Thematische Bibliographien / Cost calculation methods

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Cost calculation methods“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 13. Februar 2022

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Cost calculation methods"

Spatayeva, Saule B. „Cost Accounting Methods and Calculation Agricultural Products` Cost“. European Researcher 93, Nr. 4 (15.03.2015): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/er.2015.93.290.

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Gigi, Ion-Trifoi. „Cost Calculation Methods In Mining Industry“. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica 1, Nr. 8 (01.06.2006): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/oeconomica.2006.8.1.14.

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Dmitrenko, Alla, Galyna Lebedyk und Mykola Nesterenko. „Product Cost Calculation Methods in Construction“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.2 (20.06.2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14367.

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The order of accounting and features of the methodology of cost expenditures at the concrete enterprises of the field was studied and it has been found out the fact that in the practical activity of the enterprise, they tend to apply the normative method of cost expenditures accounting. It has been conducted a detailed research of enterprises which use the normative method of cost expenditure accounting, and the calculation of the planned cost price. In addition, given advantages of the normative method of cost expenditure accounting have two functions: it provides the operational control over the production cost expenditures by accounting for cost expenditures under current norms and their changes and provides accurate calculation of the cost price of construction products.

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Alborov, Rolan Arkhipovich, Ekaterina Leonidovna Mosunova, Elena Vyacheslavovna Zakharova und Gregory Rolanovich Alborov. „Determination of cost accounting objects, calculation and improving the calculation of product cost in agriculture“. Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), Nr. 4 (01.04.2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2104-03.

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The article deals with the problems of calculating the cost of agricultural products in crop and livestock production, associated with the methods of production accounting and management accounting systems for production facilities used in practice by agricultural organizations. Variants of definition (selection) of cost accounting objects, objects of calculation of the first order and objects of calculation of the second order are proposed. Conceptual models for the distribution of costs between the objects of the first-order calculation, the objects of the second-order calculation and the calculation of the cost of the received types of agricultural products have been developed. Using the example of the production of the main herd of dairy cattle, it is shown that the use of old methods of calculating the cost of agricultural products is not consistent, and it is recommended to use more justified methods of calculating the cost of crop and livestock products, recommended in the new editions of the relevant guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation.

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Kovács, György. „First Cost Calculation Methods for Road Freight Transport Activity“. Transport and Telecommunication Journal 18, Nr. 2 (01.06.2017): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2017-0010.

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Abstract The transport activity is one of the most expensive processes in the supply chain. Forwarding and transport companies focuses on the optimization of transportation and the reduction of transport costs. The goal of this study is to develop a method which calculate the first (prime) cost of a given transport task more precisely than the state of the art practices. In practice the calculation of transport fee depends on the individual estimation methods of the transport managers, which could result losses for the company. In this study the elaborated calculation method for total first cost is detailed for three types of fulfilment of transport tasks. The most common type of achievement is, when “own vehicle is used with own driver”. A software was also developed for this case based on the elaborated method. Based on the calculations of our software, the first cost can be defined quickly and precisely to realize higher profit.

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Susanti, Irriene Indah, und Dega` Setyawan Hadi. „Comparative Analysis Methods Fullslab Precast Erection of Cost and Time“. Journal of World Conference (JWC) 2, Nr. 2 (31.03.2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/prd.v2i2.217.

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The Indonesian government stepped up infrastructure projects in the country for logistical and economic equality equalization, infrastructure in the form of a Freeway. This study aimed to analyze and compare the costs, timing, and precise method in Fullslab Precast erection work on 1 module. The data used are primary and secondary. Using the method of removal/erection with heavy equipment cranes. For the calculation of comparative analysis is obtained by analysis of the cost and time analysis. Field observations, and direct cost analysis calculation, and not directly into the calculations that will be loaded to get the proper method to the cost and time of work. The results of the right method are method 1 Crawler Crane at Rp 206.598.086,00.

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McCarthy, Claudine. „Gain insight into cost-of-attendance calculation, methods“. College Athletics and the Law 12, Nr. 6 (September 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/catl.30117.

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Dobysheva, Tatiana, und Ekaterina Gladkova. „Improvement of methods for determining the cost of design documentation in construction“. MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821209005.

