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1
Rodríguez, Claudia B. La prescripción: Según la jurisprudencia de la corte. Buenos Aires: AD-HOC, 2000.
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Salgado, José María. Los derechos de incidencia colectiva en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación. Buenos Aires: Rubinzal-Culzoni Editores, 2010.
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Solera, Juan Manuel Gómez. La prescripción en derecho administrativo-tributario: Conjura contra su existencia durante el procedimiento determinativo, en sentencia no. 385-F-2006 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. San José: EJC, Editorial Jurídica Continental, 2012.
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Justicia, Panama Corte Suprema de. Jurisprudencia reciente sobre prescripción penal: Fallo del 29 de Junio de 2010 de la Corte Suprema de Justicia : incidente de prescripción de la acción penal en el proceso penal seguido en contra de la licenciada Ana Matilde Gómez Ruibloba, Procuradora General de la Nación separada por la comisión de presuntos delitos contra la administración pública. Panamá: Cultural Portobelo, 2010.
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5
Passingham, Richard E. Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844570.001.0001.
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The primate prefrontal cortex sits at the top of the sensory, motor, and outcome processing hierarchies of the neocortex. It transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs, determining the response that is appropriate given the current context and desired outcome. This transformation involves conditional rules. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the learning of behavioural sequences, where the next action is conditional on the previous one. The ventral prefrontal cortex supports associations between objects, where the choice of one object is conditional on the presence of another object. However, because hierarchical processing supports the extraction of abstract representations, the primate prefrontal cortex is able to represent conditional rules that are abstract, meaning that they apply irrespective of the specific inputs. The selective advantage is that by learning these rules, primates can solve new problems rapidly when they have the same conditional logic as prior problems. The human prefrontal cortex has the same fundamental organization as in other primates. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the understanding of sequences and the ventral prefrontal cortex supports the ability to learn semantic associations. Thus the human prefrontal cortex has co-opted and elaborated mechanisms that were present in ancestral primates. These mechanisms can be used for new ends. For example, words have been associated with objects so as to communicate with others. This means that to understand human intelligence it is necessary to take into account the fact that the abstract rules are transmitted verbally from one generation to another.
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Vorel, Stanislav R., und Sarah H. Lisanby. Therapeutic potential of TMS-induced plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0038.
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This article discusses synaptic plasticity as a potential mechanism of enduring changes in function observed after relatively brief periods of repetitive (r)TMS. Plasticity is a use dependent enduring change in neural structure and function. The characteristics of plasticity are described in this article. Taking into account, the interactions between rTMS and pharmacological manipulations, this article explores how principles of synaptic plasticity may be exploited in the rational design of future rTMS paradigms in psychiatric disorders like major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorders, schizophrenia etc. TMS is under active study in the treatment of a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Furthermore, this article discusses the implications for the interpretation of existing TMS literature and design of future interventions. TMS experiments of plasticity in the human motor cortex have been limited by the intensity and frequency of TMS protocols.
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Guillery, Ray. The subcortical motor centres. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0004.
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This chapter looks more closely at some of the subcortical motor centres that play a peripheral or an auxiliary role in the standard view: primarily the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, and the superior colliculus; also several brainstem centres. These all play a significant role in motor control and between them receive inputs from the majority of cortical areas. The colliculus serves as an example of a centre that in mammals is often dominated by the cortex. The cortical action may be direct or may involve a strong inhibitory pathway through the basal ganglia. The standard view assigns even quite simple actions to the motor cortex, although comparable actions can be controlled in our vertebrate ancestors by the midbrain tectum which corresponds to the mammalian superior and inferior colliculi. The interactive view has information about movements going to most parts of the cortex, and has all cortical areas contributing to motor control through phylogenetically old centres. For most cortical areas, we must still learn how their motor outputs influence our actions.
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Khan, Hasan-Uddin. Charles Correa (Architects in the Third World). Aperture, 1987.
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Charles Correa: Architect in India. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1987.
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10
Brinkmann, Svend. American Philosophies of Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247249.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the philosophy of pragmatism and its application in the social sciences. In philosophy, there are disagreements between anti-realist pragmatists and realist pragmatists, but all strands of pragmatism conceive of the human being as an active, participating creature who knows the world through acting in it. Methodologically, the core of pragmatism is abduction. Unlike induction (going from many individual instances to general knowledge) and deduction (testing general hypotheses deduced from existing knowledge), abduction begins with a breakdown in our understanding of something and is oriented toward making the indeterminate more determinate in order to facilitate action. This chapter also argues that the pragmatist research ethos can often be described as “making the hidden dubious” because there is a focus on action—what we do, how we experience it, and what the consequences are—rather than on hidden social structures or deeper layers of the social world.
