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1
Saleh, Mostafa, and Sandberg Anton Hedén. "IMPLEMENTATION OF OXYFUEL COMBUSTION IN A WASTE INCINERATION CHP PLANT : A Techno-Economic Assessment." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55210.
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Global energy demand is predicted to rise in the coming decades, necessitating a shift to renewable energy sources to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, due to the inability to supply renewable energy around the clock, it is estimated that only by adding an important technology, carbon capture and storage (CCS), it could be possible to reduce 80% of the 1990s greenhouse gas emissions. CCS aims to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions by capturing CO2 from flue gases, transporting, and permanently storing or reutilizing industrially. The CCS approach includes three technologies: post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxyfuel combustion, with the latter being the emphasis of this thesis. Based on the case study of Mälarenergi’s Refused-derived waste-fired CHP plant, this thesis investigates the viability of converting existing non-fossil fueled CHP plants to oxyfuel combustion. A thorough technical investigation based on analyzing the impact of oxyfuel combustion on system performance was conducted through system modeling using a process simulator, Aspen plus. The model in this thesis considers the development of an air separation unit (ASU), a CHP plant, and a cryogenic CO2 purification unit (CPU). All of which are validated through calibration and comparison with real-world data and similar work. To investigate the influence of employing oxyfuel combustion on the generation of both heat and electricity, two different scenarios were comprised, including recirculating flue gas before and after flue gas condensation. In addition, an analysis of the oxygen purity was conducted to assess the most optimal parameters with the least impact on system performance. Moreover, a detailed eco- nomic assessment comprising the costs of integrating oxyfuel combustion was also conducted. The findings of this thesis show that integrating waste incineration CHP plants with oxyfuel combustion for CO2 capture entails promising features under the condition of 97% oxygen purity and a flue gas recirculation system taking place after flue gas condensation. This is owing to (i) modest imposed energy penalty of approximately 8.7%, (ii) high CO2 recovery ratio, around 92.4%, (iii) total investment cost of approximately 554 M$ during a 20-year lifetime, and (iv) cost of captured CO2 of around 76 $/ton. Aside from system modeling, this thesis pre- sents an overview of the current state-of-the-art technology on the different separation and capture mechanisms. It is important to highlight that the goal of this thesis is not to provide a comprehensive review but rather to present an overall picture of the maturity of the different mechanisms. The findings point to the cryogenic separation mechanism as the most mature technology for both oxygen production and capturing of CO2 during oxyfuel combustion.
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Zanobetti, Francesco. "Development of a multi-objective optimisation approach for the assessment of techno-economical and environmental performances of pipeline-based Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) systems." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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It is widely recognized that Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) may be playing a key role in decarbonising industrial and power generation processes and meeting net zero emission targets by 2050. However, the successful large-scale development of CCS is still hindered by a wide lack of reliable techno-economic and environmental assessment methodologies. In the present work, a CFD code developed by UCL Chemical Engineering, named PipeTech, was first used to simulate CO2 pipeline transport performances with respect to variations of main design and operational parameters. Based on these results, a multi-objective optimisation methodology for CCS pipelines is proposed to minimise economic and environmental footprints while reliably simulating fluid flow behaviour. Then, the Decision Maker (DM) is supposed to select one or more trade-offs that best suit his preferences. Three potentially most effective solutions were determined by applying the mathematical Level Diagrams technique. Uncertainty affecting CO2 transport cost modelling is assessed by employing a Monte Carlo simulation approach, which also provides the DM with a probabilistic tool to compare the different alternatives. Lastly, a quantitative methodology is applied to convert multi-criteria optimisation results in impact indicators weighting economic and environmental issues. Results were then compared with those given by the single minimisation of two additional indices. These are presented as a “CO2 avoided transport cost”, which considers an apparent transported flow rate decreased by emitted GHG expressed as CO2 equivalents, and as a “market-based transport cost”, which applies a carbon pricing to the greenhouse gas emissions according to carbon markets. Overall, this approach provided a route to flexibly weigh environmental and economic concerns according to DM preferences, whereas the two aggregated indices give a lower visibility to the environmental footprint of the system.
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Bøe, Lisbeth Jeanette. "Life cycle assessment of novel CCS technologies." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22885.
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CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are the largest sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the better options to mitigate these emissions and thereby limit global warming even while continuing the use of fossil fuels for power generation. As CCS increases the energy consumption of the power plant itself, there will be an increased use of fuel and therefore also increased environmental impacts connected to this. To calculate these impacts it is important to include the entire supply chain and life cycle of the power plant.This thesis involves a tiered hybrid life cycle assessment of natural gas- and coal power plants with chilled ammonia process (CAP) and sorption enhanced water-gas shift (SEWGS) capture technologies. These novel capture technologies are two of the least studied when it comes to environmental assessments. The results from this assessment are compared to two of the more studied capture technologies, post-combustion capture by monoethanolamine (MEA) and oxyfuel combustion capture.Both the CAP capture alternative and the SEWGS alternative have been shown to decrease the global warming potential (GWP) in a natural gas plant by 70%. For the coal-fired power plants, the CAP technology managed a decrease in GWP of 77% while the SEWGS technology showed a decrease of 77.5%. This decrease comes at a cost of other impact categories where for example the freshwater ecotoxicity potential (FETP) has an increase of 87-88% for both the CAP and SEWGS capture technologies in NGCC plants. This impact category has an increase of 25 and 22% for the CAP and SEWGS technologies in the coal-fired power plants.Compared to post-combustion capture by MEA and oxyfuel combustion capture, the results were clear on MEA being the least preferable option in an environmental perspective for both coal- and natural gas-fired power plants. Oxyfuel combustion capture, on the other hand, was shown to be the most preferable option.
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Djurberg, Robert. "Practical implementation of Bio-CCS in Uppsala : A techno-economic assessment." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277820.
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To decrease global warming, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS) has been proposed as an effective and necessary tool. Combusting biomass and capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the same process results in net negative emissions, hence, reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The infrastructure around heat and power generation in Sweden has transformed to make use of biomass and waste. Bio-CCS has the potential to be a key factor in making the heat sector carbon negative and the Swedish energy system more sustainable. This study has assessed how Bio-CCS can practically be implemented in the Uppsala heat and power plant. In the assessment, three chemical absorption post-combustion carbon capture (CC) technologies were evaluated based on energy requirement, potential to reduce emissions and economics. They are the amine process, the chilled ammonia process (CAP) and the hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). The process of each technology was modelled by performing mass and energy balance calculations when implementing CC on the flue gas streams of the production units using biomass-based fuel at the plant. The modelling enabled finding specific heating, cooling and electricity requirements of the technologies. With this data it was possible to assess the potential emission reduction and CC cost for the different configurations assessed. A solution was proposed in how a CC technology can be integrated into the system of the Uppsala plant regarding land footprint, available heat supply to the process and possibilities for waste heat recovery. If heat recovery is not utilized the results show that the amine process is the most cost-effective technology when implemented on the flue gas stream of the waste blocks. When utilizing heat recovery to use waste heat to heat the district heating water, CAP becomes more cost-effective than the amine process. Further improvements can be achieved by combining flue gas streams of the waste blocks to increase the number of hours per year CC can be performed. The plant in Uppsala can then capture 200 000 tonne CO2 annually. The total cost of Bio-CCS will be approximately 900 SEK per tonne CO2 captured.<br>För att minska den globala uppvärmningen har infångning och lagring av koldioxid från förbränning av biomassa (Bio-CCS) föreslagits som ett effektivt och nödvändigt verktyg. Förbränning av biomassa och infångande av koldioxid från samma process leder till negativa nettoutsläpp, vilket minskar koncentrationen av koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären. Infrastrukturen kring värme- och kraftproduktion i Sverige har omvandlats till att använda biomassa och avfall. Bio-CCS har potential att vara en nyckelfaktor för att göra värmesektorn koldioxidnegativ och det svenska energisystemet mer hållbart. Denna studie har analyserat hur Bio-CCS praktiskt kan implementeras i Uppsalas kraftvärmeverk. I analysen utvärderades tre infångningstekniker av typen kemisk absorption baserat på energibehov, potential att minska utsläpp och ekonomi. Teknikerna är aminprocessen, chilled ammonia process (CAP) och hot potassium carbonate process (HPC). Processen för varje teknik modellerades genom att utföra mass- och energibalansberäkningar vid infångning av CO2 från rökgasströmmarna producerade av produktionsenheterna som förbränner biomassa. Modelleringen gjorde det möjligt att hitta specifika värme-, kyl- och elbehov för teknikerna. Med dessa data var det möjligt att bedöma den potentiella utsläppsminskningen och kostnaden för infångning för de olika konfigurationer som har analyserats. En lösning föreslogs i hur en infångningsanläggning kan integreras i kraftvärmeverkets system när det gäller markanvändning, tillgänglig värmeförsörjning till processen och möjligheter till återvinning av spillvärme. Om värmeåtervinning inte utnyttjas visar resultaten att aminprocessen är den mest kostnadseffektiva tekniken när den implementeras på rökgasströmmen från avfallsblocken. När man använder värmeåtervinning för att använda spillvärme för att värma fjärrvärmevattnet blir CAP mer kostnadseffektivt än aminprocessen. Ytterligare förbättringar kan uppnås genom att kombinera rökgasströmmar från avfallsblocken för att öka antalet timmar per år infångning kan utföras. Anläggningen i Uppsala kan då årligen fånga 200 000 ton CO2. Den totala kostnaden för Bio-CCS kommer att vara cirka 900 SEK per ton infångad CO2.
