Dissertationen zum Thema „Courtyard houses in Homs“

The built environment in the old city of Homs has been brutally destroyed by the conflict in Syria. The research gap in post-conflict planning and architectural design in the old city of Homs is alarming as it indicates that there are no clear roadmaps on how to deal with post-conflict housing units in such a historic area. This study aims to investigate the possible design basis of housing typologies and plans for the housing units in the old city after the conflict. This study is primarily based on a literature review and extensive discussions with a specialist architect from the city of Homs, who helped to gain a deeper understanding of how to approach such a topic. The literature review deals with the historical Arab cities’ components and the elements of courtyard houses both in general and in the old city of Homs in particular. Likewise, it looks at the city’s urban plans and building code and their shortcomings and highlights the current conditions there. It also highlights proposed strategies for post-conflict construction and discusses them. The findings of the study propose a design ideology for reconstruction strategies and translate these ideologies and findings from the literature into a practical design of typologies placed on a proposed plot of land in the old city, along with a proposal of what the plans of these houses might look like.

In the United States, the living urban environment in the last two centuries has almost completely disappeared. Dense urban environments as viable and normal places to live have become a thing of the past. Living in the suburbs has become the trend and everyone has looked to the outskirts of the city to live. Downtown areas have become a place to work, and the suburbs a place to live. Downtowns have become ghost towns during the evenings, while little communal interaction can be found in the suburbs due to its inhuman scale and automobile dependence. Developers have marketed suburban living for their profits, offering no other alternative housing between suburban and urban living cores as they exist today. This thesis will explore an alternative prototypical housing type to promote vitality and livability in urban environments today.
Master of Architecture

In the forthcoming decades housing will be facing major controversial issues such as those of achieving higher densities, obtaining socio-cultural acceptance through the retention of the inherent qualities of low rise, low density dwellings, and that of attaining sustainability.
Courtyard housing addresses these issues fairly effectively with at least one individual courtyard allocated to every single dwelling unit. Apart from achieving higher densities, it possesses qualities such as ground relatedness, security, territoriality, dwelling identifiability, image of home, personalization, adaptability to alternative lifestyles, the provision of private outdoor space, and child surveillance possibility. These are qualities seldom found in other housing typologies with similar densities and are almost non existent in high-rise, high density projects. Sustainability is achieved through economies in land, infrastructure, building materials, energy, as well as socio-cultural stability.
This study investigates the courtyard, the house, the neighborhood, the city and how these relate to the qualities mentioned above. A comprehensive and exhaustive review is also made of courtyard housing projects published since 1960. These are compared and analysed in order to derive possible improvements and suggest alternative solutions.

The thesis presents a critical analysis of the physical, social and cultural determinants of the traditional Chinese courtyard house. A number of factors which contributed to the stability of the form and spatial arrangement of the courtyard house in traditional China are identified. Early chapters examine the physical and broad social influences upon the form of the courtyard house and explain the different forms of spatial organisation. The discussion then centres on the importance of the Chinese family system and how it was reflected in the spatial arrangement within the house form. The symbol system related to Chinese houses is then considered, paying particular attention to its development from prehistoric China to the Han Dynasty and thereafter, including the concept of Ch'i and the cosmic framework of the Chinese people, which laid the basis for Yang Chai Theory. Ideal residential environments according to the two main Schools of Yang Chai Theory are then described. An example of how the various physical and socio-cultural factors are embodied in an actual courtyard house from the traditional period, taking into account the various elements of Yang Chai Theory, is then illustrated and analysed. The courtyard house reached its demise with the transformation of Chinese societies from agricultural to industrial, as social values and family structure were adjusted to suit the new life-styles. Nevertheless, Yang Chai Theory remains strongly embedded in Chinese culture. The thesis concludes with a discussion of how its components are taken into consideration even nowadays in the forming of residential environments.

Intelligent systems (IS) are seen as a vital component in improving building performance. The research reported in this thesis explored the potential role of such systems in improving the performance of courtyard house types in Baghdad, Iraq. The Iraqi government's intention to refurbish those courtyard houses that possess significant historical architectural value was based on modifying the ambient social and environmental condition to protect the occupants. The benefits of IS are generally to: provide environmental control and system control, reduce running costs, improve operational effectiveness and energy efficiency, maintenance/building upkeep, reliability/dependability, and last but not least monitoring and observation. However, the majority of IS research and development has been on commercial and office buildings, and although there were applications in dwelling houses, their potential benefit for certain house types, for example courtyard houses, has not been well understood. Against the background of the possible refurbishment of the courtyard house, the aim of this research is to explore the potential role of intelligent systems in improving the performance of the courtyard house type in Baghdad, Iraq. The main objectives of this research were to: (1) investigate the characteristics and features of the traditional courtyard house in Iraq, (2) investigate the meaning, nature and application of intelligent systems in buildings, (3) investigate the lifestyle of current users of traditional courtyard houses and how these buildings support their needs, (4) examine the potential role of IS in improving the performance of courtyard houses, and (5) make recommendations on the possible applications of IS to courtyard houses. Various research methods and strategies were adopted to achieve the defined aim of this research. These methods include an extensive literature review in both the areas of the courtyard house and intelligent buildings, and a case study was collected the data from two main sources through: (1) semi-structured interviews with twenty five architects and twenty four occupants, and (2) physical survey and observation of the traditional courtyard house type in the Al-Kadhimiya historic area. The qualitative method was used to analysis the data collection. Abstract The findings from the study identified the following new themes which provide the basis for exploring the research question: (1) Architectural value - key feature through the passive system of the traditional courtyard house type in the Al-Kadhimiya, (2) Limitation of space use, some spaces were not used, and the residents felt as if they were paralyzed at these times and (3) Requirement for new systems in this house type. It is concluded that the key features of the traditional courtyard house type are passive systems which support the lifestyle by achieving thermal comfort. Adding simple IS as applications which are integrated and wireless, with an actuator, will certainly help the residents enhance the house performance in Al-Kadhimiya. This will be done by: developing the level of control over the environment, reducing the environmental challenges, decreasing the social struggles, and supporting the response to the environment. This study contributes to the role of ISs in enhancing the performance of the traditional courtyard house. For the current users, these roles are achieved through three major steps: (1) the nature of IS in traditional courtyard house, (2) The priority of systems; (3) Using the courtyard house as a container for intelligent systems. Future users are likely to have a different lifestyle and so the level of intelligence may change; thus, the potential need for ISs might change too due to the type of IS and its operation. A clean air recirculation module is one application to be used in the traditional courtyard house type in Al-Kadhimiya, which can be selected to enhance house performance.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002.
One chapter in both English and Chinese. Includes special report study entitled: Comparison of vernacular houses between new and old in the Chinese countryside. Includes bibliographical references.

