Dissertationen: „Cooperation(Psychology)“

1

Lee, N. M. „Stabilising child protection : a social psychology of cooperation“. Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360064.

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2

Adler, Adrian. „Erich Fromm's analytic social psychology : testing the relationships among cooperation, aggression and trait biophilia“. Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/7513.

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Erich Fromm’s biophilia, a theory of personality development incorporating an interaction between existential needs and the socio-economic environment, was a significant element of Fromm’s proposed Analytic Social Psychology. Despite an enduring influence, Fromm’s theory of biophilia has been largely untested in the literature. Fromm argued that biophilia was the optimum way to conceptualise malignant aggression, and that the introduction and reward of cooperation was the best way to increase levels of biophilia, and thereby reduce levels of destructive behaviour in a population. It was the aim of this thesis to investigate whether the introduction and reward of cooperation would increase biophilia, and decrease aggression, in a population. In Studies One to Six, a trait biophilia scale was developed and psychometric validity and reliability established. In Studies Seven to Nine, scale predictive validity in comparison to existing trait measures was investigated in theoretically appropriate areas including online behaviour, positive psychology and pro-environmental behaviour. In Study Ten, a game theory paradigm for introducing and rewarding cooperation was developed, and the relationships among biophilia, cooperation and aggression were investigated. Contrary to Fromm’s theory, a positive association between aggression and cooperation, and negative associations between those and biophilia, were found. In addition, the effects of introducing and rewarding cooperation were investigated, and again contrary to Fromm’s theory, introducing and rewarding cooperation produced an increase in aggression and a reduction in biophilia. These findings may reflect an inherent tension within Fromm’s theory between the use of existential needs, that were argued to be the product of competitive natural selection, and the use of cooperative interventions derived from Marxist theory. It is proposed that the relationships among biophilia, cooperation and aggression may be mediated by frustration. Implications for interventions and future research are discussed.

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3

Furlong, Ellen Elizabeth. „Number Cognition and Cooperation“. Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1216999104.

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4

Díaz, Marcela Ibáñez. „Social dilemmas the role of incentives, norms and institutions /“. Sweden : Göteborg University, 2007. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/192042468.html.

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5

Mnguni, Peliwe Pelisa. „Mutuality, reciprocity and mature relatedness a psychodynamic perspective on sustainability /“. Swinburne Research Bank, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/22485.

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Thesis (PhD) - Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology - 2008.
Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship, Swinburne University of Technology, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 212-236).

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6

Pearson, Emily. „The Effect of Achievement Goal Orientation and Perceived Ability on Willingness to Cooperate“. Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1430087884.

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7

Sweitzer, Sarah D. „The Influence of Negative Affectivity on Perceived Morale and Team Cooperation“. Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1433339405.

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8

Immo, Sara, und Sofie Tärnblom. „Effort-Reward-Imbalance inom vården : samvarierar ansträngning-belöning, överengagemang med samarbetsförmåga och trivsel i arbetsgrupper?“ Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42728.

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Tidigare studier beskriver vikten av samarbete inom hela vårdsektorn för att skapa en patientsäker vård. En jämn arbetsbörda och tillräckligt med personal är också betydelsefullt. Denna studie undersökte balansen ansträngning-belöning, överengagemang och om det samvarierar med samarbetsförmåga och trivsel i arbetsgrupper inom vården. Genom att använda Effort-Reward-Imbalance model mättes balansen ansträngning-belöning samt överengagemang på arbetet. Via enkäter och intervjuer undersöktes även samarbetsförmåga och trivsel. Av totalt 148 enkäter var respondenterna 78 kvinnor, 12 män, och 8 annat. Respondenternas ålder var mellan 26-65 år. Fyra respondenter intervjuades. Studien visade att balansen ansträngning-belöning inte tycks spela någon roll för samarbetsförmågan i arbetsgruppen. Respondenternas subjektiva upplevelse mynnade ut i sex centrala teman. Respondenterna framförde vikten av att arbeta i team, vilket även tidigare forskning visat. Arbetstagare inom vården verkar uppleva ett gott samarbete och trivsel på sina arbetsplatser, vilket är motsatsen till dagens lägesrapporter. Studien ger därför en annan synvinkel på vårdyrket.

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9

Chang, Luke Joseph. „Deconstructing the Role of Expectations in Cooperative Behavior with Decision Neuroscience“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223343.

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This project attempts to understand the role of expectations in cooperative behavior using the interdisciplinary approach of Decision Neuroscience. While cooperation provides the foundation for a successful society, the underlying bio-psycho-social mechanisms remain surprisingly poorly understood. This investigation deconstructs cooperation into the specific behaviors of trust, reciprocation, and norm enforcement using the Trust and Ultimatum Games from behavioral economics and combines formal modeling and functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand the neurocomputational role of expectations in these behaviors. The results indicate that people appear to use context specific shared expectations when making social decisions. These beliefs are malleable and appear to be dynamically updated after an interaction. Emotions such as guilt and anger can be formally operationalized in terms of others' expectations and appear to be processed by a specific neural system involving the anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and supplemental motor cortex. Importantly, these neural signals appear to motivate people to not only behave consistent with these expectations, but also to help others update their beliefs when these expectations are violated. Further, violations of social expectations appear to promote enhanced memory for norm violators. This work demonstrates the neural and computational basis of moral sentiments.

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Caldarella, Paul. „Common Dimensions of Social Skills of Children and Adolescents: A Review and Analysis of the Literature“. DigitalCommons@USU, 1995. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6089.

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Previous research in the area of social skills of children and adolescents has resulted in confusion over the number and name of empirically derived dimensions. While much work has been done to derive empirically based taxonomies of child and adolescent problem behaviors, such is not the case for positive social behaviors. The present study conducted an extensive review, analysis, and synthesis of over two decades of factor analytic research on child and adolescent social skills to derive an empirically based taxonomy. Results suggest five dimensions that occurred in over one third of the studies: Peer Relations, Self-Management, Academic, Cooperation, and Assertion. The most common social skills associated with these dimensions are presented. It is advised that clinicians and researchers begin employing this taxonomy to: (a) provide a nomenclature by which to refer to the five positive social skill patterns, (b) identify dimensions on which children or adolescents may have deficits, (c) design interventions to increase the occurrence of these skills, all of which have been empirically related to important social outcomes, (d) measure the effects of interventions, and (e) aid in theory development.

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Yang, Zhenhua. „A Meal Service Design and Marketing Strategy Based on Cooperation and Persuasion Theories“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491562652371938.

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12

Martinovic, Marina. „Att hjälpa barn som far illa“. Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-713.

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Förskola och skola kan upptäcka om ett barn far illa och anmäler till socialtjänsten som utreder fallet. Studiens syfte var att med kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer undersöka hur samarbetet mellan dessa instanser upplevs, samt vilka möjligheter och hinder som upplevs för att hjälpa barnet. Tio personer från de olika instanserna intervjuades. Studien visade att (1) möjligheter finns att hjälpa familjerna, (2) det är svårt då föräldrar inte samarbetar samt då samarbetet mellan förskola, skola och socialtjänst begränsas genom socialtjänstens tystnadsplikt och (3) samarbetet mellan instanserna är bra men kan förbättras med mer insikt i varandras arbete. Det framkom att ett behov av bättre samarbete behöver utvecklas. Åtgärder på ett tidigare stadium skulle vara resursbesparande.

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Parrish, Audrey E. „The Investigation of Prosocial Behavior in a Tool Task by Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus Apella)“. Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_theses/86.

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Humans are exceptional in their willingness to and frequency with which they help one another. However, nonhuman primates also exhibit prosocial behavior. Recently, a number of laboratory studies examining prosociality among primates have yielded conflicting results. These contradictory findings may be due to a reliance on human interaction, tokens, or interactions in the direct context of food, a highly valued resource for animals. The current study examined prosocial behavior among capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in a tool task designed to address these issues by examining whether capuchins would transfer a necessary tool to a partner in different payoff conditions. Some capuchins’ behavior indicated that they understood the task, passing the tool when a partner and food were present. Notably, tool transfer in both tasks was overwhelmingly active rather than passive, which is unusual in the context of food; indicating active prosocial behavior is present amongst primates other than cooperative breeders.

