Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Correctness expectations“

The article presents an assessment of students studying economics who belong to the Generation Y. Generation Y is a group of people born in the 80s and 90s of the twentieth century. The aim of this study was to verify the correctness of judgments about Generation Y. The article presents results concerning the behaviour of students in 2001 and 2015 years. Subjective evaluation of opinion of Generation Y was examined in the areas of faculty chosen, work, internet, mobility. Data analysis was performed using positional statistics, bar diagrams and parallel set. It was confirmed almost all opinions about Generation Y, indicating only a small difference in the perception of mobility by young students of economics.

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of the resilience of Greek migrants on their expectations for future employment in connection with resettlement to permanent residence on the territory of the Russian Federation. The survey was applied on two original questionnaires and psychological testing (a questionnaire of resilience; methods of assessment of job satisfaction; scale of satisfaction with life). Some differences in the expectations of migrants are established. Thus, persons with a high degree of vitality are focused on the fact that the future work would be pleasing, stable, and there would be career prospects. Migrants with a low degree of resilience rely on a special social status of work and a good relationship with the leader. The general pattern is that resilience gives workers labour mobility, potentiates their confidence in the correctness of the decision on migration. Ultimately, migrants linked their lives to the host country through work.

Have you ever asked students for a written explanation of their thinking or how they solved a problem, and their responses did not meet your expectations? Because the teaching of mathematics continues to move away from a sole focus on correctness and a finished product to include a focus on process, context, and understanding (Miller 1991; NCTM 2000), students need opportunities to express their ideas. A writing task can be an ideal tool for supporting this important learning activity.

AutoTutor is an intelligent tutoring system that holds conversations with learners in natural language. AutoTutor uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to match student answers to a set of expected answers that would appear in a complete and correct response or which reflect common but incorrect understandings of the material. The correctness of student contributions is decided using a threshold value of the LSA cosine between the student answer and the expectations. In previous work LSA has shown to be effective in detecting good answers of students. The results indicate that the best agreement between LSA matches and the evaluations of subject matter experts can be obtained if the cosine threshold is allowed to be a function of the lengths of both student answer and the expectation being considered. Based on some of our experiences with LSA and AutoTutor, we are developing a new mathematical model to improve the precision of AutoTutor's natural language understanding and discriminative ability.

This article is inspired in my doctorate thesis, whose main subject is punctuation. The interest in the issue was born in the field of early writings: texts with no punctuation at all, or, on the other hand, mysteriously punctuated, with signs showing up in slots were they were not supposed to appear. How can we apprehend this irregular punctuation? How to explain such heterogeneous punctuation episodes through the perspective of normative constraints? Children’s written productions do not correspond to the adult’s regularity expectations. The adult is already “immersed” in the conventions of language use and when his literate logic is projected in the child’s text, a collision takes place: two distinct logics conflict and the expectations of correctness, organization, cohesion, etc. are frustrated. In the text presented below, we discuss the theme of punctuation in regard to the field of language acquisition. Despite being a subject commonly related to proficient writing, punctuation is a very fruitful source of questions concerning the child’s linguistic productions. As mentioned before, childrens’ early writings are characterized by non-predictable, somewhat bizarre occurences, that oblige the investigator to suspend his/her previous knowledge and certainties about language functioning. The strangeness provoked by non-systematic uses of punctuation – or even the absence of it – will be, then, the object of our considerations in this article.

The process of analyzing the requirements for information security management systems is considered. The obligation to comply with the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 27001 is shown. This provides confidence to stakeholders in the proper management of information security risks with an acceptable level. This is due to the internal and external circumstances of influencing the goal and achieving the expected results of organizations. In addition, the identification of stakeholders, their needs and expectations from the development of information security management systems are also considered. It is established that now the main focus is on taking into account the requirements for the process of developing these systems or to ensure information security in organizations. The transformation of the needs, expectations and related constraints of stakeholders into an appropriate systemic solution has been overlooked. These limitations have been overcome through the method of analyzing the requirements for information security management systems. Its use allows, based on the needs, expectations and related constraints of stakeholders, to identify relevant statements in established syntactic forms. There is need to check each of them for correctness of formulation and compliance with the characteristics of both the individual requirement and the set of requirements. For their systematization, establishment of relations the graphic notation SysML is applied. In view of this, the requirement is considered as a stereotype of a class with properties and constraints. Relationships are used to establish relationships between requirements. Their combination is represented by a diagram in the graphical notation SysML and, as a result, allows you to specify the requirements for information security management systems. In the prospects of further research, it is planned to develop its logical structure on the basis of the proposed method.