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The problems of definition of the cost of design in construction are considered in the article. The existing regulatory documentation for determining the value of construction products on the territory of the Russian Federation is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the currently used methods for calculating the cost of designing is executed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, and the necessity of transformations in the sphere of determining the cost of design works is substantiated. The ways of increasing accuracy of calculation of the cost of design in construction are suggested, including the use of the territorial coefficient in calculations when utilizing the method of dependence on the natural indicators of the design objects. It is revealed that the use of this coefficient significantly increases the accuracy of calculations. For the method of calculating the cost of design as a percentage of the total cost of construction, it is proposed to clarify the methodology for calculating the cost of construction of multi-apartment buildings according to the enlarged construction price standards. It is proved that today it is impossible to replace the value of individual structural elements of an object in the event of differences in the design solutions with the solutions represented by similar objects in the collection of the construction price standards. The ways of solving these issues by the use of collections of standards for the price of construction solutions are outlined. The authors are convinced that the improvement of methods for calculating the cost of design products will improve the efficiency of investments in the construction industry.

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Bozgulova, Nazym, Rimma Parmanova, Maira Abenova, Tatyana Ivanyuk und Vassiliy Aryshev. „Calculation methods for cost management in the construction industry“. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 7, Nr. 2 (15.12.2019): 1450–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.7.2(46).

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Perrier, Nathalie, Robert Pellerin und Rémi Trudeau. „Claim Management-Impact Cost Calculation Methods in Project Management“. Engineering Management Reviews 6, Nr. 1 (2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/emr.2017.0601.004.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Cost calculation methods"

Kulíková, Andrea. „Zhodnocení kalkulací ve vybrané soukromoprávní korporaci a návrhy na zlepšení“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-444222.

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The diploma thesis deals with the analysis and evaluation of calculations in the Vedanta canteen of the company Jitřenka-Zlatá studna s.r.o. The aim of the work is to propose changes that will improve the current situation of the company. The proposals will be based on an analysis of the current state of cost classification, the method of calculation and the calculation system.

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Kubeš, Michal. „Kalkulace v podmínkách vybraného podnikatelského subjektu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319458.

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The master’s thesis is focused to analysis of current conditions of calculations and calculation system of company. The analysis are basis for finding and resolving of problematic sections. The introduction of theoretical basis of cost accounting and calculations is included to first part of the thesis. The second part analyzes of current situation of company and describes relevant processes. The wording of proposals and recommendations for problematic sections, which have been detected by analysis, are included to final part.

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Műller, Tomáš. „Studie kalkulačního systému v inženýrské organizaci“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222214.

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The goal of the submitted thesis is to analyse and improve current costing methods in a chosen engineering company. The theoretical part is devoted to definition of notions – cost types, segmentation of cost and then contains summary of costing technique and costing method. The theoretical analyse is centered on questions about costing in engineering company. The practical part describes company, his organization structure, processes and his productions. Further in the practical part is created analyse of current way costing of order and innovation suggestion. In the conclusion is cognisance evaluation from analyse of costing method and recommendation for the company.

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Janíčková, Nikola. „Využití controllingu v podniku“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377929.

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This thesis is focused on application of Management Control system in a Business with using two controlling methods. The company Jaroslav Janíček - Auto Janíček will be analyzed during the years 2015 - 2017. This thesis is divided into three parts. The theoretical part deals with controlling and used methods. Then the company is analyzed, followed by a practical part, which includes a method of calculating a multi-level contribution to cover fixed costs and profits and analysis of customer profitability. Finally, there are suggestions for improvement.

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Hudečková, Veronika. „Zhodnocení kalkulací ve vybrané soukropomoprávní korporaci a návrhy na zlepšení zjjištěného stavu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383556.

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The diploma thesis is focused on realizing a critical analysis of the current classification level of costs and calculations in a chosen company that deals with custom production. The aim of the work is to propose a solution based on the identified shortcomings that meets the specifics and needs of the company, both for a cost breakdown and a calculations system.

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Dereškaitė, Rima. „Augalininkystės produkcijos savikainos skaičiavimo metodika“. Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050524_205952-14826.

