Zeitschriftenartikel: „Crashaw“

1

Netzley, Ryan. „The English Poems of Richard Crashaw by Richard Crashaw“. Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 15, Nr. 4 (2015): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jem.2015.0031.

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2

RIVAS CARMONA, María del Mar. „Richard Crashaw; Andrew Marvell“. Hikma 6, Nr. 6 (01.10.2007): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/hikma.v6i6.6672.

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3

Labriola, Albert C. „Richard Crashaw and Mystical Contemplation“. Ultimate Reality and Meaning 21, Nr. 1 (März 1998): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/uram.21.1.48.

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4

Crashaw (book author), Richard, Richard Rambuss (book editor) und Kenneth Borris (review author). „The English Poems of Richard Crashaw“. Renaissance and Reformation 38, Nr. 1 (13.06.2015): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v38i1.22791.

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5

ROBERTS, JOHN R. „Recent Studies in Richard Crashaw (1977–1989)“. English Literary Renaissance 21, Nr. 3 (September 1991): 425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6757.1991.tb00747.x.

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6

Wong, A. T. „Mystic Excess: Extravagance and Indecorum in Richard Crashaw“. Cambridge Quarterly 39, Nr. 4 (01.12.2010): 350–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/camqtly/bfq019.

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7

Lamburn, D. J. „Petty Babylons, Godly Prophets, Petty Pastors and Little Churches: The Work of Healing Babel“. Studies in Church History 26 (1989): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400010986.

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On 14 February 1608, William Crashaw, who three years earlier had been vicar of St John’s Church in Beverley, preached a sermon at St Paul’s Cross. He took as his text a verse from Jeremiah—‘We would have cured Babel but she would not be healed; let us forsake her, and go every one to his own country.’ Yet Crashaw was no schismatic. His own career, beginning with his fellowship at St John’s College, Cambridge, had always been within the mainstream of the Established Church. In his will he set out the positions he had held as ‘the unworthy and unprofitable servant of God’. He had been ‘Preacher of God’s word first at Bridlington then at Beverley in Yorkshire. Afterwards at the Temple since then pastor of the Church at Agnes Burton in the diocese of York, now Pastor of that too great parish of White Chapel in the suburbs of London.’ There was much else besides; he had been one of the official editors of William Perkins, a writer of numerous works, whose sermons and catechisms were much sought after, one of the founders and shareholders in the New Virginia Company, with good connections at Court. At Paul’s Cross Crashaw condemned Brownists ‘who forsake our Church, and cut off themselves and separate themselves to a faction, and fashion, or as they call it, into a covenant or communion of their own devising’, just as much as those who ‘be such as refuse public places in the Church, and commonwealth, and retire themselves into private and discontented courses and will not be employed for the public’. In common with mainstream puritans he deeply disapproved of schismatics and was not above attacking them with the same vehemence he normally reserved for papists. It is ‘unthankful’ he wrote, to desert our Church. ‘There is indeed a true ministry of the word amongst us… We have the word truly preached.’ When Crashaw referred to the forsaking of Babel he had something very different in mind, for the solution this early seventeenth-century cleric offered concerned the Church’s ministry.

8

Johnson, Kimberly. „The English Poems of Richard Crashaw. Richard Crashaw. Ed. Richard Rambuss. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013. lxxxvi + 450 pp. $39.95.“ Renaissance Quarterly 68, Nr. 1 (2015): 411–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681431.

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9

Stringer, Gary, und John R. Roberts. „Richard Crashaw: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, 1632-1980“. South Central Review 4, Nr. 4 (1987): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3189031.

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10

Perry, Nandra. „Turning the Tables: Richard Crashaw Reads the Protestant Altar“. Studies in Philology 112, Nr. 2 (2015): 303–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sip.2015.0011.

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11

Schultz, Fabrice. „Alchemy and the Transformation of Matter in Richard Crashaw’s Poetry (1612-1649)“. Journal of Early Modern Studies 10, Nr. 2 (2021): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems202110214.