Errors in thinking contribute to harm, delays in diagnosis, incorrect treatments, or failures to recognize clinical changes. Models of cognition are useful in understanding error occurrence and avoidance. Intra-team conflict can represent failures in joint cognitive processing. The authors developed training focused on recognizing and managing cognitive bias and resolving conflicts. The program provides context and introduces models of cognition, concepts of bias, team cognition, conflict resolution, and 2 tools. “IDEA” incorporates 4 de-biasing strategies: Identify assumptions; Don’t assume correctness; Explore expectations; Assess alternatives. “TLA” presents strategies for resolving conflicts: Tell your thoughts; Listen actively, and Ask questions. A total of 4941 care providers participated in training using didactic presentations, group discussion, and simulation. Learners rated training effectiveness at 4.68 on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 as optimum) and perceived improvement in recognizing or managing errors. Nonphysician caregivers reported greatest improvement. Training to improve critical thinking is feasible, well received, and effective.

This paper presents a novel to model application domain. Application domain description precedes requirements engineering, and is the basis for the development of a software or information system that satisfies all expectations of its users. The domain model is used to generate project specific process models. Our aim is to develop a model description for processes which permits to create comprehensive scenarios. Modeling can be divided into a structural, and behavioral. This paper projects that an important future direction in software engineering is domain-specific software engineering. From requirements specification to design, and then implementation, a tighter coupling between the descriptions of a software system with its application domain has the potential to improve both the correctness and reliability of the software system. The greatest challenge in this area is the evolution of the application domain itself. We show how the application domain description can be mapped to requirements and discuss engineering of application domain descriptions.

The excess money supply did not lead to a rapid rise in the price index, which in turn triggered inflation. In this case, the redetermination of the demand for money is particularly important. At the same time, with the continuous expansion of the capital market and the rapid development of the virtual economy, the virtual economy is gradually deviating from the real economy. When selecting assets, microentities often incorporate virtual economic assets into investment considerations. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a money demand model that considers the impact of virtual economic assets. This paper uses the asset selection of microentities as the microfoundation to establish a money demand model to explain its economic significance. And based on the money demand model established, a dynamic equilibrium model of the money market was established, and the stability of the dynamic equilibrium point of the money market was verified through mathematical deduction. Based on the dynamic equilibrium model of the money market, the impact of money supply was analyzed. In order to verify the correctness of the aforementioned theory, this paper conducts an empirical analysis. Through cointegration analysis and the vector error correction model (VECM model), the correctness and applicability of the established money demand model are verified, and money demand, total social wealth, spreads between expected stock returns and interest rates, and real estate expectations are found. There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the rate of return and the interest rate. The total amount of social wealth, the expected rate of return on stocks, and the interest rate spread will have an impact on the demand for money in the short term.

Abstract With recent trends in manufacturing automation, control software in automated production systems becomes more complex and has more variability to keep pace with customer and market requirements. Quality assurance also becomes more and more important to ensure that the systems live up to expectations. However, correctness of automation software is rarely verified using formal techniques in spite of their high coverage. One of the main reasons is the lack of specification languages suitable for this application area that are both comprehensible and sufficiently expressive. Generalized test tables (GTTs), which are a specification language for reactive systems, were presented recently as an accessible representation for application engineers. This formalism achieves both the comprehensibility of concrete test tables and the coverage of formal methods. In our approach, the specification provided by GTTs is used for formal verification, especially model checking. In this paper, we present four new features for GTTs: the progression flag, strong repetition, row grouping, and specification on internal variables. We demonstrate the applicability and evaluate the comprehensibility of GTT-based specification and verification using a range of diverse scenarios from the community demonstrator, the extended Pick & Place Unit.