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Maas, Sarah J. Una corte de niebla y furia. Independencia, C.A.B.A.: Novela Planeta, 2017.
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Maas, Sarah J. Corte de névoa e fúria. Rio de Janeiro: Galera, 2016.
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Bradfield, Laura, Richard Morris und Bernard W. Balleine. OCD as a Failure to Integrate Goal-Directed and Habitual Action Control. Herausgegeben von Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0031.
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This chapter discusses the considerable research that has identified distinct functional circuits linking frontal cortex with the basal ganglia in the control of goal-directed and habitual actions. OCD is characterized by hyperactivity in a circuit involving some of these regions. Recent accounts of the interaction of goal-directed actions and habits suggest that these control processes interact hierarchically, so one alternative to current theories is that OCD reflects a dysfunction in this interactive process resulting in dysregulated action selection, whether that selection is driven by the outcome itself or by cues predicting the outcome. Importantly, it appears that both sources of action selection depend on the OFC—outcome based retrieval on the medial OFC and cue-related retrieval on the lateral OFC. From this perspective, therefore, hyperactivity of the OFC could produce both elevated outcome retrieval and increased responsiveness to outcomes-related cues, resulting in dysregulated action selection and compulsive action initiation as a consequence.
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Jones, Barbara E. Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of waking and sleeping. Herausgegeben von Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi und Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0004.
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Neurons distributed through the reticular core of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain and giving rise to ascending projections to the cortex or descending projections to the spinal cord promote the changes in cortical activity and behavior that underlie the sleep–wake cycle and three states of waking, NREM (slow wave) sleep, and REM (paradoxical) sleep. Forming the basic units of these systems, glutamate and GABA cell groups are heterogeneous in discharge profiles and projections, such that different subgroups can promote cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active) versus cortical deactivation (NREM(SWS)-active) by ascending influences or behavioral arousal with muscle tone (wake-active) versus behavioral quiescence with muscle atonia (NREM/REM(PS)-active) by descending influences. These different groups are in turn regulated by neuromodulatory systems, including cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active acetylcholine neurons), behavioral arousal (wake-active noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, and orexin neurons), and behavioral quiescence (NREM/REM(PS)-active MCH neurons). By different projections, chemical neurotransmitters and discharge profiles, distinct cell groups thus act and interact to promote cyclic oscillations in cortical activity and behavior forming the sleep-wake cycle and states.
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Maas, Sarah J. Una corte de niebla y furia. Planeta, 2014.
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Guillery, Ray. The pathways for action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0003.
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Early nineteenth-century studies demonstrated, on the basis of clinical, experimental, and anatomical evidence, that a motor pathway, the corticospinal or pyramidal tract, passes from a specific area of the cortex, the precentral motor cortex, to the brainstem and spinal cord. The motor cortex can be seen as a topographic map of the movable body parts, and damage to the cortex or pathways produces correspondingly localized paralysis. However, there are a great many other pathways that link other areas of the cortex to parts of the brain active in the control of movements. These still play a puzzling role in the standard model where the control of movements focuses on cortical contributions to voluntary movements by the corticospinal pathways.
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Hendrickson, Rebecca C., und Murray A. Raskind. Pharmacological Treatment of Nightmares, Sleep Disturbance, and Daytime Hyperarousal in PTSD: The Role of Prazosin, Other Noradrenergic Modulators, and Sedative Hypnotics or Commonly Used Sedating Medications. Herausgegeben von Charles B. Nemeroff und Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0035.
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Disruption of stress-response systems contributes to the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Consistent with this, daytime hyperarousal and nighttime sleep disruption, including trauma-related nightmares, are core symptoms of the disorder, often requiring targeted pharmacologic treatment. Although a variety of medications that target sleep–wake and arousal mechanisms are commonly used for this purpose, there remains the best empirical support for prazosin, a brain-active antagonist of the α1 noradrenaline receptor, with emerging evidence for doxazosin, a longer-acting medication with the same mechanism of action. This chapter reviews the evidence for use of prazosin and doxazosin as well as for the sedative hypnotics (benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics, and related medications), antihistamines, and sedating antidepressants trazodone and nefazodone to address hyperarousal symptoms and trauma-associated nightmares in PTSD. Clinical recommendations for the use of prazosin in PTSD, as well as a discussion of emerging pharmacologic treatments, are also included.