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This paper studies the English poems of Richard Crashaw (1612-1649) from a historicist and formalist perspective. It specifically considers Crashaw’s poetry in its religious but also intellectual and early scientific context to investigate the frequently overlooked influence of science on his poetry. Metaphors drawn from alchemy and particularly from the transformation of matter to achieve its purification and spiritualisation enrich the poet’s expression of mystical devotion to underline that access to the spiritual as well as mystical union with Christ are deeply rooted in the devotee’s body. Representations of the earth as a chemical laboratory focus on materiality and corporality to emphasise the constant movement animating matter. A form of spiritual alchemy underscores Crashaw’s Christocentrism and references to the metamorphoses of matter consistently aim to express mystical union. A meta-poetic analysis eventually highlights a significant analogy between reading and alchemical processes in order to demonstrate the anagogical aim of Crashaw’s verse and the way his poems work on his reader’s heart to lift his soul. References to liquefaction, distillation or sublimation echo the published works of mystics but alchemical conceits based on symbolically evocative topoï and polysemic vocabulary reinforce the importance of the corporal in the experience of mystical union.

12

Williams, George Walton, und John R. Roberts. „New Perspectives on the Life and Art of Richard Crashaw“. South Atlantic Review 56, Nr. 4 (November 1991): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3200528.

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13

Johnson, William C., und John R. Roberts. „New Perspectives on the Life and Art of Richard Crashaw.“ Sixteenth Century Journal 22, Nr. 4 (1991): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542379.

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14

Rambuss, Richard. „Sacred Subjects and the Aversive Metaphysical Conceit: Crashaw, Serrano, Ofili“. ELH 71, Nr. 2 (2004): 497–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2004.0030.

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15

Wong, A. „JOSEPH BEAUMONT AND RICHARD CRASHAW: A STUDY IN STANDING-POINTS“. English 62, Nr. 238 (20.08.2013): 316–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/eft028.

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16

Sabine, Maureen (Maureen Alice). „Crashaw and Abjection: Reading the Unthinkable in His Devotional Verse“. American Imago 63, Nr. 4 (2006): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aim.2007.0008.

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17

Baysal, Kübra. „A quest for unification with the divine: Crashaw’s Teresa Poems “A Hymn to the Name and Honour of the Admirable Saint Teresa” and “The Flaming Heart”“. Ars Aeterna 11, Nr. 1 (01.06.2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aa-2019-0002.

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Abstract As a metaphysical poet, Richard Crashaw (1613-1649) is recognized for his stylistic experimentation and deep religious faith. In the course of his short life, he became a fellow at Cambridge, was later introduced to Queen Henrietta Marie, Charles I’s wife, in France after his exile during the Interregnum, converted to Catholicism from Anglicanism and was highly influenced by Baroque poetry and the martyrdom of St. Teresa of Avila in his style and themes. He is a poet with a “most holy, humble and genuine soul” and in the last six years of his life, which coincided with a period of great crisis in both personal and professional spheres, he worked intensively on the religious phase of his literary career (Shepherd 1914, p. 1). He reflected his devotion to St. Teresa and to God in his religious poems. Within this context, this study analyses Crashaw’s two Teresian poems, “A Hymn to the Name and Honour of the Admirable Saint Teresa” and “The Flaming Heart” featuring the themes of the quest for divine love and unification with the divine along with Crashaw’s divergence from other metaphysical poets, his affection for the European style(s), and his religious views concerning both his country and other countries in Europe.

18

Edgecombe, R. S. „From Wordsworth to Crashaw: The Poetical Career of Frederick William Faber“. English Studies 81, Nr. 5 (01.10.2000): 472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/0013-838x(200009)81:5;1-8:ft472.

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19

KNOWLES, SEBASTIAN. „"Only connect...": Crashaw and Four Elegies in Bodleian MS. Tanner 465“. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 81, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1987): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/pbsa.81.4.24303703.

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20

Teller, Joseph R. „Why Crashaw was not Catholic: The Passion and Popular Protestant Devotion“. English Literary Renaissance 43, Nr. 2 (März 2013): 239–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-6757.12008.

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21

TERRY, ARTHUR. „R. V. Young, "Richard Crashaw and the Spanish Golden Age" (Book Review)“. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 63, Nr. 2 (April 1986): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bhs.63.2.171.