The thesis of this project is to develop a language of architecture for the design of a rural house. Parameters for this language are specified through program, ideas about living in a country home, and the importance of integrating the building with its site. The parameters are reaffirmed through the materials and elements of architecture. In order to develop a cohesive language, four houses have been designed for four different sites. Each house implements the specified parameters in a manner appropriate to the setting of the surrounding landscape. The houses themselves become a transition between the inside and the outside and between the natural and the man-made. Thus this thesis is: Four Houses - A Language of Transition from Earth to Sky. Our experience-space is necessarily in conflict with the space of nature. The space that nature offers us rises above the ground and is oriented entirely towards the earth's surface. The contrast between the mass of the earth below and the space of the air above, which meet at the surface of the earth, is the primary datum of this (experience) space. Dom H. Van Der Laan, "Architectonic Space" (E.J. Brill, 1983), p. 5
Master of Architecture

This dissertation focuses on basic documentation within an idiographic circumstance. The documenting object is dwelling courtyards in Ancient City of Ping Yao (ACPY). It explores the former similar documentation efforts and introduces the author’s own proposed documentation methodology, and follows up the later application of the methodology, and finally assesses itself. This process provided a meaningful reference sample to other practical documentation work. To better introduce the documentation methodology, the dissertation also talks about Ping Yao dwelling courtyards in detail. If the reader is interested in local residential architectures, this dissertation will be helpful. Besides referring significance of documentation method exploring, the documentation also involves deeply into ACPY’s conservation affairs, which is mainly concluded in appendix. To introduce the factors influencing this event of conservation career, this dissertation can be a record to ACPY’s conservation development in the transferring times, which can lead people who are interested to have a better understanding what is going on at the implementation level.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

In Qing Dynasty, Chang’s family was one of the most famous merchants of the Shanxi ancient business. Chang’s Manor, which has a history of more than 200 years, stays as the most awarded civil building assembly among all the Shanxi compounds by its elaborate sculptures, wooden decorated archways, brick sculpted walls and many other art forms. Since 2001, Chang’s Manor has been commercialized for tourism purpose. Many “interesting stories” have been made up while lots of facts which are the real “people’s history” were left out and may be lost forever. This is also a common problem within many heritages which have been transformed into tourist attractions in China. And this arouses my research interests. In this dissertation, I would like to seek and tell the “true stories” from 1949 to 2001 in accordance with my conversation with the original habitants who have had real life experience of the original places. Surely, I will identify the real social value of Chang’s Manor through the interpretation of the true stories from local people.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Traditional architectural and urban artefacts are showed over the centuries as a powerful imprint of human actions and practices and are being developed on the basis of concrete socio-cultural factors and environmental rationalities. Spatial and morphological patterns of traditional environments have exceedingly evolved to fulfill and accomplish the social and cultural needs of the populace in their dialectical interplay with the surrounding environment. This relationship conceptualises the man-made environment, as the repository of meaning, in users‟ reciprocal relation with the surrounding environment. In the context of history, the human tends to dwell when experiencing the built environment as meaningful. Traditional contexts are highlighted as physical and spatial interpretations of human activities, skills, thoughts and resources creating identifiable and meaningful realms related to space/place, time and society. The study uncovers the process of the formation of the house and mahalla in order to shed light on how the built environment responds to inhabitants‟ socio-cultural determinants and everyday lives. It unfolds how changes in the nature of Iraqi society and its priorities affect the architecture of home and mahalla by reference to the impact of modernity with all its alien socio-cultural principles. This thesis focuses on the architecture of home and mahalla within the traditional core of Kadhimiya city and similar Iraqi socio-cultural contexts. At the macro analytical level, the research investigates the spatial and physical formation of the mahalla as a whole through detecting the socio-spatial aspects of its realms, and how its spontaneous form has responded to the socio-cultural aspects of the community in an integral pattern. At the micro level, the research will go deeper in the perception of the basic aspects of the individual and the family. It investigates how the traditional house reflects and satisfies the personal values of the individual, and achieves his socio-cultural beliefs and everyday life on the basis of inherent norms and conventions. In this vein, public, semi-public/private and private domains are investigated to highlight the mutual interplay between these spheres as key factors in understanding the architecture of the house and mahalla. The research discusses indigenous aspects and principles contained or embedded in the structure of the traditional environment, such as privacy, social solidarity and stability, neighbourliness and so on. It reveals insight into the male-female relationship in the social life of the traditional context, and how the position of women and their idle qualities impact the structure of the house and the hierarchical sequence and organisation of spaces. Identity, tradition, sustainability and everyday life are the main fields discussed with a specific end goal to outline and uncover the role of social factors, cultural beliefs and daily practices in the creation of this particular form. Building on these values, the research adopts an interpretive historical method in revealing the characters of the traditional environment referring to residents‟ habits, customs, rituals and traditions. Several approaches to the built and home environment are discussed for paving or detecting reliable one in the methodological inquiry within which many tools and methods have been utilised and used i.e. archival records, interviews, historical narratives, personal observation and photographic surveys. Data generated consists of photos, maps, interviewees‟ comments, analytical diagrams and historical and travellers‟ descriptions. Research findings indicate many of the inherent and underlying principles upon which the architecture of Iraqi traditional house depends. Within this context, the study has tried to unfold how the formation of the traditional house and the mahalla responded to the socio-cultural aspects of the community and the daily life of its members. Findings, concerning the design principles of the traditional mahalla, were realised as indigenous norms and standards embedded in the structure of society, which can be useful for architects, designers and planners to reconcile traditional and contemporary urban forms through the application of former rules and conventions in City‟s conservation or redevelopment plans. The study reveals that the traditional environment had less socio-cultural contradictions, active day-to-day practices and clear, identifiable and meaningful identity compared with contemporary built environments. Research findings, thus, lead to a set of relevant recommendations addressed to many of the community categories, architects, planners, stakeholders and those interested in this field. They aim to promote the impressive role of socio-cultural factors and strengthen users‟ competence in their physical and spatial settings for home. Moreover, research recommendations discuss how social factors, cultural values, beliefs, practices and rituals can be re-employed in our approach to achieving a more sustainable living environment. Recommendations relating to identity and tradition aim to draw attention and shed light on the significance of traditional built environments in the development of special identity, which played a big role in the sustainability of these contexts for centuries.