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Guillery, Ray. The hierarchy of cortical monitors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the significance of the dual meaning of the driver inputs to the thalamus in more detail. What happens to these messages when they reach the cortical hierarchies? Currently we know little about how the cortex reacts to the two meanings of the incoming messages. The efference copies that reach the cortex may act both in the control of movements, as do efference copies in other parts of the brain, and may also act to generate a conscious anticipation of an action and its sensory consequences. Or it may do both, depending on the circumstances. Where the thalamic relay fails for any reason while the motor branch remains functional, actions may be assigned, as in schizophrenic patients, to external agents. For any one cortical area, we need to understand not only the messages it receives from the thalamus but also the motor instructions it sends out and how it fits into the cortical hierarchy.
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Guillery, Ray. Thalamic higher-order driver inputs as sensorimotor links. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0009.
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This chapter provides a closer look at the branching patterns of driver inputs to higher-order thalamic nuclei, and introduces their functional significance for discussion in later chapters. Their thalamic branches bring information for relay to higher cortical levels, including a copy of the information carried in the motor branches about anticipated cortical contributions to the control of actions and consequent changes in perceptions. In this way, the cortex can add to the control of an action when there is a mismatch between action and perception. Most of these branched axons that have so far been described come from early sensory areas and only a few from other, higher areas have been studied. These branching inputs are a part of the hierarchy of cortical areas that provide an opportunity for higher areas to monitor lower areas and, when needed, contribute to the motor control of the phylogenetically older brainstem and spinal centres. A far more extensive review of the branched thalamic driver inputs and their contributions to the control of actions than we have at present will be crucial for understanding the full complexity of the thalamic relay.
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Abraham, William J. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786511.003.0001.
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This introduction forms the bridge between the first and second volumes. The author points us back to his argument in Volume One that a central mistake in debates about divine agency and divine action is that one must use a general concept of divine action to understand the particular network of divine actions in creation and redemption that are at the core of the Christian faith. Even if one finds necessary and sufficient conditions for a concept of divine action, that concept will not inform us in any meaningful way about what God has actually done on our behalf. The author proposes that a careful, critical investigation of the Christian tradition will best supplement the intellectual malaise among Anglophone analytic philosophy on divine action. By careful attention to specific divine actions in the Christian tradition, one will find fresh ways of thinking about divine action in the contemporary debate.
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Miller, Earl K., und Timothy J. Buschman. Neural Mechanisms for the Executive Control of Attention. Herausgegeben von Anna C. (Kia) Nobre und Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.017.
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The prefrontal cortex is a source of internal control of attention as it captures three important components of an executive controller. First, it provides top-down selection of neural representations through descending projections, This top-down input may act by increasing the synchrony of local neural populations, enhancing their connectivity, and boosting the transmission of information. Second, intelligent top-down control of behaviour requires integrating diverse information. Neural representations in prefrontal cortex capture this breadth of information: representing anything from the specific contents of working memory to abstract categories and rules. Third, through reciprocal connections with the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex neurons are ideally situated to learn the ‘rules’ of behaviour that allow us to know what to attend to in a given situation. These connections may support an iterative, bootstrapping, process that allows for increasingly complex rules to be learned. The prefrontal cortex acts as a generalized executive controller, acting through mechanisms such as attention, to guide thoughts and behaviour.
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Rotenberg, Alexander, Alvaro Pascual-Leone und Alan D. Legatt. Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation. Herausgegeben von Donald L. Schomer und Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0028.
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Noninvasive magnetic and electrical stimulation of cerebral cortex is an evolving field. The most widely used variant, transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), is routinely used for intraoperative monitoring. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are emerging as clinical and experimental tools. TMS has gained wide acceptance in extraoperative functional cortical mapping. TES and TMS rely on pulsatile stimulation with electrical current intensities sufficient to trigger action potentials within the stimulated cortical volume. tDCS, in contrast, is based on neuromodulatory effects of very-low-amplitude direct current conducted through the scalp. tDCS and TMS, particularly when applied in repetitive trains, can modulate cortical excitability for prolonged periods and thus are either in active clinical use or in advanced stages of clinical trials for common neurological and psychiatric disorders such as major depression and epilepsy. This chapter summarizes physiologic principles of transcranial stimulation and clinical applications of these techniques.
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Mann, Peter. The Stationary Action Principle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0007.
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This crucial chapter focuses on the stationary action principle. It introduces Lagrangian mechanics, using first-order variational calculus to derive the Euler–Lagrange equation, and the inverse problem is described. The chapter then considers the Ostrogradsky equation and discusses the properties of the extrema using the second-order variation to the action. It then discusses the difference between action functions (of Dirichlet boundary conditions) and action functionals of the extremal path. The different types of boundary conditions (Dirichlet vs Neumann) are elucidated. Topics discussed include Hessian conditions, Douglas’s theorem, the Jacobi last multiplier, Helmholtz conditions, Noether-type variation and Frenet–Serret frames, as well as concepts such as on shell and off shell. Actions of non-continuous extremals are examined using Weierstrass–Erdmann corner conditions, and the action principle is written in the most general form as the Hamilton–Suslov principle. Important applications of the Euler–Lagrange formulation are highlighted, including protein folding.