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Mansell, Jordan. „Unpacking the adaptive significance of the political spectrum : do liberal and conservative ideological differences reflect alternative strategies for obtaining reciprocity?“ Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:80591e62-c6b9-403c-8e7e-936bcfd716dc.

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In the following thesis I examine the possible evolutionary significance of behavioural differences associated with liberal and conservative ideological orientations. In investigating the evolutionary significance of these two orientations I have two primary research questions. First, how do liberal and conservative oriented individuals differ in their responses to the same socio-environmental stimuli? Second, do differences in their responses to socio-environmental stimuli represent alternative behavioural strategies for social interaction, specifically adaptive strategies to maximize returns from social interactions? To answer these research questions I evaluate how trust and cooperation among liberal and conservative oriented individuals are affected by conditions of social change and inequality. Previous research finds that attitudes and behaviours consistent with the tolerance or intolerance of social change and inequality are strong predictors of ideological orientation across a liberal-conservative scale. Based on a synthesis of behavioural research I construct two theoretical frameworks to account for the adaptive utility associated with a sensitivity to social change and inequality; 1) The Group Reciprocity Hypothesis, and 2) The Social Risk Hypothesis. I test these frameworks using an experimental research design. I predict that, if liberal and conservative orientations are reflective of alternative adaptive strategies to maximize returns from social interaction, then the willingness of liberal and conservative individuals to participate in a social interaction should be differentially affected by conditions related to social change and inequality.

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Vikblom, Ines. „Den nya rehabiliteringskedjan och arbetslivsinriktad rehabilitering ur försäkringskassahandläggarens perspektiv“. Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7778.

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Den nya rehabiliteringskedjan med sina fasta tidsgränser för långtidssjukskrivna har fått stor uppmärksamhet i svensk media under senare tid. De nya reglerna fokuserar framförallt på tidiga insatser för långtidssjukskrivna med målet återgång i arbete. Intervjuerna i föreliggande studie utfördes med sju försäkrings-kassahandläggare på olika försäkringskontor. Syftet var att undersöka vilka erfarenheter och upplevelser handläggarna på Försäkringskassan har av den nya rehabiliteringskedjan och arbetslivsinriktad rehabilitering. Resultatet visade att det är en mängd olika faktorer som påverkar handläggarnas arbete. Som viktiga faktorer uppgav handläggarna ett ändrat regelverk med fasta tidsgränser, samarbetet mellan olika aktörer för den försäkrades återgång i arbete, handläggarnas och andra aktörers engagemang samt den försäkrades egna resurser. Vidare forskning inom området arbetslivs-inriktad rehabilitering behövs, om den nya rehabiliteringskedjans effekter på tidigare återgång till arbetslivet verkligen innebär ökat stöd till de långtidssjukskrivna. Även andra rehabiliterings-aktörers erfarenheter av de nya sjukskrivningsreglerna behöver utforskas.

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Ornelas, César Oscar. „Uma análise da amizade sob perspectiva evolucionista: influência dos perfis cognitivos e das características pessoais na preferência por potenciais amigos“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-20012011-125009/.

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A vida em grupo não apenas traz as vantagens da cooperação, mas carrega consigo as desvantagens da competição intra-grupal por recursos. Nas relações entre pessoas do mesmo sexo, consideram-se ainda aspectos relacionados à possível disputa por parceiros sexuais. No presente trabalho avaliamos como certas características e atributos pessoais influenciam na seleção de amigos para o começo de uma relação de amizade, e como as preferências na seleção podem variar intra e inter sexualmente. Selecionar amigos é uma situação que pode colocar o indivíduo no conflito entre a vantagem de ter um cooperador de alto status, porém, ao mesmo tempo, forte concorrente na competição por recursos e seleção sexual. As preferências na seleção de amizade foram analisadas em função das características pessoais do próprio participante, como sua propensão à tomada de atitudes imediatistas (Desconto de Futuro) e seu perfil cognitivo predominante (empático ou sistematizador). O Desconto de Futuro refere-se a um padrão comportamental de preferir correr riscos iminentes no presente a esperar por retornos maiores num futuro incerto, é o princípio do carpe diem: pensar no presente em detrimento de planos posteriores. O perfil cognitivo empático tem maior capacidade cognitiva na compreensão de habilidades sociais e lingüísticas, enquanto o sistematizador apresenta maior capacidade cognitiva em habilidades matemáticas, espaciais e lógicas. Em nosso estudo o desconto do futuro dos participantes inicialmente menos descontadores mostrou um aumento imediato após a visualização dos possíveis amigos, o que mostra que este processo cognitivo pode ser alterado pela avaliação de indivíduos do mesmo sexo. Mostramos também que indivíduos mais descontadores, por pensarem na competição iminente ao invés da cooperação futura, evitaram amizade com os modelos avaliados como mais atraentes. A empatia e sistematização dos participantes não se apresentaram relevantes na seleção de amigos. Estudamos também como as diferenças, em atributos pessoais (beleza, inteligência e poder aquisitivo) e em características inter pessoais (altruísmo, lealdade, compreensão), entre o selecionador e o selecionado, influenciam na preferência pela amizade. Os resultados mostraram que a preferência em se relacionar com pessoas parecidas com elas em atributos pessoais ocorrerá principalmente para os homens, devido a sua maior competitividade e busca por posição hierárquica intra-grupo, que faz com que eles evitem grandes discrepâncias de potencial competitivo, sendo a igualdade de importância secundária para mulheres. Ambos os sexos preferiram para amigos aqueles avaliados com as maiores características inter-pessoais positivas, resultado esperado em função das vantagens diretas em manter uma amizade com pessoas com indicativos de confiabilidade e bondade. O estudo mostrou também que quando a amizade passa da fase inicial da seleção e se torna uma relação mais íntima, homens apresentam um aumento na preferência por amigos atraentes, pois a estabilidade na amizade acarreta diminuição dos riscos de competição e traição
Group life not only brings the benefits of cooperation, but also carries the disadvantages of inter-group competition for resources. In relationships of people of the same sex, the possible dispute for sexual partners is also considered. This study evaluates how certain characteristics and attributes of others influences in the selection of a new friendship and how preferences in choice may vary intra and inter sexually. Choosing friends is a situation that may put an individual in conflict between the advantage of having a cooperator of high status, but also a strong rival in the competition for resources and sexual selection. Preferences in the selection of friendship were analyzed in function of the personal characteristics of each participant, such as the propensity in taking immediate attitudes (Discount of the Future) and the pre-dominate cognitive style (emphatic or systematic). The Discount of the Future refers to a standard behavior of preferring to take eminent risks in the present than wait for higher returns in an uncertain future. The cognitive emphatic style has a higher cognitive capability in the comprehension of social and linguistic abilities, while the systematic presents a greater cognitive capacity in mathematical, spatial and linguistic abilities. In this study, the discount of the future of the participants which was initially less discounted showed an immediate increase after the visualization of potential friends, which demonstrates that this cognitive process may be altered for the evaluation of individuals of the same sex. We also show that more discounter individuals, who think more on the imminent competition than the future cooperation, avoid friendship with the models evaluated as more attractive. The empathy and systematization of the participants did not present itself relevant in the selection of friends. We also studied how the differences in personal attributes (beauty intelligence and acquisitive power) and in inter-personal characteristics (altruism, loyalty, comprehension), between the chooser and the chosen in fluencies in the preference for friendship. The results demonstrate that the preference in relating with alike people of personal attributes will occur most frequently with men, due to a greater competition in the search for inter-group hierarchy position, which makes them avoid large discrepancies of competitive potential, while the same concept is secondary for women. Both sexes preferred creating friendship with those evaluated with the greatest inter-personal positive characteristics, an expected result with the direct advantages in maintaining a friendship with people with higher trustworthy and goodness indicators. The study also shows that when a friendship surpasses the initial stage of selection and turns into a more intimate one, men present an increase in preference for attractive friends, probably because a reduction in the risks of competition and betrayal as the friendship stabilizes

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Gordon, David Stuart. „Shadow of the Leviathan : the role of dominance in the evolution of costly punishment“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15664.

