Dissertationen zum Thema „Coûts de développement“
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N'Diaye, Mohamadou-Mansour. „Coûts de la désertification au Sénégal“. Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010033.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSince 1968, first year of important alteration in the ecosystem of the Senegal's part of the Sahel, a slow but regular decrease in natural resources has been observed. This study sumps up informations about the negative incidences of the desertification in a society wich is essentialy based on farming activities. Morever, after describing the interconnecting cause at the origin of deflections like drought and desertification, we will attempt an analysis in terms of cost not only of the ecological side but also of the social and economic spheres. With this aim, qualitative and quantitative estimation we were able to establish reveals the entrance in a major economical and ecological crisis in senegal. The treatment of the phenomenon implemented by the state is also the subject of a detailed analysis wich, according to us, is necessary to get an overall view of the cost concept. The persistance of desertification despite, some realisations, point out the limit of the spot policy wich has been implemented until this day. Thus, an contributory analysis is formulating for another system of regulation operating at differents levels of organisation. We are living one size vision of the nuisance to fight, for a multidimensional…
Guyot, Benoît. „Contribution à la modélisation prédictive des coûts de maintenance d'un turboréacteur en développement“. Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn a highly competitive aeronautic market, where airlines companies aims at reducing their operating costs, taking into account maintenance costs becomes usual during material purchase. In order to integrate these criteria during early development phases, maintenance prediction models are built up and used. Nevertheless, performing such predictions is submitted to large uncertainties mainly due to the lacks of knowledge on the deterioration phenomenon related to such systems. This thesis develops a method for predicting maintenance performance metrics (costs and operations frequency), applied to turbofan engines, in order to take them into account during technological decision making processes. It aims at reducing uncertainties related to indevelopment modelling conditions. The proposed method relies on a standard mathematical model built up to estimate the deterioration of systems, functionally and technically comparable. Based on Bayesien Networks, this model allows representing the whole knowledge collected on operating mature systems. This model is then extended to maintenance, by integrating related variables and costs indicators. These two first objectives have been completely fulfilled during this three-year study which provides a standard computerized maintenance model of a turbofan engine. Future actions have to be performed in order to apply this model in the case of mature and in-development turbofan engines
Usureau, Emmanuel. „Application des méthodes bayésiennes pour l'optimisation des coûts de développement des produits nouveaux“. Angers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ANGE0017.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleParent, Alexandre. „Les coûts sociaux liés à la pauvreté“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26374.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMorlat, Clément. „Modélisation dynamique des systèmes de coûts pour une gestion durable des territoires“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV115/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe creation of economic value is a process resting on territorial heritage, which comprises ecologic, technical and social functions that articulate the various elements of the productive capital and guarantee its continued availability. Added value is a monetary representation of its effects on the individual activity of the entities of this territory. However, this heritage is a common good. A collective and multicriteria evaluation would provide a better view of its intrinsic qualities.Functional economy takes into account the maintenance of that heritage at the root with the cooperative design of “product service” offers agreed between the territory’s entities. Micro and macroeconomic accounting could adapt to this representation of the productive system.The study of the energetic retrofit of private tertiary buildings and of the sourcing of construction aggregates in the region of Paris show the relevance of an integrated governance. Multicriteria and multi stake-holder deliberations enable to generate development scenarios that enhance the economic interests of all parties concerned and facilitate the maintenance of the territorial heritage.The relevant information needed for those representations and scenarios to emerge could be made available at all levels of assessment, throughout the process of deliberation, contract-making and valorization. It is key to economic innovation and more sustainable territorial development. The systems and practices involved in managing information can thus be seen as having a productive and heritage value
Saadoun, Ratiba. „La privatisation des entreprises industrielles en Algérie : analyse, histoire et développement“. Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe privatization of industrial enterprises in Algeria was initiated in 1995 by the SAP (Structural Adjustment Program) applied to an economy that was insolvent. The privatization of companies under the aegis of the IMF and the World Bank had therefore the main objective to reduce government expenditure in order to restore the balance of both state budget and external accounts in the context of an economy in the process of gradual liberalization. The SAP measures including privatization are not integrated into an industrial policy. In 2001 an ordinance stipulates that all companies can be privatized. A turning point was however observed in 2007 because privatization is integrated into an industrial policy. Privatization must now help to stop the deindustrialization that began during the 1980s and exacerbated by the SAP and to improve the competitiveness of the Algerian economy. After a failure, the privatization results improves by a quantitative point of view (from 2005) and qualitative (non-hydrocarbon FDI), especially in 2007, as shown in our assessment that is global, and dealing also in details of cases of privatized enterprises. However, since 2008, the "business climate" marked by legal instability, interventionism, the global economic crisis does not seem conducive to a privatization that could help the Algerian industry to go out of its dependence on hydrocarbons. We conclude that despite a few successes, the privatization of enterprises in Algeria failed because these last ones have not benefited from prior strategic restructuring. In addition, privatization has not been supervised by effective institutions and industrial policy
Biard, Clotilde. „Ecologie évolutive des effets maternels liés aux antioxydants chez les oiseaux“. Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066376.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMint, Beddy Mariem. „Régulation des télécommunications et environnement institutionnel : le cas des pays en développement“. Thesis, Nancy 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN20006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent developments in the organisation of telecommunications, especially concerning regulatory frameworks, raise some questions. The first one concerns what regulatory model would be able to sustain competition, favoured by the rapid technological progress, and attract private investment. The second one concerns the implementation of regulation in developing countries, characterized by a weak institutional environment. We intend to clarify this controversy issues. Using a transaction costs framework, we conclude for the need of an independent regulation. We also emphasize the importance of the establishment of such regulation in developing countries. This is corroborated by an empirical research. Beyond a qualitative analysis on the cases of some developing countries, the effectiveness of regulation is analysed through econometric studies. Using a dataset of 19 OCDE countries during 1992-2001, our results reveal the efficiency of an independent regulation to the development of telecommunications. The beneficial impacts of this regulation's model appear on the competition, investment, telephonic penetration and pricing
