’apparaît plus comme un tout uniforme : les populations vulnérables dans la phase d’évacuation ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes que celles qui le sont pendant la phase d’hébergement, a fortiori de reconstruction. De la même façon, les disparités géographiques observées, entre départements, entre communes, varient de façon marquée selon les enjeux, des besoins de prise en charge face à l’évacuation massive jusqu’à la reconstruction
This doctoral thesis in geography and space planning addresses the social impacts of a major flood in Ile-de-France region (France). Social impacts relate to the effects of a flood on populations and their living situations. The thesis meets three different but complementary objectives: (1) the assessment on a GIS of social needs in the hypothesis of a massive evacuation; (2) a qualitative study of the ability of authorities to take care of populations in a crisis management situation; (3) the mapping of long-term social impacts and the assessment of recovery and reconstruction needs.Our methodology relies on a hybrid approach, mixing statistical and GIS analyses on one part, and qualitative analyses on the other part. On the one hand, census data are processed so as to identify populations on a social and demographic level. It is essential in order to caracterize their needs during the different phases of a flood, from evacuation and sheltering to the process of recovery and reconstruction. As such, this study is based upon a state-of-the-art on past disasters, which identifies predictors of the behavior of populations during and after a disaster. Our GIS and statistical analyses lead to the mapping of synthetic indexes, aiming at representing the population ability to evacuate and to find a shelter by their own means, on the short term, and to recover on the long term. Theses indexes are then crossed to hazard data, applied to major flood scenarios. On the other hand, qualitative data from diverse sources (interviews, observations, written material) are decribed and interpreted in order to identify the means et strategies planned by the local and regional authorities to take care of their populations during a major flood. By comparing means, through qualitative analyses, and numerical and mapped social needs, through GIS and statistical analyses, one is able to caracterize the social impacts of a flood in Ile-de-France region.Results are presented in the context of a geographic approach, through a series of maps available from regional scale to local scale. On the short term during the flood, up to 700,000 people could be evacuated and 120,000 sheltered, for a flood similar to the 100-year flood of 1910. 1,100,000 people would be evacuated, 200,000 sheltered, for a flood superior to the 1910 flood. On the long term, many structures and infrastructures crucial for the livability of the city could be damaged, with striking geographic inequalities. A dozen of municipalities with over 10,000 inhabitants would exceed the damage threshold of 30% of their structures and infrastructures, while some of them feature a weak recovery and reconstruction capability. Results also highlights the temporal aspect of vulnerability. Vulnerable populations during the evacuation step may not be the same during the sheltering step, or the recovery and reconstruction phases. In the same way, geographic inequalities, between departments, between municipalities, greatly vary according to the stakes, from massive evacuation to reconstruction

"Rwanda was largely destroyed in 1994. Among an endless host of problems, highly complex questions and dilemmas of justice, unity, and reconciliation haunt Rwanda to this day. A basic question confronting Rwanda is how to deal with the legacy of the conflict that culminated in the genocide of the Tutsi and in the massacres of Hutu opponents of the genocide. The UN set up an International Criminal Tribunal in Arusha, Tanzania, and Rwanda has its own courts. In both cases, the process of trying accused genocidaires is long, laborious, and frustrating. Only eight convictions have been handed down in Arusha after five years of work, while in Rwanda only some 3,000 cases have been disposed of. At least 120,000 detainees are in prisons around the country, the vast majority of whom are accused of participation in the genocide. At the present rate it is estimated that it will take anywhere between two and four centuries to try all those in detention. The Rwandese government has developed a new procedure called “gacaca,” lower-level tribunals that attempt to blend traditional and contemporary mechanisms to expedite the justice process in a way that promotes reconciliation. The impact of gacaca remains to be seen, and as a process, it certainly needs an evaluation or, at least, an attempt to evaluate its possible contribution to the perplexing questions of justice, unity and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide. This paper mainly aims to analyse the draft legislation on the gacaca jurisdictions. Further, this essay attempts to examine the impact of criminal trials in the aftermath of mass violence and genocide. Although conventional wisdom holds that criminal trials promote several goals, including uncovering the truth; avoiding collective accountability by individualising guilt; breaking cycle of impunity; deterring future war crimes; providing closure for the victims