The word "vecindad" in Spanish means neighborhood, but the word is also used to describe a dwelling form. The vecindad is usually known as a row of one-room dwellings surrounding an open space or patio. This kind of dwelling form exists in most Latin American countries as well as in Spain, however the word "vecindad" is used exclusively in Mexico. This dwelling form existed in Spain under the name of "corrales" and it was brought to Mexico in the XVI century with the Conquest of 1521. Initially, vecindades were built as multi-family tenements to rent to low-income artisans or workers in Mexico. There are two kinds: the multi-storied ones which were built within the Traza, which was the first design of Mexico City by the Spaniards; and the one-storied buildings built in the Indian barrios located on the periphery of the Traza.
While each vecindad is different, they share the same elements such as the zahuan (entrance), the patio, the dwellings and the accesorias (commercial spaces). The number and dimensions of these elements vary depending on the characteristics of each vecindad.
From the XVI century until the early XX century, vecindades comprised the majority of the housing stock in Mexico City. In the 1940's, due to the ideas of Functionalism, vecindades ceased to be built and were relegated as an old and traditional dwelling form in the center of the city.
This thesis presents the origin, evolution and present condition of vecindades within the Traza of Mexico City. Their adaptability to fulfill social, cultural and political circumstances throughout the history of Mexico City reveals their importance as the city's main collective urban dwelling form.