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Research object – agricultural enterprises. Research subject – methodics of plant production cost calculation. Research aim – to analyze references and practical methods employed in plant produce cost calculation and to propose methodics improvements of plant production cost calculation. Objectives: 1) to analyze the essence of expenditure and production cost; 5) to examine the structure of production cost and to substantiate the expedience of expenditure calculation into cost; 6) to study methodics of plant production cost calculation in agricultural enterprises; 7) to submit proposals for improvement methodics of plant production cost calculation based on references study and research results. Research methods – logical and comparative analysis and synthesis of literature by Lithuanian and foreign authors, questionnaire questioning of agricultural enterprises, methods of logical and graphic modeling. After the study of produce cost essence, indices and their composition, calculation system and plant produce cost calculation methodology applied at agricultural enterprises, proposals were submitted for improvement methodics of plant production cost calculation.

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Klímová, Barbora. „Návrhy na zdokonalení řízení nákladů ve vybraném podniku“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223775.

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The subject of this thesis are the costs of a specific company, their monitoring and ma-nagement. The theoretical part summarizes the information that served as the default resources. These findings have been applied in the practical part, for the selected com-pany. In the final section are formulated suggestions, which should lead to better ma-nagement of the costs.

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Hromádková, Simona. „Efektivní řízení nákladů ve firmě Bosch Diesel s.r.o“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221481.

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Podlipná, Jana. „Controlling: Manažerský reporting v praxi“. Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77797.

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Documentation of business processes and results of operations including storing the entries in data warehouses inherently belongs to the current requirements for corporate governance. But still more valuable is the ability to process the collected data into information that is used daily as a basis for management decisions at all levels of corporate management. This thesis deals just with form and methods of organizing information into standardized reports, whereas the object of analysis is a separate internal department within a selected company. The aim of this work is a detailed analysis of department reporting, assessment of its informative quality, utility and benefit for users. The theoretical part includes methodological bases and general principles for creating reports. Content of the practical part is an entire description of standard reports with a focus on application of controlling methods, usage of reported data and detection of weaknesses. In conclusion part there was evaluated overall level of analyzed reporting system, there were summarized circumstances that affect its present-day form, and proposed additional indicators, that could enrich the current concept.

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Kutišová, Kristýna. „Využití controllingu v podniku“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319460.

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This Master's thesis is focused on dealing with cost variances (deviations) and using of standard costing method. The main intent is to analyse current state and make an improvement proposal of focusing on variables in company which is producing server PCs. This thesis is divided into three parts, which are theroretical part, analytic part and proposal part. The theoretical part is focused on characteristics of controlling, costs, calculation methods, especially standard costing method and focusing on variances. In next two parts is made the analysis of current state and then are suggested some improvement proposals.

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Bücher zum Thema "Cost calculation methods"

E, Kaufman John, Christensen Jack F und Illuminating Engineering Society of North America., Hrsg. IES lighting ready reference: A compendium of definitions, conversionsfactors, lighting source tables, illuminance recommendations, calculation data, energy management considerations, cost analysis methods, survey procedures. New York, NY: IlluminatingEngineering Society of North America, 1985.

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E, Kaufman John, Christensen Jack F und Illuminating Engineering Society of North America., Hrsg. IES lighting ready reference: A compendium of definitions, conversions factors, lighting source tables, illuminance recommendations, calculation data, energy management considerations, cost analysis methods, survey procedures. New York, NY: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1985.

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International Conference on Gears 2017. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181022948.

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Talking about the design of modern high-performance power train applications, one of the essential components to focus on are the gears. Gears convert torque and speed in a very wide power range, at low cost and with minimal losses and noise emission. However, the demands regarding cost, power density, NVH-behavior and efficiency are steadily increasing. Demands, which can only be met using modern gearing technologies that allow combining individual materials, heat treatment and manufacturing processes. Particularly in the industrial sector, the requirements for the reliability and service life of the gear units have increased. Therefore, more and more accurate calculation methods are required for the load bearing capacity, life expectancy and failure probability as well as better test methods. This aspect is also becoming more important with regard to Industry 4.0 and Predictive Maintenance. In addition, the potentials of innovative production methods like powder metal sintering, plas...

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Brooker, Paul, und Margaret Hayward. Wal-Mart: Walton’s Made in America. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0005.