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22

Labriola, Albert C. „Richard Crashaw: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism, 1632-1980. John R. Roberts“. Modern Philology 84, Nr. 4 (Mai 1987): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/391581.

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23

Low, Anthony. „Book Review: Feminine Engendered Faith: The Poetry of John Donne and Richard Crashaw“. Christianity & Literature 42, Nr. 4 (September 1993): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833319304200414.

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24

Alhomaidat, Fadi, und Lusanni Acosta-Rodriguez. „How Does Pedestrian-Driver Behavior Influence in the Number of Crashes? A Michigan’s Case Study“. Transport and Telecommunication Journal 22, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2021-0012.

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Abstract This study provides with a safety assessment of the pedestrian’s crash data in one of the largest cities of the state of Michigan, Grand Rapids. Crash data reviewed included a 9-year period between years 2010 and 2018. Crash clusters with largest number of accidents were selected to perform analysis based on the normalization of crash with population (using Census Bureau information). Geographic Information System (GIS) software was used to gather this data using a 250-feet buffer around the clusters. Also, GIS was used to identify the infrastructure design and locations nearby the studied area (e.g. schools and hospitals) to understand the crash environments. Observation of the associated factors with pedestrian crashes were studied at the location of interest. An analysis of all safety efforts was completed and a list of recommendations and possible implementation strategies (e.g. pedestrian countermeasures). Finally, it was found that four types of pedestrian crashes were most representative that crashes involved left-turning vehicle, crashes involved right-turn vehicle, crashed involved pedestrian in crosswalk and through traffic, and pedestrian were not cross at designated cross location

25

Todd, Richard, und R. V. Young. „Doctrine and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Poetry: Studies in Donne, Herbert, Crashaw, and Vaughan“. Modern Language Review 96, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2001): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735874.

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26

Monta, Susannah Brietz, und R. V. Young. „Doctrine and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Poetry: Studies in Donne, Herbert, Crashaw, and Vaughan“. Sixteenth Century Journal 33, Nr. 1 (2002): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144263.

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27

FABRY, FRANK. „Richard Crashaw and the Art of Allusion: Pastoral in “A Hymn to . . . Sainte Teresa”“. English Literary Renaissance 16, Nr. 2 (März 1986): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6757.1986.tb00913.x.

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28

Shaw, William P. „The Catholic religious poets from Southwell to Crashaw: a critical history (review)“. Parergon 12, Nr. 2 (1995): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.1995.0071.

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29

Phillips, Bill. „Opening the purple wardrobe: a psychoanalytic approach to the poetry of Richard Crashaw (1613-1649)“. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, Nr. 12 (1999): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.1999.12.11.

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30

Tian, Junyan, Sara A. Freed und Lesley Ross. „BASELINE DRIVING MILEAGE PREDICTS STATE-REPORTED CRASHES ACROSS 5 YEARS“. Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1242.

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Abstract Although annual driving mileage has frequently been examined as a predictor of crashes among older adults, most research used cross-sectional design and relied on self-reported crash data. This study used multivariate regression to examine the number of state reported at-fault crashes between groups of low (14,000km) self-reported annual distance over five years. Additionally, key factors of interest including age, gender, and population density were examined as predictors. The sample included 519 healthy older adults aged 65-90 (M=73.17, SD=5.56) across five sites in the United States. 12% of participants experienced a crash across five years, and among those who crashed, the majority (87%) experienced one crash (range 0-3 crashes). After controlling for age, gender and testing site, people in the high annual mileage group had a greater number of crashes compared to the low mileage group (β=.14, t(513)=2.37, p=.02). There was not a significant difference in number of prospective crashes between the low and medium group. Also, people who drove in sites with low population density had more crashes than those who in high population density sites (β=.10, t(513)=2.24, p=.03). Higher age was associated with a greater number of prospective crashes (β=.01, t(513)=3.67, p =.002); however, gender was not a significant predictor of crashes. Our results highlight the importance of examining prospective crashes over time, and taking mileage and population density into consideration. Future research should examine trajectories of driving exposure in relation to prospective crashes using multilevel modeling.

31

Tayler, Edward W. „Book Review: Doctrine and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Poetry: Studies in Donne, Herbert, Crashaw, and Vaughan“. Christianity & Literature 51, Nr. 3 (Juni 2002): 487–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310205100311.