Most of the publications on the Danish architect Arne Jacobsen are mainly dedicated on showing his extensive number of works, especially in the public sector, and the projects focused on the domestic area are left aside. However, most of his works are houses, of which he has designed over a hundred. The thesis focuses precisely on this second group of works which are more numerous but less dealt with by the critics. Attempting to inquire into the hypothesis that for Jacobsen "the source of all architecture seems to be the house, the world of domesticity, while the social field is understood as merely the natural extension of this", as Carles Marti explains. Or put in another way, by Josep Maria Sostres, "the starting point of all his experiences seems to be domestic architecture, factor which he prints in other works". Thus , the thesis is based on the belief that the house, quintessential space dedicated to live in, contains in itself the complexity of the major themes of architecture. In this sense,it is a useful vehicle to reach the formal and spatial mechanisms which are found in the base of the great works of all time, regardless of location and scale. The Rüthwen-Jürgensen house is a paradigmatic example to arrive at the concept that Jacobsen has of domesticity. His analysis allow researching how he faces the ancestral issue of the double reading of a home as a shelter and as a viewpoint, which is his formal response and which are the articulating spaces. In this sense, Jacobsen responds making the two spatial archetypes coexist: the courtyard and the pavilion; understanding the courtyard as an access area and the pavilion as an independent living area. From this point of view, the house would be the space comprised between the protection and projection, between the concave enclosure and the convex opening. The concave shape of the enclosure provides limitation, seclusion and protection, while the convex one of the living gives expansion, extension and infinity. The analysis of the Rüthwen-Jürgensen is complemented by a series of family homes which he designed during the same period (1954-1957). The twelve contemporary houses constitute a group in which the coexistence of the archetypes of the courtyard and pavilion can be extracted, in which they appear in more or less intensity. The Ved Bellevue Bugt group would be the representative of the courtyard houses , associated to the architectural principle of the precinct: an enclosure which establishes its relationship with the world through a vertical axis which links earth and sky. On the other hand, the Siesby house would be the representation of a pavilion house, in which abstraction helps reduce its essential features to the principle of a porch: a roof which obliges to interact horizontally with the environment. Throughout different projects it is intended to determine the criteria that guide the development of proposals and observe to what extent the approaches, doubts and changes are developed around spatial archetypes such as a courtyard or a pavilion, in other words , the vertical or horizontal delimitation of space. Consequently, it sets forth a methodology based on the analysis of the whole process of the project, which is embodied in the documents generated during the mental and material development (sketches , drawings, photographs, models , reports, etc.). Finally, it should be noted that it is not intended through the analysis to delve into historical and social problems, but merely reach the way in which a good project solves a specific need in a fixed location. Thus , analyzing the theory that supports each project reveals the spatial and formal relationships found in the work and turns it paradigmatic. It is interesting to reach the theoretical aspects especially the architectural ones, in which the architect finds the support necessary to justify the formal decisions.
La majoria de les publicacions sobre l’arquitecte danès Arne Jacobsen es dediquen, bàsicament, a mostrar la seva extensa quantitat d’obres, especialment de l’àmbit públic (un total de 70), sense analitzar-les amb deteniment. Els ajuntaments d’Aarhus, Søllerød o Rødovre, l’escola Munkegård o el Catherine College, les oficines Jespersen i Stelling Hus, o l’hotel Royal SAS omplen les publicacions, i es deixen de banda els projectes centrats en l’àmbit domèstic, que en són majoria (128 cases i 14 blocs plurifamiliars). Aquesta tesi se centra, precisament, en aquest segon grup d’obres més quantioses però menys tractades per la crítica, amb algunes notòries excepcions, com ara les cases Søholm i Siesby, que simbolitzen la imatge i estendard habitual de la domesticitat de Jacobsen. Una gran part de les seves cases romanen encara sense analitzar i sense vincular-se a la seva idea d’arquitectura. Així doncs, la tesi intenta indagar en la hipòtesi que per a Jacobsen “la font de tota arquitectura sembla ser la casa, el món de la domesticitat, mentre que l’àmbit social s’entén tan sols com la prolongació natural d’aquest”, com explica Carles Martí. O dit d’una altra manera, per a Josep Maria Sostres, “el punt de partida de totes les seves experiències sembla que és l’arquitectura domèstica, factor que imprimeix en altres obres”. La tesi té l’origen en una recerca més àmplia al voltant de l’arquitectura domèstica nòrdica. En concret, tres cases coetànies capitalitzaven l’estudi: la d’Alvar Aalto, a Muuratsalo (1952-1953), la Rüthwen-Jürgensen d’Arne Jacobsen, prop de Copenhaguen (1954-1957), i la urbanització Kingo de Jørn Utzon, a Helsingør (1956-1960). (01-03) En tots tres casos, el desencadenant de l’anàlisi era el pati, espai primordial en la configuració general de cadascuna de les obres i arquetipus, també present a la tradició local a través de la granja nòrdica i la casa llarga, construcció víking de proporció allargada i amb un espai interior central. Efectivament, en els tres exemples un espai descobert sembla que és el punt de partida de la casa, tot i que la seva formulació parteix de mecanismes diferents. Mentre a Muuratsalo o a Helsingør el pati està lligat a la construcció d’un mur que encercla un espai propi, a la Rüthwen-Jürgensen el pati es formula a partir de l’articulació dels diversos volums que allotgen el programa de la casa. No obstant això, al llarg de la indagació en els diversos documents que s’elaboren per desenvolupar cadascun dels projectes, es descobreix que el punt de partida de la Rüthwen-Jürgensen és una casa atri que ràpidament evoluciona cap a una proposta on les diferents parts que rodegen el buit central adquireixen més autonomia. Fins al punt que algunes adopten la configuració de volums unitaris i compactes que s’aboquen amb intensitat cap a l’exterior com si es tractessin d’un pavelló, i s’avancen a encàrrecs immediatament posteriors com la casa Kokfelt (1955-1956) i la Siesby (1957). Per altra banda, la investigació al voltant de la casa atri no s’abandona i el mateix 1954 Jacobsen comença a treballar en unes agrupacions de cases pati a Carlsminde, experiència que trasllada més tard a la Hansa de Berlín (1955-1957) i a Ved Bellevue Bugt (1957-1961). Per no parlar d’exemples no estrictament domèstics com l’escola Munkegård (1948-1956), on el pati es troba a la base de la proposta com a sistema d’agrupació. Tots aquests fets converteixen la Rüthwen-Jürgensen en una obra útil per investigar el concepte de casa per a Jacobsen. El seu estudi juntament amb la sèrie de cases unifamiliars que projecta durant el mateix període (1954-1957), tant aïllades com agrupades, centra el desenvolupament d’aquesta tesi. En total són onze els projectes coetanis: l’agrupació Søholm III (Klampenborg, 1952-1955), l’agrupació Jespersen & Søn (Gentofte, 1953-1957), l’agrupació a Carlsminde (Søllerød, 1953-1959), la casa Engelbredt (Vordingborg, 1954), la Hallas Møller (Holte, 1954), la Knud Kokfelt (Tisvilde, 1955-1956), l’agrupació a Hansaviertel (Berlín,1955-1957), l’Edwin Jensen (Charlottelund, 1955-1958), la Leo Henriksen (Odden Harbor, 1956-1957), l’Erik Siesby (Virum, 1957) i l’agrupació a Ved Bellevue Bugt (Klampenborg, 1957-1961). A través de l’anàlisi dels diferents projectes es pretén determinar els criteris que guien l’evolució de les propostes i observar fins a quin punt els plantejaments, els dubtes i els canvis es desenvolupen al voltant de principis espacials com el de pati o pavelló, és a dir, la delimitació vertical o horitzontal de l’espai. Consegüentment, es planteja una metodologia basada en l’anàlisi de tot el procés del projecte, que es materialitza en els documents generats durant l’elaboració mental i material (esbossos, plànols, fotografies, maquetes, memòries, etc.). Finalment, cal subratllar que a través de les anàlisis no es pretén aprofundir en problemes històrics o socials, sinó simplement arribar a la manera com un bon projecte resol una determinada necessitat en un emplaçament fixat. Així, analitzant la teoria que suporta cada projecte es desvetllen quines són les relacions espacials i formals que es troben en l’obra i que la converteixen en paradigmàtica. Interessa arribar als aspectes teòrics especialment arquitectònics, en els quals l’arquitecte troba el suport necessari per justificar les decisions formals pròpies de l’exercici de la seva professió.
La mayoría de las publicaciones sobre el arquitecto danés Arne Jacobsen se dedican, básicamente, a mostrar su extensa cantidad de obras, especialmente en el ámbito público (un total de 70), sin analizarlas con detenimiento. Los ayuntamientos de Aarhus, Søllerød o Rødovre, la escuela Munkegård o Catherine College, las oficinas Jespersen y Stelling Hus, o el hotel Royal SAS copan las publicaciones, y se dejan de lado los proyectos centrados en el ámbito doméstico, que son la mayoría (128 casas y 14 bloques plurifamiliares). Esta tesis se centra, precisamente, en este segundo grupo de obras más cuantiosas pero menos tratadas por la crítica, con algunas notorias excepciones, como por ejemplo las casas Søholm y Siesby, que simbolizan la imagen y el estandarte habitual de la domesticidad en Jacobsen. Una gran parte de sus casas permanecen todavía sin analizar y sin vincularse con su idea de arquitectura. Así pues, la tesis intenta indagar en la hipótesis de que para Jacobsen “la fuente de toda arquitectura parece ser la casa, el mundo de lo doméstico, mientras que el ámbito social se entiende tan sólo como la natural prolongación de aquél”, como explica Carles Martí. O dicho de otro modo, para Josep Maria Sostres “el punto de partida de todas sus experiencias parece ser la arquitectura doméstica, factor que imprime en otras obras”. La tesis tiene el origen en una búsqueda más amplia alrededor de la arquitectura doméstica nórdica. En concreto, tres casas coetáneas capitalizaban el estudio: la de Alvar Aalto en Muuratsalo (1952-1953), la Rüthwen-Jürgensen de Arne Jacobsen, cerca de Copenhague (1954-1957), y la urbanización Kingo de Jørn Utzon, en Helsingør (1956-1960). En los tres casos, el desencadenante del análisis era el patio, espacio primordial en la configuración general de cada una de las obras, y arquetipo también presente a la tradición local a través de la granja nórdica y la casa larga, construcción vikinga de proporción alargada y con un espacio interior central. Efectivamente, en los tres ejemplos un espacio descubierto parece ser el punto de partida de la obra, a pesar de que su formulación parte de mecanismos diferentes. Mientras en Muuratsalo o Helsingør el patio está ligado a la construcción de un muro que rodea un espacio propio, en la Rüthwen-Jürgensen el patio se formula a partir de la articulación de los diversos volúmenes que alojan el programa de la casa. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la indagación en los diversos documentos que se elaboran para desarrollar cada uno de los proyectos, se descubre que el punto de partida de la Rüthwen-Jürgensen es una casa atrio que rápidamente evoluciona hacia una propuesta donde las diferentes partes que rodean el vacío central adquieren mayor autonomía. Hasta el punto que algunas adoptan la configuración de volúmenes unitarios y compactos que se vuelcan con intensidad hacia el exterior, como si se trataran de un pabellón. De esta manera se avanzan encargos inmediatamente posteriores como la casa Kokfelt (1955-1956) y la Siesby (1957), donde la tipología del pabellón domina ya toda la obra. Por otro lado, la investigación alrededor de la casa atrio no se abandona y el mismo año 1954 Jacobsen empieza a trabajar en unas agrupaciones de casas patio en Carlsminde experiencia que se traslada más tarde a la Hansa de Berlín (1955-1957) y a Ved Bellevue Bugt (1957-1961), por no hablar de ejemplos no estrictamente domésticos como la escuela Munkegård (1948-1956), donde el patio se encuentra en la base de la propuesta como sistema de agrupación. Todos estos hechos convierten la Rüthwen-Jürgensen en una obra útil para investigar el concepto de casa para Jacobsen. Su estudio junto con la serie de casas unifamiliares que proyecta durante el mismo periodo (1954-1957), tanto aisladas como agrupadas, centra el desarrollo de esta tesis. En total son once los proyectos coetáneos: la agrupación Søholm III (Klampenborg, 1952-1955), la agrupación Jespersen & Søn en Ørnegårdsvej (Gentofte, 1953-1957), la agrupación en Carlsminde (Søllerød, 1953-1959), la casa Engelbredt (Vordingborg, 1954), la Hallas Møller (Holte, 1954), la Knud Kokfelt (Tisvilde, 1955-1956), la agrupación en Hansaviertel (Berlín, 1955-1957), la Edwin Jensen (Charlottelund, 1955-1958), la Leo Henriksen (Odden Harbor, 1956-1957), la Erik Siesby (Virum, 1957) y la agrupación en Ved Bellevue Bugt (Klampenborg, 1957-1961). A través del análisis de los diferentes proyectos se pretende determinar los criterios que guían la evolución de las propuestas y observar hasta qué punto los planteamientos, las dudas y los cambios se desarrollan alrededor de principios espaciales como el de patio o pabellón, es decir, la delimitación vertical u horizontal del espacio. Consecuentemente, se plantea una metodología basada en el análisis de todos los documentos generados durante la elaboración mental y material (esbozos, planos, fotografías, maquetas, memorias, etc.). Finalmente, hay que subrayar que a través de los análisis no se pretende profundizar en problemas históricos o sociales, sino simplemente esclarecer cómo un buen proyecto resuelve una determinada necesidad en un emplazamiento fijado. Así, analizando la teoría que soporta cada proyecto se desvelan cuáles son las relaciones espaciales y formales que se encuentran en la obra y que la convierten en paradigmática. Interesa llegar a los aspectos teóricos específicamente arquitectónicos, aquellos en los que el arquitecto encuentra el soporte necesario para justificar las decisiones formales propias del ejercicio de su profesión.