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This chapter describes Walton’s use of all six rational methods as founder and developer of the largest retail corporation in the US: the Wal-Mart corporation. In the 1960s his rapid and innovative adaptive response to the rise of discount retailing became an innovative expansion system. Further, Walton’s use of diverse and institutionalized deliberation led to the pioneering use of technology which enabled such rapid expansion. This technology included computerization and a satellite-based communication system. Walton emphasized both quantitative and strategic calculation: cost-reduction was his overarching ‘grand’ strategy which included a specialized labour-relations strategy. The fourth section highlights Walton’s use of learning, in various forms and contexts, as an additional, seventh rational method. A final section examines how learning was used by a different leader, in a different country and a different industry: Marcel Dassault’s establishing of an aircraft-manufacturing corporation in France.

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Rahmstorf, Lorenz, Gojko Barjamovic und Nicola Ialongo, Hrsg. Merchants, Measures and Money. Understanding Technologies of Early Trade in a Comparative Perspective. Wachholtz Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23797/9783529035418.

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This second volume in the series collects papers from two workshops held at the University of Göttingen in 2019 and 2020. The international meetings tackled questions related to merchants and money in a comparative perspective, with examples spanning from the Bronze Age to the early Modern period and embracing Europe, the Mediterranean, Asia and East Africa. The first part of this volume presents historical case studies of how merchants planned and carried out commercial expeditions; how risk, cost, and potential profit was calculated; and how the value of goods was calculated and converted. The papers in the second part address current theories and methods on the development and function of money before and after the invention of coinage. The introduction of balance scales around 3000 BCE enabled the formation of overarching indexes of value and the calculation of the commercial value of goods and services. It also allowed for a selected set of commodities to take on the role of currency. Around 650 BCE, this led to the invention of coinage in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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A, Donahue B., und Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Hrsg. Method for calculating costs of underground storage tank closure at Fort Dix, NJ. Champaign, Ill: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 1991.

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Löf, Anton, Olof Löf und Magnus Ericsson. Resource rents in the diamond industry 2014–19: Rents, issues, methods, and data availability. 39. Aufl. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/977-8.

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The focus of this study is rent in the diamond industry. Based on extensive datasets and a discussion of all relevant costs, we present resource rent statistics from the diamond industry in key producer countries in emerging economies such as Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Namibia, Sierra Leone, and South Africa, as well as the Russian Federation. Resource rents give an indication of the available space for taxation. To use this potential tax space effectively in the long term without changing the investment behaviour of the mining companies and the long-term viability of the industry, all costs, such as environmental and financial costs, must be included. The study attempts to expand on earlier work by the World Bank to calculate mineral rents for mining industries other than the diamond industry. Rent calculated as precisely as possible is an important basis for wealth calculations and for mineral policy development.

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Council of Europe Pierre Kopp. Calculating the Social Cost of Illicit Drugs: Methods and Tools for Estimating the Social Cost of the Use of Psychotropic Substances (Drugs and Addiction). Council of Europe, 2002.

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Irmgard, Marboe. Part V Remedies and Costs, 25 Compensation and Damages in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0025.

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Investor-state arbitration is different from commercial arbitration between two private entities in that the involvement of a state or a state entity may entail considerations connected to sovereignty. States as sovereigns have certain rights and prerogatives stemming from the right to self-determination and their responsibility to safeguard public interests. On the other hand, states are also bound by the obligations they have freely decided to enter into. This chapter provides an overview of some important issues and problems in the calculation of compensation and damages in investor-state arbitration. It starts with the legal rules applicable and then addresses some important issues which must be identified in practice, such as causation and the valuation date. Thereafter, it discusses the circumstances which might limit the amount of compensation or damages before concluding with some remarks about the appropriate valuation method.

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Brooker, Paul, und Margaret Hayward. Toyota: Ohno’s Toyota Production System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825395.003.0003.