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Costly ‘altruistic’ punishment, where an individual intervenes to punish someone for behaving unfairly towards another or for violating a social norm, seems to be vital for large-scale cooperation. However, due to the costs involved, the evolution of this behaviour has remained a puzzle. The thesis initially describes why punishment is costly and explains why current theories do not sufficiently explain its evolution in the context of these costs. The thesis then offers a solution to this puzzle in the form of a dominance-based theory of the evolution of punishment. The theoretical underpinnings of this theory are discussed in reference to the previous literature, specifically how a dominant position provides sufficient heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of punishment to allow the behaviour to evolve at the individual-level of selection. Across 10 studies, the thesis empirically investigates the role dominance is theorised to play in costly punishment behaviour. First, the judgements observers make about punishers are investigated. It is demonstrated that punishers are perceived as dominant but, unlike individuals who engage in other aggressive behaviours, punishers are also well liked. While successful punishers are judged to be of the highest rank in a social group, the wider social judgements of punishers are dependent on the attempt at punishment only; successful and unsuccessful punishers are seen as equally dominant and well liked, suggesting that the willingness to attempt punishment can honestly signal both dominance and ones pro-sociality. However, additional studies show that observers a) perceive subordinate punishers will face a great deal of retaliation, b) show surprise when subordinates attempt to punish, and c) expect that dominants will punish and be successful, whereas subordinates are expected to never punish. Thus, while there are reputational benefits from punishment, only dominant individuals can actually access them. Second, the effect of a dominant position on punishment behaviour is investigated. Two studies sought to simulate the greater access to resources that dominants enjoy, and demonstrate that individuals who receive more resources from group-level cooperation will punish free-riding more frequently and more severely than those who receive less resources. Moreover, individuals who are in a stable dominant position, i.e. who can continually benefit to a greater degree than others from group cooperation, punish even more frequently and severely than when individuals receive additional resources alone. The results show that individuals only punish when it is cheap for them to do so and when investment in the public good (by punishing) can produce higher future returns for them. A dominant position provides the opportunity for both of these. Further studies demonstrate that individuals at the centre of a social network, an example of a ‘real life’ informal dominant position, are more sensitive to unfairness when making punishment decisions compared to those at the periphery of a group. However, when punishment decisions are public, and there are no economic incentives to punish, individuals behave in a similar manner regardless of social position. Taken together, the results of the empirical studies support the proposed dominance-theory of costly punishment. The theoretical implications of the dominance-theory of punishment are discussed in reference to both the proximate occurrence of punishment and its evolutionary origins in dominance and dominant behaviours. The practical implications of this theory will also be discussed, specifically in regard to when and why individuals will act in defence of the public good. While further investigation is necessary, a dominance-theory of punishment explains both results of this thesis and the findings of the wider literature, and as such provides a coherent and compelling explanation for the evolution of costly punishment and its associated emotions.

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Grichanik, Mark. „The Effects of Collaborative Critical Thinking Training on Trust Development and Effectiveness in Virtual Teams“. Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5030.

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Workers in modern teams that perform tasks over computer-mediated communication channels encounter challenges in building trust and performing effectively. Finding interventions to mitigate such losses could improve team performance. Collaborative critical thinking (CCT) training has the potential to improve trust, monitoring, and effectiveness in virtual teams. Using a simulated search-and-rescue task, the effects of CCT training, as compared with a control training, were evaluated in 105 three-member teams. No effects of CCT training were found on team positive or negative monitoring, team cognitive or affective trust, team efficacy, or team viability. However, teams trained in CCT reported consistently higher levels of team cooperation. Directions for future research are discussed so as to maximize the possibility that CCT might yet be an effective intervention.

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Lindgren, Ida. „Towards the mitigation of cultural barriers to communication and cooperation“. Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10433.

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This thesis combines theories from cross-cultural psychology with literature on group faultlines to understand cultural barriers to communication and cooperation experienced in multinational emergency management teams. The aim is to investigate whether the faultline concept is a viable theoretical vocabulary for addressing cultural differences in communication and cooperation (in the domain of emergency management). Culture is defined as a relatively organized system of shared meanings which influences people’s cognition, values, behaviors, and so on. Group faultlines are hypothetical dividing lines that may split a team into homogeneous subgroups based on demographic characteristics. Three papers are included in the thesis, all of which investigate various aspects of group behavior in relation to emergency management. Results suggest that faultlines can be formed not only by demographic characteristics, but also by culturally-driven behavior. The results presented in the papers and in this thesis are meant to supply emergency management personnel with general knowledge of cultural differences and ideas for future ‘cultural awareness’ training. The thesis contributes to the scientific community by taking cross-cultural research into the applied domain so that its findings can be made relevant to people in multinational organizations.

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Newhard, Joseph Michael. „The Genesis of the State: Mathematical Models of Conflict and Cooperation“. Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237824890.

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21

McAuliffe, Katherine Jane. „The Evolution and Development of Inequity Aversion“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10757.

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Humans show such strong sensitivity to whether resources are distributed fairly that they sacrifice personal gain to avoid distributional inequity. This inequity aversion plays an important role in guiding human social decision-making and appears to be ubiquitous across human populations. However, we currently do not understand whether or how inequity aversion evolved over the course of human evolution or how it develops in children.
Human Evolutionary Biology

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Rollings, Peter Karl. „Cooperative Instrumentalism: A Naturalistic Explanation of Morality“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18109.

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The object of this thesis is to give a naturalistic explanation for the phenomenon of morality. I find that ‘morality’ refers to a characteristic class of behavioural codes, whose obligations are taken to be inescapable and impartial, and in respect of which we have powerful motivation to conform.In exploring possible explanations, I embrace a hypothesis of subjective moral realism, based on an instrumentalist conception of practical reasoning—an agent only has moral reason to perform an action if that action serves moral ends, and if doing so would satisfy the agent’s pre-existing desires. My specific proposal is that, given the surface desiderata of impartial inescapability, legitimate moral obligations will be Pareto-optimal cooperative solutions to social dilemmas. I call this thesis cooperative instrumentalism. This approach denies the rational inescapability of moral compliance, and instead views morality as socially inescapable. Whilst the thesis accounts well for the impartial inescapability of morality, it generates another set of explanatory problems. These are addressed in the remainder of the dissertation, via a framework of proximate and ultimate explanations. The former proceeds by deducing what linguistic and psychological mechanisms would need to be in place to account for a cooperative morality; and then tests these predictions against empirical data. We find that at this level, cooperative instrumentalism is cogent and empirically well supported. Notably, it requires some agents to have an ultimate desire to act in solidarity with the other members of their social group, but such agents do plausibly exist. My ultimate explanation is an evolutionary account. The difficulty lies in showing why agents acting cooperatively were not outcompeted by agents acting in their restricted self-interest. My solution appeals to a powerful synergism between mechanisms of intrademic and interdemic group selection. This is a ‘how possible’ explanation, with the goal of showing that the outcome we observe could have been achieved through natural processes. This is surely enough—my overall thesis must be taken seriously, on the strength of its ability to positively account for the proximate phenomena.

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Matthews, Michael Thomas. „Learner Agency and Responsibility in Educational Technology“. BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6532.

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Though the topic of learner agency has received relatively little discussion in the literature of educational technology, it is nevertheless a significant and actually omnipresent concern of both scholars and practitioners. Through the journal-ready articles contained herein, I show how theories of learning and certain practices of instructional designers reflect implicit positions on the agency of learners. I also discuss agency in more concrete terms as the responsibility for learning that is shared with learners in instructional design contexts. In addition, I provide practical suggestions to help designers keep the learner at the forefront of their design thinking. Through this research, I hope to make the broad philosophical concept of agency more accessible and practical, and to outline some initial directions for further inquiry and practical application in the field of educational technology.

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Faden, Sandra K. (Sandra Kay). „The Effects of Intergroup Competition and Noncompetition on the Decision Quality of Culturally Diverse and Culturally Non-Diverse Groups“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277879/.