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32

Rezapour, Mahdi, Amirarsalan Mehrara Molan und Khaled Ksaibati. „Application of Multinomial Regression Model to Identify Parameters Impacting Traffic Barrier Crash Severity“. Open Transportation Journal 13, Nr. 1 (31.05.2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010057.

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Background: Run Off The Road (ROTR) crashes are some of the most severe crashes that could occur on roadways. The main countermeasure that can be taken to address this type of crashe is traffic barrier installation. Although ROTR crashes can be mitigated significantly by traffic barriers, still traffic barrier crashes resulted in considerable amount of severe crashes. Besides, the types of traffic barriers, driver actions and performance play an important role in the severity of these crashes. Methods: This study was conducted by incorporating only traffic barrier crashes in Wyoming. Based on the literature review there are unique contributory factors in different crash types. Therefore, in addition to focusing on traffic barrier crashes, crashes were divided into two different highway classes: interstate and non-interstate highways. Results: The result of proportional odds assumption was an indication that multinomial logistic regression model is appropriate for both non-interstate and interstates crashes involved with traffic barriers. The results indicated that road surface conditions, age, driver restraint and negotiating a curve were some of the factors that impact the severity of traffic barrier crashes on non-interstate highways. On the other hand, the results of interstate barrier crashes indicated that besides types of barriers, driver condition, citation record, speed limit compliance were some of the factors that impacted the interstate traffic barrier crash severity. Conclusion: The results of this study would provide the policymakers with the directions to take appropriate countermeasures to alleviate the severity of traffic barrier crashes.

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Ślarzyńska, Małgorzata. „The Metaphysical Canon in Poetry: on Cristina Campo’s Translation Activity“. Tekstualia 1, Nr. 5 (31.12.2019): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4107.

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The article focuses on Cristina Campo’s poetry translations in the context of her literary choices infl uenced by her predilection to metaphysical literature. The category of metaphysical literature can be understood, fi rst of all, as related to metaphysical English poets like John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan. Metaphysical were also those authors whose writings defi ed the categories of space and time, and transcended the temporal and geographical limits. One of the greatest Campo’s fascinations from that perspective was the poetry of William Carlos Williams, as well as other authors that entered in her category of imperdonabili. Campo’s translational activity followed a well-delineated path related strictly to her metaphysical inclinations and manifested certain traits of the tendency to establish the personalized canon of real and worthwhile literature that at the same time opposed the mainstream literary choices of that time

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Graham Roebuck. „Doctrine and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Poetry: Studies in Donne, Herbert, Crashaw, and Vaughan (review)“. George Herbert Journal 24, Nr. 1-2 (2000): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ghj.2013.0044.

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35

Grace, Damian. „Anthony D. Cousins, The Catholic Religious Poets from Southwell to Crashaw: A Critical Study, Sheed and Ward, London, 1991“. Moreana 29 (Number 109), Nr. 1 (März 1992): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.1992.29.1.15.

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36

Richard Todd. „Using Alchemical Memory Techniques for the Interpretation of Literature: John Donne, George Herbert, and Richard Crashaw (review)“. George Herbert Journal 32, Nr. 1-2 (2008): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ghj.2008.0014.

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37

Meng, Fanyu, Pengpeng Xu, Cancan Song, Kun Gao, Zichu Zhou und Lili Yang. „Influential Factors Associated with Consecutive Crash Severity: A Two-Level Logistic Modeling Approach“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 15 (04.08.2020): 5623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155623.

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A consecutive crash series is composed by a primary crash and one or more subsequent secondary crashes that occur immediately within a certain distance. The crash mechanism of a consecutive crash series is distinctive, as it is different from common primary and secondary crashes mainly caused by queuing effects and chain-reaction crashes that involve multiple collisions in one crash. It commonly affects a large area of road space and possibly causes congestions and significant delays in evacuation and clearance. This study identified the influential factors determining the severity of primary and secondary crashes in a consecutive crash series. Basic, random-effects, random-parameters, and two-level binary logistic regression models were established based on crash data collected on the freeway network of Guizhou Province, China in 2018, of which 349 were identified as consecutive crashes. According to the model performance metrics, the two-level logistic model outperformed the other three models. On the crash level, double-vehicle primary crash had a negative association with the severity of secondary consecutive crashes, and the involvement of trucks in the secondary consecutive crash had a positive contribution to its crash severity. On a road segment level, speed limit, traffic volume, tunnel, and extreme weather conditions such as rainy and cloudy days had positive effects on consecutive crash severity, while the number of lanes was negatively associated with consecutive crash severity. Policy suggestions are made to alleviate the severity of consecutive crashes by reminding the drivers with real-time potential hazards of severe consecutive crashes and providing educative programs to specific groups of drivers.