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Taiichi Ohno was never CEO of Toyota—rather he was part of dual-leadership teams—but his pioneering version of ‘lean’ production made significant contributions to Toyota’s success and to global manufacturing. The chapter’s first section also describes the pioneering contribution of Toyota founder, Kiichiro Toyoda, who invented the notion of just-in-time production in the 1930s. In the 1950s–60s Ohno’s emphasis on innovative adaptation—his key rational method—to Japan’s distinctive car market and factory environments would lead to a new production system. It included the internationally famous ‘just-in-time’, ‘continuous flow’, and Kanban information-system aspects of his production system. Ohno also used both strategic and quantitative calculation, particularly in his grand strategy of reducing cost/waste in production. The final section on ‘Toyotaism versus Fordism’ echoes Chapter 2’s and describes a rivalry between the American and Japanese production systems.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Cost calculation methods"

Cem Koc, A. „Cost Effects of Different Calculation Methods on Water Distribution Systems“. In Urban Water Management: Science Technology and Service Delivery, 169–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0057-4_18.

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Zöllner, Frank G., Walter Dastrù, Pietro Irrera, Dario Livio Longo, Kevin M. Bennett, Scott C. Beeman, G. Larry Bretthorst und Joel R. Garbow. „Analysis Protocol for Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) MRI of Renal Perfusion and Filtration“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 637–53. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_38.

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AbstractHere we present an analysis protocol for dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data of the kidneys. It covers comprehensive steps to facilitate signal to contrast agent concentration mapping via T1 mapping and the calculation of renal perfusion and filtration parametric maps using model-free approaches, model free analysis using deconvolution, the Toft’s model and a Bayesian approach.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.

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Periquito, João S., Martin Meier, Thoralf Niendorf, Andreas Pohlmann und Neil Peter Jerome. „Renal MRI Diffusion: Experimental Protocol“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 419–28. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_24.

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AbstractRenal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be used to obtain information on the microstructure of kidney tissue, and has the potential to provide MR-biomarkers for functional renal imaging. Here we describe in a step-by-step experimental protocol the MRI method for measuring renal diffusion coefficients in rodents using ADC or IVIM models. Both methods provide quantification of renal diffusion coefficients; however, IVIM, a more complex model, allows for the calculation of the pseudodiffusion and fraction introduced by tissue vascular and tubular components. DWI provides information of renal microstructure contributing to the understanding of the physiology and the underlying processes that precede the beginning of pathologies.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.

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Ortega-Recalde, Oscar, Julian R. Peat, Donna M. Bond und Timothy A. Hore. „Estimating Global and Erasure Using Low-Coverage Whole-Genome Bisulfite (WGBS)“. In Methods in Molecular Biology, 29–44. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1294-1_3.

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AbstractWhole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) is a popular method for characterizing cytosine methylation because it is fully quantitative and has base-pair resolution. While WGBS is prohibitively expensive for experiments involving many samples, low-coverage WGBS can accurately determine global methylation and erasure at similar cost to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Moreover, low-coverage WGBS has the capacity to distinguish between methylation in different cytosine contexts (e.g., CG, CHH, and CHG), can tolerate low-input material (<100 cells), and can detect the presence of overrepresented DNA originating from mitochondria or amplified ribosomal DNA. In addition to describing a WGBS library construction and quantitation approach, here we detail computational methods to predict the accuracy of low-coverage WGBS using empirical bootstrap samplers and theoretical estimators similar to those used in election polling. Using examples, we further demonstrate how non-independent sampling of cytosines can alter the precision of error calculation and provide methods to improve this.

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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai et al. „Methodology for Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agricultural Soils Using Non-isotopic Techniques“. In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 11–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_2.

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AbstractSeveral approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gases (GHGs), mainly CO2, N2O, and CH4, from soil surfaces. The principle methods that are used to measure GHG from agricultural sites are chamber-based techniques. Both open and closed chamber techniques are in use; however, the majority of field applications use closed chambers. The advantages and disadvantages of different chamber techniques and the principal steps of operation are described. An important part of determining the quality of the flux measurements is the storage and the transportation of the gas samples from the field to the laboratory where the analyses are carried out. Traditionally, analyses of GHGs are carried out via gas chromatographs (GCs). In recent years, optical analysers are becoming increasingly available; these are user-friendly machines and they provide a cost-effective alternative to GCs. Another technique which is still under development, but provides a potentially superior method, is Raman spectroscopy. Not only the GHGs, but also N2, can potentially be analysed if the precision of these techniques is increased in future development. An important part of this chapter deals with the analyses of the gas concentrations, the calculation of fluxes, and the required safety measures. Since non-upland agricultural lands (i.e. flooded paddy soils) are steadily increasing, a section is devoted to the specificities of GHG measurements in these ecosystems. Specialised techniques are also required for GHG measurements in aquatic systems (i.e. rivers), which are often affected by the transfer of nutrients from agricultural fields and therefore are an important indirect source of emission of GHGs. A simple, robust, and more precise methodof ammonia (NH3) emission measurement is also described.