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The primary purpose of this study was to explore the challenges and benefits associated with cultural diversity within groups. The research hypotheses were proposed to test the effects of cultural diversity on group performance and group processes by comparing culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous groups under conditions of intergroup competition and noncompetition. This experiment was conducted using 500 upper-level undergraduates enrolled in the principles of management course for the fall semester.

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Leggett, Debra G. „The relationship between cooperation and conflict and perceived level of marital happiness as indicators of the Adlerian concept of social interest“. Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03312006-101843.

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Strömbeck, Johan. „Synen på personer med autism“. Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-1557.

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Personer med autism behöver ha människor runt omkring sig som förstår dem, vilket kräver kunskap både om autism och om den specifika individen. För att kunna uppnå detta behövs ett fungerande samarbete mellan föräldrar och personal. Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra personal och föräldrars syn på personer med autism. För att undersöka detta genomfördes 10 intervjuer som analyserades med meningskoncentrering som analysmetod. Resultatet visade att föräldrar och personal betonade olika delar av störningen. Föräldrar ansåg sig ha samma syn som personal, medan personalen ansåg sig ha en annan syn än föräldrarna, något som kunde bero på att de hade olika referensgrupper i åtanke. Samarbetet ansågs kunna förbättras genom att ha fler möten. Resultaten bekräftar tidigare forskning.

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Steinke, Julie A. „Team Conflict and Effectiveness in Competitive Environments“. Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1310167811.

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Pin, Stephanny Sato Del. „Seleção cultural e transmissão cultural no jogo Dilema do prisioneiro iterado“. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20142.

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The cooperation experiments discuss important parameters about the social behavior and the social environment, using the triple contingencies unit of analysis. The iterated prisoners dilemma game was repeatedly used as a procedure for experimental investigation into cooperation by behavioral analysts. The prisoners dilemma consists of the conflicting relation between individual gains and group gains. The combination of the choices among all those involved in the dilemma may lead to: losses for all, gains for all or loss for one while another gains. Such analyses of cooperation may be expanded when another unit of analysis – metacontingency – is used. This study sought replicate the work of Ortu et al. (2012), investigating the effect of cultural consequences on the selection of interlocking behavioral contingencies. Three modifications were made: 1) open groups were programmed – replacement of participants 2) the presentation of cultural consequences (market feedback) was made on a CRF schedule; and to contribute to the comprehension of verbal behavior in the selection by metacontingencies 3) the rules issued by the participants throughout the generations were analysed. Each of the three experimental groups, while in the experimental context, built a “cultural practice” as a form of coordination to obtain individual points and/or points of cultural consequences forecast in the various experimental conditions. Exposure to all experimentally programmed cultural consequences was possible for all groups. Groups 1 and 3 varied in the production of interlacements in initial generations, but on the whole met the required performance criteria, therefore they were consistent in the production of cooperational interlacements. Group 2 produced variable interlacements, the most consistent being XYYY and YYYX, i.e. “competitive” interlacements. The analysis of verbal interactions clarifies the reason behind such production: to obtain more points individually, group 2 coordinated themselves on a rotating schedule, whereby whoever chooses differently to the others would have a greater gain, while the others would have a medium gain, and would not receive any additional gain in the cultural consequence. The participants in group 2 obtained the total egalitarian gains and coordinated themselves with greater frequency from informative rules. Group 3 coordinated themselves with greater frequency from coersive rules and had unequal individual totals. The results of this study suggest that the selection of cooperation standards depends on the individuals consequences forecast in the more “traditional” procedures, but also depends significantly on external variables studied here: the production of cultural consequences contingent on aggregated products and the analysis of verbal interaction for the selection by metacontingencies
Os experimentos de cooperação discutem importantes parâmetros sobre o comportamento social e o ambiente social, utilizando a unidade de análise tríplice contingências. O jogo dilema do prisioneiro iterado foi recorrentemente utilizado como um procedimento para investigação experimental sobre cooperação por analistas do comportamento. O dilema do prisioneiro consiste na relação de conflito entre ganhos individuais e ganhos para o grupo. A combinação das escolhas dentre todos os envolvidos no dilema pode acarretar em: prejuízos para todos, ganhos para todos, ou prejuízo para um, enquanto há ganho para o outro. Tais análises sob cooperação podem ser ampliadas quando utiliza-se outra unidade de análise, a metacontingência. Este estudo buscou replicar o trabalho de Ortu et al. (2012), investigando o efeito das consequências culturais para a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas. Três modificações foram realizadas: 1) foram programados grupos abertos - substituição de participantes 2) a apresentação de consequências culturais (feedback de mercado) foi realizada em um esquema de CRF; e para contribuir para a compreensão do comportamento verbal na seleção por metacontingências 3) as regras emitidas pelos participantes ao longo das gerações foram analisadas. Cada um dos três grupos experimentais, ainda que no contexto experimental, construiu uma “prática cultural” como forma de coordenação para obtenção dos pontos individuais e/ou das consequências culturais previstas nas várias condições experimentais. Para todos os grupos foi possível a exposição à todas consequências culturais programadas experimentalmente. Os grupos 1 e 3 ao início durante as gerações iniciais variaram na produção dos entrelaçamentos, mas, em sua maioria, atingiram o critério de desempenho exigido, portanto, foram consistentes na produção de entrelaçamentos de cooperação. O grupo 2 produziu variavelmente os entrelaçamentos, sendo o mais consistente XYYY e YYYX, entrelaçamentos ditos como “competitivos”. A análise das interações verbais esclarece o porquê de tal produção, o grupo 2, para que obtivessem mais pontos individualmente coordenou-se em um arranjo de “rodízio”, aquele que escolhesse diferente dos demais teria o ganho mais vantajoso, enquanto que os demais o ganho médio, e não receberiam nenhum ganho adicional na consequência cultural. Os participantes do grupo 2 obtiveram o total de ganhos individuais aproximadamente iguais e coordenaram-se com maior frequência a partir de regras informativas. O grupo 3 coordenou-se mais frequentemente a partir de regras coercitivas e obtiveram totais individuais desiguais. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a seleção de padrões de cooperação depende das consequências individuais previstas nos procedimentos mais “tradicionais”, mas depende também e de maneira importante de variáveis externas aqui investigadas: a produção de consequências culturais contingentes a produtos agregados, e a interação verbal que favorece a coordenação para a seleção por metacontingências

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Roselli, Néstor. „Collaborative construction using chat in different tasks“. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101459.

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The objective of this research was to characterize the chat collaborative interaction of two partners in six kinds of cognitive tasks. The central hypothesis was that the task nature determines a particular kind of collaborative interaction. The six tasks tested were: to solve a logical problem, to compose a story, to read a data table, to rank opinions, to bring a scientific explanation of a domestic situation, to interpret the signification of a literature text. The 11 dyads of the sample were formed by university students. Results show significant differences between the tasks concerning the sociocognitive interaction, specially the logical-intelligent tasks related the open-interpretative tasks. Finally, there is a great difference between tasks in the personal evaluation of the difficulty and interest of each one.
El objetivo fue caracterizar la interacción colaborativa de díadas, a través del chat, en seis tareas cognitivas: resolver un problema lógico, elaborar una historia, leer una tabla de datos, ordenar jerárquicamente opiniones, brindar una explicación científica de un hecho fáctico e interpretar un texto literario. La hipótesis central era que el tipo de tarea implica distintos tipos de intercambio colaborativo. Se examinaron 11 díadas de estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados muestran diferencias muy significativas entre las seis tareas en lo que hace al patrón sociocognitivo, sobre todo entre las tareas lógico-inteligentes y las tareas abiertas o interpretativas. Finalmente, hay diferencias muy notorias en la evaluación metacognitiva que hacen los participantes del grado de dificultad e interés de cada tarea.

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Dukes, Amber Lee. „Evolution and the seven deadly sins“. Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1397.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Office of Undergraduate Studies
Interdisciplinary Studies

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Bitsko, Matthew John. „Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescent Cancer Survivors: Time Perspective and Positive Emotions as Mediators to Quality of Life and Benefit Finding“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/673.