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Nyberg, Jesper. "Kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa AB i Degerhamn." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54270.
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CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, innebär infångning och lagring av koldioxid från stora punktutsläpp. Detta gör cementindustrin aktuell för implementering av CCS. Stora delar av branschens koldioxidutsläpp går inte att eliminera på annat sätt. Kostnaden för monoetanolamin-baserad post-combustion capture med efterföljande transport och lagring av koldioxiden vid cementfabriken Cementa AB i Degerhamn undersöktes. Studiens kostnadsberäkningar är baserade på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för koldioxidinfångning vid den norska cementfabriken Norcem Brevik, och på publicerade uppgifter om kostnaden för transport av koldioxid till en lagringsplats i Östersjön. Cementa Degerhamns koldioxidutsläpp kan reduceras med 5,4 miljoner ton under en 25-årsperiod till en kostnad av 2,2 miljarder SEK. Slutresultatet, som uttrycks i måttet Cost of CO2 avoided, ger en kostnad på 890 SEK/ton CO2. En känslighetsanalys visar att av de undersökta parametrarna är storleken på koldioxidutsläppen och kostnaden för användning och underhåll viktigast för storleken på Cost of CO2 avoided. Vidare studier behövs för en mer exakt beräkning av kostnaden för CCS vid Cementa Degerhamn.<br>CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage, involves the capture and storage of carbon dioxide from large point sources. This makes the cement industry suitable for the implementation of CCS. Large parts of the industry's carbon dioxide emissions cannot be eliminated by other means. The cost of monoethanolamine-based post-combustion capture and subsequent transport and storage of the carbon dioxide at the cement factory Cementa AB in Degerhamn was studied. This study's cost estimates are based on published data on the cost of carbon capture at the Norwegian cement plant Norcem Brevik, and on published data on the cost of transport of carbon dioxide to a storage site in the Baltic Sea. Cementa Degerhamn’s carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by 5.4 million tons over a 25 year period to a cost of 2.2 billion SEK. The result, expressed in Cost of CO2 avoided, gives a cost of 890 SEK/ton CO2. A sensitivity analysis shows that of the examined parameters, the size of the carbon dioxide emissions and the cost of use and maintenance are the most important for the size of Cost of CO2 avoided. Further studies are required for a more accurate calculation of the cost of CCS at Cementa Degerhamn.
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Occhineri, Lorenzo. "Technical and economic assessments of CO2 capture processes in power plants." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4705.
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Occhineri, Lorenzo. "Technical and economic assessments of CO2 capture processes in power plants." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4705.
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Johansson, Emma, and Vilborg Pétursdóttir. "Evaluation of Onshore Transportation Methods for Captured CO2 between Facility and Harbour in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Avd.), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297664.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Stockholm Exergi is a Stockholm based company with combined heat and power (CHP) plants in various places around the city and are currently investigating the possibilities to implement CCS on their CHP plant Högdalenverket. The captured CO2 is required to be transferred from the facility to a harbour for further transport to its injection site. This report investigates the optimal means of transportation from the facility to harbour. The methods considered are pipeline and trucks.From the frame of reference, it is concluded that the shortest distance possible is preferable, so the harbour alternative is set to be Värtan. For pipelines the cheapest alternative of the state of form, for the specific case, is gas. For trucks the best alternative is liquid since a larger amount can fit in each load. For the cost estimation the method from (Piessenset al., 2008) is used to calculate the price estimate of pipelines, and (Marufuzzaman, 2015) is used for the trucks. Parameters such as the diameter of the pipe, pressure drop and power requirement are of high importance for the pipeline. For truck road regulations, CO2’s density and operation time is essential. The results from the implementation shows the pipelines to be the more beneficial option in regards to price, stability and robustness. The NPV for the pipeline is calculated, with the lifetime of theproject as 25 years, to be 75 million €, which is the cheaper alternative compared to the truck, which has a NPV of 95 million €. The optimal inlet pressure for the pipes is calculated to be 3.5MPa and the temperature to be 57.5°C due to an implemented heat exchange operation before the inlet. Future work and recommendations are to continue creating a more detailed design over the pipelines and to discard the truck transport alternative.<br>Infångning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) är en metod för att minska utsläppen av CO2 i atmosfären. Stockholm Exergi är ett energibolag i Stockholm med diverse kraftvärmeverk runtom i staden. En undersökning pågår där företaget forskar kring möjligheterna att implementera CCS på kraftvärmeverk Högdalenverket. Den uppfångade koldioxiden ska transporteras från anläggning till hamn, där den sedan ska vidare med skepp till sin injektionsplats. Denna rapport studerar vilken den optimala metoden för transport från anläggning till hamn är. Metoderna som berörs är rörledningar och lastbilar. Från bakgrundstudien var det möjligt att dra slutsatsen om att det kortaste möjliga avståndet är optimalt, så den valda hamnen är Värtahamnen. För rörledningarna är det billigaste alternativet på substansen gas för det behandlade fallet i rapporten. För lastbilsalternativet är den optimala formen vätska då det får plats mer volym per last. För uppskattningen av priserna används metoden från (Piessenset al., 2008) för rörledningarna och (Marufuzzaman, 2015) för lastbilarna. Parametrar såsom diametern på rören, tryckfall och effektkrav är viktiga för rörledningarna. För lastbilarna är vägkrav, CO2 s densitet och operationstid essentiella. Resultaten från implementationen visar att transport med rörledningar är det optimala alternativet i avseende av pris och stabilitet. Nuvärdet på investeringen av rörledningarna är beräknade till 75miljoner €, som är billigare jämfört med 95 miljoner € för lastbilsalternativet. Det optimala trycket för inloppet till rörledningarna är beräknat till 3.5 MPa och inloppstemperaturen till 57.5°C som resultat av en implementerad värmeväxlaroperation precis före starten på rörledningen. Framtida arbete och rekommendationer är att fortsätta utveckla en mer detaljerad design överrörledningen och att avfärda alternativet med transport av lastbilar.
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Silva, Wildson Vieira da. "ADAPTAÇÃO DA ESCALA AUSTRALIANA CHILDHOOD CONCERNS SURVEY (CCS) NUM CONTEXTO BRASILEIRO." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2003. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/427.
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Previous issue date: 2003-12-22<br>Objective: To translate and to adapt the Childhood Concerns Survey (CCS), an Australian
scale that evaluates anxiety disorders among preschoolers based on their parent s answers,
with the intention of using it in the Brazilian children.
Method: Two bilingual professionals translated two Portuguese versions of the scale, which
were retro-translated by other tree bilingual professionals. The differences were harmonized
and pre-tested in a pilot study. The final Portuguese version was applied by 420 parents of
boys and girls between 2,5 to 6 years old from Pelotas. The CCS s psychometrical properties
were tested. The Contend Validity was verified by the Theoretical Items Analysis and the
Items Analysis by the Classic Tests Theory. For the extern criterion validity the ANOVA was
utilized, considering age and sex. The Construct Validation study was made by the
Exploratory Factor Analysis and Cronbach s alpha coefficient was used as reliability.
Results: The Exploratory Factor Analysis indicated the presence of 4 factors reflecting
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Fear of physical injury and Social Phobia and Generalized
Anxiety Disorder. The ANOVA method revealed relevant differences p<0,05 between gender
and age, demonstrating that girls had higher scores than boys.
Conclusion: It was found necessary to reformulate the written composition of some items.
The final version of the proposed scale to evaluate 4 anxiety disorders has 26 items and
presents acceptable psychometric characteristics<br>Objetivo: Traduzir e adaptar o "Childhood Concerns Survey" (CCS), escala australiana que
avalia transtornos de ansiedade em pré-escolares com base nas respostas dos pais, com a
intenção de utilizá-la em crianças brasileiras.
Método: Dois profissionais bilíngües traduziram duas versões da escala para o português, as
quais foram retro-traduzidas por outros três profissionais bilíngües. As diferenças foram
harmonizadas e pré-testadas em um estudo piloto. A versão final em português foi aplicada em
420 pais de crianças de ambos os sexos entre 2,5 a 6 anos da cidade de Pelotas-RS. Foram
testadas as propriedades psicométricas do CCS. A validade de conteúdo por meio da análise
teórica dos Itens e a capacidade discriminativa dos itens segundo a análise da correlação item/
total. Para a validade de critério externa utilizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) fatorial,
considerando idade e sexo. A validade de construto foi realizada por meio da análise fatorial
exploratória e utilizou-se como o coeficiente de fidedignidade o alfa de Cronbach.