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Buzsáki, György. The Brain from Inside Out. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905385.001.0001.
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The Brain from Inside Out takes a critical look at contemporary brain research and reminds us that theoretical framework does matter. Current technology-driven neuroscience is still largely fueled by an empiricist philosophy assuming that the brain’s goal is to perceive, represent the world, and learn the truth. An inevitable consequence of this framework is the assumption of a decision-making homunculus wedged between our perception and actions. In contrast, The Brain from Inside Out advocates that the brain’s fundamental function is to induce actions and predict the consequences of those actions to support the survival and prosperity of the brain’s host. Brains constantly test their hypotheses by producing actions rather than searching for the veridical objective world. Only actions can provide a second opinion about the relevance of the sensory inputs and provide meaning for and interpretation of those inputs. In this inside-out framework, it is not sensations that teach the brain and build up its circuits. Instead, the brain comes with a preconfigured and self-organized dynamics that constrains how it acts and views the world. Both its anatomical and physiological organizations are characterized by an enormous diversity which spans several orders of magnitude. The two ends of this continuous landscape give rise to apparently distinct qualitative features. A small core of strongly interconnected, highly active neurons provides fast and “good-enough” answers in needy situations by generalizations, whereas detailed and precise solutions rely on the contribution of the more isolated and sluggish majority. In this non-egalitarian organization, preexisting nonsense brain patterns become meaningful through action-based experience. The inside-out framework offers an alternative strategy to investigate how brain operations give rise to our cognitive faculties, as opposed to the outside-in approach that explores how our preconceived ideas map onto brain structures.
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Valmisa, Mercedes. Adapting. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572962.001.0001.
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Philosophy of action in the context of Classical China is radically different from its counterpart in the contemporary Western philosophical narrative. Classical Chinese philosophers began from the assumption that relations are primary to the constitution of the person, hence acting in the early Chinese context necessarily is interacting and co-acting along with others—human and nonhuman actors. This book is the first monograph dedicated to the exploration and rigorous reconstruction of an extraordinary strategy for efficacious relational action devised by Classical Chinese philosophers in order to account for the interdependent and embedded character of human agency—what the author has denominated “adapting” or “adaptive agency” (yin因). As opposed to more unilateral approaches to action also conceptualized in the Classical Chinese corpus, such as forceful and prescriptive agency, adapting requires great capacity of self- and other-awareness, equanimity, flexibility, creativity, and response, which allows the agent to co-raise courses of action ad hoc: unique and temporary solutions to specific, nonpermanent, and nongeneralizable life problems. Adapting is one of the world’s oldest philosophies of action, and yet it is shockingly new for contemporary audiences, who will find in it an unlikely source of inspiration to deal with our current global problems. This book explores the core conception of adapting both on autochthonous terms and by cross-cultural comparison, drawing on the European and Analytic philosophical traditions as well as on scholarship from other disciplines, thus opening a brand new topic in Chinese and comparative philosophy.
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Haber, Suzanne N. Neurocircuitry Underlying OCD. Herausgegeben von Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0020.
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Structural and functional imaging studies have identified abnormalities in the brains of individuals with OCD. The most consistent findings point to pathology in the circuitry connecting the prefrontal cortex with the basal ganglia, and especially to abnormalities in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and striatum. This chapter describes the detailed anatomy and interconnectivity of these structures, together with its functional correlates, to provide context for the more detailed treatment of abnormalities seen in OCD provided in the chapters that follow. These corticostriatal circuits are critical for reward processing, reward learning, and action selection, and so disruption in these circuitries in OCD may underlie abnormalities in these domains. Precisely defining the anatomy of these circuits and how it is disrupted in OCD, at both the group and individual level, is increasingly important, as it may help us to optimize anatomically targeted treatment strategies.
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Robbins, Trevor. The Neuropsycho–Pharmacology of Attention. Herausgegeben von Anna C. (Kia) Nobre und Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.028.
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Pharmacological influences on cognition and behaviour are often accompanied by effects on different aspects of attention. The actions of many psychoactive drugs (often used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders) depend on effects exerted on the classical chemical modulatory neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine, and the monoamines, dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). These chemical systems originate in the reticular core of the brain and modulate attention by actions on forebrain structures including the thalamus, striatum, and the neocortex (especially the prefrontal cortex). Current research is attempting to dissect separable functions of these chemical neurotransmitters in mediating attention in relation to states of arousal and stress in comparable test paradigms in experimental animals and humans. New directions in research in this area are also identified, including the functions of the novel neurotransmitter orexin, and the role of GABA and glutamate in gamma oscillations and the network properties of the neocortex.