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Adolescents with cancer are surviving at improved rates with levels of psychopathology in line with their healthy peers. Thus, recent psycho-oncology research is focusing on finding significant predictors to their positive adjustment and psychosocial functioning. The author examined adolescent cancer survivors (n = 50; diagnosis age = 10 21; 2 10 years post-diagnosis) to test the mediation effects of positive emotionns (satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, and optimism) and time perspective on the outcome variables quality of life and benefit finding with demographic/medical variables (gender, number of treatments received for cancer, and previous psychotherapy) as independent variables. Results indicated that positive emotions fully mediated the relationship between the number of treatments received for cancer and quality of life and partially mediated the relationship between having engaged in psychotherapy and quality of life with adolescent cancer survivors. Importantly, results indicated that patients' with a relapse diagnosis scored significantly different than those with no relapse diagnosis on quality of life. Although positive emotions were significantly associated with scores on benefit finding in a positive direction, benefit finding did not fit two of the four criteria for mediation. Time perspective indices did not meet full criteria for significant mediation with the relationships between independent and outcome variables. Regarding time perspective indices, significant associations included: prior participating in psychotherapy was associated with higher scores on a Past-Negative time perspective, the more treatments received for cancer was associated with higher scores on a Present-Focused time perspective, and higher scores on the Past-Negative time perspective was associated with lower scores on benefit finding. Discussion centers on the use of evidence-based interventions that cultivate positive emotions with adolescent cancer survivors and the utility of implementing quality of life assessment in pediatric medical settings. Continued emphasis is placed on larger sample sizes via multi-center cooperation that may better illustrate adjustment difficulties within subgroups of this population (i.e. relapse diagnosis). Future research considerations are provided for the constructs of time perspective and benefit finding.

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Silva, José Maria Castro. „Cooperação entre professores: Realidade(s) e desafios“. Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/935.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Educacional
A presente investigação, intitulada "Cooperação entre Professores: Realidade(s) e Desafios", tem como enfoque central o estudo dos factores que caracterizam o trabalho em equipa em contexto escolar. A abordagem ao estudo da cooperação entre professores obedeceu a duas temáticas. A primeira temática - "realidade(s) da cooperação" - visou: 1) o estudo do universo conceptual dos professores sobre cooperação; 2) descrever as práticas de cooperação existentes nas escolas, e; 3) identificar os factores que facilitam e inibem a cooperação entre professores. A segunda temática - "desafios da cooperação" - tem por objectivos: 1) analisar as percepções dos professores acerca dos impactos que a cooperação representa, e; 2) identificar as crenças dos professores sobre as exigências feitas pela cooperação. Este estudo envolveu 444 professores que exercem funções docentes em escolas dos 2o e 3o ciclos do continente português. O género feminino é o mais representativo, contribuindo para aproximadamente 75% do total de sujeitos inquiridos. O estudo da composição etária dos participantes mostra que no topo da distribuição figura o grupo etário que compreende o intervalo entre os 35 e 42 anos. A média de idades dos participantes é de cerca 40 anos. A análise da terceira variável usada para caracterizar os participantes - tempo de serviço docente - informa-nos que o intervalo situado entre os 7 e 25 anos de carreira é o mais representativo, contribuindo com mais de metade dos sujeitos (57%). A quarta e última variável ponderada é a área disciplinar, evidenciando-se o grupo disciplinar "humanidades" (41,4%) como o agrupamento de disciplinas com maior representação. As representações dos professores inquiridos sobre o conceito de cooperação ancoram em dois núcleos centrais - trabalho em equipa e partilha - que, por sua vez estão acopladas em 10 subcategorias. De acordo com cerca 60% dos professores inquiridos, cooperação significa trabalho em equipa, tendo-se ainda verificado que 93% desta categoria é explicada pela planificação, entreajuda, interdisciplinaridade e reflexão. Cooperar significa, igualmente, partilhar. Esta è a opinião expressa por 60% dos inquiridos, segundo a qual cooperação pressupõe, essencialmente, partilha de informação, experiências e objectivos. No que concerne às experiências de cooperação que ocorrem nas escolas, as opiniões dos professores foram arrumadas em duas categorias - «actividades científico-pedagógicas» e «actividades lúdico-pedagógicas». As actividades de carácter científico-pedagógico que decorrem nas escolas referem-se a experiências interdisciplinares, apoios educativos a alunos com necessidades educativas especiais, planificação em conjunto, cooperação com colegas na área de projecto, parcerias na área curricular não disciplinar de estudo acompanhado, construção de instrumentos de avaliação, organização curricular e participação na construção do projecto educativo da escola. As actividades de índole lúdicas com uma vertente pedagógica relatadas pelos professores abrangem as exposições, as visitas de estudo, os intercâmbios, as festividades que ocorrem nas escolas e as sessões em que são debatidos assuntos de variada ordem. É de ressaltar que a realização de debates, enquanto prática de cooperação, ocupa uma posição muito periférica no conjunto de exemplos de cooperação mencionados pelos professores. O estudo das variáveis que promovem a cooperação entre professores centrou-se nos seguintes factores: factores pessoais e profissionais, clima social dos grupos de trabalho, cultura organizacional das equipas, partilha e competências de comunicação, capacidade de gestão do stresse e flexibilidade. Os factores pessoais e profissionais que facilitam a cooperação envolvem a motivação, a receptividade ou abertura relativamente a opiniões diferentes, a capacidade organizativa, a flexibilidade, a afinidade profissional pessoal entre os elementos da equipa, o sentido de responsabilidade, a capacidade reflexiva sobre o trabalho, a capacidade para inovar, o sentido de humildade e o voluntariado. A atmosfera social nos grupos de trabalho é um factor que promove a cooperação entre professores e contempla a partilha de objectivos, o respeito mútuo entre os elementos da equipa, a capacidade para escutar as sugestões e opiniões dos outros, a qualidade do relacionamento entre os seus membros, a qualidade dos processos de comunicação que ocorrem dentro do grupo, a confiança depositada nos elementos que compõem a equipa e a existência de uma liderança que garanta a coesão do grupo. Cooperação entre Professores - Reaíidade(s) e Desafios vn Os factores organizacionais que facilitam a cooperação entre professores incluem a organização e gestão dos horários dos professores, a existência de recursos de suporte, a definição e distribuição de tarefas, o apoio dos órgãos directivos da escola e a existência de períodos avaliativos. Os professores consultados neste estudo conferem uma elevada importância à comunicação. As competências comunicacionais em que se regista uma importância mais moderada são a capacidade de partilha de informação no interior do grupo de trabalho e a utilização de estratégias para ajudar os colegas a exporem as suas opiniões, A maioria dos professores inquiridos admite que a posse de boas competências de gestão de stresse é favorável ao desenvolvimento de experiências de cooperação. A flexibilidade é o factor promotor da cooperação em que se registaram os valores médios mais baixos. Os obstáculos à cooperação estão agregados em três categorias - factores pessoais e profissionais, clima grupal e factores organizacionais. Os factores de ordem pessoal e profissional que actuam como obstáculos à cooperação entre professores são a desmotivação, a inflexibilidade, individualismo, intolerância face às opiniões de terceiros, a indisponibilidade para participar em experiências diferentes, incumprimento de tarefas estabelecidas, diferenças nos hábitos de trabalho, incompatibilidades pessoais, falta de segurança pessoal, o comodismo e a resistência à mudança. Os factores inibidores da cooperação relacionados com o clima relacional vivido nas equipas abrangem os conflitos interpessoais, a inexistência de objectivos, o desrespeito pelas ideias e opiniões, as variáveis que afectam a comunicação dentro do grupo de trabalho e o tipo de liderança. Os factores de natureza organizacional que emergem como factores inibidores à cooperação entre professores incluem a organização dos horários, a existência de recursos de apoio à Cooperação entre Professores - Realidade(s) e Desafios vm cooperação, a imposição ou obrigatoriedade da cooperação, a mobilidade dos professores, a eficácia das reuniões e a organização curricular. Os professores antecipam muitos impactos no ensino e na aprendizagem. A maior preocupação percepcionada pelos professores prende-se com o tempo que é exigido por esta modalidade de trabalho. A esmagadora maioria dos professores consultados afirma que a cooperação traz-lhes benefícios e que não representa custos acrescidos, assim como acarreta mais valias profissionais. A maioria dos professores também considera que serão respeitados os hábitos de trabalho, não receiam os desafios postos pela cooperação e admitem sentirem-se à-vontade e confiantes nas suas próprias capacidades para enfrentar os desafios inerentes à cooperação. A maioria dos professores está convicta que não surgirão constrangimentos que impeçam o desempenho e desenvolvimento profissional. Todavia, na perspectiva dos professores, a cooperação representa custos e recursos adicionais. A cooperação também produz efeitos negativos no orçamento das escolas e implica mudanças na gestão e organização dos horários dos docentes. Não obstante afirmarem que a cooperação interfere com a organização da escola, um elevado número de professores considera que as suas escolas dispõem de suficientes recursos para pôr em prática experiências de cooperação. Um número significativo de professores considera que o aumento de práticas de cooperação pode amplificar os problemas de comunicação. Para além de contribuir para o aumento de problemas de comunicação, na opinião dos professores o incremento da cooperação poderá afectar negativamente os relacionamentos entre professores, contribuindo para um clima relacional pouco favorável. Apesar de terem sido antecipados conflitos comunicacionais e dificuldades nos relacionamentos interprofissionais, cerca de dois terços dos professores considera que a cultura organizacional da escola a que pertencem se adapta facilmente aos desafios colocados pela cooperação.