Chatti, Walid. „Corridors de transport de fret et développement polycentrique de l’espace européen“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12006/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBased on the freight corridors approach, in this thesis we explore differentiated impacts of transport and telecommunication infrastructure policy on regional specialization and consequently on polycentric and sustainable development of the European area. Within this framework the first mixed theoretical model of New Economic Geography and urban economics was developed. On the one hand it shows that interregional trade depends on the size and internal structure of urban zones; on the other hand it emphasizes that regional integration influences the size and structure of these zones and, as a result, their regionalspecialization. Then the second theoretical model of the New Economic Geography is developed to study the impact of transport and telecommunication infrastructure policy on regional specialization. We demonstrate, however, that technological sector plays an essential role in the spatial distribution of industrial activities, and consequently in the polycentric development of the European space. Finally, an econometric model based on the problem of coupling is applied to test the relation between the demand for international maritime transport and economic growth. Thus it is emphasized that the approach of corridors may beused as an instrument of decoupling, allowing to develop an efficient and sustainable transport system in the Euro-Mediterranean region
Ben, Sassi Sami. „Développement et organisation du secteur logistique : une analyse néo-institutionnelle“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis focuses on the rise of the third party logistics. It does so by proposing answers to three questions: on which economic models relies the organization of the third party logistic? Do the firms belonging to the third party logistic share the strategy defined at the group level? For what reasons logistics and transport activities are outsourced? The thesis is organized in four chapters. The first chapter presents an historical introduction to the logistic activities. It focuses on the merchants and the firms that have handled trade through diverse periods from the Roman Empire to the Industrial Revolution. I described the way used to increase the quality and the quantity of information available to the merchants. The second chapter explains the rise of new economic models to organize logistic activities. The third and fourth chapters present two econometric studies. The third chapter verifies if the firms belonging to a logistic and transport group comply with the strategy of the group. The fourth chapter studies the factors that favor the outsourcing of logistics activities
Majiyawa, Abdoul' Ganiou. „INSTITUTIONS ET DÉVELOPPEMENT : ANALYSE DES EFFETS MACROÉCONOMIQUES DES INSTITUTIONS ET DE RÉFORMES INSTITUTIONNELLES DANS LES PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT“. Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00484905.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYeh, Chao-Fu. „Intermodalité et coûts des déplacements urbains dans les mégapoles. Les cas de Paris, Shanghai et Taipei“. Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424046.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFerrari, Serena. „La viabilité des chaînes laitières industrielles au Sénégal: Une analyse en termes de gouvernance“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/249201.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Senegalese dairy sector has been marked by important changes in the last decades. Indeed, dairy industry and trade have been growing, because of urbanization and new dietary habits of urban populations. This thesis inquires into the effects of those changes on the development of the local dairy value chain and on the vulnerability of the local herder communities. Based on the theory of the governance of global value chains and on transaction cost economics, the thesis aims to understand which modes of governance enable the viability of the Senegalese industrial dairy chains. Through the collection of qualitative data from the actors of these value chains and through an in-depth analysis of ten of these chains in the regions of Dakar and Kolda, this thesis highlights two main factors underlying the viability of the industrial dairy chains. First, quality strategies focusing on the local origin of the raw material are successful on the market, since consumers attach to them a particular value. Moreover, the services that the dairy processors implementing those quality strategies offer to local producers contribute to reducing their vulnerability; hence, the social viability of the value chains is improved. Second, the adoption of plural forms of governance, within a mixed supply (milk powder/local milk), enables dairy processors to be economically viable. In fact, they are in a position to fully exploit their productive capacities, to control the cost of raw material purchases, and to meet consumer demands.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Levrel, Harold. „Biodiversité et développement durable : quels indicateurs“. Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128430.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCette thèse cherche à évaluer la pertinence des indicateurs d'interactions existants ainsi que des méthodes de construction innovantes qui se fixent pour objectif de développer des outils de co-gestion adaptative de la biodiversité
Caillat, Isabelle. „Développement d'outils de management et actes de langage dans les entreprises de spectacle vivant“. Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30052/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePerforming arts companies operate in a context of declining resources and changes in the rules governing the allocation of grants, in accordance with the LOLF (Organic Law relative to the Laws of Finance). Their challenge lies in finding ways to address these constraints. We aim to demonstrate that their development depends on improving the manner in which all parties cooperate, based on the artistic project and taking into account the constraints resulting from the evaluation used by the LOLF, to reveal hidden costs and to develop internal resources. This research is based on the hypothesis that improving the overall performance of organizations depends on a transformative action that operates in three interdependent areas: intervention, management tools, and the speech-Actor. Based on intervention-Research in one theatre and on a qualitative study in another, we have assisted actors in the process of change management and examined the conditions in which managerial development takes place in this type of organization. We analyse how language use in the context of Socio-Economic Intervention modifies the representations and contributes to the elaboration of a new managerial instrument. We propose the use of socio-Economic management tools, serving as a framework for analyzing the organisation, combined with the criteria of evaluation and allocation of public funding as a basis of reflexion on the process of creation and dissemination of shows, as well as a means of building a shared representation between the different actors
Tankam, Chloé. „Analyse économique du développement des nouveaux marchés biologiques : le cas des marchés biologiques domestiques au Kenya“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10480.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOver the past two decades the organic agro-food system has been transformed, extending beyond Northern countries and expanding in many so-called developing countries.This dynamic was first a positioning on high added value products’ export markets. Since several years, domestic markets have emerged in a growing number of developing countries, including Kenya. This thesis attempts to shed light on the dynamics explaining these new markets’ emergence and development. The research is based on four questions. The first one concerns the way organic transactions have been organized in Nairobi. Based on neo institutional economics, we explain how, in the absence of credible certification systems, these products are able to be sold with premium. The second question deals with the conditions of producers’ access to these markets. It is common to highlight that organic domestic Kenyan markets are more profitable than conventional ones. However, some producers, who could actually sell in these markets, prefer conventionalones. Thanks to the concept of transaction costs, we show the role of negotiation and monitoring transaction costs. Chapter 3 analyses the effects of selling on organic market on crops’ diversification, as a proxy of economic and environmental sustainability .Based on microeconomics’ contributions our results confirm the positive effect of organic markets. Finally, our fourth and final chapter provides an analysis of the conditions of these markets sustainability. We propose an analysis grid combining economy of information and quality construction approach, based on Hirschman (1970) works.This grid helps us comparing different certification and verification schemes existing in Kenya. Analysis shows that the least effective scheme is the one that is bound to grow,raising the question of the sustainability of Kenyan domestic organic markets