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Di Lazzaro, Vicenzo. Transcranial stimulation measures explored by epidural spinal cord recordings. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0014.
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In response to a single-electrical stimulus to the motor cortex an electrode placed in the medullary pyramid or on the dorsolateral surface of the cervical spinal cord records a series of high-frequency waves. This has been shown by various studies conducted on animals. Recording from the surface of the spinal cord during spinal cord surgery has provided evidence for the action of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) on the human motor cortex. However, the interpretation of this data has been limited. This article explains both types of transcranial stimulation (magnetic or electrical) the direct recording of which shows that transcranial stimulation can evoke several different kinds of descending activities. The output also depends upon the representation of the motor cortex being stimulated.
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Smith, D. Gordon, Brian Broughman und Christine Hurt, Hrsg. The Cambridge Handbook of Law and Entrepreneurship in the United States. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316771105.
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Law plays a key role in determining the level of entrepreneurial action in society. Legal rules seek to define property rights, facilitate private ordering, and impose liability for legal wrongs, thereby attempting to establish conditions under which individuals may act. These rules also channel the development of technology, regulate information flows, and determine parameters of competition. Depending on their structure and implementation, legal rules can also discourage individuals from acting. It is thus crucial to determine which legal rules and institutions best enable entrepreneurs, whose core function is to challenge incumbency. This volume assembles legal experts from diverse fields to examine the role of law in facilitating or impeding entrepreneurial action. Contributors explore issues arising in current policy debates, including the incentive effect of legal rules on startup activity; the role of law in promoting or foreclosing market entry; and the effect of entrepreneurial action on legal doctrine.
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Mason, Peggy. From Movement to Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0023.
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Tracts descending from motor control centers in the brainstem and cortex target motor interneurons and in select cases motoneurons. The mechanisms and constraints of postural control are elaborated and the effect of body mass on posture discussed. Feed-forward reflexes that maintain posture during standing and other conditions of self-motion are described. The role of descending tracts in postural control and the pathological posturing is described. Pyramidal (corticospinal and corticobulbar) and extrapyramidal control of body and face movements is contrasted. Special emphasis is placed on cortical regions and tracts involved in deliberate control of facial expression; these pathways are contrasted with mechanisms for generating emotional facial expressions. The signs associated with lesions of either motoneurons or motor control centers are clearly detailed. The mechanisms and presentation of cerebral palsy are described. Finally, understanding how pre-motor cortical regions generate actions is used to introduce apraxia, a disorder of action.
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Landy, Joshua. To Thine Own Selves Be True-ish. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698515.003.0007.
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This chapter presents the core challenge before Hamlet as that of achieving authenticity in the face of inner multiplicity. Authenticity—which this chapter will take to mean (1) acting on the (2) knowledge of (3) what one truly is, beneath one’s various masks and social roles—becomes a particularly pressing need under conditions of (early) modernity, when traditional forms of action-guidance are at least halfway off the table. But authenticity is highly problematic when the self that is discovered turns out to be multiple. Which self, exactly, should one be true to? Hamlet’s solution, this chapter suggests, is an “actor’s ethos,” in which each of his aspects is given its day in the sun, granted full commitment by means of what we now call “method acting.” That is what Hamlet learns from the players—and that too is what we stand to learn from Hamlet: not an idea but a method.
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Guillery, Ray. Defining the functional components of the thalamic gate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0008.
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This chapter starts by summarizing the electron microscopic appearance of the retinogeniculate axons and their immediate environment. These form the functional components of the visual input to the thalamic gate. I then look at evidence that all major thalamic relay nuclei have a shared structure produced by a shared developmental and evolutionary origin. Each nucleus receives a small proportion of its synaptic inputs (<10%) for relay to the cortex; these are the drivers. Drivers are topographically organized with the topography representing body parts, sensory space, or parts of the brain. Some drivers come from sensory pathways or from subcortical regions of the brain, and these innervate first-order thalamic relays; another, major part of the thalamus receives its drivers from the cerebral cortex itself, and these form the higher-order relays to the cortex. These higher-order corticothalamic inputs are crucial for understanding cortical processing. A large proportion of synaptic inputs (>90%) are not relayed to the cortex and are classifiable as modulators. They contribute to controlling the gate. Some modulators match the topography of the drivers, thus relating to the parts of the body and the world; others do not show this specificity and have more global actions.
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Olfert, Christiana. Aristotle on Practical Truth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190281007.001.0001.