The aim of this study is to analyze different types of traditional and contemporary homes in three different geographical areas in Libya – the coastal region (Tripoli), the mountainous region (Gharyan), and the desert region (Ghadames) – in terms of the suitability of cultural, social and climatic conditions, as well as to investigate how to take advantage of the traditional elements of single family housing in contemporary design solutions. The study includes the analyses on the impact of construction, planning guidance for building, construction materials, structure, distribution of internal arrangements and their function, roof, and openings, followed by conducting a field survey of the houses from home and abroad, and finally, taking pictures of houses and interviewing the residents of those homes.
Циљ студије је да анализира различите типове традиционалних и савремених кућа у три различита географска подручја у Либији - оне на приморју (Триполи), у планинској области (Гхариан), и у пустињском терену (Гадамес) - у смислу прилагодљивости изграђених структура културним, друштвеним и климатским условвима, као и да се испита како се користе традиционални елементи породичног становања у дизајнерским решењима савремених објеката. Студијом су обухваћени и анализирани различити утицаји који делују на породичне куће почев од планирања, градње, структуре објеката, коиршћење грађевински материјала, унутрашње уређење, отворе, конструкцију и коришћење крова... Спроведено је истраживање на терену кућа из Либије и примера из иностранства, сликани су и исцртани објекти који су укључени у анализу, и разговарало се са корисницима кућа ради јаснијег сагледавања услова које пружају.
Cilj studije je da analizira različite tipove tradicionalnih i savremenih kuća u tri različita geografska područja u Libiji - one na primorju (Tripoli), u planinskoj oblasti (Gharian), i u pustinjskom terenu (Gadames) - u smislu prilagodljivosti izgrađenih struktura kulturnim, društvenim i klimatskim uslovvima, kao i da se ispita kako se koriste tradicionalni elementi porodičnog stanovanja u dizajnerskim rešenjima savremenih objekata. Studijom su obuhvaćeni i analizirani različiti uticaji koji deluju na porodične kuće počev od planiranja, gradnje, strukture objekata, koiršćenje građevinski materijala, unutrašnje uređenje, otvore, konstrukciju i korišćenje krova... Sprovedeno je istraživanje na terenu kuća iz Libije i primera iz inostranstva, slikani su i iscrtani objekti koji su uključeni u analizu, i razgovaralo se sa korisnicima kuća radi jasnijeg sagledavanja uslova koje pružaju.