Lado, Hervé. „Le développement comme processus d'élimination des rentes et de la prédation : le cadre conceptuel de Douglass North, John Wallis et Barry Weingast à l'épreuve du Nigéria“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010086.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe conceptual framework developed in 2009 by Douglass North, John Wallis, Barry Weingast (NWW) regards development as an institutional transition from a limited access social order (developing countries), where violence is a spread and permanent threat, to an open access social order (developed countries), where economic and political accesses are open to all through free competition. If we consider development as a process of rents elimination, does this framework enable rents elimination? Combining a theoretical analysis, and an empirical analysis illustrated by the history of Nigeria and oil multinationals’ activities, we argue that NWW’s framework fails i) in the design of the role of elites and non-elites in the transition process within the limited access order ii) and in the epistemological shaping of the open access order based on political and economic free competition. The NWW’s open access order maintains rents, and legitimizes predation which we define as the exploitation of domination rents. Predators generate on their victims various social costs which sustainable development (SD) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives are failing to eradicate. SD and CSR approaches will succeed in eradicating predation only if they consider within transactions the power asymmetry and the risk of domination in negotiations between stakeholders, in order to protect the human dignity
Bainville, Sébastien. „Le développement de l'agriculture familiale: processus d'interactions entre changements techniques et changements institutionnels. Un " cas d'école " : la commune de Silvânia-Brésil“. Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684462.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHarscoet, Erwan. „Développement d'une comptabilité environnementale orientée vers la création de valeur : l'application à un investissement de prévention des pollutions“. Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLachance-Bernard, Nicolas. „Modélisation des coûts généralisés de déplacement en transport privé et public : automatisation des spécifications de paramètres pour la géo-simulation“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25404/25404.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research develops a methodology for modelling generalized trip costs using private and public transportation modes. The methodology enables computer-assisted specification of parameters for disaggregated multimodal trip geo-simulations using TransCAD. We present three developed GIS-T applications within the current project: CRADVoyagesTC – for public transit supply definition and localization, CRADTNetwork – for public transit graph construction, and CRADRoutes – for multiple disaggregated trip paths simulation. Finally, a proof of concept application based on trip simulation using as origin the residential places and as destination the major shopping places of the Quebec Metropolitan Area (QMA) is presented. The main objective of this study case is to demonstrate the functionality and the efficiency of the developed methodology to be used in future accessibility and mobility researches. Preliminary results are discussed.
Nguyen, Duc Bao. „Essays on regional trade agreements and international trade“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0203/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe subject of this dissertation focuses on the analysis of different aspects of the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system. We aim to provide a fresh understanding and views of the role of RTAs and regionalism in general as an important feature of international trade policy today. In chapter one we revisit the ex post effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade and extrabloc trade by adopting an empirical approach. We explore how regional trading blocs have influenced trade among members as well as trade with nonmembers. Our analysis confirms the widespread trade-enhancing effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade; however, in many cases, they lead to trade diversion effects that are detrimental to the rest of the world. Chapter two takes a closer look at how the implementation period of trade liberalization and partners’ levels of development affect the RTA dynamic effects on trade over time. We obtain distinct patterns of ex post RTA effects on trade across North-North RTAs, South-South RTAs and North-South RTAs. We empirically validate that RTAs formed by trading partners experiencing similar economic development status (North-North RTAs or South-South RTAs) are likely to lead to a larger increase in members’ trade during a shorter implementation period. Chapter three studies the mechanism through which RTAs impact the effect of financial development on trade flows between exporting and importing countries. In this joint work with Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, we show that the trade-enhancing role of financial development in the exporting country—especially through intermediated finance—is mitigated when there is an RTA between this country and its trading partner
Cissé, Boubou. „Recouvrement des coûts et utilisation des services de santé dans les pays d'Afrique au Sud du Sahara : qu'en est-il de l'impact du paiement des soins de santé par les usagers ?“ Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX24006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFurther to the 1980's financial crisis which has sorely stroked the developing countries, the establishment of the cost recovery scheme (user fees) has been proposed to these countries in 1985, and in practise demand from the World Bank from 1987. Since then, there has been many controversies about the impact of the introduction of user fees on access to health care and utilisation of health services. This thesis deals with the problematic of equity in the field of health in urban area. It's aim is to whether payment of health care by private individuals constitutes a source of inequity in the use and access of health care. It also presents the methodology and the results (resulting from empirical database) of a research on inequality in the distribution of health care use and expenditures in African countries, in order to better grasp some aspects of the nature and the extent of the problems that are facing the underprivileged groups and which separate them from the rich. With this intention, we analyse the socio-economic distribution service use of and expenditure of the households following a common and rigorous method of analysis and commune to all the sites, based on the concepts of vertical equity and horizontal equity and the calculation of indices based on the Lorenz curves, the whole drawn from the literature of tax economy