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Aristotle’s theories of truth, practical reasoning, and action are some of the most influential theories in the history of philosophy. It is surprising, then, that so little attention has been given to his notion of practical truth. In Aristotle on Practical Truth, C. M. M. Olfert gives the first book-length treatment of this notion and the role of truth in our practical lives overall. She offers a novel account of practical truth: it is the truth, in the technical Aristotelian sense of “truth,” about what is good simpliciter (haplôs) for a particular person in her particular situation. Olfert argues that, understood in this way, Aristotle’s notion of practical truth is an attractive idea that illuminates the core of his practical philosophy. But it is also an idea that challenges a common view that in practical reasoning, we aim at action or acting well as our primary goals, not at truth and knowledge. Contrary to this common view, Olfert shows that in dialogues such as Charmides, Protagoras, and Republic, Plato describes practical reasoning as being concerned equally with grasping the truth and with acting well. She argues that Aristotle develops this Platonic picture with the notion of practical truth and with a technical notion of rational action as fitting ourselves to the world. Using key texts from the Nicomachean and Eudemian Ethics, as well as De Anima, Metaphysics, De Interpretatione, and Categories, Olfert demonstrates that practical truth deserves to be treated as a central and plausible Aristotelian idea.
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Levinson, Stephen C. Speech Acts. Herausgegeben von Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.22.
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The essential insight of speech act theory was that when we use language, we perform actions—in a more modern parlance, core language use in interaction is a form of joint action. Over the last thirty years, speech acts have been relatively neglected in linguistic pragmatics, although important work has been done especially in conversation analysis. Here we review the core issues—the identifying characteristics, the degree of universality, the problem of multiple functions, and the puzzle of speech act recognition. Special attention is drawn to the role of conversation structure, probabilistic linguistic cues, and plan or sequence inference in speech act recognition, and to the centrality of deep recursive structures in sequences of speech acts in conversation.
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Dignam, Alan, und John Lowry. 10. Derivative claims. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198753285.003.0848.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines derivative action as a means of safeguarding minority shareholders against abuses of power and its implications for the principle of majority rule. It begins by analysing the rule in Foss v Harbottle (1843), which translates the doctrine of separate legal personality, the statutory contract, the ‘internal management principle’, and the principle of majority rule into a rule of procedure governing locus standi (that is, who has standing to sue), as well as the exceptions to that rule. It then considers various types of shareholder actions, including personal claims, representative actions (group litigation), and derivative claims. It also discusses derivative claims under the Companies Act 2006, with emphasis on the two-stage process of the application for permission to continue a derivative claim. The chapter concludes by assessing bars to a derivative action, together with liability insurance and qualifying third party indemnity provisions.
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Dignam, Alan, und John Lowry. 10. Derivative claims. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198811831.003.0010.
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Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines derivative action as a means of safeguarding minority shareholders against abuses of power and its implications for the principle of majority rule. It begins by analysing the rule in Foss v Harbottle (1843), which translates the doctrine of separate legal personality, the statutory contract, the ‘internal management principle’, and the principle of majority rule into a rule of procedure governing locus standi (that is, who has standing to sue), as well as the exceptions to that rule. It then considers various types of shareholder actions, including personal claims, representative actions (group litigation), and derivative claims. It also discusses derivative claims under the Companies Act 2006, with emphasis on the two-stage process of the application for permission to continue a derivative claim. The chapter concludes by assessing bars to a derivative action, together with liability insurance and qualifying third party indemnity provisions.
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Piel, Jennifer L., und Phillip J. Resnick. Malpractice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199387106.003.0008.
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A lawsuit for professional malpractice is an occupational hazard feared by many psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and counselors in the mental health field. Most actions against mental health clinicians are based on the concept of negligence. Medical negligence occurs when health care professionals fail to adhere to the standard of professional care, resulting in harm to a patient. Mental health professionals may also face legal action for certain intentional actions that cause injury to a patient. This chapter reviews the core legal concepts underlying malpractice claims against mental health clinicians. Presented here are the topics that are most likely to be the basis of liability suits against mental health providers. The chapter concludes with some strategies that mental health professionals can use to reduce the risk of malpractice liability.
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Lanning, Scott. Reference and Instructional Services for Information Literacy Skills in School Libraries. 3. Aufl. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216006305.