and fostering democratic institutions, little is known about the role that judicial intervention have in rebuilding societies. The present essay deals only with criminal trials. By definition, these are focused on the perpetrators of abuses and their allies. Although not examined in the essay, a comprehensive and holistic approach to dealing with a legacy of past atrocities should also include range of victim-focused efforts, such as programs for compensation and rehabilitation, the establishment of memorials, and the organisation of appropriate commemorations. The main sources of this study are textbooks, articles from journals and official documents of national and international bodies. Since this essay aims at evaluating the gacaca proposals, a great deal of attention is paid to the terms of the draft legislation. It is certainly premature to make an in-depth assessment of a draft law and the merits and flaws of the legal institution it is designed to set up. Only gradually and over a period of time can the gacaca become effective and credible. Further research aimed at gathering data through interviews, field observations, participant observation, study and analysis of the implementation can also illuminate experience in ways that analysis of published sources do not. A thorough and sound appraisal of this new institution must therefore wait some time. I shall nevertheless attempt in this essay to set out some initial and tentative comments on some of the salient traits of the future gacaca tribunals. This paper makes a preliminary “human rights impact assessment” of the implementation of the draft law establishing “gacaca jurisdictions”. The potential role of the new institution in rebuilding the Rwandese society is also discussed. Considering the many complex issues which still surround the process of justice in Rwanda six years after the genocide, as well as the continuing challenge to the judicial system in terms of the inadequacy of resources for dealing with such an enormous caseload, recommendations to help the process follow the analysis of the gacaca proposals (Chapter Three). To end impunity, it is necessary to respond in accordance with human rights law to the genocide and mass killings. Therefore, the starting point for our evaluation of the gacaca proposals will be an analysis of the proposals in human rights law. Does human rights law impose any affirmative duties to punish genocide and other mass killings that occurred in Rwanda? In addition, for the “gacaca jurisdictions” to be effective, they should not be viewed in isolation, as their performance will depend to a large extent on whether other judicial mechanisms and institutions are functioning properly. The relationships between the gacaca jurisdiction and other mechanisms are thus reviewed. In particular, the process of setting up the gacaca jurisdictions should include an evaluation of the genocide trials which have taken place to date both at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and in the domestic courts and apply the lessons learnt (Chapter Two). An evaluation of the potential contribution of the use of gacaca courts needs to be put into the broader context of the conflict in Rwanda. Thus, an analysis of the conflict in Rwanda is necessary to grasp the challenges facing the questions of justice and social reconstruction in the aftermath of genocide in Rwanda (Chapter One)." -- Introduction.
Prepared under the supervision of Professor Jeremy Sarkin, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2000.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

Après près d'une décennie de crise, l'heure est actuellement à la reconstruction en côte d'ivoire. Et au cœur de ce processus de stabilisation, deux enjeux se distinguent : la viabilité actuelle et future de l’État ivoirien dans la gestion post-conflictuelle de sa crise ainsi que les suivis de deux processus primordiaux pour apprécier la régénérescence de ce pays, à savoir le redéploiement de l'administration et le réaménagement du territoire. En effet, l’État ivoirien est-il à même d'être le maître d’œuvre de sa restructuration ? Le redéploiement de l'administration, maintes fois annoncé, sera-t-il effectif et permettra t-il au pouvoir central de recouvrir son emprise sur l'ensemble du territoire ? est-il possible de faire coïncider les anciens programmes d'aménagement avec les nouveaux enjeux résultant du conflit ivoirien ? l’État ivoirien procèdera t-il à une refonte de sa politique d'aménagement ? Cette dernière, si elle a lieu, contribuera t-elle à une meilleure répartition des ressources et au bien-être général des populations ? Mais aussi, l’État ivoirien envisagera t-il le réaménagement de son territoire avec une vision sous-régionale ou non ? Autant d'interrogations que cette étude a le mérite d'aborder et d'approfondir. De plus, en analysant la sortie de crise ivoirienne sous cet angle, ce travail revisite l'Histoire de ce pays, de sa création à sa reconstruction actuelle, en passant, bien évidemment par sa période de déstabilisation. En outre, cette analyse constitue une avancée pour la gestion des crises en Afrique subsaharienne, la confrontant aux aspects sociologique, psychologique et surtout géographique du sujet