Resultados: A análise fatorial exploratória indicou a presença de 4 fatores refletindo
transtorno obsessivo compulsivo, medo de lesão física, fobia social e transtorno de ansiedade
generalizada. O método da ANOVA revelou diferenças significativas p<0,05 entre os sexos e
idades, demonstrando que as meninas tiveram escores maiores que os meninos.
Conclusão: Identificou-se a necessidade de reformular a redação de alguns itens. A versão
final da escala proposta para avaliar 4 transtornos de ansiedade consta de 26 itens e apresenta
características psicométricas aceitáveis
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Jonnavithula, Satish. "Cost/benefit assessment of power system reliability." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq23942.pdf.
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Aggarwal, Taroon. "Prediction markets for cost and risk assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67211.
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Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99).<br>Several temporal and political factors can sometimes limit the effectiveness of traditional methods of project tracking and cost estimation. A large organization is susceptible to internal and external risks that are difficult to predict by a single person. Use of collective intelligence tools can help gather inputs from a crowd of people and help provide insight into future events with their collective wisdom. A prediction market is one such tool that provides an environment for traders to buy and sell contracts, whose values are tied to uncertain future events. Efficient prediction markets have been shown to outperform available polls and other forecasting mechanisms. This thesis focuses mainly on the features of a prediction market, its use in the context of a large organization and the steps needed for its implementation. We believe that prediction markets can be a useful supplementary tool along with the existing cost estimation and project management tools in a large organization. They can help aggregate information and identify any direct or indirect factors that can impact cost, or schedule estimates, or create risk for the completion of a project. Major design principles for implementation of prediction markets have been identified by the author based on seven mini case studies from different industries. The author also conducted three pilot studies at MIT and the observations from these have been used to identify best practices related to design and implementations of markets. We found increased involvement of participants and increased awareness in the projects to be one of the major benefits of prediction markets. From the case studies, research and data collected from simulations, we found positive evidence that prediction markets can supplement the use of current estimation and risk assessment methodologies when deployed correctly, and help keep a check on the pulse of an organization by preparing it for any future events or outcomes.<br>by Taroon Aggarwal.<br>S.M.in Engineering and Management
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Gilmore, Christopher K. (Christopher Kenneth). "Benefit-cost assessment of aviation environmental policies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76166.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-105).<br>This thesis aids in the development of a framework in which to conduct global benefit-cost assessments of aviation policies. Current policy analysis tools, such as the aviation environmental portfolio management tool (APMT), only consider climate and air quality impacts derived from aircraft emissions within the US. In addition, only landing and takeoff (LTO) emissions are considered. Barrett et al., however, has shown that aircraft cruise emissions have a significant impact on ground-level air quality. Given the time-scale and atmospheric lifetimes of species derived from aircraft emissions at these higher altitudes, a global framework for assessment is required. This thesis specifically investigates the global as well as regional implementation of an ultra-low sulfur jet fuel (ULSJ). The expected result from this policy is a reduction in aircraft SOx emissions, which in turn would reduce the atmospheric burden of primary and secondary sulfate aerosols. Sulfate aerosols have both climate and air quality impacts as they reflect incoming solar radiation (and thus provide atmospheric cooling) and are a type of ground-level pollutant that have generally been correlated to premature mortalities resulting from cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. Benefit-cost techniques are applied in this analysis. The framework developed within this thesis includes the ability to calculate expected avoided premature mortalities outside of the US. In addition, a monetization approach is used in which different values of statistical lives (VSLs) are applied depending on the country in which a premature mortality occurs. Also, the economic impact of increased fuel processing to reduce the FSC is estimated. This analysis is performed using Monte Carlo techniques to capture uncertainty, and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is utilized to determine the primary sources of uncertainty. The benefit-cost analysis results show that for US and global implementation, there is -80% chance of ULSJ implementation having a not cost beneficial outcome when climate, air quality, and economic impacts are included. On average, however, the air quality benefits do exceed the climate disbenefits. In addition, the GSA reveals that the largest contributor to the uncertainty in this analysis is the assumed US VSL distribution, where approximately 60% of the variance in the final output distribution can be attributed to this uncertainty. In addition, a fast policy tool approach is investigated using sensitivity values calculated from an adjoint model built-in to the global chemical transport model (GCTM) used for the atmospheric modeling within this analysis. From this fast policy tool, first order estimates of the impact of ULSJ on premature mortality are calculated.<br>by Christopher K. Gilmore.<br>S.M.
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Qin, Helen. "Powertrain technology and cost assessment of battery electric vehicles." Thesis, UOIT, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/86.
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This thesis takes EV from the late 90’s as a baseline, assess the capability of today’s EV technology, and establishes its near-term and long-term prospects. Simulations are performed to evaluate EVs with different combinations of new electric machines and battery chemistries.
Cost assessment is also presented to address the major challenge of EV commercialization. This assessment is based on two popular vehicle classes: subcompact and mid-size. Fuel, electricity and battery costs are taken into consideration for this study. Despite remaining challenges and concerns, this study shows that with production level increases and battery price-drops, full function EVs could dominate the market in the longer term. The modeling shows that from a technical and performance standpoint both range and recharge times already fall into a window of practicality, with few if any compromises relative to conventional vehicles. Electric vehicles are the most sustainable alternative personal transportation technology available to-date. With continuing breakthroughs, minimal change to the power grid, and optimal GHG reductions, emerging electric vehicle performance is unexpectedly high.
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Gutierrez, Maria Bernadete G. P. S. "The Carajas Iron Ore Project : a cost-benefit assessment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261968.
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Marques, Bernardo José Santos. "Veracity: low cost physiology assessment tool using virtual reality." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22731.
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Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática<br>Anxiety disorders affect many individuals, conditioning their daily life
routines. Specific phobia is one example of an anxiety disorder,
which is an irrational fear towards an object, or situation. Phobics
felt a distorted reality, and usually try to avoid the phobic element,
which will only intensify the problem.
The evolution of technology and the miniaturization brought to the
foreground not only allow the development of portable solutions for
the assessment of psychological and behavior but also new
possibility to mimic the real world likes Virtual Reality (VR) outside
of the laboratory setting. Recent studies, describe Virtual Reality
exposure as effective, when compared to in vivo exposure, with the
benefit of being less aggressive to the phobic individual.
In this dissertation, we propose Veracity, an affordable and portable
system, which relies on VR to present more ecological and virtual
stimuli to phobic individuals while monitoring their physiological and
behaviour response. We used spider phobias as the main case
study of our system. While presenting the VR stimuli, using a game
divided in a set of increasing difficulty levels, Veracity allows the
interaction with the virtual environment through hand gesture.
Simultaneously the individual’s reaction is acquired (ECG, HR, RR,
VIDEO, Screenshots, 3D objects tracking, etc.) using external
resources and two smartphone applications. Veracity also supports
data management for post processing integrated with the cloud.
The gamification approach and its ability to customize the virtual
stimuli provides enough versatility to foster its usefulness in clinical
practice as a solution to monitor and elicit natural reactions from
individuals with specific phobias.<br>Distúrbios de ansiedade afetam muitos indivíduos, condicionando as
suas rotinas. Um exemplo é o caso da fobia específica, um medo
irracional em relação a um objeto ou situação. Indivíduos fóbicos
sentem uma realidade distorcida, e geralmente, tentam evitar o
elemento fóbico, o que intensifica o problema.
A evolução da tecnologia não só permite o desenvolvimento de
soluções portáteis para a avaliação fisiológica e comportamental,
criando novas possibilidades para imitar o mundo real utilizando
Realidade Virtual (VR) fora do ambiente controlado de laboratório.
Estudos recentes, descrevem a exposição a VR como sendo eficaz
quando comparada com a exposição in vivo, sendo menos agressiva
para o individuo.
Nesta dissertação, propomos o Veracity, um sistema portátil e
economicamente acessível, para apresentação de estímulos virtuais
a indivíduos fóbicos e interação com esse ambiente através do
reconhecimento da mão e gestos enquanto a sua resposta
fisiológica e comportamental é monitorizada. O principal caso de
estudo do nosso sistema é a fobia de aranhas. O sistema é rápido
de configurar, permite a recolha de dados fora do ambiente de
laboratório e a exposição a estímulos, que permitem reações mais
naturais. Simultaneamente, a reação do indivíduo é adquirida (ECG,
HR, RR, VIDEO, Imagens, 3D tracking, etc.), utilizando recursos
externos e duas aplicações para dispositivos móveis. Veracity
suporta ainda a gestão dos dados recolhidos, para pósprocessamento
integrado com a cloud. A sua aproximação baseada
em jogos e a sua capacidade de personalizar os estímulos virtuais,
proporciona um nível de versatilidadeque, que promove a sua
utilidade na prática clínica como uma solução para provocar reações
naturais e monitorizarem individuos com fobias específicas.
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Al, Hamed Hassan. "ONSHORE WIND FARM REPOWERING ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS AND COST ASSESSMENT." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435161.