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Wu, Shubo, Quan Yuan, Zhongwei Yan und Qing Xu. „Analyzing Accident Injury Severity via an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) Model“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (27.09.2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3771640.

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Vehicle to vulnerable road user (VRU) crashes occupy a large proportion of traffic crashes in China, and crash injury severity analysis can support traffic managers to understand the implicit rules behind the crashes. Therefore, 554 VRUs-involved crashes are collected from January, 2017, to February, 2021, in a city in northern China, including 322 vehicle-pedestrian crashes and 232 vehicle-bicycle crashes. First, a descriptive statistical analysis is conducted to investigate the characteristics of VRUs-involved crashes. Second, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model is introduced to identify the importance of risk factors (i.e., time of day, day of week, rushing hour, crash position, weather, and crash involvements) of VRUs-involved crashes. The statistical analysis demonstrates that the risk factors are closely related to VRUs-involved crash injury severity. Moreover, the results of XGBoost reveal that time of day has the greatest impact on VRUs-involved crashes, and crash position shows the minimum importance among these risk factors.

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Richmond, Janet S. „Crash Crashes Stockbroker“. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, Nr. 17 (04.11.1988): 2506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410170054018.

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40

Ahmed, Irfan U., Sherif M. Gaweesh und Mohamed M. Ahmed. „Exploration of Hazardous Material Truck Crashes on Wyoming’s Interstate Roads using a Novel Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Markov Chain Bayesian Inference“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, Nr. 9 (30.06.2020): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120931103.

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Crash severity of a hazardous material (HAZMAT) transporting truck increases manyfold compared with normal truck crash because of the possible exposure to dangerous substances. Crashes which involve a HAZMAT truck might result in a catastrophic incident causing horrendous damage to individuals involved in the crash. In-transit HAZMAT crashes in Wyoming caused a total damage of $3.1 million from 2015 to 2018. HAZMAT crashes on interstate roads represented 22% of the total HAZMAT crashes causing a total damage of $2.2 million, representing 71% of the cost of total damage. Previous studies in Wyoming investigated all vehicle crashes, including large truck crashes, but none has analyzed HAZMAT-related crashes or accounted for its type as a contributing factor. This study fills the gap by analyzing crash injury severity of HAZMAT-related crashes on all interstate freeways in Wyoming. Furthermore, the study introduces the No-U-Turn (NUT) Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method of hierarchical Bayesian analysis into HAZMAT crash injury severity analysis. In recent developments, NUT HMC has been proven to be the most efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling method. The results showed that 30% of the unobserved heterogeneity arises from variation in summer and winter crashes which justifies the use of hierarchical model. Among the other covariates investigated, the population-averaged effects showed that number of trucks involved, hit-and-run crashes, animal-vehicle crashes, work-zone-related crashes, collision type, percentage of females involved, drivers’ drug/alcohol use, seat-belt use, crash location, roadway curves, and surface conditions significantly impact HAZMAT crash injury severity.

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Adegbite, Qasim, Khondoker Billah, Hatim Sharif und Samer Dessouky. „Urban Intersections and Traffic Safety in the City of San Antonio“. MATEC Web of Conferences 271 (2019): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927106003.

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Intersections are high-risk locations on roadways and often experience high incidence of crashes. Better understanding of the factors contributing to crashes and deaths at intersections is crucial. This study analyzed the factors related to crash incidence and crash severity at intersections in San Antonio for crashes from 2013 to 2017 and identified hotspot locations based on crash frequency and crash rates. Binary logistic regression model was considered for the analysis using crash severity as the response variable. Factors found to be significantly associated with the severity of intersection crashes include age of driver, day of the week, month, road alignment, and traffic control system. The crashes occurred predominantly in the highdensity center of the city (downtown area). Overall, the identification of risk factors and their impact on crash severity would be helpful for road safety policymakers to develop proactive mitigation plans to reduce the frequency and severity of intersection crashes.