After almost a decade of crisis, time is up for reconstruction in Ivory Coast. And at the heart of this process of stabilization, two stakes distinguish themselves: the current and future viability of the Ivorian State in a post-conflicting management of its crisis as well as the follow-ups of two essential processes to appreciate the re-building of this country, namely the redeployment of Administration and the refitting of the territory. Indeed, Is the Ivorian State to be the master of work of its restructuring? The redeployment of Administration, many times announced, will it be genuine and will it allow central power to spread its influence on the whole territory? Is it possible to accommodate former programs of development with new stakes? Will Ivory Coast proceed to a revision of its strategy of development? Is the strategies adopted in favor of a better distribution of resources and a general welfare of populations? Another aspect, will Ivory Coast plan its territorial reorganization with a sub-regional vision or not? Such a lot of questions this study has the merit to explore and to deepen. Furthermore, by analyzing this re-building of Ivory Coast, we are revisiting the History of this country, through its creation, its building, its crises and destabilizations and the current reconstruction. Finally, this analysis constitutes an advance in the area of crisis management in Sub-Saharan Africa, facing sociological, psychological and especially geographical aspects of the issue

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étudier la création à Lyon de l’association « La Sauvegarde de l’enfance » sous le régime de Vichy. L’étude de cet « objet » a nécessité de désenclaver la période, afin de mettre davantage en évidence le rôle majeur des années de l’Entre-deux guerres dans l’élaboration d’un dispositif de prise en charge de l’enfance irrégulière et endanger moral. Et par conséquent d’inscrire cette étude dans la double continuité : années 30/Vichy, Vichy/Reconstruction. Ce temps étudié, met en évidence le rôle central que va jouer, tout au long des années 1935-1949, la neuropsychiatrie infantile dans l’élaboration du dispositif de prise en charge de l’enfance. Cela dans un contexte de forte médicalisation desquestions sociales. Au travers de cet objet historique, « La Sauvegarde de l’enfance », nous avons pu étudier au plus près la construction d’un rapport complexe entre l’Etat en pleine affirmation de son autorité, de renforcement de ses pouvoirs et l’Association comme expression de la société civile. Ce rapport complexe, fait de tensions, d’injonctions, et de reconnaissance mutuelle, s’inscrit dans une tradition élaborée dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle qui est celle du « concordat social », de la nécessité d’un compromis qui produit ce que Pierre Rosanvallon nomme « le jacobinisme amendé ». La Sauvegarde de l’enfance à Lyon, sera, entre 1943 et 1949, l’expression de cet amendement du jacobinisme. Cette étude a enfin permis de montrer, dans un contexte historique singulier, le rôle important des acteurs individuels ou collectifs, acteurs qui le plus souvent s’inscrivent au sein de réseaux et qui élaborent des stratégies. Ainsi au coeur de l’Occupation allemande, sous l’Etat Français de Vichy dans sa période la plus noire, des acteurs associatifs et politiques se donnent des marges de manoeuvres, négocient. Cette France au plus près du terrain a pu exprimer et réaliser ses vues, du moins les négocier, grâce à un contexte qui, paradoxalement, ne faisait pas de la protection de l’enfance une priorité de l’Etat. C’est là, au cours de cette séquence historique majeure, que les politiques de protection de l’enfance entrent dans un âge nouveau, que s’élabore un dispositif : fait d’un discours, d’une législation, d’institutions, de professionnels notamment
The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to study the creation process of the association « Sauvegarde de l’enfance » (protection/safeguard of childhood) in Lyon under the Vichy regime. This PhD disseration has required to open the period to the years which have preceded and followed the Vichy regime in order to evidence among others the major contribution of the inter-war period to the development of a scheme aiming at taking care of children in an irregular situation and in moral danger. And as a result to place this study in the double continuity : 30s/Vichy and Vichy/postwar reconstruction. The studied period highlighths the central role played by child neuropsychiatry through the years 1935-1949 in the development of the childcare system/scheme, in a context of heavy medicalisation of social matters. Through the historical object « The Protection/safeguard of childhood » it has been possible to study closely the development of a complex relation between the State - in a period where its authority grew significantly and got strengthened - and the associations / « the Association » as representative of the civil society. This complex relation, made of tensions, injonctions and mutual recognition, ties in a tradition developed during the last third of the 19th Century, the tradition of « social concordat », of the necessity of a compromise which developed into what Pierre Rosanvallon calls « the amended jacobinism ». The « Sauvegarde de l’enfance » in Lyon will be between 1943 and 1949 the expression of this amendment to jacobinism. This study has eventually allowed to show in a special historical context the important role of individual and collective actors, who most often relate to networks and work out strategies. Thus in the darkest period of the German occupation under the Vichy State its, associative and political actors negotiate. This France in contact with day-to-day realities has had the possibility to express and achieve its visions/intentions/aims/targets, at least negotiate them, thanks to a context where the State paradoxically did not prioritize the protection of childhood. It is in this period, during this major historical sequence, that policies aiming at protecting childhood entered into a new period ; this is when a care scheme has developped, made especially of an argumentation, a legislation and institutions