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Many reasons to consider extending the useful time of ageing wind farms. Like to take advantage of it being located in a good wind source, besides existing infrastructure, etc. Repowering can be an appropriate option for the ageing wind farm that suffering less yield energy and increment of cost of operation and maintenance. The thesis discusses the repowering potential of old wind farms. The case study is implemented on a selected wind farm in Denmark. Different repowering scenarios were considered with the technical-economic assessment for each scenario to determine which scenario is viable. The sensitivity analysis was done taking into consideration selected parameters to find out the effect of each parameter on the profitability and productivity of the repowered wind farm. More details will be explored in the following chapters.
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Youds, Lorraine Helen. "Sustainability assessment of nuclear power in the UK using an integrated multi-criteria decision-support framework." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/sustainability-assessment-of-nuclear-power-in-the-uk-using-an-integrated-multicriteria-decisionsupport-framework(cdc0c9fa-7b5d-4761-b51c-0fc4bef23a3f).html.
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In the UK, the debate surrounding energy production lies at the forefront of the political agenda, with growing emphasis on achieving an increasingly sustainable energy mix into the future. The nuclear option is especially debatable - issues such as waste management and decommissioning receive much attention. In addition, the many stakeholders interested in nuclear power display very divergent views on its sustainability. Since the turn of the century, nuclear power has received much attention globally, with many nations’ governments taking consideration of the potential benefits of new nuclear adoption. Conversely, the Fukushima nuclear disaster has led to new nuclear resistance in other nations, such as Germany, where plans have been made to stop nuclear power generation completely. This research aims to help inform the debate on nuclear power and the future UK electricity mix. A multi-criteria decision support framework (developed by the SPRIng Project) has been used for these purposes, taking into account technical, economic, environmental and social criteria.The methodology used in this work has involved: stakeholder consultation; use of future electricity scenarios; sustainability assessment of current and future electricity options (Pressurised Water Reactor, European Pressurised Reactor, European Fast Rector, coal, gas, solar and wind power, and coal carbon capture and storage [CCS] power); assessment of future electricity scenarios based on both sustainability impacts and stakeholder (expert and public) preferences for the sustainability indicators and electricity technologies. The sustainability assessment of future nuclear power options and coal CCS power have been carried out here for the first time in a UK-specific context.Based on the public and expert opinions on the importance of different sustainability indicators, results of the scenario analysis suggest that the scenario with a high penetration of low-carbon technologies (nuclear [60%] and offshore wind power [40%]) is the most sustainable. For the sample considered in this study, this finding is not sensitive to different stakeholder and public opinions on the importance of the sustainability indicators. However, when the stakeholder preferences for individual technologies are considered, scenarios with high penetration of renewables (26-40% solar and 20-48% wind) become the preferred options. This is due to the favourable stakeholder opinion on solar and wind power. In that case, the scenario with high penetration of nuclear is never the preferred option due to the low to moderate stakeholder preference for nuclear power.Therefore, the results from this research suggest that the ‘sustainability’ of different electricity options and scenarios is highly dependent on stakeholder preferences and priorities. Thus, for successful future deployment of these options and implementation of energy policy measures, transparency of information on the impacts of electricity options is key in ensuring that stakeholder opinions are founded in the actual rather than the perceived impacts of these options.
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Mugford, Miranda. "How does the method of cost estimation affect the assessment of cost-effectiveness in health care?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318922.
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Vågerö, Oskar. "Alternatives to carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the deep decarbonisation of the Norwegian cement industry : A cost-optimisation study of GHG mitigation measures." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278198.
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Norway’s two cement manufacturing plants are both among the top 10 largest national point sources of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and together contribute to 2% of the total GHG emissions. One of the important measures being pushed for to mitigate these emissions is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), for which the Norwegian Government is to make an investment decision in 2020/2021. Norway may end up with the first full-scale CCS project in the cement sector on a global basis, so the technology is still in its infancy in industrial applications outside of oil extraction. The aim of the study is to collate and summarise multiple data sources on the different measures that could mitigate greenhouse gases and which are feasible in a Norwegian context, in addition to CCS. The measures included are: energy effciency, fuel substitution, new types of clinkers, material effciency, clinker substitution, and substitution for wooden construction materials or biocement. The study utilises the concept of Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) and Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) to assess and illustrate the environmental performance of the different measures versus a baseline scenario of 591 kg CO2e emitted per tonne cement manufactured. The two most promising measures are substituting part of the clinkers from the fnal cement product for a combination of calcined clays and ground limestone as well as increased use of fillers in concrete, which partially replace clinker in the final concrete product. These two measures are inexpensive and does not require any technology leap to implement. Barriers exist in the shape of a conservative construction industry where incremental innovation happen slowly. The industry is also utilising highly standardised product which make the entry of new and changed products diffcult and slow. No combination of measures achieve full decarbonisation of the cement industry, without including CCS, which indicates that it may still be necessary for the cement sector to become carbon neutral.<br>Se filen
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Pandey, Mohan Kumar. "Electric service reliability cost/worth assessment in a developing country." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0013/NQ32796.pdf.
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Nostrant, Craig H. "A cost/benefit analysis of the Supply Management Assessment program." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25795.
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Sedwick, Raymond John 1970. "Cost and technology assessment of low thrust orbital transfer vehicles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49928.
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Varcoe, Barry. "The cost performance of office facilities : an assessment of effectiveness." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517944.
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Fouskakis, Dimitris. "Stochastic optimisation methods for cost-effective quality assessment in health." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341107.
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Jarocki, Dmitri. "Wave Energy Converter Performance Modeling and Cost of Electricity Assessment." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/278.
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California is experiencing a rapid increase in interest for the potential of converting ocean waves into clean electricity. Numerous applications have been submitted for the permitting of such renewable energy projects; however the profitability, practicability, and survivability have yet to be proven. Wave energy conversion technology has steadily matured since its naissance in the 1970’s, several wave energy power installations currently exist, and numerous plans for commercial power plant are in the works on the shores of multiple continents. This study aims to assess the economic viability of two proposed commercial wave energy power plant projects on the Central California Coast. A theoretical 25 MW capacity wave energy plant located at a site five nautical miles off of Point Arguello, in Santa Barbara County is compared to a site five nautical miles off of Morro Bay, in the County of San Luis Obispo. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company and Green Wave Energy Solutions, LLC have proposed full-scale commercial wave power plants at these sites, and are currently undergoing the federal permitting processes. Historical wave resource statistics from 1980 to 2001 are analyzed with performance specifications for the AquaBuOY, Pelamis P1, and WaveDragon wave energy converters (WECs) to calculate the annual electrical output of each device at each site. Sophisticated computer modeling of the bathymetric influence on the wave resource at each site is presented using the program Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) developed by the Delft University of Technology. The wave energy flux, significant wave height, and peak period are computed at each site for typical summer and winter swell cases, using seafloor depth measurements at a 90 meter rectangular grid resolution. The economic viability of commercial electricity generation is evaluated for each WEC at each site by the calculation of the net present value of an estimated 25-year project life-cycle, the internal rate of return, and the required cost of electricity for a 10-year project simple payback period. The lowest required price of electricity is $0.13/kWh and occurs at the Point Arguello site using the AquaBuOY WEC. The highest annual capacity factor is 18% using the Pelamis WEC. The net present value and internal rate of return calculations suggest that the AquaBuOY WEC is profitable at both sites for electricity prices above $0.14/kWh. Shallow water wave propagation SWAN modeling demonstrated favorable wave energy flux states for WEC operation and power generation at both sites, with typical winter energy fluxes of 30-37 kW/m.
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Meyer, Annemarie. "Employee assistance programmes : a needs assessment and cost-benefit analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13489.
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Bibliography.<br>The aim of the research was firstly-to conduct a needs assessment for an employee assistance programme (EAP) at a financial company, in other words, to determine whether the employees of the financial company actually needed an EAP, and if so, what would be the most suitable form the EAP should take on. Several categories of information were collected, including the nature and frequency of personal problems experienced by employees of the company, current ways in which personal problems were handled, the form of assistance employees would prefer, and the attitude of employees towards a possible EAP at the company. This information was collected by means of a questionnaire developed for this research, and answered by a representative group of employees, as well as interviews conducted with the welfare officer and personnel practitioners at the company. The data were analysed by means of frequency tables, whereafter the results of the needs assessment indicated that there appeared to be a need for an EAP at the company. Recommendations concerning the most suitable EAP were then ~ made. The second aim of the research was to conduct an economic evaluation by means of a cost-benefit analysis of an EAP at a utility company, and comprised a monetary comparison of the estimated costs and benefits (savings) of the EAP. Thereafter the economic efficiency of the EAP was expressed in terms of savings per rand invested. The benefits of the EAP were represented by estimated savings due to reduction in absenteeism and increase in job performance due to EAP intervention. The costs attributable to the EAP include personnel salaries and benefits, training, administration costs, cost of materials and equipment, and travelling costs. The cost and benefit data were extracted from company records. The results indicated that the costs of operating the programme exceeded the benefits, that the EAP was possibly not run cost-effectively, and therefore that further evaluation of the procedures concerning the EAP was needed. In addition, the cost- benefit analysis indicated relatively high absenteeism and low levels of job performance among EAP clients, and on average this did not change after EAP intervention, in fact it became worse. This indicated the need for further research to determine whether there were other factors except personal problems that influenced absenteeism and job performance of EAP clients. If this was indeed the case then the fact that the costs of the EAP exceeded the benefits, could possibly not be blamed on the EAP.