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Lindqvist, Petra, und Emelie Hansson. „Faktorer för att stanna kvar inom hemtjänsten“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163214.

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Studiens syfte är att studera upplevelsen av introduktionsprocessen och den första tiden i arbete hos nyanställda vårdbiträden inom hemtjänsten vid Skellefteå kommun. Detta för att undersöka vad som krävs för att skapa en vilja att stanna kvar inom yrket. Huvudfrågeställningen är; vilka faktorer i arbetet påverkar viljan att stanna kvar i arbetet? En andra frågeställning är; har introduktionen betydelse för att skapa motivation i arbetet? Datamaterialet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totalt deltog sju informanter i studien, varav fyra kvarstår i arbete och tre har avslutat sin tjänst. Studien har en abduktiv ansats och materialet har analyserats genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Tre teman kunde utrönas; faktorer för en lyckad introduktion, individuella förutsättningar och organisatoriska villkor, samt tydliga karriärvägar och utvecklingsmöjligheter. Informanterna menade att stöd från arbetsgruppen är en förutsättning för att klara av arbetet. Arbetet kräver även att individen har ett intresse för yrket, samtidigt som organisationen behöver skapa förutsättningar och utvecklingsmöjligheter för medarbetaren under anställningen. Studiens slutsats är att introduktionsprocessen i sig inte är huvudsaklig påverkansfaktor till att vilja kvarstå i arbete. Individens egna driv och intresse tillsammans med arbetsgruppens välkomnande och utvecklingsmöjligheter i arbetet är styrande faktorer till att en individ väljer att stanna kvar inom yrket. Studien finner få skillnader kring upplevelsen av introduktion mellan de två olika informantgrupperna.
The aim of this qualitative research is to examine the onboarding process of newly recruited healthcare employees’ in the elderly care of Skellefteå Municipality. The questions relevant to this study are: what factors at work impacts the employees’ willingness to stay and does the introduction process have any significance on creating motivation at work? The empirical data was collected by semi structured interviews. A total of four employees and three former employees participated. The empirical data was analysed by using qualitative content analysis. Three themes were identified; factors for a successful introduction, individual qualification skills and organizational terms, and opportunities to manage careers and individual development. The support from co-workers were regarded as a crucial factor for the employees to manage their new work. The work itself also requires the new employee to be driven. At the same time, the organization needs to offer career development and create an environment that supports the employee throughout the employment. In conclusion, the onboarding process itself is not the main factor that affects the employees’ willingness to stay. The support from co-workers and supervisors, the willpower and the employee’s own interest at working combination with career and development opportunities is located as the main factors. The study finds few differences regarding the experience of the introduction process between the two different informant groups.

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Kylander, Carl-Fredrik. „Coacher och fysioterapeuters inverkan på idrottsutövarens rehabiliteringsprocess : En kvalitativ studie om coacher och fysioterapeuters perspektiv på skadade idrottsutövares rehabiliteringsprocess“. Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73078.

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka coacher och fysioterapeuters strategier för att hjälpa en skadad idrottare tillbaka till fullt idrottande. Ett underliggande syfte var att belysa samarbetet mellan coacher och fysioterapeuter under en idrottsskaderehabilitering. Tidigare forskning antyder att det sociala stödet och utbildning inom psykologiska strategier har positiv inverkan på en idrottares psykologiska välmående följt en skada. I studien genomfördes totalt sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tre coacher och tre fysioterapeuter med minst fem års erfarenhet av att coacha idrottsskadade utövare. Utifrån dessa intervjuer kunde fyra primära strategier urskiljas: (1) målsättning, (2) socialt stöd, (3) individanpassad rehabilitering och (4) individanpassat stöd. För det underliggande syftet kunde tre huvudkomponenter urskiljas: (1) kommunikation och etiska dilemman, (2) kunskap och (3) resurser. Konklusionen av denna studie är att de fyra primära strategierna kan användas i syfte av att göra rehabiliteringsprocessen i större grad självbestämmande för idrottare där coping fungerar som ett hjälpmedel att hantera motgångar i form av skador idrottare möter. Samarbetet mellan coacher och fysioterapeuter kunde ses ha en indirekt inverkan på en skadad idrottares rehabiliteringsprocess. Resurser påverkar hur kommunikationen och kunskapen ser ut runt idrottaren. Större resurser skapar en fördelaktig miljö i form av ett nära samarbete mellan coacher och fysioterapeuter med god kunskap kring coaching och rehabilitering vilket ger goda möjligheter för idrottaren att komma tillbaka till idrotten.
The purpose of this study was to identify strategies coaches and physiotherapists use to help an injured athlete back to full fitness. The purpose was also to highlight the cooperation between coaches and physiotherapists. Earlier research suggests social support and psychological strategies have a positive impact on an athlete’s psychological wellbeing after an injury and during the rehabilitation. It was conducted six semi structured interviews with three coaches and three physiotherapists. Findings suggest there are four primary strategies used: (1) goal setting, (2) social support, (3) individualised rehabilitation and (4) individualised support. Findings concerning the cooperation between coaches and physiotherapists had three key components: (1) communication and ethical dilemmas, (2) knowledge and (3) resources. This study suggest that the four primary strategies could be used in purpose of making sport injury rehabilitation more self-determined for the athlete, where copingstrategier works as a useful tool to help an injured athlete manage adversities. The cooperation between coaches and physiotherapists could by indirect means have an impact on an injured athletes rehabilitation process. Resources affect how the communication and knowledge appear surrounding the athlete. Greater resources lead to favourable conditions in the shape of close cooperation between coaches and physiotherapists with knowledge about coaching and rehabilitation which creates more opportunities for an athlete to get back to full fitness following a sports injury.

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Ferrante, Jill A. „Co-parenting in Intact and Divorced Families: Its Impact on Young Adult Adjustment“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1485.

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Co-parenting is the ideal parenting relationship after divorce, characterized by involvement of both parents in all decisions regarding their children. Children who report that their parents demonstrate healthy co-parenting are generally better adjusted than their peers who experience unhealthy co-parenting. The present study examined the potential mediating roles of co-parenting and parenting practices upon the relationship between marital status and young adult adjustment. Data were analyzed via structural equation modeling. Participants were 340 undergraduate students from intact and divorced/separated families. Data were obtained via questionnaires that tapped a range of adjustment factors (i.e., mental health, fear of intimacy, work ethic, self esteem, delinquency) along with co-parenting and parenting practices from the young adult's perspective. Results suggest that co-parenting is an important mediator of the relationship between marital status and young adult adjustment. Clinical and policy implications of study findings will be discussed.

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Hauser, Oliver Paul. „Challenging Cooperation: Inequality, Global Commons, Future Generations“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493433.