Cette thèse est consacrée à la gestion transnationale du séisme survenu en Haïti le 12 janvier 2010. Fréquemment associé à la notion d’urgence complexe depuis le début des années deux mille, ce pays insulaire a accueilli à cette occasion un déploiement massif d’opérateurs externes et de dispositifs rationalisés d’assistance. La prise en charge de cette crise permet d’illustrer les effets contradictoires des logiques humanitaires tout en considérant le rôle ambivalent de l’État sinistré. Qualifié de défaillant ou fragile par les bailleurs de fonds, ce dernier reste de jure le premier responsable en vertu du principe de souveraineté. Pour autant, cette instance a connu un affaiblissement continu depuis la transition entamée à la chute du régime duvaliériste en 1986, à tel point que le pays est administré par un assemblage complexe d’acteurs à la veille du tremblement de terre. La catastrophe perturbe donc cette configuration en suscitant une mobilisation internationale sans précédent. Cette recherche propose d’explorer, selon une démarche socio-historique, l’interaction entre le traitement du désastre, la trajectoire spécifique de cette construction étatique et les modes contemporains de gouvernement d’un espace fragilisé et dépendant. Il s’agira également d’envisager le processus de reconstruction à l’aune de ces recompositions
This doctoral dissertation is dedicated to the transnational management of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. Since the beginning of the 2000s, Haiti has often been categorized as a complex emergency. The 12 January 2010 earthquake triggered again a massive deployment of external humanitarian operators and streamlined assistance in the island. This particular example of crisis management illustrates the contradictory effects of humanitarian assistance and underlines the ambivalent role of a disaster-affected State. Whereas donors may consider the Haitian State failed or fragile, it remains de jure the main responsible entity under the principle of national sovereignty. Yet, since the political transition following the fall of the Duvalier regime in 1986, the Haitian State has been continuously weakened, leaving the country in the hands of a complex network of multiple actors in charge. As such, the earthquake, and the unprecedented international mobilisation it triggered, also destabilized this particular configuration of power. From a socio-historical perspective, this doctoral research explores the interaction between disaster management mechanisms, the specific trajectory of the Haitian statebuilding process, and the contemporary modes of government of a dependent and weakened political space. Furthermore, the reconstruction process will be analyzed throughout those reconfigurations

The paper explores the dynamics and moral economy surrounding vagrancy mass arrests in New Orleans following the Civil War. While vagrancy laws receive a brief mention in many Reconstruction studies, scholars have overlooked the phenomenon"'s remarkable particulars, under which Federal and local authorities incarcerated and forcibly relocated thousands of black and white children, women and men in New Orleans alone. More broadly, the paper interrogates the dynamics between race, labor, class, and constructions of criminality.
John Bardes

In this research, the role of forensic science with the use of forensic photography in the crime scene reconstruction process was evaluated. The researcher identified how SAPS detectives and Crime Scene Technicians (CST‟S) are currently conducting crime scene reconstructions by adopting forensic photography; furthermore, other methods in which forensic photography could be used to conduct crime scene reconstructions were explored. The researcher made use of an empirical design, as the information available on the research topic was limited. The empirical design, together with a qualitative research approach, allowed for real-life observations. The simple random sampling method was used to select 20:10 partcipants for this research as follows: Ten (10) detectives that investigate murder cases, and another ten (10) CST‟S that conducted crime scene reconstructions in the Durban Policing Area (DPA). Data was obtained using qualitative data collection methods that included a literature study and interviews. The findings of this research provide that the value of forensic science, as well as the use of forensic photography in the crime scene reconstruction process, was established. Evidently, detectives and CST‟S are not doing everything possible to reconstruct murder crime scenes. For recommendation, this research suggests that SAPS detectives and crime scene technicians (CST'S) adopt the fundamentals of forensic science when reconstructing murder crime scenes.
Criminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
106
There is a huge controversy over the elements of the crime of fraud of Taiwan (Article 339 of Taiwan Criminal Code), including the action of fraud, falling into the trap, the disposition of the property, and the damage of the whole property. To reconstruct the crime of fraud, this paper started with reviewing the legal interest of the property. I hold that the legal interest of the property should be regarded as the Property Dominance Relationship, not as the property itself. Therefore, the damage of the whole property could only be considered one of the factors in judging whether the Property Dominance Relationship is aggrieved. After all, the key to making the judgment lies in whether the victim’s freedom to dominate the property has interfered or not, and whether the Property Dominance Relationship deserves to be protected by the Criminal Law or not. As a result, there are two crucial issues derived from the concept of the legal interest of fraud. First, the action of fraud and falling into the trap, two of the elements of fraud, should correspond with the Property Dominance Relationship, which is worth the protection of the Criminal Law. Also considering the Error relating to Legal Interest, the theory of the consent of the victim, I hold that the victim’s freedom to dominate the property should be distinguished into the positive freedom and the passive freedom. The objective restrictions on the positive freedom and the passive freedom are different. Second, the disposition of the property, one of the elements of fraud, is related to the boundary between the crime of fraud and the crime of larceny, and furthermore the position of the computer fraud (from Article 339-1 to Article 339-3 of Taiwan Criminal Code). I hold that the differences between the crime of fraud and other property crimes lie in the varied means of interference of freedom. Accordingly, the computer fraud is similar to the crime of fraud. However, the computer fraud of Taiwan could not contain the action that misusing the device of Third-Party Payment.

This thesis is called the crime reconstruction. Adapted from a historical context, development of views on this issue, including legislation crime reconstruction and development of reconstruction of the crime, the notion of the nature and significance of forensic reconstruction, the concept of crime reconstruction, reconstruction of the essence of the offense, the importance of reconstruction of the crime; types of forensic reconstruction, as is the reconstruction of the scene, reconstruction of physical objects, reconstruction of the outer form of a man, thought reconstruction; function rekonstrukce offense; entities rekonstrukce offense; psychological assumptions of the reconstruction; tactics rekonstrukce crime, ie crime rekonstrukce preparation, basic tactical principles and procedures reconstruction of the crime, progress and reconstruction stages of the offense; documentation and evaluate the results and the reconstruction of the crime; relation to the reconstruction of a crime other investigative capacity, similarity with the reconstruction of the crime investigative experiment.

The Crime Scene Reconstruction Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the issue of crime scene reconstruction both from the point of view of criminal law and from the point of view of criminological science and practice. With the help of reconstruction as a means of evidence, which is classified in the Criminal Procedure Code as a special means of proof, the authorities involved in criminal proceedings try to find out the facts of the case, about which there is no reasonable doubt. Through reconstruction as a method of criminalistic practice, the factual circumstances under which the investigated crime was committed are restored. The main goal of this thesis is a detailed analysis of the crime scene reconstruction from a criminal and forensic point of view, and the result of this analysis is a chapter devoted to considerations de lege ferenda. The secondary goal of the diploma thesis is to compare the crime scene reconstruction with selected investigative acts with the help of a comparative method. The diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the comparison of the crime scene reconstruction with investigative acts, with which there are very frequent interchanges in criminal practice. Part of the first part is also an approximation of the legal regulation of reconstruction in...

The main topic of this thesis is the reconstruction of a crime. These special means of evidence are regulated in the provisions of § 104d of the Criminal Procedure Code. This act takes place if the situation in which the crime was committed is to be restored, or if the circumstances related to the crime are to be restored, if the testimony of the suspect, accused, co-accused, injured party or witness, is to be examined, but only if other evidence provided in the proceedings is not sufficient to clarify the case. In the first chapter, the topic of the legal regulation of the reconstruction of a crime is set in a historical context. The current legal regulation of this institute in the Czech legal system follows. Furthermore, the concept, meaning and types of forensic reconstruction are analysed, which is compared to selected special means of evidence, for which it is often incorrectly confused. As the reconstruction of a crime is a complex and very important mean of evidence, the merits of this thesis are devoted to the preparation, planning, the actual execution, documentation and evaluation of this act. Furthermore, the thesis describes two examples of crime reconstruction from practice and ends with considerations de lege ferenda.