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MORRIS, ANDREW, RUTH WELSH, RICHARD FRAMPTON, JUDE CHARLTON und BRIAN FILDES. „Vehicle crashworthiness and the older motorist“. Ageing and Society 23, Nr. 4 (25.06.2003): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001223.

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This study examines the relationship between age and the injury outcomes for belted drivers in road vehicle crashes in the United Kingdom. The sample of 1,541 drivers was divided into three age groups: 889 drivers were aged 17–39 years (young drivers); 515 were 40–64 years (middle-aged), and 137 aged 65–84 years (older drivers). Both frontal and side impact crashes in which the vehicles sustained sufficient damage to be towed away from the scene are considered. In-depth information obtained from examinations of the crashed vehicles was combined with clinical data obtained from hospitals to throw light on the mechanisms that led to the injuries. Results show that in crashes of approximately equal severity, older drivers were significantly more likely than middle-aged and young drivers to be fatally injured in both frontal (p<0.001) and side (p<0.05) impact crashes. The results also show that older drivers sustained more injuries to the chest (p<0.0001) and that this body region is particularly problematic. The main sources of the chest injuries were found to be the seat belt in frontal crashes and the door in side impact crashes. As the number of older car users will increase rapidly in most OECD countries in the coming decades, the results suggest that vehicle re-designs are required, including in-vehicle crashworthiness systems, to take into account older people's relatively low tolerance of crash impacts.

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Anderson, Judith, und Dieter Scholz. „Oil Fumes, Flight Safety, and the NTSB“. Aerospace 8, Nr. 12 (10.12.2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8120389.

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During its investigations into a series of ten aircraft crashes from 1979 to 1981, US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) officials were presented with a hypothesis that “several” of the crashes could have been caused by pilot impairment from breathing oil fumes inflight. The NTSB and their industry partners ultimately dismissed the hypothesis. The authors reviewed the crash reports, the mechanics of the relevant engine oil seals, and some engine bleed air data to consider whether the dismissal was justified. Four of the nine aircraft crash reports include details which are consistent with pilot impairment caused by breathing oil fumes. None of the tests of ground-based bleed air measurements of a subset of oil-based contaminants generated in the engine type on the crashed aircraft reproduced the inflight conditions that the accident investigators had flagged as potentially unsafe. The NTSB’s conclusion that the hypothesis of pilot incapacitation was “completely without validity” was inconsistent with the evidence. Parties with a commercial conflict of interest should not have played a role in the investigation of their products. There is enough evidence that pilots can be impaired by inhaling oil fumes to motivate more stringent design, operation, and reporting regulations to protect safety of flight.

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Wang, Kai, Shanshan Zhao und Eric Jackson. „Multivariate Poisson Lognormal Modeling of Weather-Related Crashes on Freeways“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, Nr. 38 (11.06.2018): 184–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118776523.

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Adverse weather conditions are one of the primary causes of motor vehicle crashes. To identify the factors contributing to crashes during adverse weather conditions and recommend cost-effective countermeasures, it is necessary to develop reliable crash prediction models to estimate weather-related crash frequencies. To account for the variations in crash count among different adverse weather conditions, crash types, and crash severities for both rain- and snow-related crashes, crash data on freeways was collected from the State of Connecticut, and crash prediction models were developed to estimate crash counts by crash type and severity for each weather condition. To account for the potential correlations among crash type and severity counts due to the common unobserved factors, integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) multivariate Poisson lognormal (MVPLN) models were developed to estimate weather-related crashes counts by crash type and severity simultaneously (four MVPLN models were estimated in total). To verify the model prediction ability, univariate Poisson lognormal (UPLN) models were estimated and compared with the MVPLN models. The results show that the effects of factors contributing to crashes, including median width, horizontal curve, lane width, and shoulder width, vary not only among different adverse weather conditions, but also among different crash types and severities. The crash types and severities are shown to be highly correlated and the model comparison verifies that the MVPLN models significantly improve the model prediction accuracy compared with the UPLN models. Therefore, the MVPLN model is recommended to provide more unbiased parameter estimates when estimating weather-related crashes by crash type and severity.