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Fischer, Christoph, und Golo Stadelmann. „Calculation of Potential Timber Harvesting Costs (HeProMo)“. In Swiss National Forest Inventory – Methods and Models of the Fourth Assessment, 257–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19293-8_16.

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Hettesheimer, Tim, Cornelius Moll, Kerstin Jeßberger und Saskia Franz. „Small Electric Vehicles in Commercial Transportation: Empirical Study on Acceptance, Adoption Criteria and Economic and Ecological Impact on a Company Level“. In Small Electric Vehicles, 69–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_6.

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AbstractSmall electric vehicles (SEVs) in commercial transportation have the potential to reduce traffic and its impacts, especially in urban areas. Companies, however, are still reluctant to implement SEVs. Therefore, the aim of this contribution is to shed light on the acceptance of motives for and obstacles to the use of SEVs in commercial transportation. Since the use of SEVs is often discussed in the context of innovative city logistics concepts, such as micro-hubs, our aim is also, to explore the acceptance, economic, and ecological potentials of SEVs in combination with micro-hubs. We use a multi-method approach and combine an online survey with in-depth interviews as well as a total cost of ownership (TCO) and CO2 calculation. Analyzing 350 responses to an online survey revealed that around half the companies surveyed have no knowledge of SEVs. This implies high unexploited potential, since 25% of these companies can imagine using them. In-depth interviews with logistics service providers (LSPs) or logistics departments from different sectors revealed that six of the 13 interviewed LSPs would be willing to implement this concept.

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„Appendix A: Calculation methods used“. In Scenarios for a Future Electricity Supply: Cost-optimized variations on supplying Europe and its neighbours with electricity from renewable energies, 411–50. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbrn010e_appendixa.

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Charalabidis, Yannis. „Governmental Service Transformation through Cost Scenarios Simulation“. In Handbook of Research on E-Business Standards and Protocols, 791–805. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0146-8.ch036.

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Formal methods for measuring the impact of interoperability on digital public services is emerging as an important research challenge in electronic government. The eGOVSIM model that is described in this chapter aims to provide administrations with a tool to calculate the gains from digitising and making interoperable services for citizens and businesses. The chapter presents existing methods for calculating the cost of services for the administration and the service consumers, such as the Standard Cost Model (SCM) and the Activity Based Costing (ABC). Then it goes on presenting a toolset for analytical cost calculations based on the various process steps and the information needs of each governmental service. The eGOVSIM toolset supports the definition of several service provision scenarios, such as front/back office system interoperability, cross-system or cross-organisational interoperability allowing the calculation of time, effort and cost elements, and relevant gains from the application of each scenario. Application results for two cases / scenarios are also presented, so that the reader can see the applicability and overall value of the approach. Lessons learned and future research directions for service cost estimation are also described.

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Yamaguchi, Tomohiro, Shota Nagahama, Yoshihiro Ichikawa, Yoshimichi Honma und Keiki Takadama. „Model-Based Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning by a Reward Occurrence Probability Vector“. In Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Automation in Manufacturing, 269–95. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1382-8.ch010.

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This chapter describes solving multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) problems where there are multiple conflicting objectives with unknown weights. Previous model-free MORL methods take large number of calculations to collect a Pareto optimal set for each V/Q-value vector. In contrast, model-based MORL can reduce such a calculation cost than model-free MORLs. However, previous model-based MORL method is for only deterministic environments. To solve them, this chapter proposes a novel model-based MORL method by a reward occurrence probability (ROP) vector with unknown weights. The experimental results are reported under the stochastic learning environments with up to 10 states, 3 actions, and 3 reward rules. The experimental results show that the proposed method collects all Pareto optimal policies, and it took about 214 seconds (10 states, 3 actions, 3 rewards) for total learning time. In future research directions, the ways to speed up methods and how to use non-optimal policies are discussed.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Cost calculation methods"

Laipanova, Z. M., und N. U. Laipanova. „Cost Allocation: Calculation Methods“. In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-05-2018-63.