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Raitio, M. (Maarit). "Caries risk determination and cost-effectiveness of targeted prevention in adolescents." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514266366.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess a series of caries risk indicators to find a suitable model for
screening adolescents for risk cases, and to evaluate the long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an
one-year intervention programme provided for the resulting risk groups.
To reduce the spread of infectious diseases at 20 day-care centres, risk factors for the occurrence of
salivary mutans streptococci were surveyed in 345 children before and after 8 months of intervention, i.e.
withdrawal of tooth brushing in 10 centres. Dental health habits were evaluated by means of questionnaires.
Four clinical and six salivary tests were related to 11-month caries increment in 181 adolescents. The 109
high-risk subjects presenting four or more risk factors were provided either with chlorhexidine or fluoride
treatment, the low-risk group receiving basic prevention. An age and sex-matched control group was chosen.
Life-long data on all 390 subjects were collected from their dental records. Survival analysis was applied,
taking as the starting point the time of tooth eruption and as the event the first filling due to caries.
The costs of the intervention and the number of fillings were compared between the groups.
The dental health of the risk groups tended to approach the average level for the control group. One
tooth surface per subject was saved from filling. The costs of fillings for the control group were twice as great
as those for the risk groups at the end of the intervention, but only slightly more after the five-year
follow-up period.
The model (DFS, Candida and sucrase) offers additive information for finding adolescents at risk
of caries, and for targeting preventive measures at the individual level and for the motivation of patients. The results stress the importance of dental age and of
providing preventive procedures at the time of tooth eruption. The present risk-based strategy proved to be
of moderate benefit to dental health by comparison with the costs of normal preventive and restorative care
and cannot be recommended as such for a target population with a high risk of caries.
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Holland, Michael. "An Assessment of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Environmental Plan Evaluation Methods." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/124.
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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is a federal agency with a mission to develop water resource projects to benefit the nation. Some of its large scale projects have been built to benefit cities, but through unintended consequences have caused economic and environmental damages. For example, its control of Mississippi River flooding has protected the City of New Orleans, but contributed to land loss in coastal Louisiana, and by some accounts, made the population more susceptible to hurricane damage. The agency has now embarked on a mission to restore some of the damaged environmental areas. This dissertation evaluates whether policies and practices used by the agency to evaluate and select plans to implement is logically flawed and could produce suboptimal project selection. The primary issue is the practice of including only implementation costs in the analysis while excluding other positive and negative economic impacts. A case study is performed using the method to evaluate a traditional economic development project for which optimal project selection has already been determined using widely accepted benefit-cost practices. The results show that the Corps' environmental project evaluation method would cause rejection of the most efficient plan. The loss of welfare that would result from using this technique is measured by comparing the welfare gain of the optimal project to the welfare gain of the suboptimal projects which could be selected using the flawed methodology. In addition, the dissertation evaluates whether suboptimal results could be produced using two other current Corps policies: selecting projects based on production efficiency, and the exclusion of environmental benefits from the discounting process. For the first policy, a simple counter example shows how clearly inferior choices may come from including only supply considerations in investment choices. For the second policy, it is demonstrated mathematically that refraining from discounting benefits while discounting costs causes a bias towards selection of plans that take longer to build, are delayed in their implantation, or a combination of the two.
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Jonsson, Dick. "Disability, rehabilitation and health economic assessment /." Linköping : Tema, Univ. : Institutionen för hälsa och samhälle, Univ. [distributör], 2001. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2001/arts239s.pdf.
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Doyle, Michael C. "Baseline assessment of the Department of the Army cost estimating and analysis (CE/A) and cost management (CM) capabilities." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FDoyle.pdf.
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陶鷹翔 and Yingxiang Tao. "An assessment of alternative wastewater treatment approaches in Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31239365.
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Celenligil, Onur. "Analogical Reasoning For Risk Assessment And Cost Overrun Estimation In Construction Projects." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612229/index.pdf.
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Project cost increase is the main concern in international construction projects which usually results in disputes and conflicts among the project participants. The aim of this thesis is to construct a database that represents risk event history regarding international construction projects and construct a cost overrun prediction model. It is hypothesized that magnitudes of project related, company related and country related risk factors can be predicted by assessing the level of vulnerability by analogical reasoning with previous projects. The vulnerability and risk factors can further be used to predict cost overrun in the bid preparation stage of international construction projects. Thus, prediction models that link vulnerability with risk factors and cost are constructed by using a dataset of 166 international construction projects, which consists of 66 real and 100 hypothetical cases. Case-based reasoning (CBR) technique is used to construct the prediction models. After testing the performance of various CBR models using different weight generation and retrieval methods, error rate of +/- 7.15 % cost increase is achieved. The utilization of CBR models in the prediction of potential risk sources and cost overrun is demonstrated by a real case study. Finally, the benefits and pitfalls of using analogical reasoning for risk and cost overrun assessment of construction projects are discussed.
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Fridriksson, Johann. "Finite element analysis and cost/risk assessment of the flex cover system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37099.
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The flex cover system has two main components, the flex cover which is a flexible cover for coal transportation railcars, and a handling machine. The flex cover system is currently being developed by Empire Dynamic Structures.
The research presented in this thesis revolves around the flex cover itself and not the cover handling machine although the entire concept is introduced in some detail.
The flex cover is described in detail and extensive analysis was performed to determine the behaviour of the cover under static and dynamic loading. Additionally a cost/risk analysis was performed to break down and analyse the cover by components and determine the economical impacts involved with fabrication of the cover.
The finite element analysis was performed by conventional methods using the software ANSYS. The cost/risk analysis was done by creating a decision tree and using expected monetary value in the software DecisionPro.
The finite element analyses showed that the original design of the cover holds up in the conditions imposed on it when it is undamaged but some types of damage can quickly impair on the performance.
Due to a lack of solid data the cost/risk analysis did not yield useful results as most of the input values had to be made up. The model was still constructed and is ready for future use when better data has been acquired.
34
Xylia, Maria. "Cost-effectiveness assessment of energy efficiency obligation schemes - implications for Swedish industries." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-125611.
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This thesis is an investigation of whether an energy efficiency obligation scheme would be cost-effective for the Swedish industrial sector. The basic guidelines of the scheme were constructed based on the characteristics proposed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and the previously implemented schemes in other EU Member States. In order to measure the cost effectiveness of the scheme for the industries, a Cost Benefit Analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the participation of the industries in an energy efficiency obligation scheme seems to be cost effective, and the Benefit to Cost Ratios of the analysis where ranging in numbers higher than one, showing that the benefits outweigh the costs. The scheme is in general more cost effective when scenarios assuming high policy intensity for the whole economy of the country are used as input for the calculation of the BCRs, which are also affected positively when higher fuel prices scenarios are adopted. The obligation should be placed upon the distributors, since the prices of energy distribution are administratively regulated. There is opportunity of financial benefits for the Swedish industries from agreements of energy savings delivery to the distributors in order for them to fulfill their obligation. These benefits will support the cost recovery of the investments for the energy savings measures. The possibility of certificate trading in the context of the scheme is another option that can create opportunities for financial gains and stimulate further the energy market. Basing the costs inputs from other EU Member States offers an insight on how these costs could be formed in the case of Sweden, but they cannot be taken as a complete calculation of the scheme’s financial effects. As a result, this study does not offer a final conclusion on the cost-effectiveness of the scheme; it rather serves as a means of support of the final conclusion regarding the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency obligation schemes for the Swedish industries.
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Batistatou, Evridiki. "Optimal designs for cost-efficient assessment of exposure subject to measurement error." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:223498.
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In epidemiological studies of an exposure-response association, often only a mismeasured exposure is taken on each individual of the population under study. If ignored, exposure measurement error can bias the estimated exposure-response association in question. A reliability study may be carried out to estimate the relation between the mismeasured and true exposure, which could then be used to adjust for measurement error in the attenuated exposure-response relationship. However, taking repeated exposure measurements may be expensive. Given a fixed total study cost, a two-stage design may be a more efficient approach for regression parameter estimation compared to the traditional single-stage design since, in the second-stage, repeated measurement is restricted to a sample of first-stage subjects. Sampling the extremes of the first-stage exposure distribution has been shown to be more efficient than random sampling.
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Jones, Mark Benjamin. "A cost-benefit forecasting framework for assessment of advanced manufacturing technology development." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9247.
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Development of new Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) for the aerospace industry is critical to
enhance the manufacture and assembly of aerospace products. These novel AMTs require high development
cost, specialist resource capabilities, have long development periods, high technological risks and lengthy
payback durations. This forms an industry reluctance to fund the initial AMT development stages, impacting on
their success within an ever increasingly competitive environment.