Orientation: The safety of any natural being with respect to the processing of their personal information is an essential human right as specified in the Zimbabwe Data Protection Act (ZDPA) bill. Once enacted, the ZDPA bill will affect universities as public entities. It will directly impact how personal information is collected and processed. The bill will be fundamental in understanding the privacy perceptions of students in relation to privacy awareness, privacy expectations and confidence within university. These need to be understood to give guidelines to universities on the implementation of the ZPDA. Problem Statement: The current constitution and the ZDPA are not sufficient to give organisations guidelines on ensuring personal information privacy. There is need for guidelines to help organisations and institutions to implement and comply with the provisions of the ZDPA in the context of Zimbabwe. The privacy regulations, regarded as the three concepts (awareness, expectations and confidence), were used to determine the student perceptions. These three concepts have not been researched before in the privacy context and the relationship between the three concepts has not as yet been established. Research purpose: The main aim of the study was to develop and validate an Information Privacy Perception Survey (IPPS) diagnostic tool and a Student Personal Information Privacy Perception (SPIPP) model to give guidelines to universities on how they can implement the ZDPA and aid universities in comprehending student privacy perceptions to safeguard personal information and assist in giving effect to their privacy constitutional right. Research Methodology: A quantitative research method was used in a deductive research approach where a survey research strategy was applied using the IPPS instrument for data collection. The IPPS instrument was designed with 54 items that were developed from the literature. The preliminary instrument was taken through both the expert review and pilot study. Using the non-probability convenience sampling method, 287 students participated in the final survey. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were done. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to validate the instrument while confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to validate the model. Main findings: diagnostic instrument was validated and resulted in seven new factors, namely university confidence (UC), privacy expectations (PE), individual awareness (IA), external awareness (EA), privacy awareness (PA), practice confidence (PC) and correctness expectations (CE). Students indicated that they had high expectations of the university on privacy. The new factors showed a high level of awareness of privacy and had low confidence in the university safeguarding their personal information privacy. A SPIPP empirical model was also validated using structural equation modelling (SEM) and it indicated an average overall good fit between the proposed SPIPP conceptual model and the empirically derived SPIPP model Contribution: A diagnostic instrument that measures the perceptions (privacy awareness, expectations and confidence of students) was developed and validated. This study further contributed a model for information privacy perceptions that illustrates the relationship between the three concepts (awareness, expectations and confidence). Other universities can use the model to ascertain the perceptions of students on privacy. This research also contributes to improvement in the personal information protection of students processed by universities. The results will aid university management and information regulators to implement measures to create a culture of privacy and to protect student data in line with regulatory requirements and best practice.
School of Computing
Ph. D. (Information Systems)

The guide discusses the use of statistical criteria focused on the testing of hypotheses about uniformity of laws, which belong to the analyzed sample, of the homogeneous medium (about equality of the mathematical expectations), about the homogeneity of variance (equality of variances of compared samples). The disadvantages and advantages of various criteria are indicated, and the application of criteria in conditions of violation of standard assumptions is considered. Tables containing percentage points and statistical distribution models necessary for the correct application of the criteria are provided. This publication describes a broader set of criteria. Constructed models of marginal distributions of statistics for some sample criteria of law uniformity are proposed. Following the recommendations will ensure the correctness and validity of statistical conclusions when analyzing data. It is intended for specialists who are more or less faced with the issues of statistical data analysis, processing the results of experiments, and using statistical methods to analyze various aspects and trends of the surrounding reality. It will be useful for engineers, researchers, specialists in various fields (doctors, biologists, sociologists, economists, etc.), University teachers, graduate students and students.

The results of the experiments reported in the previous chapter were independently analyzed in order to measure the accuracy of the speech recognizer and parser. A summary of the key results of this analysis follows. • On average, one out of every three words emitted by the speech recognizer was in error. • On average, three out of every four sentences contained one or more speech recognition errors. • In spite of the high speech recognition error rate, the meanings of the spoken utterances were correctly deduced 83% of the time. • Finally, and perhaps most surprisingly, it was found that dialog expectation was helpful only as a tie-breaker in deducing the correct meaning of spoken utterances. . . . The remainder of this chapter describes the analysis in detail. The performance measurements of the speech recognizer and parser were computed from transcripts of 2804 individual utterances2 taken from the second and third sessions of the 8 experimental subjects. No information from the pilot subjects or from the first session with each subject was used in this analysis. Information about each utterance was collected and converted to a standardized, machine-readable format. The information that was collected follows. • The sequence of words actually spoken by the user. These were manually entered by the experimenters based on the audio recordings of the experiment. • The sequence of words recognized by the speech recognizer. This information was recorded automatically during the experiments. • The set of up to K minimum matching strings between elements of the hypothesis set and dialog expectations, together with an utterance cost and an expectation cost for each. (See section 5.8.5). • The final output of the parser. • The text spoken by the dialog controller immediately prior to the user’s utterance, and notes concerning the user’s utterance which were entered by the person who transcribed the utterance from the audio tapes. This information was used to assist in manually judging the correctness of each parse. . . . After the above information was collected and carefully audited to remove errors, the following additional features of each utterance were computed through a combination of automatic and manual processing.