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Zahorska, Alexandra, Simona Munzarova und Jana Kostalova. „Cost Calculation in Research and Development of New Validation Methods“. In Hradec Economic Days 2021, herausgegeben von Jan Maci, Petra Maresova, Krzysztof Firlej und Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2021-01-092.

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Layer, Alexander, Siegmar Haasis und Fred van Houten. „Feature-Based, Design-Concurrent Cost Calculation Using Case-Based Reasoning (CBR)“. In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/dfm-21176.

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Abstract For the successful launch of a product, the product costs are just as important as product quality and functionality. This paper gives an overview about recent work in the field of cost estimation and process planning and derives the requirements of a cost calculation system for design-concurrent use, because up to now there is no such system that has widespread application within the industry. For this reason the paper presents a concept for design-concurrent cost calculation, using feature-technology and case-based reasoning. This concept overcomes the shortcomings of existing methods and applications and fulfils the targets to be met for a generic cost calculation method.

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Manzhilevskaya, S. E. „METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM CONSTRUCTION WORKS, AS A METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION“. In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.294-296.

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The article analyzes methods for calculating the cost of environmental damage from construction work. Under the damage caused to the national economy by dust emissions from local construction and from other sources, they mean the additional costs necessary to eliminate the effects of air pollution. The analysis of the influence of fine dust particles emitted during repair, construction and decoration works air in the urban environment and the working area. Calculation methods and methods for the economic assessment of the cost of harm caused by construction production to the environment are proposed.

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Ondra, Frantisˇek, Vladimi´r Danisˇka, Ivan Reha´k und Vladimi´r Necˇas. „Methods of Control of Inaccuracy in Calculation of Nuclear Power Plant Decommissioning Parameters“. In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16383.

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The aim of the article is a development of analytical methodology for evaluation of input data inaccuracies impact on calculation of cost and other output decommissioning parameters. This methodology is based on analytical model calculations using the OMEGA code and taking into account the probability of input data inaccuracies occurrence also.

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Ondra, Frantisˇek, Vladimi´r Danisˇka, Ivan Reha´k, Vladimi´r Necˇas und Oto Schultz. „Methods of Selected Input Calculation Data Verification and Their Influence on Decommissioning Cost in the Omega Code“. In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40075.

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The aim of this contribution is development of methodology for verification of selected input calculation data (performance unit parameters, work group structure, and duration of time-dependent activities) of the OMEGA Code in the individual PSL (Proposed Standardised List) structure parts.

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Smith, Daniel, Craig Peters und Subhajit Lahiri. „The Application of Reliability Based Methods in the Optimisation of Reeled Rigid Pipeline Wall Thickness Requirements“. In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77865.

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Reel-lay is a fast and cost-effective means for the installation of subsea flowlines and Pipe-In-Pipe systems with outer diameters up to 18”. Pipelines installed by the reel lay method are plastically deformed during installation. The most critical step in the installation of a reeled pipeline occurs at the spool base, when the assembled pipeline is spooled on to the hub of the reel. The nominal level of deformation is dictated by the vessel equipment geometry, applied back tension, and pipe dimensions. Localised increases in deformation are caused by mismatches in bending stiffness between adjacent pipes. The mismatch potential is dictated by the natural variation of yield strength and by dimensional variation that is inherent to linepipe manufacturing processes. Reliability based assessments are commonly applied in the assessment of minimum acceptable wall thickness for reeling. These assessments enable the minimum acceptable wall thickness to be determined with a defined target reliability level, assessing mismatches based upon distributions of wall thickness and yield strength. The mismatch parameter calculation method and the definition of appropriate acceptance criteria are the two most important factors in reeling assessments. Neither of these two factors has been specified in a pipeline design code or a recommended practice available in the public domain. However, there is an increasing level of familiarity in industry; mismatch calculation methods and strain or ovality based acceptance criteria, defined by installation contractors are gaining widespread acceptance. This paper presents a review of the application of reliability based methods currently under use, focusing on mismatch calculation methods, acceptance criteria, and probability of failure calculation methods. Minimisation of costs is of particular importance in the current oil and gas industry climate. Because of this, the ability to specify an optimum wall thickness enables installation contractors to provide more cost effective reeled rigid pipeline solutions. After reviewing the subject matter and existing body of work this paper looks in detail at the deformation responses and failure modes for a range of sizes of reeled pipelines with mismatches. The assessment of deformation responses demonstrates a significant level of conservatism in recently proposed acceptance criteria that is based upon averaged axial strain levels. This conservatism is quantified by probability of failure calculations and provides a strong justification for further optimisation of the minimum wall thickness for reeling. Finally, the beneficial effect of increased reeling tension is quantified in terms of its effect upon probability of failure.