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Cooperation is abundant in the world around us, spanning all levels of biological and social organisation. Yet the existence and maintenance of cooperation is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because the costs borne to cooperating individuals put them at an evolutionary disadvantage. We thus require an understanding of mechanisms and institutions that can enable cooperation to thrive and be maintained. In this dissertation, I discuss three issues that have presented, or currently present, a challenge to the sustenance of human cooperation. The first chapter addresses an issue of much contemporary debate – inequality. I ask how the well-documented, widespread lack of knowledge of income inequality in society affects the use of costly punishment and costly reward in maintaining public cooperation. When income inequality in a group is not known, the poorest group members are punished (for their low absolute contributions) while the richest are rewarded (for their high absolute contributions). Conversely, when income inequality is revealed, this outcome reverses: the poorest are rewarded (for their high percentage of income contributed) and the richest are punished (for their low percentage contributed). In my next dissertation chapter, I turn to study the emergence of large-scale cooperation. How can cooperation arise and remain stable in large groups? Although it has been argued that the standard reciprocity mechanism weakens in large groups, a simple, scalable intervention—dubbed “local-to-global” reciprocity—successfully maintains public cooperation in groups orders of magnitude larger than previously studied. Local-to-global reciprocity works to maintain group-level cooperation because individuals withhold cooperation from defectors in pairwise interactions as a form of punishment. In the last chapter, I investigate how we can cooperate with future generations: people today face the challenge that they must pay the cost of cooperation now to benefit people in the future who cannot reciprocate their actions. When people decide individually, the renewable resource quickly depletes leaving future generations empty-handed. When decisions today are made by majority vote, however, the resource is sustained for many generations. Voting works because it allows a cooperative majority to restrain a minority of present-day defectors.
Biology, Organismic and Evolutionary

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Svedin, Lina Maria Lovisa. „Organizational cooperation in crises a conceptual framework /“. Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Eldridge, Connie. „Developing Social Interest in Juvenile Delinquents“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331687/.

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Male youths ages 13-18 incarcerated at two minimum security detention facilities participated in a program to determine if Alfred Adler's concept of social interest could be developed through group interactions led by non-professionals. The youths answered a self-report attitudinal scale, the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest and were rated by their classroom teachers on the Behavior Dimensions Rating Scale as pre-test measures. Volunteers from a liberal arts college sociology classes were randomly assigned to work in male-female pairs over a ten week period of time with the experimental population. These pairs led their constant group of incarcerated youths in ninety minute discussion sessions once per week for the duration of the program. Structured human relations exercises specifically designed to encourage elements of social interest; belonging, cooperation, and significance were assigned for each of the sessions. At the end of ten weeks, the youths in the experimental groups and the control population were tested again on the two scales. The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlations Test indicated no relationship between attitude and behavior for either the experimental or control groups on the pre-test and the post-test. A Mann Whitney U t-test indicated a highly significant increase in the social interest of the experimental group at the end of the program. While the control group showed no change over the course of the ten weeks, those who participated in the developmental groups increased their scores on the Sulliman Scale of Social Interest by an average of 12 points. Another Mann Whitney U t-test indicated that there was no difference between the social interest of Caucasian and non-Caucasian youths.

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Bramel, Michael H. „Patterns of cooperation, conflict, and domination in children's collaborative problem-solving“. FIU Digital Commons, 1987. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1744.

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This study examined the influence of age, expertise, and task difficulty on children's patterns of collaboration. Six- and eight-year-old children were individually pretested for ability to copy a Lego model and then paired with each other and asked to copy two more models. The design was a 3 (dyad skill level: novice, expert, or mixed) X 2 (age: six or eight) X 2 (task difficulty: moderate or complex) factorial. Results indicated that cooperation increased with age and expertise and decreased with task difficulty. However, expertise had a greater influence on younger than older children's interaction styles. It is argued that with age, social skills may become as important as expertise in determining styles of collaboration. The issue is raised of whether cooperation, domination, and independence represent developmental sequences (i.e., independence precedes cooperation) or whether they represent personal styles of interaction. Finally, it is suggested that an important goal for future research is to assess the relationship between patterns of collaboration and learning.

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Barnhart, Erin Leslie. „Engaging Global Service: Organizational Motivations for and Perceived Benefits of Hosting International Volunteers“. PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/372.

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An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory.

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Cunningham, George B. „Diversity and recategorization examining the effects of cooperation on bias and work outcomes /“. The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402957196718.

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Sá, Marilene de Castilho. „Em busca de uma porta de saída: os destinos da solidariedade, da cooperação e do cuidado com a vida na porta de entrada de um hospital de emergência“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47134/tde-16022006-121307/.

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A presente investigação tem por objetivo analisar, a partir da Porta de Entrada de um hospital de emergência, os limites e possibilidades, definidos pelos processos intersubjetivos e inconscientes presentes nos serviços de saúde, para o exercício da solidariedade, para o desenvolvimento da cooperação e para a produção do cuidado com a vida. Elegeu-se como estudo de caso um hospital geral com emergência, da rede pública de serviços de saúde do Município do Rio de Janeiro, que possui um projeto de humanização de sua Porta de Entrada. Os hospitais de emergência constituem espaço privilegiado de manifestação dos intensos processos de exclusão, violência social, e brutal banalização do sofrimento alheio, especialmente de indiferença em relação aos desfavorecidos, que marcam a nossa sociedade. Portas abertas 24 horas por dia, sofrem os efeitos perversos da omissão do Estado com relação aos problemas sociais, do desinvestimento no sistema público de saúde e de sua crise de governabilidade. Reconhecendo a insuficiência dos referenciais teóricos do campo do Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde para a compreensão e intervenção neste quadro, o estudo se apóia centralmente na abordagem da Psicossociologia francesa sobre as organizações, na leitura psicanalítica sobre a problemática do laço social e das formas de subjetivação na atualidade, e na Psicodinâmica do Trabalho, para focalizar o imaginário organizacional e os processos cotidianos de trabalho no hospital, explorando suas conseqüências sobre os destinos da solidariedade, da cooperação e do cuidado. A despeito da precariedade de suas condições de funcionamento, demonstra-se a importância do imaginário de potência, proteção e segurança, paradoxalmente construído sobre o hospital, e a função de tranqüilização psíquica que exerce entre os funcionários. A análise das concepções sobre o Projeto Porta de Entrada revela a tensão entre seus componentes racionalizador e humanitário. A observação do processo de trabalho na Porta de Entrada do hospital demonstra que a enormidade da demanda em muito extrapola o que se consideram problemas de saúde, stricto sensu, tratando-se de uma demanda por sentido e por amparo, num quadro de intensa fragilização da sociedade. Em contraposição, a "carência" é utilizada pelos profissionais como uma categoria encobridora da diversidade da demanda, num processo de múltiplas reduções, que vai da negação do sofrimento social à negação da condição de humanidade dos pacientes. Por sua vez, o trabalho na Porta de Entrada da Emergência representa muitas fontes de sofrimento psíquico para os trabalhadores, como o dilema entre atender as urgências, em caráter estrito, e aliviar outros sofrimentos da população; a pressão para trabalhar mal; o risco de não identificar os casos de risco de vida; o lidar com a violência; e o não reconhecimento do bom trabalho, entre outras. Muitas estratégias de defesa utilizadas contra o sofrimento corroem, aliadas a outros fatores, os espaços para a solidariedade, a cooperação e o cuidado com a vida. Outras, no entanto, indicam que algum grau de ilusão e idealização com relação ao trabalho ainda subsiste e, junto com a busca por reconhecimento, podem abrir algumas brechas para a transformação do cotidiano dos serviços de saúde.
This work is aimed at analyzing, considering the entrance in an emergency hospital, the limits and possibilities defined by the intersubjective and unconscious processes present in health care services for solidarity, cooperation development and life care production. A public general hospital, with emergency room and a project of humanization of its entrance, was selected in Rio de Janeiro municipality, as the case study. The emergency hospitals represent a privileged space for manifestation of intense exclusion processes, social violence, brutal vulgarization of others suffering, and, especially, indifference in relation to the disadvantaged people, typical in our society. With the doors opened 24-hour per day, those hospitals are affected by the perverse omission of the Government with regard to social problems, the disinvesting process in the public health system, and its governability crisis. Recognizing the lack of theoretical references in the Health Planning and Management field to understand and intervene on this reality, the study is centrally based on the French Psycho sociology approach about organizations, on the Psychoanalysis interpretation of social relations and current subjectification manners, and on the Work Psychodynamics, in order to focus the organizational imaginary and the routine processes in the hospital work, exploring their consequences on the destinies of solidarity, cooperation and care. In spite of the precarious of the hospital functioning conditions, the importance of its paradoxically built imaginary of powerfulness, protection and safety, is demonstrated. The analysis of conceptions about the Entrance Door Project reveals the tension between its rationalizing and humanitarian components. The observation of the work process in the hospital entrance shows that the enormous demand extrapolates substantively what is considered as in the scope of health problems, stricto sensu, including needs for more general care and expressing the fragility of society. In opposition, the "need" is used by health professionals as a category that conceals the diversity of demand, in a process of multiple reductions, ranging from the negation of social suffering to the negation of human condition of the patients. On the other hand, the work on an emergency entrance represents many sources of psychic suffering for the health workers, such as the dilemma of attending urgent cases, in a strict sense, and alleviating other sufferings of the population; the pressure for bad work; the risk of not identifying the cases of life risk; the need of dealing with violence; and the absence of recognition for a good work, among others. Many strategies of defense against suffering consume, allied to other factors, the spaces for solidarity, cooperation and life care. Other strategies, however, point out that some degree of illusion and idealization in relation to work still persists, and, put together with the search for recognition, may open some ways for the transformation of the health services routine.