Pancrazio, Lionel. „Parcours résidentiel et transition urbaines à la durabilité : le nœud gordien des coûts de constructions dans le cas de l'immobilier durable. Ou des technologies numériques nécessaire à l'évolution de la chaine de valeur de l'immobilier vers la durabilité“. Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIML011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTitle: Human living and urban transitions to sustainability: the Gordian knot of construction costs in the case of sustainable real estate or Digital technologies necessary for the evolution of the real estate value chain towards sustainability.While environmental awareness could be widely understood and shared by as many people as possible, emissions of greenhouse gases, pollutants and waste continue to grow. Housing and transportation are the biggest contributors. Sustainable development tends to provide the foundation for a sustainable growth model of our planet, but today remains marginally integrated in strategies applied by people, organizations and policy makers.The fall in state resources is giving rise to the intervention of private groups in the fabric of the city. The production process by the segmentation of the interventions, the complexity, the asymmetry of information and skills and its underlying economic model makes complex the taking into account of a real durability, but a house has a real influence on our potential of becoming.Our living, its place, its form, are important vectors of equity in the sense of social justice and thus of a 'living together'. But sustainable development as practiced by the markets is rare and expensive. We have identified adjustment variables that can make the cost of housing accessible. An evolution of the real estate value chain can lead to a significant reduction in the cost of construction and the price to make housing affordable enough. Sustainability can help support demographics by adapting our lifestyles, while positively contributing to the development of individuals, businesses and institutions through the co-construction of (good) practices, particularly in investments that remain largely to be define
Fraga, Da Silva Thiago. „Reducing development costs of large vocabulary speech recognition systems“. Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112232/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOne of the outstanding challenges in large vocabulary automatic speech recognition (ASR) is the reduction of development costs required to build a new recognition system or adapt an existing one to a new task, language or dialect. The state-of-the-art ASR systems are based on the principles of the statistical learning paradigm, using information provided by two stochastic models, an acoustic (AM) and a language (LM) model. The standard methods used to estimate the parameters of such models are founded on two main assumptions : the training data sets are large enough, and the training data match well the target task. It is well-known that a great part of system development costs is due to the construction of corpora that fulfill these requirements. In particular, manually transcribing the audio data is the most expensive and time-consuming endeavor. For some applications, such as the recognition of low resourced languages or dialects, finding and collecting data is also a hard (and expensive) task. As a means to lower the cost required for ASR system development, this thesis proposes and studies methods that aim to alleviate the need for manually transcribing audio data for a given target task. Two axes of research are explored. First, unsupervised training methods are explored in order to build three of the main components of ASR systems : the acoustic model, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) used to extract acoustic features and the language model. The unsupervised training methods aim to estimate the model parameters using a large amount of automatically (and inaccurately) transcribed audio data, obtained thanks to an existing recognition system. A novel method for unsupervised AM training that copes well with the automatic audio transcripts is proposed : the use of multiple recognition hypotheses (rather than the best one) leads to consistent gains in performance over the standard approach. Unsupervised MLP training is proposed as an alternative to build efficient acoustic models in a fully unsupervised way. Compared to cross-lingual MLPs trained in a supervised manner, the unsupervised MLP leads to competitive performance levels even if trained on only about half of the data amount. Unsupervised LM training approaches are proposed to estimate standard back-off n-gram and neural network language models. It is shown that unsupervised LM training leads to additive gains in performance on top of unsupervised AM training. Second, this thesis proposes the use of model interpolation as a rapid and flexible way to build task specific acoustic models. In reported experiments, models obtained via interpolation outperform the baseline pooled models and equivalent maximum a posteriori (MAP) adapted models. Interpolation proves to be especially useful for low resourced dialect ASR. When only a few (2 to 3 hours) or no acoustic data truly matching the target dialect are available for AM training, model interpolation leads to substantial performance gains compared to the standard training methods
Gilain, Agathe. „Economic evaluation of designing in the unknown : Design theory-based models beyond decision theory under uncertainty“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLM025.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDecision theory provides computational techniques which quantify the value of information and guide decisions under uncertainty. These latter are very relevant for economic calculation under uncertainty, but they ignore the value of the unknown. It is now well-proved that such techniques are unsuitable, even misleading in a situation that contains unknown. Does this mean that in the unknown, economic calculators should give up any form of computational approach and only rely on intuitions? Or could we contemplate a computational technique that isolates and assesses economic effects in the unknown? This research work provides some insights to these questions by studying economic phenomena in the commercial aircraft industry, where economic calculation is massively used (profitability analyzes, costing analyzes...), and by mobilizing design theory models which account for the emergence of the unknown. A first research axis investigates the impacts of the unknown in rule-based design. We seek to understand the extent to which the unknown may impact a product development cost evolution dynamics by simulating the relationship between functional expansion and development cost escalation. We find that functional expansion introduces shocks in product architecture, the cost impact of which may be dramatic. And we study how well-known cost management techniques (modularization, anticipative overinvestment) could reduce costs under functional expansion. This leads to discuss how the misuse of classic cost reduction techniques under functional expansion could generate industrial catastrophes. A second axis focuses on investment cases whose huge economic returns seem incomprehensible in a decision-theoretic framework. We demonstrate that the unknown has played a role in the generation of these returns. And we show that specific methods and managerial principles were used to rigorously explore the unknown and generate such returns. The outcomes of this work suggest that the unknown can be managed as an economic variable in its own right, which raises further questions, namely about the kind of organizations that could deploy and operate ‘economic calculation in the unknown’
Condomines, Jean-Philippe. „Développement d’un estimateur d’état non linéaire embarqué pour le pilotage-guidage robuste d’un micro-drone en milieu complexe“. Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis presents the study of an algorithmic solution for state estimation problem of unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs. The necessary resort to multiple miniaturized low-cost and low-performance sensors integrated into mini-RPAS, which are obviously subjected to hardspace requirements or electrical power consumption constraints, has led to an important interest to design nonlinear observers for data fusion, unmeasured systems state estimation and/or flight path reconstruction. Exploiting the capabilities of nonlinear observers allows, by generating consolidated signals, to extend the way mini-RPAS can be controlled while enhancing their intrinsic flight handling qualities.That is why numerous recent research works related to RPAS certification and integration into civil airspace deal with the interest of highly robust estimation algorithm. Therefore, the development of reliable and performant aided-INS for many nonlinear dynamic systems is an important research topic and a major concern in the aerospace engineering community. First, we have proposed a novel approach for nonlinear state estimation, named pi-IUKF (Invariant Unscented Kalman Filter), which is based on both invariant filter estimation and UKF theoretical principles. Several research works on nonlinear invariant observers have been led and provide a geometrical-based constructive method for designing filters dedicated to nonlinear state estimation problems while preserving the physical properties and systems symmetries. The general invariant observer guarantees a straightforward form of the nonlinear estimation error dynamics whose properties are remarkable. The developed pi-IUKF estimator suggests a systematic approach to determine