博士
國立交通大學
科技法律研究所
104
Generally Domestic scholars and judicial personnel on the attitude of obstruction of justice tend to respond negatively; however, the questionnaire surveys conducted by the author of this article revealed that the majority of citizens in this country expressed their revulsion to obstruction of justice acts. It is obvious that if the problem of obstruction of justice cannot be solved, it will undermine the belief in the impartiality of the judicial system. In order to establish the authority and impartiality of the judicial system and to ensure due process of law, this dissertation referred a variety of theories and practices from developed countries which prohibit all types of obstruction of justice. This dissertation also concludes that people’s trust in the judicial investigations and trials must base on due process of law to discover the truth. The investigation authorities should strictly comply with the principles aforementioned. The defendant or the holders of relevant evidence should assist in discovering the truth on account of the act and omission obligation. Anyone who violates the truth obligation by unlawful means and thus impair the impartiality of the judiciary should be subjected to considerable sanctions, to protect against contamination judicial and make people convinced. Due to these grounds, this dissertation also detailed description of penalty of the obstruction of justice in the American legal system (U.S.C.) is provided as a reference for the legislation of Taiwan. 　Furthermore, after comparing Taiwan legal system with the American counterpart, and after quantitative research and qualitative research, the author found that there remains a number of loopholes in the law of obstruction of justice that needs to be closed. Therefore, the author of the dissertation puts forward some proposals to amend the Taiwanese criminal law, hoping to invite domestic academia, Judicial Officers and other legal persons to review, reflect on, and provide some lessons from this study to the legislature to plug these loopholes.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do tema B iniciado na cadeira de Seminário de Investigação, Atelier de Projeto II e continuada em Laboratório de Projeto 1 no ano letivo2020/2021. O tema apresentado foi “Cabo do Mundo 21 – Projeto para uma Cidade Urgente Post-Covid e Post-Carbono”. Dele resultou uma proposta de reconversão urbana da refinaria petrolífera de Leça da Palmeira numa perspetiva futura de descarbonização e pós-pandemia.Após uma contextualização local histórica e geográfica foi elaborada uma estratégia coletiva para toda a área da refinaria e para a área envolvente, dividindo-a por 3 fases de trabalho desenvolvidas em conformidade. A área que este projeto propõe está situada na zona norte da refinaria, onde é proposta a sua transformação numa “cidade-parque”.Na perspetiva da sustentabilidade, mobilidade e consciencialização sanitária para um quotidiano preparado para o futuro, é desenvolvida individualmente uma secção desta área. Implementa-se um programa de funções estratégicas e articuladas, o qual envolve a criação de uma estação de hidrogénio verde que alimente energeticamente os meios de transporte e idealmente a eletricidade doméstica, complementada pelo uso de energia obtida através de turbinas eólicas e painéis solares. É proposto neste projeto a implantação de edifícios de habitação coletiva e ateliês de trabalho, ambos numa perspetiva de co-living (co-housing e co-working). Estabelece-se ainda um paralelismo entre o meio urbano e o meio ambiente, com propostas de parques e hortas comunitárias (estas para produção e consumo próprio ou para troca num Mercado Biológico). O projeto é desenvolvido sob uma premissa de sistemas que trabalham em conformidade sustentável, mas que podem ser isolados garantindo um quotidiano dinâmico para uma vida mental e fisicamente saudável em situações pandémicas, como ocorre nos confinamentos. O projeto da nova cidade-parque propõe a reconversão do parque industrial, mantendo a sua memória, e gera a oportunidade de pensar a cidade e a arquitetura na perspetiva do condicionamento provocado por adversidades sociais e distanciamentos sanitários.
This thesis was developed under the theme B started in the Research Seminar, ProjectWorkshop II and was continued in the Project Laboratory 1 class in the academic year of2020/2021, “Cabo do Mundo 21 - Project for an Urgent City of Post-Covid and Post-Carbon”.This theme intends to develop a proposal for the requalification of the oil refinery in Leça da Palmeira in a future perspective of decarbonization and post-pandemic point of view.After a local historical and geographic contextualization, a collective strategy for the entire oil refinery area and its surroundings were drawn up, dividing it into 3 work areas developed accordingly. The area that this project proposes is located in the north of the refinery, unfinished and where a continuation of its morphology is proposed in a group dynamic that ends in a large park.From the perspective of sustainability, mobility and health awareness for a daily life prepared for the future, a section of this area is individually developed. With the implementation of a program of strategic and articulated functions, from a green hydrogen station that energetically supplies the means of transportation and, ideally, domestic electricity, supported by the use of wind farms and solar panels. This project proposes the installation of collective housing buildings and work studios, both from a Co-Living perspective. As well as the connection between the urban and the environment, with proposals for community parks and gardens (these for their own production and consumption of vegetables or fruit or for their exchange in a farmer’s market also proposed in this project). The project is developed under the premise of a few systems that work in sustainable compliance that can be isolated, always guaranteeing a dynamic and sustainable daily life for a mentally, physically and healthy life in pandemic situations, such as confinement.The project is developed for a new city park, an industrial requalification keeping its memory and an opportunity to think about the city and architecture in urban and social planning, in perspectives of conditioning caused by social adversities and sanitary distances.