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Students need to be able to distinguish good information from bad. This book gives you the tools to transmit those essential skills to your students. Being an effective school librarian requires acting as an active instructional partner, an advocate for information literacy and information resources, and a reference librarian. Now in its third edition, this concise book provides you with a solid foundation in providing reference services to students as well as teachers. It details all aspects of providing essential reference services in the context of the AASL Standards, the Common Core State Standards, and the evolving role of today's school librarian. Author Scott Lanning emphasizes service and instruction while addressing topics such as inquiry, critical thinking, building core reference skills, electronic and Web resources, leadership skills, and virtual reference services. The book begins with chapters that discuss information and the information-seeking process. The following sections cover the provision of reference services, methods for teaching information literacy, the use of electronic resources in general, and the creation of library resources that support reference and instruction. The text concludes with an assessment of the value of reference and instruction services to the school and beyond.
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Massimini, Marcello, und Giulio Tononi. Mysteries in the Cranium. Übersetzt von Frances Anderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728443.003.0004.
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This chapter exposes a series of fundamental paradoxes about the relationships between consciousness and the brain—why does the cortex support consciousness, but not the cerebellum, which has four times more neurons? Why does consciousness vanish during deep sleep, even though the neurons remain active? How can the vivid experience of a dream be generated without interactions with the environment? These facts are in front of our eyes, they are tangible both clinically and experimentally, and prompt an interesting consideration. Maybe, what we need at this stage is not another experiment, but rather a principle; a starting point to combine the available, before we can formulate novel predictions.
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Ferguson, Colin. Pathophysiology and management of hypothermia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0354.
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Accidental hypothermia is defined as a core temperature of <35°C and is uncommon. It may present in any age group at any time of the year. Hypothermia may be primary, where the cold injury is the major pathology, or secondary where patients develop hypothermia incidental to another illness. Since the severely cold patient may be in cardiac arrest, areflexic, and in coma, decision making regarding treatment, its initiation, and continuation, may be difficult. Hypothermia is classified into mild (33–35°C), moderate (28–33°C) and severe (<28°C), but these are not distinct clinical syndromes. A more recent classification into stages has emerged from alpine medicine along with a treatment algorithm based on it. Many pathophysiogical changes are due to reduced enzyme action. Clinical features include changes in higher cerebral functions with bizarre behaviour progressing to coma. In the circulation initial tachycardia and hypertension (‘cold stress’) are replaced, as the patient cools, with worsening hypotension and bradycardia and, eventually, ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Rewarming methods are classified as passive or active and the latter subdivided into external, core, and extracorporeal. Active warming should be considered for patients with a temperature of 32°C or lower. Peritoneal lavage has the advantage of warming the liver directly and also the heart through the diaphragm. Cardiopulmonary bypass is the extracorporeal method with most experience, but the advent of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has the advantage of portability.
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Vierkant, Tillmann. The Tinkering Mind. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192894267.001.0001.
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Abstract Epistemic agency is a crucial concept in many different areas of philosophy and the cognitive sciences. It is crucial in dual process theories of cognition as well as theories of metacognition and mindreading, self-control, and moral agency. But what is epistemic agency? This book argues that epistemic agency has two distinct and incompatible definitions: it can either be understood as intentional mental action, or as a distinct non-voluntary form of evaluative agency. The core argument of the book demonstrates that both definitions lead to surprising and counterintuitive consequences. If epistemic agency is a form of intentional action, then this implies that the radical theory of extended cognition must be true. If, on the other hand, epistemic agency is not intentional action but evaluative agency, then intentional epistemic actions like deliberation are not truly cognitive but merely catalytic. Once established, the distinction between these two options sheds new light on various and diverse philosophical and psychological debates from dual process theories to debates on choice and self-control.
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Sherman, S. Murray, und W. Martin Usrey. Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197503874.001.0001.
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The thalamus and cerebral cortex are active and necessary partners in the processing of signals essential for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. This partnership is absolute, as neither the thalamus nor the cortex can be understood in any meaningful way in isolation from the other. This book provides readers with fundamental knowledge about the cells and circuits that mediate thalamocortical interactions and then explores new ideas that often challenge conventional understanding. Some of the major themes emphasized throughout the book include the need for a proper classification of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits, the role of spike timing for thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication and the mechanisms for modulating spike timing, the organization and function of corticothalamic feedback projections, the role of higher order thalamic nuclei in cortico-cortical communication and cortical functioning, attentional modulation of thalamocortical interactions, and a rethinking of efference copies and distinguishing neural signals as sensory versus motor. Importantly, to encourage readers to think beyond the material and views provided throughout the book, each chapter closes with a section on “Some Outstanding Questions” to stimulate creative approaches to increase our understanding of thalamocortical interactions.