Selection of suitable AMTs for development is typically performed by managers who make little reference to
estimating the non-recurring development effort in resources and hardware cost. In addition, the performance at
the conceptual stage is predicted using expert opinion, consisting of subjective and inaccurate outputs. AMTs
selected are then submerged into development research and heavily invested in, with incorrect selections having
a detrimental impact on the business.
A detailed study of the UK aerospace manufacturing industry corroborated these findings and revealed a
requirement for a new process map to resolve the problem of managing AMT developments at the conceptual
stages. This process map defined the final research protocol, forming the requirement for a Cost-Benefit
Forecasting Framework. The framework improves the decision making process to select the most suitable
AMTs for development, from concept to full scale demonstration. Cost is the first element and is capable of
estimating the AMT development effort in person-hours and cost of hardware using two parametric cost models.
Benefit is the second element and forecasts the AMT tangible and intangible performance. The framework plots
these quantified cost-benefit parameters and is capable of presenting development value advice for a diverse
range of AMTs with varied applications. A detailed case study is presented evaluating a total of 23 novel
aerospace AMTs verifying the capability and high accuracy of the framework within a large aerospace
manufacturing organisation. Further validation is provided by quantifying the responses from 10 AMT
development experts, after utilising the methodology within an industrial setting. The results show that
quantifying the cost-benefit parameters provides manufacturing research and technology with the ability to
select AMTs that provide the best value to a business.
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Stamford, Laurence James. "Life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation : a methodology and an application in the UK context." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/life-cycle-sustainability-assessment-of-electricity-generation-a-methodology-and-an-application-in-the-uk-context(e4d76ed6-7247-4435-81db-505895067dd0).html.
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This research has developed a novel sustainability assessment framework for electricity technologies and scenarios, taking into account techno-economic, environmental and social aspects. The methodology uses a life cycle approach and considers relevant sustainability impacts along the supply chain. The framework is generic and applicable to a range of electricity technologies and scenarios. To test the methodology, sustainability assessments have been carried out first for different technologies and then for a range of possible future electricity scenarios for the UK. The electricity options considered either contribute significantly to the current UK electricity mix or will play a greater role in the future; these are nuclear power (PWR), natural gas (CCGT), wind (offshore), solar (residential PV) and coal power (subcritical pulverised). The results show that no one technology is superior and that certain tradeoffs must be made. For example, nuclear and offshore wind power have the lowest life cycle environmental impacts, except for freshwater eco-toxicity for which gas is the best option; coal and gas are the cheapest options, but both have high global warming potential; PV has relatively low global warming potential but high cost, ozone layer and resource depletion. Nuclear, wind and PV increase certain aspects of energy security but introduce potential grid management problems; nuclear also poses complex risk and intergenerational questions. Five potential future electricity mixes have also been examined within three overarching scenarios, spanning 2020 to 2070, and compared to the present-day UK grid. The scenarios have been guided by three different approaches to climate change: one future in which little action is taken to reduce CO2 emissions (‘65%’), one in which electricity decarbonises by 80% by 2050 in line with the UK’s CO2 reduction target (‘80%’), and one in which electricity is virtually decarbonised (at the point of generation) by 2050, in line with current policy (‘100%’).In order to examine the sustainability implications of these scenarios, the assessment results from the present-day comparison were projected forward to describe each technology in future time periods. Additional data were compiled so that coal with carbon capture and storage (CCS) – a potentially key future technology – could be included. The results of the scenario analyses show that the cost of generating electricity is likely to increase and become more capital-intensive. However, the lower-carbon scenarios are also at least 87% less sensitive to fuel price volatility. Higher penetration of nuclear and renewables generally leads to better environmental performance and more employment, but creates unknown energy storage costs and, in the case of nuclear power and coal CCS, the production of long-lived waste places a burden of management and risk on future generations. Therefore, the choice of the ‘most sustainable’ electricity options now and in the future will depend crucially on the importance placed on different sustainability impacts; this should be acknowledged in future policy and decision making. A good compromise requires strategic government action; to provide guidance, specific recommendations are made for future government policy.
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Harajli, Hassan A. "Cost-benefit analysis of microgenerators : an integrated appraisal perspective." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528171.
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The UK domestic building sector accounts for a substantial amount of the final energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To this extent, the sector can play an important role in GHG abatement and energy demand reduction, essential objectives of a more ‘sustainable energy system’. Microgeneration, or production of electricity or heat from small-scale sources, have been advocated by some, including the Supergen ‘Highly Distributed Power Systems Consortium’ to which this thesis contributes, as important means towards achieving these objectives. In this thesis, three assessed microgenerators; specifically a 600W microwind system, 2.1 kWp photovoltaic (PV) and building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, and a 2.8m2 solar hot water (SHW) system have been analysed through an ‘integrated appraisal toolkit’ in order to assess their respective economic and financial performance in current UK context. A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is applied, based on outputs and results from energy analysis and life-cycle assessment (LCA), and other tools such as financial appraisal, cost-effective analysis (CEA), and simple multi-attribute ranking technique (SMART) are also performed in order to asses how these systems perform on an individual household level or when compared to other energy technologies. The CBA, which included environmental impacts quantified through the LCA, obtained negative net present values (NPVs) for all the assessed microgenerators with the exception of microwind in a high-wind resourced ‘open’ area with lower end capital costs. The NPVs in the financial appraisal, which excluded environmental impacts, yielded relatively poorer results still. Only with the proposed feed-in tariffs would the systems all achieve positive NPVs. Given that the CBA included a substantial qualitative part, alternative tools, such as CEA and multi-criteria evaluation were applied (in brief) in order to place the assessed systems in the context of other energy generating sources in the UK, and to enable a more confident decision with respect to whether these systems should be advocated or rejected.
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Lee, Keon Hyok. "Industrial policy in the Republic of Korea : an assessment using cost-benefit methods." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1212/.
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The identification of the appropriate role for government is a crucial element in the formulation of economic policy for developing countries. During the 1940s and 1950s the balance of opinion rested firmly in favour of substantial intervention, but over the 1960s and 1970s the balance shifted in what Little describes as the "neoclassical resurgence". In the important debate between the proponents of free markets and the supporters of government intervention, South Korea has been a major battle ground. The neoclassical view, which is currently enjoying some prominance, is that the Korean economic miracle happened because government intervention was in some sense 'neutral' and so something approximating free markets was allowed to prevail. In this thesis, we argue that policy incentives in Korea were not 'self-neutralising' and were contributory to Korean economic growth and development. First, we show that government intervention during the 1960s and 1970s was greater and more distortionary that some participants in the "neoclassical resurgence" might allow. Second, we show that government intervention was 'well-directed' in the sense that policy incentives were provided to those sectors with the greatest potential for economic development. One way in which we assess industrial policy involves the use of shadow prices and the concept of social profitability. If shadow prices are defined as the social opportunity cost of goods, then a change in the allocation of resources can only be socially beneficial if profits calculated using shadow prices are positive. We capture an emphasis on growth through a social welfare function with appropriate weights on certain incomes. We also assess whether the promotion of heavy and chemical industries was justified on infant industry grounds using productivity-related tests and revealed comparative advantage. Lastly, the method based on shadow prices and social profitability is adapted to study the current policy problem of trade imbalances with the US and Japan. We show that the imbalances are mainly by-products of export-led growth and that some 'selectivity' in the policies of export restraints vis-a-vis the US and localisation vis-a-vis Japan may be necessary to minimise the social cost of reducing the trade imbalances.
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Viduto, Valentina. "A risk assessment and optimisation model for minimising network security risk and cost." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/270440.
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Network security risk analysis has received great attention within the scientific community, due to the current proliferation of network attacks and threats. Although, considerable effort has been placed on improving security best practices, insufficient effort has been expanded on seeking to understand the relationship between risk-related variables and objectives related to cost-effective network security decisions. This thesis seeks to improve the body of knowledge focusing on the trade-offs between financial costs and risk while analysing the impact an identified vulnerability may have on confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA). Both security best practices and risk assessment methodologies have been extensively investigated to give a clear picture of the main limitations in the area of risk analysis. The work begins by analysing information visualisation techniques, which are used to build attack scenarios and identify additional threats and vulnerabilities. Special attention is paid to attack graphs, which have been used as a base to design a novel visualisation technique, referred to as an Onion Skin Layered Technique (OSLT), used to improve system knowledge as well as for threat identification. By analysing a list of threats and vulnerabilities during the first risk assessment stages, the work focuses on the development of a novel Risk Assessment and Optimisation Model (RAOM), which expands the knowledge of risk analysis by formulating a multi-objective optimisation problem, where objectives such as cost and risk are to be minimised. The optimisation routine is developed so as to accommodate conflicting objectives and to provide the human decision maker with an optimum solution set. The aim is to minimise the cost of security countermeasures without increasing the risk of a vulnerability being exploited by a threat and resulting in some impact on CIA. Due to the multi-objective nature of the problem a performance comparison between multi-objective Tabu Search (MOTS) Methods, Exhaustive Search and a multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) has been also carried out. Finally, extensive experimentation has been carried out with both artificial and real world problem data (taken from the case study) to show that the method is capable of delivering solutions for real world problem data sets.