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Beck, Ben, Mark R. Stevenson, Peter Cameron, Jennie Oxley, Stuart Newstead, Jake Olivier, Soufiane Boufous und Belinda J. Gabbe. „Crash characteristics of on-road single-bicycle crashes: an under-recognised problem“. Injury Prevention 25, Nr. 5 (14.02.2019): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-043014.

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Compared with crashes with motor vehicles, single-bicycle crashes are an under-recognised contributor to cycling injury and the aetiology is poorly understood. Using an in-depth crash investigation technique, this study describes the crash characteristics and patient outcomes of a sample of cyclists admitted to hospital following on-road bicycle crashes. Enrolled cyclists completed a structured interview, and injury details and patient outcomes were extracted from trauma registries. Single-bicycle crashes (n=62) accounted for 48% of on-road crashes and commonly involved experienced cyclists. Common single-bicycle crash types included loss-of-control events, interactions with tram tracks, striking potholes or objects or resulting from mechanical issues with the bicycle. To address single-bicycle crashes, targeted countermeasures are required for each of these specific crash types.

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Wheeler-Martin, Katherine C., Allison E. Curry, Kristina B. Metzger und Charles J. DiMaggio. „Trends in school-age pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes in the USA: 26 states, 2000–2014“. Injury Prevention 26, Nr. 5 (27.09.2019): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043239.

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BackgroundDespite substantial progress, motor vehicle crashes remain a leading killer of US children. Previously, we documented significant positive impacts of Safe Routes to School interventions on school-age pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes.ObjectiveTo expand our analysis of US trends in motor vehicle crashes involving school-age pedestrians and pedalcyclists, exploring heterogeneity by age and geography.MethodsWe obtained recent police-reported crash data from 26 states, calculating population rates of pedestrian and pedalcyclist crashes, crash fatality rates and pedestrian commuter-adjusted crash rates (‘pedestrian danger index’) for school-age children as compared with other age groups. We estimated national and statewide trends by age, injury status, day and travel hour using hierarchical linear modeling.ResultsSchool-age children accounted for nearly one in three pedestrians and one in two pedalcyclists struck in motor vehicle crashes from 2000 to 2014. Yet, the rates of these crashes declined 40% and 53%, respectively, over that time, on average, even as adult rates rose. Average crash rates varied geographically from 24.4 to 100.8 pedestrians and 15.6 to 56.7 pedalcyclists struck per 100 000 youth. Crash rates and fatality rates were inversely correlated.ConclusionsDespite recent increases in adult pedestrian crashes, school-age and younger pedestrians experienced ongoing declines in motor vehicle crashes through 2014 across the USA. There was no evidence of displacement in crash severity; declines were observed in all outcomes. The growing body of state crash data resources can present analytic challenges but also provides unique insights into national and local pedestrian crash trends for all crash outcomes.

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Li, Guofa, Weijian Lai und Xingda Qu. „Association between Crash Attributes and Drivers’ Crash Involvement: A Study Based on Police-Reported Crash Data“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 23 (03.12.2020): 9020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239020.

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Understanding the association between crash attributes and drivers’ crash involvement in different types of crashes can help figure out the causation of crashes. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement in different types of crashes for drivers from different age groups, by using the police-reported crash data from 2014 to 2016 in Shenzhen, China. A synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) together with edited nearest neighbors (ENN) were used to solve the data imbalance problem caused by the lack of crash records of older drivers. Logistic regression was utilized to estimate the probability of a certain type of crashes, and odds ratios that were calculated based on the logistic regression results were used to quantify the association between crash attributes and drivers’ crash involvement in different types of crashes. Results showed that drivers’ involvement patterns in different crash types were affected by different factors, and the involvement patterns differed among the examined age groups. Knowledge generated from the present study could help improve the development of countermeasures for driving safety enhancement.

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Zhou, Bei, Zongzhi Li und Shengrui Zhang. „Comparison of Factors Affecting Crash Severities in Hit-and-Run and Non-Hit-and-Run Crashes“. Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (04.11.2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8537131.