all the symmetry-preserving correction terms, associated with a nonlinear state-space representation used for prediction, without requiring any linearization of the differential equations. The exploitation of the UKF principles within the invariant framework has required the definition of a compatibility condition on the observation equations. As a first result, the estimated covariance matrices of the pi-IUKF converge to constant values due to the symmetry-preserving property provided by the nonlinear invariant estimation theory. The designed pi-IUKF method has been successfully applied to some relevant practical problems such as the estimation of Attitude and Heading for aerial vehicles using low-cost AH reference systems (i.e., inertial/magnetic sensors characterized by low performances). In a second part, the developed methodology is used in the case of a mini-RPAS equipped with an aided Inertial Navigation System (INS) which leads to augment the nonlinear state space representation with both velocity and position differential equations. All the measurements are provided on board by a set of low-cost and low-performance sensors (accelerometers, gyrometers, magnetometers, barometer and even Global Positioning System (GPS)). Our designed pi-IUKF estimation algorithm is described and its performances are evaluated by exploiting successfully real flight test data. Indeed, the whole approach has been implemented onboard using a data logger based on the well-known Paparazzi system. The results show promising perspectives and demonstrate that nonlinear state estimation converges on a much bigger set of trajectories than for more traditional approaches
Lamani, Viola. „International trade, trade costs and quality of traded commodities“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0746/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade costs on the quality structure of international trade flows. In chapter one we empirically analyze the determinants of Cognac export flows and emphasize the role of trade costs. We show that, as with other luxury products, the elasticity of Cognac exports to distance is negative and relatively small. Meanwhile, average customs duties do not have a significant impact on the intensive margin, but we find that they negatively affect the probability of trade, after correcting for an endogeneity bias. In chapter two we empirically test the validity of the Alchian and Allen effect that states that per-unit charges increase the relative demand of higher quality goods. We use data on Cognac exports by quality designations. The measure of Cognac quality is objective and invariant over time. Our results show that distance and specific duties increase the share of exports of higher quality Cognac. We also examine the impact of containerization on Cognac's quality mix from 1967 to 2013. In chapter three we build a theoretical model of a North-South duopoly where firms compete in prices on both markets. We use this framework to study the impact of several trade policy instruments (import tariff, quota and quality standard) on the product R&D investment of the Northern firm. Our results show that the Northern firm's R&D expenditures increase with each policy instrument except for the import quota
Rozenberg, Julie. „Eléments sur la robustesse des politiques climatiques“. Paris, EHESS, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01832194.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis looks for robustness in climate change mitigation policies assessment and implementation. Exploring the uncertainties surrounding future technologies, fossil fuel resources, policy instruments, consumption preferences, population and economie growth with an Integrated Assessment model, it disentangles the future drivers of future carbon emissions and of mitigation costs. Such methodologies improve the understanding of models, filter out the issues that do not really matter, help policymakers focus on critical factors and develop consensus about where the focus should be. The thesis also proposes to focus on instruments that are robust to political constraints thanks to their lower short-term impacts. Such instruments include performance standards or financial instruments that redirect the bulk of investments towards clean capital without affecting the owners of existing polluting capital
Raharinirina, Vahinala. „Valorisation économique de la biodiversité par les contrats de bioprospection et la filière huiles essentielles : le cas de Madagascar“. Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00414079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtsebi, Bédhat Jean-Marc. „Essays on Financial Crises and Growth Surges“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAD006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis dissertation studies two phenomena that have been widespread in many countries of the world through history and have huge implications for development, namely the financial crises and growth surges. The first part, comprising two chapters (chapters 2 and 3), analyzes the sectoral trade and output costs of financial crises in the context of developing and emerging countries. It also examines the channels by which financial crises affect trade and output and assess the role of fiscal policy and space to alleviate the output costs. The second part, comprising also two chapters (chapters 4 and 5) turns our attention to the determinants of growth surges in countries and the International Monetary Fund's role in igniting growth surges. Chapter 2 studies the response of different types of trade (i.e. agricultural, mining, and manufactured goods, and services) following various types of financial crises (i.e. debt, banking, and currency crises) in 41 emerging countries over the period 1980-2018. It reveals that the collapse of total trade in the aftermath of financial crises is long-lasting and mainly driven by the fall of manufacturing trade. Also, trade in both mining goods and services declines following several types of financial crises, while trade in agricultural goods seems to benefit from a possible substitution effect particularly following debt crises. These trade costs are reinforced for combined crises and can be explained by compositional and structural (trade structure and diversification), demand-side (fall in demand for goods and services), and supply-side channels (disruption of financial development, fall of net capital inflows and deterioration of credit ratings). Chapter 3 studies how fiscal policy space shapes the dynamics of output losses in the aftermath of financial crises and normal recessions in a sample of 35 developing and 56 emerging countries over the period 1985-2017. It reveals that the availability of fiscal space in the aftermath of financial crises and normal recessions generates a mixed fiscal environment with different output losses of shocks. In countries with enough fiscal space, governments can enact credible fiscal policy expansion by increasing their deficit and using their fiscal space to alleviate the costs of financial crises and normal recessions. In such a situation, private consumption and investment, as well as net capital inflows, increase, which favors a rapid recovery. In countries with limited fiscal space, the story is different and painful; governments immediately trade output stabilization goals out to address the debt sustainability issues while implementing fiscal consolidations, which deepens the recessionary forces. Besides, in these countries, private consumption and investment, as well as net capital inflows, are depressed, and recovery, if any, is a distant and uncertain prospect. Chapter 4 studies the determinants of growth surges. It identifies 132 episodes of growth surges in 117 countries over the period 1980-2010 and finds that improvements in macroeconomic stability and external factors and endowments favor a higher probability of growth surge. They are followed by structural reforms, investments, labor and productivity, trade diversification and quality, and lastly by institutions. Besides, it shows that countries can maximize the likelihood of igniting growth surges if they jointly achieve significant improvements in macroeconomic stability and external conditions and endowments, on one hand, and other determinants, on the other hand. Moreover, significant changes in macroeconomic stability, and to some extent, external factors and endowments may be considered as dominant strategies to ignite a growth surge, as no improvements in these determinants, generally constraint the other determinants to have a smaller effect on growth surges. Chapter 5 engages and contributes to the debate on the effectiveness of the IMF in promoting growth. (...)