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Rodríguez, Pinhao Miessner Diego. "Production of AAV vectors for gene therapy : a cost-effectiveness and risk assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104215.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2016. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-56).<br>Gene therapy is a promising modality for the potential treatment of rare Mendelian diseases. To date a number of high profile proof-of-concept studies within the industry have demonstrated the significant disease-correcting promise of this therapeutic strategy. One of the major hurdles that remains for the commercialization of gene therapies is the lack of efficient manufacturing capabilities for the production of clinical-grade drug substance/drug product. The primary goals for this project were to decrease the biological contamination and cross-contamination risk associated with the biologic manufacturing process for viral gene therapy vectors and to adjust the process in order to optimize commercial profit. The project also included documenting the different existing processes for AAV production and developing a competitive analysis using information from ongoing clinical trials in the industry pipeline. The following process design steps were followed in order to fulfill the project objectives: (1) Define product specifications, analytical needs and market size, (2) Select production platform/process, (3) Collect data and create process flow diagram, (4) Perform material and energy balances, (5) Calculate costs: equipment and consumables, (6) Model the process in a spreadsheet, (7) Carry out sensitivity analyses, (8) Assess cost-effectiveness and risk, and (9) Develop recommendations. Five different AAV production platforms were identified and an AAV gene therapy landscape was generated. Also, the current process that Pfizer is planning to use was documented and an initial market sizing was performed. Finally, all the data necessary to model the process was collected and the cost-effectiveness and biological contamination and cross-contamination risk assessment were completed. This project confirmed that the use of a scalable line of single-use high cell density bioreactors for the production of AAV is cost-effective. This implies that sufficient AAV quantities can be manufactured for preclinical and clinical trials, using the process developed by Pfizer.<br>by Diego Rodríguez Pinhao Miessner.<br>S.M.<br>M.B.A.
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Du, Minzhen. "Assessment of a Low Cost IR Laser Local Tracking Solution for Robotic Operations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103320.
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This thesis aimed to assess the feasibility of using an off-the-shelf virtual reality tracking system as a low cost precision pose estimation solution for robotic operations in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a tracking solution has the potential of assisting critical operations related to planetary exploration missions, parcel handling/delivery, and wildfire detection/early warning systems. The boom of virtual reality experiences has accelerated the development of various low-cost, precision indoor tracking technologies. For the purpose of this thesis we choose to adapt the SteamVR Lighthouse system developed by Valve, which uses photo-diodes on the trackers to detect the rotating IR laser sheets emitted from the anchored base stations, also known as lighthouses. Some previous researches had been completed using the first generation of lighthouses, which has a few limitations on communication from lighthouses to the tracker. A NASA research has cited poor tracking performance under sunlight. We choose to use the second generation lighthouses which has improved the method of communication from lighthouses to the tracker, and we performed various experiments to assess their performance outdoors, including under sunlight. The studies of this thesis have two stages, the first stage focused on a controlled, indoor environment, having an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAS) perform repeatable flight patterns and simultaneously tracked by the Lighthouse and a reference indoor tracking system, which showed that the tracking precision of the lighthouse is comparable to the industrial standard indoor tracking solution. The second stage of the study focused on outdoor experiments with the tracking system, comparing UAS flights between day and night conditions as well as positioning accuracy assessments with a CNC machine under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed matching performance between day and night while still comparable to industrial standard indoor tracking solution down to centimeter precision, and matching simulated CNC trajectory down to millimeter precision. There is also some room for improvement in regards to the experimental method and equipment used, as well as improvements on the tracking system itself needed prior to adaptation in real-world applications.<br>Master of Science<br>This thesis aimed to assess the feasibility of using an off-the-shelf virtual reality tracking system as a low cost precision pose estimation solution for robotic operations in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a tracking solution has the potential of assisting critical operations related to planetary exploration missions, parcel handling/delivery, and wildfire detection/early warning systems. The boom of virtual reality experiences has accelerated the development of various low-cost, precision indoor tracking technologies. For the purpose of this thesis we choose to adapt the SteamVR Lighthouse system developed by Valve, which uses photo-diodes on the trackers to detect the rotating IR laser sheets emitted from the anchored base stations, also known as lighthouses. Some previous researches had been completed using the first generation of lighthouses, which has a few limitations on communication from lighthouses to the tracker. A NASA research has cited poor tracking performance under sunlight. We choose to use the second generation lighthouses which has improved the method of communication from lighthouses to the tracker, and we performed various experiments to assess their performance outdoors, including under sunlight. The studies of this thesis have two stages, the first stage focused on a controlled, indoor environment, having an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAS) perform repeatable flight patterns and simultaneously tracked by the Lighthouse and a reference indoor tracking system, which showed that the tracking precision of the lighthouse is comparable to the industrial standard indoor tracking solution. The second stage of the study focused on outdoor experiments with the tracking system, comparing UAS flights between day and night conditions as well as positioning accuracy assessments with a CNC machine under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed matching performance between day and night while still comparable to industrial standard indoor tracking solution down to centimeter precision, and matching simulated CNC trajectory down to millimeter precision. There is also some room for improvement in regards to the experimental method and equipment used, as well as improvements on the tracking system itself needed prior to adaptation in real-world applications.
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Petrovic, Bojana. "Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of a single-family house." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36901.
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The building industry is responsible for 35% of final energy use and 38% of CO2 emissions at a global level. The European Union aims to reduce CO2 emissions in the building industry by up to 90% by the year 2050. Therefore, it is important to consider the environmental impacts buildings have. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the environmental impacts and costs of a single-family house in Sweden. In the study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle cost (LCC) methods have been used by following the “cradle to grave” life cycle perspective. This study shows a significant reduction of global warming potential (GWP), primary energy (PE) use and costs when the lifespan of the house is shifted from 50 to 100 years. The findings illustrate a total decrease in LCA outcome, of GWP to 27% and PE to 18%. Considering the total LCC outcome, when the discount rate increases from 3% to 5% and then 7%, the total costs decrease significantly (60%, 85% to 95%). The embodied carbon, PE use and costs from the production stage/construction stage are significantly reduced, while the maintenance/replacement stage displays the opposite trend. Operational energy use, water consumption and end-of-life, however, remain largely unchanged. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of using wood-based building materials due to its lower carbon-intensive manufacturing process compared to non-wood choices. The results of the LCA and LCC were systematically studied and are presented visually. Low carbon and cost-effective materials and installations have to be identified in the early stage of a building design so that the appropriate investment choices can be made that will reduce a building’s total environmental and economic impact in the long run. Findings from this thesis provide a greater understanding of the environmental and economic impacts that are relevant for decision-makers when building single-family houses.<br>Byggbranschen svarar för 35% av den slutliga energianvändningen och 38 % av koldioxidutsläppen på global nivå. Europeiska unionen strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläppen i byggnadsindustrin med upp till 90% fram till 2050. Därför är det viktigt att beakta byggnaders miljöpåverkan. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka miljöpåverkan och kostnader för ett enfamiljshus i Sverige. I studien har livscykelbedömningen (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsmetoderna (LCC) använts genom att tillämpa livscykelperspektivet ”vagga till grav”. Studien visar en stor minskning av global uppvärmningspotential (GWP), användning av primärenergi (PE) och kostnader vid växling från 50 till 100 års husets livslängd. Resultaten visar en årlig minskning med 27% för utsläpp av växthusgaser och med 18% för användningen av primärenergi. Med tanke på det totala LCC-utfallet, när diskonteringsräntan ökar från 3%, 5% till 7%, minskar de totala kostnaderna avsevärt (60%, 85% till 95%). Det noteras att klimatavtrycket, primärenergianvändningen och kostnaderna från produktionssteget/konstruktionssteget minskar avsevärt, medan underhålls- / utbytessteget visar den motsatta trenden när man byter från 50 till 100 års livslängd. Den operativa energianvändningen, vattenförbrukningen och avfallshanteringen är fortfarande nästan samma när man ändrar livslängden. Vidare betonar resultaten vikten av att använda träbaserade byggmaterial på grund av lägre klimatpåverkan från tillverkningsprocessen jämfört med alternativen. LCA- och LCC-resultaten studerades systematiskt och redovisades visuellt. De koldioxidsnåla och kostnadseffektiva materialen och installationerna måste identifieras i ett tidigt skede av en byggnadskonstruktion genom att välja lämpliga investeringsval som kommer att minska de totala miljö och ekonomiska effekterna på lång sikt. Resultaten från denna avhandling ger ökad förståelse för miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenser som är relevanta för beslutsfattare vid byggnation av ett enfamiljshus.