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Valladares, David, Luis Castejo´n, Marco Carrera, Ramo´n Miralbe´s, Hugo Malo´n und Carlos Marti´n. „Comparative Analysis of Two Numerical Methods of Rollover Simulation of a Semitrailer for Hydrogen Transport“. In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87379.

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Nowadays, the use of the Finite Element Method [1] by means of simulation computer tools has made possible a substantial step forward in the field of calculation and optimization of vehicle structures. More specifically, these modern calculation tools are achieving great cost reductions corresponding to the experimental tests necessary to verify the appropriate performance of a vehicle in impact cases. On the other hand, great efforts will have to be done to develop correct numerical models for calculation. Once these numerical models have been validated with experimental tests, elimination of experimental costs compensates for these calculation efforts. A greater flexibility in decision making with respect to design and optimization alternatives will be achieved as well. The objective of this paper is to obtain an appropriate test simulation methodology for a specific vehicle and a specific impact case: There have been carried out the simulations of two different rollover test typologies in order to verify an adequate and safe behaviour of a semitrailer designed for hydrogen transport. After results of these two simulations are obtained, they will be compared in order to set which is the most restrictive and therefore the most appropriate. A lightened configuration has been also considered so as to carry out a sensibility analysis of material and thickness of some structural parts over numerical results in both test typologies in order to verify these simulations.

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Cranford, E. Lyles, Mark A. Gray und Rashed Kabir. „Reduced Life Cycles Cost and Improved Analysis Accuracy Utilizing WESTEMS™ Integrated Modeling Methods“. In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1325.

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Traditional methods of qualifying pressure vessel components to ASME stress and fatigue requirements often involve complex and lengthy calculation processes. The costs of individually analyzing every specified transient can be prohibitive if large numbers of transients are considered, with each one having varied loading conditions acting on the components. In addition, the time dependent nature of real transient loads results in a significant computational and bookkeeping problem. In most cases the analyst uses a number of simplifying and enveloping assumptions to develop stresses to represent all transient conditions. He relies on his experience and judgment to make simplifications with respect to the timing of applied mechanical loads, as well as the relationship between the applied mechanical loads and the timing of the thermal loads. The analyst’s skill governs the length and complexity of the qualification process. The WESTEMS™ Integrated Modeling approach dramatically simplifies this effort and improves analysis accuracy, while reducing the overall time necessary to perform the analysis. WESTEMS™ Integrated Models can reduce the process of analyzing a list of transients defined by global parameter time histories and reporting final design stress and fatigue to a few steps. This paper discusses how WESTEMS™ overcomes the technical difficulties encountered in automating such tasks, and shows the technical superiority of WESTEMS™ over the current traditional methods. It also demonstrates how applying the WESTEMS™ technology to NSSS equipment can reduce engineering life cycle costs.

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Denton, J. D. „The Use of a Distributed Body Force to Simulate Viscous Effects in 3D Flow Calculations“. In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-144.

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Three dimensional viscous flow calculations methods for turbomachinery are starting to become available but are not yet sufficiently well developed to be used for design purposes. Three dimensional inviscid calculations on the other hand are now well developed and are widely used for design purposes. This paper describes a method intermediate between fully viscous methods and inviscid methods. The viscous effects are approximated by a very simple model which can be tuned empirically to get the correct overall level of loss and which reproduces many of the details of real viscous flow, such as boundary layers and secondary flows. The method is a simple extension to a widely used inviscid method and enables viscous effects to be simulated with little extra computational cost compared to a 3D inviscid calculation.

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