Lange, Léa. „Influences environnementales précoces et plasticité phénotypique : étude d’un modèle amphibien avec soins parentaux prénataux, l’Alyte accoucheur“. Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS016.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe common Midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) is a species of amphibian in which parental care is performed exclusively by the male. Indeed, after mating, during which the male actively helps the female for the emission of the eggs, he attaches the clutch around the joints of his hind limbs and thus carries it throughout embryonic development. Amphibians are very sensitive to the abiotic environment, especially to hydric and thermal conditions. To avoid extreme temperatures, they can behaviourally thermoregulate, for example by selecting refuges with favourable microclimatic conditions. The common Midwife toad has shown a selection of their refuges based on their hydric and thermal properties. The early stages of development are particularly sensitive to temperature. Parents can then carry out parental care to limit the effects. A paternal phenological effect has been observed in common Midwife toad, whose males favour higher temperatures when they carry eggs. Parental care is costly for adults, however. The common Midwife toad exhibited decreased locomotion performances during egg carrying, which could lead to decreased fitness. In addition, parental care strongly influences the development of young. The thermal environment encountered during the embryonic stage, and therefore during the period of parental care in the common Midwife toad, had both short-term and persistent effects on the phenology. The thermal environment encountered during the larval stage can also be decisive. In the common Midwife toad, the postnatal thermal environment induced a switch to multi-year development during development at 16 ° C, with overwintering at the tadpole stage, whereas it was annual during development at 20 ° C and 24 ° C. The postnatal thermal environment has also involved morphological, physiological, and behavioural changes. Finally, an involvement of physiology, and in particular heart rate, has been observed throughout the embryonic and larval development of the young
Woldemichael, Martha Tesfaye. „Essays on international trade and export performance“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHistorical evidence shows that countries can successfully develop by opening up to trade and pursuing manufacturing export-led strategies. Trade promotes efficient allocation of resources according to comparative advantage, with imports acting as a vehicle for technology transfers and productivity growth while exports are key to relaxing balance-of-payments constraints and supporting domestic revenue mobilization efforts. By spurring growth, trade has the potential of alleviating poverty and delivering better livelihoods. Drawing on the case of Cambodia where the garment industry provides the bulk of manufacturing jobs and accounts for the lion's share of the export bundle, Chapter 2 provides micro evidence of the welfare-enhancing potential of trade openness through manufacturing exports. It relies on propensity score matching estimators to show that the textile and apparel sector enhances the welfare of households in the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution, boosting consumption, asset ownership and the proportion of children attending school, while curbing exposure to food insecurity and lowering the incidence and depth of poverty. Based on instrumental variables, we also show that remittances from the export-oriented garment industry relax household budget constraints, increasing expenditures in education, health and productivity-raising investments in agriculture. Chapter 3 adopts a macro approach to investigate the determinants of episodes of strong and sustained export growth. Institutional quality underpinned by macroeconomic stability, a depreciated exchange rate, export diversification, global value chain participation and market-oriented agricultural reforms show up as strong predictors of export takeoffs. Lowering barriers to competition in network industries and lifting capital movement restrictions mainly bolster services exports, while foreign direct investment inflows are conducive to goods export accelerations. Applying the synthetic control method to the illustrative cases of Brazil and Peru yields evidence of higher real GDP per capita and lower unemployment and income inequality in the years following the export surge. Our results point to significant complementarities between goods and services, and suggest that lowering barriers to trade in services is likely to support trade in goods. Chapter 4 quantifies a new source of domestic trade costs related to import processing times at the border that generate supply chain unreliability by exposing importing firms to unexpected delays in the provision of critical inputs, ultimately undermining their export performance. Using the Poisson-pseudo-maximum-likelihood estimator, we find that uncertainty in the time required to clear imported inputs through Customs impacts neither the entry nor the exit rate of manufacturing firms, but translates into lower survival rates for new exporters. This effect is heterogeneous across export industries, grows larger over time owing to rising reputational costs to input-importing exporters, and is mainly driven by South-North trade, possibly reflecting the time-sensitivity of buyers in developed countries. It is also attenuated by sunk costs of entry in foreign markets
Hamdi-Cherif, Meriem. „Aligning development and energy policies under climate constraints in China : lessons from a second-best general equilibrium framework“. Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0105.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUnderstanding the impacts of climate policies in China and their dynamics is essential for the international climate policy. This thesis contributes to this debate by analyzing the costs and opportunities for China to transition to a low-carbon economy in an adverse overall economic context. It provides macroeconomic evaluation of the costs of mitigation in China using a Computable General Equilibrium model in a second-best framework. The tool used captures important element that are not systematically covered by exiting analyses, like inertia constraints, imperfect expectations and non optimal exploitations of production factors (labor, capital). Beyond the comprehensive assessment of climate mitigation costs, the thesis allows (i) exhibiting the mechanisms underlying these costs in the short-term and in the long-term, and thus (ii) revealing levers that might be used to reduce them. Furthermore, the conducted analyses demonstrate that beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary policies, with a crucial role of bottom-up measures likely to complement the carbon price. It proclaims that an innovative development pathway with a sustainable future will require implementing local measures able to (i) provide appropriate incentives for long-term investments by resorting to other signals than current market prices and (ii) incorporate sectoral measures that act complementarity
Cosnard, Maïté. „Institutions, développement et couts de transaction application au Burkina Faso“. Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN1G009.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFernandez, Guillaume. „Mesure et lisibilité de la performance globale et durable : modélisation d'un tableau de bord intégrateur“. Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30010.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNos travaux portent sur l’objet d’observation scientifique suivant : mesure et lisibilité de la performance globale et durable, appliqué au champ des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire.Notre objectif est de démontrer qu’il est possible de créer un système de contrôle de gestion de la performance globale et durable (PFGD), qui intègre les diverses dimensions visibles et cachées de la performance économique et sociale des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire, tout en contribuant à augmenter la lisibilité de la PFGD auprès des parties prenantes internes et externes.Nous commençons notre exposé autour de la question des enjeux de la mesure de la performance globale et durable (désormais PFGD), avec un focus spécifique sur notre champ composé des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire (désormais OESS). Ensuite, parmi les différentes approches abordées, nous concentrons notre analyse sur l’ingénierie de la mesure socio-économique. Au regard de notre problématique, cette approche semble proposer des éléments de réponse à la fois sur la globalité et la durabilité de la performance, mais aussi sur sa lisibilité pour les parties prenantes. La deuxième partie de notre thèse présente notre proposition, qui prend la forme d’un outil spécifique du système de contrôle de gestion socio-économique : le tableau de bord de pilotage et de mesure de la PFGD. D’une part, nos résultats détaillent les dégradations de la PFGD, rendues visibles par une approche qualimétrique d’explicitation des coûts et des performances cachés. D’autre part, nous expliciterons de manière qualitative les différentes illustrations du manque d’intégration de la PFGD. Enfin, nous proposons un modèle, ainsi qu’un exemple de tableau de bord, qui intègrent à la fois une visibilité accrue de la PFGD, ainsi qu’une lisibilité augmentée pour les parties prenantes internes et externes