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Kaitopok, Jeremiah Poghon. "Assessment of economic cost of human/elephant conflict in Tsavo conservation area, Kenya." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57310.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the economics of damage to crops and infrastructure, injuries and loss of life at the human-elephant interface within Tsavo Conservation Area between 2010 and 2013. Data was generated from the Kenya Wildlife Service occurrence data base. A total of 488 cases with complete data were extracted. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis. The study established that zones with a higher incidence of conflict were proximate to the park and near main water points. Crop damage was the most (83%) prominent reason for human-elephant conflict. Others were property destruction (8%), human injuries (5%) and human deaths (4%). Crop damage occurred more often during wet seasons than dry seasons. Correlation analyses showed that the size of land was significantly associated with the value of the crop destroyed, with mean land size being 0.7 (+/- 0.99) acres. This was equivalent to 984,254 kg of crop yields over four years with an average of 246 063.71 (+/- 21 288) kg/annum. The main crop destroyed was maize, planted as a single crop. The majority (76%) of those affected were small holders with less than 0.7acres and they practiced subsistence farming. Men were the only gender killed by elephants (n=21), although both sexes were injured (n=24). In total, 40 incidents recorded damage to buildings and infrastructure. The value of crop damage, human injuries and deaths was Kenyan shillings 32,618,500 over the four year study period. It is recommended that the government should reduce human/elephant interaction in Tsavo Conservation Area by erecting an electric fence around the park, involving the community and compensating them for the entire cost of the loss incurred due to elephants from the Park.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>tm2016<br>Veterinary Tropical Diseases<br>MSc<br>Unrestricted
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Amirsolaimani, Babak, Gholam Peyman, Jim Schwiegerling, Arkady Bablumyan, and N. Peyghambarian. "A new low-cost, compact, auto-phoropter for refractive assessment in developing countries." NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626058.
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Using a phoropter to measure the refractive error is one of the most commonly used methods by ophthalmologists and optometrists. Here, we demonstrate design and fabrication of a portable automatic phoropter with no need for patient's feedback. The system is based on three tunablefocus fluidic lenses and thin-film holographic optical elements to perform automatic refractive error measurement and provide a diagnostic prescription without supervision. Three separate lenses are deployed to correct the defocus and astigmatism. The refractive error is measured using a ShackHartmann wavefront sensor that calculates the Zernike values of an infrared wavefront emerging from the eye. Holographic optical elements steer the emerging wavefront into the wavefront sensor, while simultaneously providing an unobstructed view for the subject. The power of each lens is controlled by pumping a liquid in and out of the lens chamber using servo motor actuated diaphragm pumps. Spherical and cylindrical correction range of - 10 to +10 diopters with 0.1 diopter increments is achieved in less than 15 seconds using wavefront sensor feedback to the pumps. This system can be used in rapid screening of large patient populations especially in the developing countries that lack sufficient facilities and specialist doctors.
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Singer, Tanyew. "Wooden Photovoltaic Module Frames : Proof of Concept, Life Cycle Assessment and Cost Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-454318.
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To mitigate climate change and to achieve global carbon neutrality, the expansion of renewable energy sources is of paramount importance. In this context, photovoltaics (PV) are widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies to lead the transformation towards decarbonized energy systems. However, the manufacturing of PV systems is associated with initial greenhouse gas emissions linked to the procurement of PV components. Therefore, current research focuses on minimizing initial emissions to improve the overall environmental performance of PV systems. Since previous research suggests that conventional aluminum module frames contain a significant amount of embodied carbon, this study investigates a possible material substitution with wood as alternative frame material to lower the overall carbon footprint of PV modules. To test the technical feasibility of PV modules with wooden frames, a proof of concept (POC) is conducted using wood types that exhibit necessary characteristics regarding their mechanical properties and durability. Guided by the finite element method and preliminary testing, a novel frame design is conceived, and PV modules with wooden frames are realized. The prototypes are put to extensive testing, in which the mechanical stability is examined, and weathering effects are investigated in an outdoor installation. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out to quantify potential benefits of wooden compared to aluminum frames regarding their global warming potential and other environmental impact categories. Lastly, this study compares the economic performance of wooden PV module frames with aluminum frames and considers possible optimizations in the value chain of wooden frames. POC results show that PV modules with wooden frames - in line with industrial standards - are feasible, yet mechanical stability and durability vary depending on the type of wood and overall design. LCA results suggest that wooden frames exhibit invariably better environmental performance in all impact categories although a reduced module lifetime may impair the overall life cycle performance. In regard to cost efficiency, wooden frames are more costly than aluminum frames, yet financial incentives or subsidies may make low-carbon materials more competitive in the future. It can be concluded that wooden PV module frames may be a promising alternative to standard aluminum frames provided that the overall lifetime is identical. Thus, additional studies are required to analyze the long-term performance and to identify areas of application for modules with wooden frames, for instance in the building-integrated PV sector. Lastly, further research is needed to explore additional utilizations of wood in PV systems such as in ground and roof mounting structures.
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Nivens, Ryan Andrew. "Alignment of Middle Grades Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) Practice Tests to the Common Core Standards." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/245.
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Giovannini, Gabriele. "Wind Farm decommissioning: A perspective on regulations and cost assessment in Italy and Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-237338.
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Due to a lack of knowledge and experience the best approach to deal with wind farm decommissioning has yet to be determined. To fill this void, this paper analyzed the current status in terms of regulations and cost, regarding the decommissioning in Italy and Sweden. In order to make a comparison between these two countries, the available research papers and reports on the decommissioning cost assessment, removal methods and regulations were thoroughly investigated. Moreover, detailed estimated dismantling cost data was obtained from a wind farm in Italy. The Italian cost data were compared with data collected in Sweden and along with them, the regulations and legislations related to how these costs have to be assessed as well as what developers are required to do regarding the decommissioning in the permit issuance were included. The results of this research show that in decommissioning cost assessment both countries does not allow developers to include the possible revenues due to the scraps and to the recycling of components, although totally different methods are pursued. Some kind of security to ensure that decommissioning occurs is required, normally a bond. The bond amount is a debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (corporate or governmental) that borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a fixed interest rate. In Italy the bond requirements are generally high and it has to be paid completely for the permit issuance. In order to develop significant projects, this kind of approach leads to discourage small investors. On the contrary, in Sweden the current amount of 300.000 SEK per turbine according to the court precedent, the most widespread during the approval of the permit, is definitely low and represent a level playing field for every investor. Swedish regulations are also more flexible and only in the 28% of the cases studied between the years 2009 and 2012, the entire amount of the bond had to be assured before the installation. However, the malleability with regard to wind farms that do not need to provide any security, together with the low bond amount might endanger the decommissioning accomplishment.
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Dzobo, Oliver. "Reliability cost and worth assessment of industrial and commercial electricity consumers in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10335.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-107).<br>A good understanding of the financial value that electricity customers place on power supply reliability and the underlying factors that give rise to higher and lower values is an essential tool in the designing, planning and operating standards of power system networks. This research study is a first step toward addressing the current absence of consistent data needed to support better estimates of the economic value of power supply reliability. The economic value of power supply reliability is usually measured through power interruption costs faced by electricity customers. The aim of this research study was to develop Customer Interruption Cost (CIC) models for both commercial and industrial customers.
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Membah, Joseph F. J. "Parametric Cost Estimating and Risk Analysis of Transportation Tunneling Projects." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25908.
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Due to the increased scrutiny of construction costs for infrastructure projects by the
public and legislators, it is becoming increasing important for project developers to prepare
accurate conceptual cost estimates for transportation tunnel projects at the feasibility stage to aid
in making investment decisions. Past studies have emphasized that tunnel-project costs have
been significantly underestimated, and cost uncertainties and risks have been identified as the
cause of cost under or overestimation. A broad understanding of the factors that contribute to
cost underestimation is important as it enables researchers and estimators to develop appropriate
functions, evaluate, and implement them to produce realistic cost estimates.
This study was aimed at developing parametric cost estimation functions and quantifying
their risks for transportation tunnel projects. A comprehensive background study of more than 39
published articles on transportation tunnel infrastructure projects was conducted through a
systematic literature review and 40 key estimating parameters that may impact project costs and
the associated project logistics were identified. Data from completed tunnel projects were
collected and used to develop the parametric cost equations. Exploratory analyses were first
performed to discover the correlations among tunnel costs and tunnel cost parameters/drivers.
The purpose of this effort was to assess if a relationship existed between tunnel variables and
tunnel project cost estimates. Parametric cost estimation functions were then developed for
different tunnel applications. There has been no comprehensive study performed to date to
develop parametric cost estimation functions that incorporated risk and uncertainty for
transportation tunnel projects. Two representative sample case studies were performed and
Monte Carlo simulation was used to quantify the associated risks. The results from the case
studies illustrate the need to use appropriate techniques to simulate tunnel costs and quantify the risks associated with the estimates. The findings of the study provide a methodology to estimate
the costs of transportation tunnels and quantify the uncertainties and risks associated with the
costs. The methodology developed in this research could help reduce the incidence of project
cost underestimation and alleviate some of the controversies surrounding cost overruns in
transportation tunnel projects.