Le présent travail aborde l'architecture domestique de la côte syrienne à l'âge du Bronze récent. L’architecture domestique a certes déjà donné lieu à de nombreux travaux sur les sites côtiers, mais notre étude vise à réétudier entièrement l’importante documentation que compte cette région, objet de nombreux travaux archéologiques, notamment ces dernières années. Nous avons travaillé sur les constructions domestiques au sens large du terme : les maisons en elles-mêmes, ainsi que les installations domestiques, que l’on pourrait qualifier de secondaires, telles que certains espaces de travail et lieux de stockage (lorsque ceux-ci sont directement rattachés aux habitations). Nous avons aussi étudié en profondeur la question des installations sanitaires, éléments complémentaires dans la composition architecturale. Notre travail s’est penché aussi sur les tombes qui constituaient en effet un élément architectural intégré à la maison.Nous avons comparé les maisons de la côte syrienne datant du Bronze récent afin de mettre en évidence les analogies et les différences existant dans la construction de ces bâtiments. Nous les avons comparés avec certains bâtiments situés sur l’Euphrate. L’objectif de ces comparaisons était aussi de mettre au jour l’image propre des maisons des sites de la côte syrienne au regard des maisons de la même période, mais construites dans d’autres régions
This research addresses the domestic architecture of the Syrian Coast during the Late Bronze Age. This subject has already given many scientific works about numerous archaeological sites. Our study aims at a full revaluation of the considerable literature about this area which has been the subject of many archaeological works, particularly during the last years.We have studied the domestic buildings, in the broad sense of the terms: houses, but also household installations that someone would describe as side effects, such as workings areas and stocking places (when they are completely united with the dwelling houses). We have deeply studied the matter of the sanitary appliances which are additional complement in the constructions. Our study has also examined the burials: they are architectural pieces of family houses.In our study we have tried comparison with the various houses of the Syrian Coast in the Late Bronze Age in order to give prominence to the analogies and differences which appear in the erections of private. We have also compared these buildings with those found on the Euphrate River. The subject of these comparisons was to update the specific characteristics of the houses of the Syrian Coast when you compare them with private houses of the same period, but in other areas

"The word Type represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied or perfectly imitated as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the Model... The Model, understood in terms of the practical execution of art, is an object that must be repeated such as it is; Type on the contrary, is an object (an idea) according to which one can conceive works that do not resemble one another at all. Everything is precise and given in the Model; everything is more or less vague in the Type." (Quatremere de Quincy, 1832) "The rustic hut ... is the model on which all the magnificent achievements of Architecture have been imagined. It is by moving closer, in the execution of work, to the simplicity of this first model that we avoid the essential defects and attain the true perfections ...It is the essential parts which contain all the beauties ... " (M.-A. Laugier, 1755)
Master of Architecture

iDuring the past twenty years, China has been making dramatic progress in both the quality and the quantity of collective housing construction. However, many old problems still exist, and many more new problems have emerged, especially in some historical and compact but now fastgrowing cities, such as Suzhou, a 2500-year historic city with more than one million people.The objective of this study is to explore a design strategy to improve the collective dwelling environment --- the most popular dwelling type in China today --- in such a fast growing context. In order to provide an improvement in urban dwelling environments for residents, it is necessary to rethink the interaction between the individual resident and his or her dwelling. "Because building a house is a cultural phenomenon, its form and organization are greatly influenced by the cultural milieu to which it belongs."' In concurrence with this statement, this study examines not only the contemporary urban situation and typical residential environment but also the traditional urban fabric and housing settlement.Based on the principle that a harmonious environment results from "a whole range of sociocultural factors"Z, this study seeks several equilibriums: between the urban tissue and the building, between the building and the dwelling, between nature and the human being. The author's longterm goal is to apply the knowledge gained in this study in future practice.In the first part of this report, theoretical research is presented concerning the evolution of Chinese housing. Narrowing its geographical focus, this study selects Suzhou, a medium-size city at Yangtze Delta --- one of the most rapidly growing and developing plains in China --- as the site for the study. The historical dwelling pattern and current public housing style have been studied. Drawing on extensive research and field observation, the scope of the study is confined to rebuilding the harmony between human beings in all their diversity and common needs, and the morphological, functional and environmental aspects of residential environments.In the second part, a design model is proposed. Inspired by traditional interdisciplinary design strategies, as well as by a brief study of contemporary social needs, the author has proposed a new housing type: bio-climatic "atrium type" collective housing. This type links bioclimatic design principles to the framework of Open Building. On this basis, an experimental design proposal is next presented. In a specific site, it examines a way to help people exercise control of their immediate living environment, with both individual and social sustainable perspectives in mind.
Department of Architecture

The diploma thesis deals with an urban study on the territory of Červený kopec, specifically in the part of the territory of Stráň. It is a locality stated as a brownfield Kohnova cihelna. The proposal aims to make the most of the potential of this site, which lies in its proximity to the city center, the neighborhood of the national natural monument, a significant area of greenery and the views that this place provides due to its topographic situation. A new city district is proposed on the area of 18 hectares, which would cover one of the "brownfield holes" on the map of the city of Brno and at the same time help against the outflow of population to the outskirts of the city and against the creation of urban satellites. Numerous public opinion polls show that they would like to live close to the city, but at the same time especially young families long for their own house in a quiet countryside location. Therefore, a compact development of terraced houses, terrace villas and blocks of flats with private courtyards is proposed here, complemented by quality public space and civic amenities. This new city district would offer housing for about 3,500 new residents.