Kondongou, Vincent. „L'impact de la militarisation sur une économie en développement : le cas du centrafrique“. Paris 9, 1988. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1988PA090026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis Ph. D thesis studies the incidences of militarization upon a developing economy. But, further to the central african example, this essay also suggests an approach of the performances of african military regimes, i. E. A political economical cycle reflection. Part one of this thesis, briefly describes on a critical manner, the main economical theories of state and tries to test their applicability to military governments ; and then considers the causes of army's irruptions on the political scene in africa. Part two tries, in two different ways, to study the impact of militarization upon the central african economy : at first, directly, through econometrical correlations between military expenditures and the main aggregates of the domestic economy. Then, undirectly, through a historical approach of the consequences of the various economical programs and policies of the two military governments which have run this country
Dubost, Serge. „Plates-formes d'exportation et développement international de l'entreprise“. Nice, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NICE0043.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleOffshore manufacturing units were been established in less developed countries, often in the export processing zones, since the mid-1960s. In this way, multinational enterprises made operations, like assembly; then products are exported into industrialized economies. Based on samples of firms from garment and electronics industries, this study turns on the competitive advantage and the key success factors for offshore manufacturing, the location decision process and the environmental variables which are taking into account, the control and the production organization of plants. Not surprisingly, cost reduction appears to be the main objective. In most enterprises, this competitive advantage refers to reactive behavior. Nevertheless, characteristics of proactive strategy are perceptible in some cases
Weikmans, Romain. „Le financement international de l'adaptation au changement climatique: quelle vision de l'aide ?“ Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLes contestations normatives relatives à la nature des transferts financiers Nord-Sud visant l’adaptation au changement climatique et à ses relations avec l’aide publique au développement (APD) se sont considérablement accentuées depuis 2009 lorsque les pays développés se sont conjointement engagés à fournir des ressources «nouvelles et supplémentaires » à hauteur de 30 milliards de dollars pour la période 2010-2012 et à mobiliser collectivement 100 milliards de dollars par an d’ici à 2020, en les répartissant de manière « équilibrée » entre l’atténuation et l’adaptation dans les pays en développement. Mouvements de solidarité internationale, organisations non gouvernementales de protection de l’environnement, représentants des pays en développement, et parfois institutions multilatérales de développement :nombreux sont les acteurs qui appellent à la mise en place d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui existerait séparément de l’aide, en représentant une forme de « compensation » liée à la responsabilité disproportionnée des pays développés dans l’occurrence du changement climatique.
Notre thèse se construit à partir d’un constat :celui de la déconnexion entre une hypothèse largement répandue dans la littérature académique (i.e. l’existence d’un financement international de l’adaptation qui serait distinct de l’APD – et original sous divers aspects) et la réalité observable (i.e. l’existence d’un tel financement ne se vérifie pas dans les faits). Comment expliquer cette déconnexion ?Telle est précisément la question que nous tentons d’élucider dans le présent document. Nous formulons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les discours opposant le financement international de l’adaptation et l’aide au développement sont le produit d’une vision particulière de ce que devrait être l’APD. L’ambition de notre recherche est dès lors de caractériser cette vision normative de l’aide et d’examiner ses manifestations dans une série de débats récurrents qui traversent la question du financement international de l’adaptation. Nous mettons en évidence le fait que ces discours renouvellent une vision de l’aide entre États souverains destinée à répondre aux injustices internationales et à alimenter un transfert de ressources régulier entre pays riches et pays pauvres.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Calenzo, Patrick. „Développement de nouvelles architectures mémoires non volatiles bas coût et basse consommation“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe objectives of this thesis are to conceive and to develop non volatile memories with floating gate which are low cost, low voltage consumption and compatible with a CMOS standard logic process. In order to be carried out, a state of the art has put forth the cells which are “high-achieving” in this technology. This has permitted to see the qualities and the defects of the cells and enabled to target the main points which need careful consideration. From this onwards, a calibration methodology, usable for any semi conductor device, has been developed. This methodology was put into practice on an EEPROM cell, which served as the foundations for the development of the memory cells, throughout this paper. Furthermore, a single poly silicon double implant memory cell has been studied. This cell has been developed from its operating concept to its electric validation on silicon. The manufacturing process suggested gave way to a single poly-silicon memory cell in a CMOS logic technology. In addition, the cell consumption is in perfect accordance with the low voltage consumption criteria. Finally, this cell is interesting in regards to its size which is only 1,1 μm² in a technology of 0,13 μm. This makes it the smallest existing cell for this particular type of memory. In parallel to this work, another single poly silicon cell, which exists in two different versions, has been suggested. These cells have the particularity to be created in a shallow trench isolation. This reinforces the idea of low cost because the surface of the unit cell can be reduced but at the same time remains compatible with a CMOS standard logic process. All the basics needed to create this cell have been validated electrically and give way to encouraging energy consumption results. The outlook for this work would be to improve the two developed concepts in order to have them industrialized
Theillet, Gérald. „Développement d'un support microfluidique papier pour le diagnostic bas coût d'arboviroses émergentes“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0725/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe incidence of arboviruses infections has increased dramatically in recent decades in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Dengue and chikungunya viruses are typically transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause a wide range of symptoms, and sometimes death. Although conventional diagnostic tests can provide diagnosis of acute infections, access to these tests is often limited in developing countries. Early and prompt diagnosis is crucial to improve patient management. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop affordable, simple, rapid, and robust tools that can be used at ‘Point of Care’ settings.We developed and evaluated a PAD for the detection of the dengue Non Structural 1 (NS1) viral protein in blood and plasma samples. The PAD was able to detect specifically 10 ng.mL-1 of NS1 protein in various sample types and in 6-8 minutes. Secondly, an improved version of the PAD obtained by laser cutting was designed and tested for the detection of dengue NS1 protein and virus-specific IgM in blood and plasma. Each parameter could be detected in 8 minutes. PAD development performed on dengue fever was then applied to the detection of chikungunya virus IgM in human sera, using viral Pseudo-Particles (PPs). These synthetic antigens have proven to be powerful tools for specific IgM detection. The results obtained showed a sensitivity of 70.6% and a specificity of approximately 98% with a time to results of less than 10 minutes. The PAD showed few cross reactions with other arbovirusess. The PPS were finally characterized with different physico-chemical methods in order to determine the key factors of their performances