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Guillery, Ray. The pathways for perception. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 outlines some of the evidence on which the seemingly strong standard view has been based. The early discovery that ventral nerve roots of the spinal cord provide a motor output and dorsal nerve roots provide a sensory input supported the dichotomy of the standard view. Then as each sensory pathway was traced to the thalamus for relay to the cortex, the separate inputs from the sensory receptors—visual, auditory, gustatory, and so on—could be seen as providing the cortex with a ‘view’ of the world. The nature of this view became strikingly clear once investigators could understand (read) the messages that pass along the nerve fibres on the basis of very brief changes in membrane potentials, the action potentials. However, many branches given off by sensory fibres on their way to the thalamus remain unexplained on the standard view. These are important for the integrative sensorimotor view and their precise functional roles need to be defined.
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Wallace, Danny P., und Connie J. Van Fleet. Knowledge into Action. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400675966.
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The only book currently available that comprehensively integrates research and evaluation for evidence-based library and information science practice. Numerous books cover research and evaluation in general, but not within the context of library and information science. Many others cover the field of library and information science overall but with little focus on research. Knowledge into Action: Research and Evaluation in Library and Information Science offers in a single volume, an expert introduction to these two distinct, yet deeply interrelated, phases of information-gathering as they are practiced in the information sciences. Knowledge into Action takes readers through the core principles, working processes, and practical tools for conducting and evaluating research in library and information science, enhancing the presentation with examples, informational graphics, study questions, and exercises directly relevant to this field. It is a welcomed resource for students and scholars who want to use appropriate techniques for gathering and assessing research, as well as information professionals looking to improve services at their libraries or information centers. The book is also designed to educate practitioners as consumers of the research and evaluation literature and as active participants in professional conferences, meetings, and workshops.
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Frost, William, und Jian-young Wu. Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0008.
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Voltage sensitive dye imaging (VSD) can be used to record neural activity in hundreds of locations in preparations ranging from mammalian cortex to invertebrate ganglia. Because fast VSDs respond to membrane potential changes with microsecond temporal resolution, these are better suited than calcium indicators for recording rapid neural signals. Here we describe methods for using a 464- element photodiode array and fast VSDs to record signals ranging from large scale network activity in brain slices and in vivo mammalian preparations, to action potentials in over 100 individual neurons in invertebrate ganglia.
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Sullivan, Mark D. Health as the Capacity for Action. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0006.
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Objective definitions of health and disease are favored because they promise a value-free measure of health problems and health care needs. But objective health does not simply cause the subjective experience of health. Self-rated health predicts mortality, disability, and hospitalizations for up to a decade after controlling for objective measures of health. Objective tissue abnormalities cannot be discovered to be pathological without reference to the experiences of patients acting in their natural environment. Patients adapt to chronic illness and its functional deficits over time with real improvements in their quality of life. Problems like pain and depression do not distort quality of life assessments, but are at their core. Since neither objective nor subjective models of health are valid, we must derive a different model: health as capacity for action. Any adequate approach to health must foster the patient’s sense of agency, her capacity to achieve her vital goals.
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Ziemann, Ulf. Pharmacology of TMS measures. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0013.
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This article discusses various aspects of the pharmacology of transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS) measures. TMS measures reflect axonal, or excitatory or inhibitory synaptic excitability in distinct interneuron circuits. TMS measures can be employed to study the effects of a drug with unknown or multiple modes of action, and hence to determine its main mode of action at the systems level of the motor cortex. TMS experiments can also study acute drug effects that may be different from chronic drug effects. TMS or repetitive TMS may induce changes in endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator systems. This allows for the study of neurotransmission along defined neuronal projections in health and disease. This article describes pharmacological experiments that have characterized the physiology of TMS measures of motor cortical excitability. Pharmacological challenging of TMS measures has opened a broad window into human cortical physiology.
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Smith, Holly M. Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.
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Slow Cortical Potentials and Behaviour. 2. Aufl. Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1989.
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Guillery, Ray. The Brain as a Tool. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806738.001.0001.
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We don’t perceive the world and then react to it. We learn to know it from our interactions with it. All inputs that reach the cerebral cortex about events in the brain, the body, or the world bring two messages: one is about these events, the other, travelling along a branch of that input, is an instruction already on its way to execution. This second message, not a part of standard textbook teaching, allows us to anticipate our actions, distinguishing them from the actions of others, and thus providing a clear sense of self. The mammalian brain has a hierarchy of cortical areas, where higher areas monitor actions of lower areas, and each area can modify actions to be executed by the phylogenetically older brain parts. Brains of our premammalian ancestors lacked this hierarchy, but their descendants are still strikingly capable of movement control: frogs can catch flies. The cortical hierarchy itself appears to establish and increase, from lower to higher levels, our conscious access to events. This book explores the neural connections that provide us with a sense of self and generate our conscious experiences. It reveals how much yet needs to be learnt about the relevant neural pathways.