碩士
逢甲大學
建築所
102
Quality living space should include two elements：1. Cultural life and the continuation. 2. Mechanisms for dialogue with nature. Taiwan have five kinds characteristics of the climate is high humidity、high temperature、high dust、 earthquakes and typhoons. Now Taiwan has no significant architectural and regulations do against regional specialty designs. Hot and cold month with rainfall in Taiwan northern、central 、 southern regions have significantly different. Using a set of building codes for different geographical regions architectural design specification has considerable controversy. Today,RC frame is main the method of construction on Taiwan&;#39;s architecture. The building construction&;#39;s methods is to use on materials in pace with urbanization, quantity and technology and to move toward the development of the formula. Althougt the building significantly improve of the exterior more secure and Durable , the equipment helps to solve the problems of today&;#39;s architectural design. As a result, the variety of geographical and climatic, such as Taiwan&;#39;s characteristics, aren&;#39;t being taken seriously. In other words, it is servere neglected suitable and comfortable to compose of the basic elements. According to a concept -&;quot;A plan can only satisfy a season&;quot;, most the buildings in Taiwan is a &;quot;winter-type building&;quot; to makeing design. They&;#39;re using the RC to store the heat and against the heat to solve the problem. If the previous brick building is a quality living space to match the natural environment, it utilizes the characterized by regional climate model, and the reference of the construction methods is also a kind of known as a high-quality living space. In this study use temperature and humidity testing equipment and empirical analysis of the data. For Changhua area southeast and southwest sides of the brick courtyard houses for the survey to explore in the same structure, under the conditions of different directions, and its structural characteristics in different seasons, time will produce what kind of space temperature change. This study aims to understand the characteristics of the indoor temperature and humidity, wish to have the opportunity to provide users with their daily lives and local architectural design on a basic reference.

碩士
國立清華大學
社會學研究所
103
Taking Beijing courtyard hotels for the study, this research discusses the phenomenon of commodification and cultural representation in tourism uses of historic buildings in China and aims to answer how Beijing courtyard houses show distinguishing characteristics of the state, market, and society after the Reform and Opening Up Eras. This research adopts interviews with Beijing tourism departments and eight Beijing courtyard hotels along with participant observations by working in exchange for free accommodation. Then, we review the historical context and development of Beijing courtyard houses by collecting and analyzing of the data. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Societal representations of Beijing courtyard houses around value discourses. Social actors focus on different values as regards historic buildings under the operation of cultural hegemony. (2) The practices of national representations on the Beijing courtyard houses pushed them to a stage of tourism in order to meet the national imagination about historic buildings. (3) Due to urban reconstruction of Beijing, Beijing courtyard hotels’ locations are scattered around the inner city and business characteristics are small capital. Hotels’ managers use interior decorations, sceneries around the houses, regulations, and services to break through the restrictions of representation and build an old style Beijing atmosphere via the following characteristics: authenticity, belonging-ness, and in space and time.

博士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
100
Based on the curiosity of the overwhelming demolition and restructuring in the inner city of ancient Beijing, the dissertation investigates the transformation process and the institutional frame of restructuring and preservation of Beijing both in socialist and post-socialist period. This research probes into topics on the transformation of political and economic structure that the conflicts and influences between various actors, includes the State, the local governments, enterprises, and planners. First, the paper discusses how the socialist reform movement of the inner city and the long-existing low-rent welfare housing system limits the development of Beijing since the socialist period. After the reform in 1978, the author focuses on the effect of commercialization of land, housing system reform and development of real estate which play important roles in the process of restructuring and preservation of Beijing’s inner city. The author chooses four cases, including the Liang & Chen Plan of the central government site allocation in the early 1950s, the organic renewal of the Ju’er Hutong in the late 1980s, the demolition of the Nanchizi Hutong in 2000, and the cultural tourism of the Nanluogu-xiang Hutong before the 2008 Olympic Games to point out how various patterns of restructuring and preservation influence the results. Finally, these cases as reflective mirrors make us rethink alternative developmental routes and a sustainable future of urbanization in mainland China.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
建築與城鄉研究所
97
This research investigated how the Beijing courtyard houses were transformed into hodgepodge houses under China’s Socialist Reformation. After the civil war in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party still aroused several important political movements to consolidate the regime. Meanwhile, in the name of constructing Socialist Nation, those private Beijing courtyard houses were viewed as huge resources to dispose. By sophisticated ways, those fine courtyard houses were arranged for extra households overloadedly by the government, and gradually regarded even by the property owners as “public property”, therefore the Da Za Yuan (hodgepodge houses) were emerged decades after. As this paper concluded in the title, this is a period of “Turning Left”. After 1978, Deng’s policy brought the “Turning Right” phase. Accompanied by the “Opening and Reform”, those households and original property owners were stroke severely again. And the Beijing courtyard houses were facing another transforming battle. Based on in-depth interviews of Beijing local residents and a mass of published/unpublished documents, this paper explained how the transformation processes happened and the struggle between residents, property owners and government agents. Keywords: Beijing, courtyard houses, transformation, Socialism, property rights