Fas, Catherine. „Méthode d'évaluation économique des projets régionaux : une nouvelle approche appliquée à la professionnalisation des armées“. Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRannane, M'hamed. „Alliances asymétriques et développement des PME dans les pays en développement : le cas des PME marocaines“. Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU2011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with asymmetric alliances linking Moroccan SMEs to large foreign firms. An alliance is asymmetric when there is an imbalance in size and resources between partners. To which extent such alliances may contribute to the development of Moroccan SMEs? The analysis is done in a qualitative approach, through case studies, using a model combining two theoretical approaches among the most cited in the strategic management, the Transaction cost theory and the Resource based view. We show that under certain conditions, alliances, although asymmetric, actually allow the development of SMEs in Morocco
Griech, Brahim. „Un système interactif d'aide à la décision base sur la connaissance pour l'estimation des coûts de développements des logiciels“. Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066509.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTaddei-Stradi, Julia. „Dynamiques comportementale, institutionnelle et technologique des alliances de recherche et développement“. Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010022.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNguyen, Viet Huong. „Développement d'électrodes transparentes par méthodes de dépôt à pression atmosphérique et bas coût pour applications photovoltaïques“. Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI072/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe thesis work involves the study of Indium-free Transparent Conductive Materials (TCMs), key components of many optoelectronic devices, using Atmospheric Pressure Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition (AP-SALD). This new approach shares the main advantages of conventional ALD but allows open-air, very fast deposition of high-quality nanometer-thick materials over large surfaces. We focused on the optimization of the electrical properties of Aluminum doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Al) films, one of the most studied Transparent Conductive Oxides (TCOs). The effect of several experimental parameters on the physical properties of the deposited films has been evaluated. The carrier transport mechanism at grain boundaries was identified to be tunneling rather than thermionic emission in highly doped ZnO, thanks to a new model we have developed using the Airy Function Transfer Matrix Method. Accordingly, the electron trap density at grain boundaries for ZnO:Al samples (2.2×1020 cm-3) prepared by AP-SALD was estimated to be about 7.6×1013 cm-2. Our model shows that grain boundary scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism in our films. We found that UV assisted annealing (~ 200 °C) under vacuum was an efficient method to reduce grain boundary traps, resulting in an improvement of mobility from 1 cm2V-1s-1 to 24 cm2V-1s-1 for ZnO and to 6 cm2V-1s-1 for ZnO:Al. We have also used AP-SALD to fabricate high-performance, stable and flexible TCMs based on metallic nanowire network. For that, we developed composite electrodes by coating silver/copper nanowires (AgNWs/CuNWs) with ZnO, Al2O3, or ZnO:Al. A thin conformal coating deposited by AP-SALD technique enhanced drastically the thermal/electrical stability of the AgNWs/CuNWs network. High optoelectronic properties (resistivity ~ 10-4 Ωcm, transmittance ~ 90 %) of the AgNW/ZnO:Al composite make them very appropriate for application as TCM, especially for flexible devices.Finally, as a soft deposition technique, AP-SALD is completely compatible to the Silicon heterojunction (Si-HET) solar cell technology in terms of interface passivation. The integration of ZnO:Al and AgNWs based TCMs to Si-HET cell has also been explored
Obach, Dorothée. „Efficacité et coût-efficacité de différentes stratégies de traitements contre l'hépatite C chronique en Egypte : définition des meilleurs critères d'initiation de traitement“. Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077118.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIt is estimated that in Egypt 4,000,000 persons would have a chronic hepatitis C. In 2006 the Egyptian government opened the first national treatment centers to fight against this epidemic and patients had an access to dual therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. However, due to financial and logistical constrains, only a part of the patients could be treated. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of different strategies of initiation of treatment against HCV in Egypt to optimize the use of available resources. Using a Markov model, we simulated the trajectory of Egyptian patients infected by chronic HCV, through different health states (fibrosis, cirrhosis, carcinoma), until their death. We estimated costs associated to follow-up and treatment of patients infected by chronic HCV in Egypt, and evaluated the cost-effectiveness of treatment strategies based on fibrosis stage at diagnosis. Finally, we measured the efficiency of strategies of initiation of treatment, available in limited number. Through those studies we demonstrated that it is cost-effective to treat patients at advanced stages of fibrosis (F4) in Egypt, ineligible until now. Also, we demonstrated that in a limited resources context this is more efficient to prioritize treatment for patients at stages F3-F4. The future availability of new and more efficacious treatments does not change conclusions, for an identical or doubled number of patients treated. We verified those last results in another developing country, Thailand
Monod, Emmanuel. „Efficacité du développement des systèmes d'information : le cas de la transformation d'IBM France“. Paris, ENST, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENST0044.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarbonneau, Yves. „Développement et mise au point de nouveaux alliages de magnésium à propriétés mécaniques élevées et à faible coût“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq25521.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKoumba-Mombo, Charles. „Le coût de la main-d'oeuvre étrangère et son incidence sur le développement économique et éducationnel du Gabon“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29074.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDorey, Julie. „Développement d'un outil d'aide à la décision pour l'organisation des soins dans la maladie d'Huntington“. Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFew studies have been done on the evaluation of the burden of patients suffering from Huntington’s disease (HD) and their family. The objectives of this thesis were: 1/development of an instrument evaluating HD characteristics; 2/validation of this instrument; 3/implementation of an observational study; 4/development of a model evaluating patients’ pathways. A self-administered instrument of quality of life related to health (HRQoL) and a self-administered clinical instrument specific for patients were developed. Both instruments showed good psychometric properties and were validated in several languages. The costs of HD in five countries (France, Italy, Spain, USA, Poland) were assessed. HRQoL of patients and caregivers and their determinants have been described. Also, a mathematical model that models the evolution of patients was developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of new therapies in HD. A comparison between a mock treatment and current standard care showed that a therapy that improves the total score of the self-assessment TMS (H-CSRI) by 3.3 points would not be cost effective. Also, studies on HRQoL in patients with alcohol use disorders, and in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms were made as well as studies on stroke patients pathways. These studies bring original information that meets needs for evaluation of therapeutic interventions in each of the considered areas