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A hit-and-run (HR) crash occurs when the driver of the offending vehicle flees the crash scene without reporting it or aiding the victims. The current study aimed at contributing to existing literatures by comparing factors which might affect the crash severity in HR and non-hit-and-run (NHR) crashes. The data was extracted from the police-reported crash data from September 2017 to August 2018 within the City of Chicago. Two multinomial logistic regression models were established for the HR and NHR crash data, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of each variable was used to quantify the impact of this variable on the crash severity. In both models, the property damage only (PDO) crash was selected as the reference group, and the injury and fatal crash were chosen as the comparison group. When the injury crash was taken as the comparison group, it was found that 12 variables contributed to the crash severities in both HR and NHR model. The average percentage deviation of OR for these 12 variables was 34%, indicating that compared with property damage, HR crashes were 34% more likely to result in injuries than NHR crashes on average. When fatal crashes were chosen as the comparison group, 2 variables were found to be statistically significant in both the HR and the NHR model. The average percentage deviation of OR for these 2 variables was 127%, indicating that compared with property damage, HR crashes were 127% more likely to result in fatalities than NHR crashes on average.

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Chung, Younshik, und Jong-Jin Kim. „Exploring Factors Affecting Crash Injury Severity with Consideration of Secondary Collisions in Freeway Tunnels“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 4 (20.02.2023): 3723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043723.

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Although there have been several studies conducted exploring the factors affecting injury severity in tunnel crashes, most studies have focused on identifying factors that directly influence injury severity. In particular, variables related to crash characteristics and tunnel characteristics affect the injury severity, but the inconvenient driving environment in a tunnel space, characterized by narrow space and dark lighting, can affect crash characteristics such as secondary collisions, which in turn can affect the injury severity. Moreover, studies on secondary collisions in freeway tunnels are very limited. The objective of this study was to explore factors affecting injury severity with the consideration of secondary collisions in freeway tunnel crashes. To account for complex relationships between multiple exogenous variables and endogenous variables by considering the direct and indirect relationships between them, this study used a structural equation modeling with tunnel crash data obtained from Korean freeway tunnels from 2013 to 2017. Moreover, based on high-definition closed-circuit televisions installed every 250 m to monitor incidents in Korean freeway tunnels, this study utilized unique crash characteristics such as secondary collisions. As a result, we found that tunnel characteristics indirectly affected injury severity through crash characteristics. In addition, one variable regarding crashes involving drivers younger than 40 years old was associated with decreased injury severity. By contrast, ten variables exhibited a higher likelihood of severe injuries: crashes by male drivers, crashes by trucks, crashes in March, crashes under sunny weather conditions, crashes on dry surface conditions, crashes in interior zones, crashes in wider tunnels, crashes in longer tunnels, rear-end collisions, and secondary collisions with other vehicles.

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Burdett, Beau, Andrea R. Bill und David A. Noyce. „Evaluation of Roundabout-Related Single-Vehicle Crashes“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2637, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2637-03.

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Roundabouts reduce fatal and injury crashes at intersections when converted from other intersection control types. In Wisconsin, roundabouts have been linked to a 38% decrease in fatal and injury crashes. Part of this reduction can be attributed to crash types that result in the mitigation of more serious injuries. However, the reduction comes at a cost because other crash types, such as single-vehicle collisions, may increase. Six years of crash data on 53 roundabouts in Wisconsin were examined for crash causes and geometric characteristics that affected single-vehicle crashes. Weather and impaired driving, particularly by younger drivers, were primary causes for more than half of all single-vehicle crashes at the study roundabouts. Younger drivers (18 to 24 years of age) were involved in a significantly higher proportion of single-vehicle crashes than the total proportion of licensed drivers in that age group. Younger drivers were involved in approximately one-third of all crashes that involved impaired driving and in two-thirds of all speed-related single-vehicle crashes. A negative binomial model was constructed to estimate run-off-road crashes at approaches. It was found that roundabouts with higher approach speeds and higher traffic volumes experienced more run-off-road crashes. Landscaped central islands experienced significantly lower frequencies of run-off-road crashes.

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