Dans les dernières décennies, les changements morphologiques des maisons iraniennes, l’arrivage de l'éclairage artificiel et le manque de connaissance suffisante de la valeur de la lumière du jour pour le bien-être des occupants ont résulté une diminution de l'utilisation de la lumière du jour dans les habitations iraniennes contemporaines. En conséquence, le niveau du bien-être des occupants a décru ce qui peut être corrélée avec la diminution de l'utilisation de la lumière du jour. Considérant l'architecture traditionnelle iranienne et l'importance de la lumière du jour dans les habitations traditionnelles, cette recherche étudie l’utilisation de la lumière du jour dans les habitations traditionnelles et explore comment extrapoler ces techniques dans les maisons contemporaines pourrait augmenter l'utilisation de la lumière du jour et par conséquence améliorer le bien-être des occupants. Une revue de littérature, une enquête des experts iraniens et une étude de cas des maisons à cour traditionnelles à la ville de Kashan ont permis de recueillir les données nécessaires pour cette recherche. De par le contexte de recherche, la ville de Kashan a été choisie particulièrement grâce à sa texture historique intacte. L’analyse de la lumière du jour a été faite par un logiciel de simulation pour trois maisons à cour de la ville de Kashan ayant les mêmes caractéristiques de salon d’hiver. Cette étude se concentre sur l’analyse de la lumière du jour dans les salons d'hiver du fait de la priorité obtenue de l'enquête des experts et de la revue de littérature. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que l’extrapolation des techniques traditionnelles de l'utilisation de lumière du jour dans les habitations modernes peut être considéré comme une option de conception alternative. Cette dernière peut optimiser l'utilisation de lumière du jour et par conséquence améliorer le bien-être des occupants. L'approche utilisée dans cette recherche a fourni une occasion d’étudier l'architecture du passé et d’évaluer plus précisément son importance. Cette recherche contribue ainsi à définir un modèle en tirant les leçons du passé pour résoudre les problèmes actuels.
In the past several decades, the morphological changes of Iranian houses, the advent of artificial lighting and the lack of knowledge about the value of daylight on occupants’ well-being have caused a decrease in the use of daylight in contemporary Iranian dwellings. As a consequence, there was a reduction in occupants' well-being that may be correlated with the reduced use of daylight. Considering Iranian traditional architecture and the significance of daylight in traditional dwellings, this research has studied using daylight in traditional dwellings and has explored how extrapolating these techniques into contemporary houses might increase the use of daylight and consequently to enhance occupants’ well-being. The required data for this research were collected through literature review, the survey of Iranian experts and the case study of traditional courtyard houses in Kashan city. Kashan city was selected as the context of this research mainly because of its pure historic texture. Amongst the traditional courtyards of Kashan city, three traditional courtyard houses were chosen according to the same features of their winter living rooms and analyzed by daylight simulation software in the worst-case design scenario. The winter living rooms were selected as the focus area based on the extracted results of the survey of Iranian experts and literature review. According to the results that were extracted from this research, it was clarified that extrapolating the traditional techniques of using daylight into modern dwellings can be considered as a design option to optimize the use of daylight and as a result to enhance occupants’ well-being. The approach utilized in this research has provided an opportunity for studying the past architecture more precisely and evaluating its significance. Thus, this research contributes to define a pattern by learning from the past in order to solve the current problems.

碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
102
The proverb “First-Fucheng, Second-Lukang, Third-Monka” speaks for Changhua for its crucial position in the history of Taiwan’s development. In traditional societies, dwelling houses not only represent the characteristics of society and culture, but also in a practical sense show dwellers’ everyday customs and concepts. From different regions and communities, dwellers develop different space types in architecture. And with the differences in geographical location, climate, economic level and living arrangement, dwelling houses embody the development of the immigrant society in a region. This research discusses how the traditional dwelling houses in Changhua County, in terms of building types, lead an evolution of regional features since they have changed as they are developed over time. The relationship among these features, the archetype courtyard house and its variations becomes how Changhua County develops its traditional courtyard houses with regional style and characteristics.

碩士
國立金門大學
建築學系
104
Global warming is increasing, and has already caused a serious situation.In order to mitigate the impact of a rising carbon dioxide level on the climate and the environment, which causes global warming, many countries have been actively promoting green living, low-carbon energy and sustainable development in recent years. To achieve energy-saving and carbon reduction targets, the Taiwan government advocated the “Scheme for low-carbon cities” in 2010, and Kinmen was selected for development as a low-carbon demonstration city, as well as a model low-carbon outlying island. With its special geographical location, and through comprehensive planning by the local government as well as a great deal of help from the residents on the island, Kinmen has carried out renovation of old communities and developed constructions in new communities as low-carbon buildings. The development in Kinmen employs energy-saving techniques to the greatest extent, and aims to achieve a 600,000-ton carbon reduction by 2018.The process of construction to create a low-carbon living environment not only involves the effort of the central and local governments, but also requires companies and the general public to participate during their daily life. This study explored energy issues that have arisen due to abnormal climate changes, focusing on reduction of energy consumption during construction and lifting the ecological burden. It aimed to bring the issue of architectural design to the forefront of the public’s attention, which may assist in finding better solutions in an era of a low-carbon economy. Simulation study of low-carbon strategies and practical construction of composite facades were used as case studies for analysis of carbon consumption. Infrared thermal imaging was used to analyze the interior and exterior of a building, and the results were compared with those obtained after composite facade transformation. From quantitative data obtained prior to and after renovation, it was clear that the transformation effectively achieved the target of reduction in energy consumption. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of green construction are presented for future reference. Furthermore, this study summarizes several recommendations for building transformation that are suitable for Kinmen, which can be taken as a useful reference for other buildings when transformation is under consideration.

Li Tsz Kwan Esther.
"Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2005-2006, design report."
Includes bibliographical references.
Chapter 0.0 --- abstract
Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- seasons
Chapter 2.0 --- thesis statement
Chapter 2.1 --- city - architecture - nature
Chapter 2.2 --- "architecture, intermediate between city and nature"
Chapter 3.0 --- reviews of authors
Chapter 3.1 --- Glaston Bachelard : The Poetic of Space
Chapter 3.2 --- Tadao Ando: nature - architecture
Chapter 3.3 --- Jurgen Mayer Hermann - Condensation wall
Chapter 4.0 --- design approach
Chapter 4.1 --- elements expression
Chapter 4.2 --- journey - nature
Chapter 4.3 --- journey - city
Chapter 4.4 --- design program
Chapter 5.0 --- prellmenary design
Chapter 5.1 --- site - shatin
Chapter 5.2 --- inhabitable bridge
Chapter 5.3 --- journey-city
Chapter 5.4 --- nature - community
Chapter 6.0 --- conclusion
Chapter 7.0 --- bibliography