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Eldakar, Omar Tonsi. „Explaining individual differences in cooperation, cheating and punishment“. Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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Molesti, Sandra. „Grooming interactions and cooperation in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)“. Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2014. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/14685/.

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The study of cooperation has been crucial to research on the evolution of social living in human and animal societies. Grooming interactions have been used as model to investigate the exchange of services in animals. Using both established and novel methodologies, this thesis examines grooming interactions and cooperation in two populations of wild Barbary macaques living in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco. It is important to have a comprehensive idea of the costs and benefits of grooming interactions, and of the effect of grooming interactions on the anxiety of the grooming partners. This thesis showed that, contrary to previous studies, anxiety increased after grooming interactions in both the donor and recipient. This highlights the need to further investigate the link between grooming and emotions. Individuals may also affect the grooming interactions of other group members. This thesis showed that individuals benefit from disrupting grooming interactions of group members by gaining grooming opportunities for themselves and by stopping the group members from grooming each other, although grooming disruptions may be risky. Monkeys may affect others’ grooming interactions to favour their own social and dominance positions. A key aspect of this thesis was also to assess whether grooming is reciprocated in the short-term and which type of reciprocity (i.e. direct, indirect and generalised) play a role in the exchanges of grooming. This study showed that direct but not indirect and generalised reciprocity play a role in the exchange of grooming. While there is a wide range of evidence that direct reciprocity plays a role in the exchange of services in animals, there is little evidence of indirect and generalised reciprocity. Additionally to exchanging grooming for grooming, animals also exchange grooming for other services such as tolerance around food resource and support during agonistic interactions. In this thesis, no evidence of short-term contingency between the exchange of grooming and food tolerance was found. The exchanges of services may be little affected by recent single events, and mechanisms involving an emotional mediation based on long-term social bonds between partners may play a more important role. The capacity to make effective choices among potential social partners is an important social skill, as choosing the best available partner improves the chances to establish successful cooperative interactions. This thesis highlighted, to some extents, the importance of factors such as tolerance and relationship quality between partners, in the performances of individuals and their choice of partners to solve a cooperative task. Tolerant relationships may have been a prerequisite for the evolution of cognitively complex cooperation. Testing a comprehensive framework of predictions, this thesis brings novel contributions to the understanding of grooming interactions and cooperation in wild Barbary macaques.

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Ibáñez, Díaz Marcela. „Social dilemmas : the role of incentives, norms and institutions /“. Göteborg : Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/555808858.pdf.

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Sjöö, Idbrant Adam, und Matilda Skog. „"Vi äger denna fråga tillsammans" : En kvalitativ studie om det strategiska arbetet av mäns våld mot kvinnor i två kommuner i södra Sverige“. Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-101644.

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This study aims to explain and create an understanding on how two municipalities in southern Sweden work strategic with the question regarding men´s violence against women. The purpose is to answer three research questions that analyses the organisations and the cooperation within itself but also with other actors. The method that this study uses is qualitative because of the need of detailed answers and supports to answer the research question and fulfil the purpose of this study. The empirical material was collected through seven semi-structured interviews. The study is focused on improvement, what the organisations can do better and is outlined through organisational and cooperative theory. The study also outline the empirical material collected through a SWOT-analysis. The result of the study suggests that knowledge and competence are solely important working with this question and should be broad represented throughout the organisation. Therefore are these factors some components that highlight the study. Also the cooperation within the organisation and external collaboration considered being of great importance. Lastly, the result gives an understanding on how important it is that decision-makers and people in position of power prioritize men´s violence against women and view it as a societal problem.

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Summers, Michael H. „Perspective taking in Dyadic Interactions: Influences of Cooperation and Competition on Third Person Representation of Movement“. Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1307045325.

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Lamba, Amrita. „The Effects of Uncertainty on Cooperation: using Bayesian Cognition and Entropy to Model Cooperative Heuristics“. W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639680.

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Cooperative heuristics have traditionally been researched through the lens of standard dual-process models of cognition and from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Despite the popularity of these approaches, research on intuitive versus extensional processing falls short in its endeavor to methodologically quantify heuristic processing and to empirically validate existing theories of social evaluation. Furthermore, several conceptualizations of the term heuristic have been proposed in the social psychology literature, leading to a lack of consensus on how cooperative heuristics function. to address these issues, the current study proposes a novel method for quantifying heuristic cognition. We propose a Bayesian cognition model of heuristics based on the free energy principle and present a framework for defining heuristics as Bayesian priors. to test our model, we ran an experiment on Amazon Mechanical Turk and used a modified version of the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Overall, the results of experiment supported our theoretical predictions and our quantitative model of cooperative heuristics. Additionally, we found evidence to suggest that men and women respond differently to social uncertainty in cooperative exchanges.

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Mullins, Daniel Austin. „The evolution of literacy : a cross-cultural account of literacy's emergence, spread, and relationship with human cooperation“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:98d1f155-c96d-4ba0-ac36-c610d3d7454c.

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Social theorists have long argued that literacy is one of the principal causes and hallmark features of complex society. However, the relationship between literacy and social complexity remains poorly understood because the relevant data have not been assembled in a way that would allow competing hypotheses to be adjudicated. The project set out in this thesis provides a novel account of the multiple origins of literate behaviour around the globe, the principal mechanisms of its cultural transmission, and its relationship with the cultural evolution of large-group human cooperation and complex forms of socio-political organisation. A multi-method large-scale cross-cultural approach provided the data necessary to achieve these objectives. Evidence from the societies within which literate behaviour first emerged, and from a representative sample of ethnographically-attested societies worldwide (n=74), indicates that literate behaviour emerged through the routinization of rituals and pre-literate sign systems, eventually spreading more widely through classical religions. Cross-cultural evidence also suggests that literacy assumed a wide variety of forms and socio-political functions, particularly in large, complex groups, extending evolved psychological mechanisms for cooperation, which include reciprocity, reputation formation and maintenance systems, social norms and norm enforcement systems, and group identification. Finally, the results of a cross-cultural historical survey of first-generation states (n=10) reveal that simple models assuming single cause-and-effect relationships between literacy and complex forms of socio-political organisation must be rejected. Instead, literacy and first-generation state-level polities appear to have interacted in a complex positive feedback loop. This thesis contributes to the wider goal of transforming social and cultural anthropology into a cumulative and rapid-discovery science.

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Stejskalová, Barbora. „Návrh postupu manažera při stmelování pracovního kolektivu“. Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222008.

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This thesis analyses problems related to the creation of the working team coupled with the process of it’s members‘ cohesion. The theoretical part of the work contains an introduction and explanation of basic concepts related to given issues. In particular, we look at the issue of the manager's personality, the theory of social Gross, work teams, styles of leadership and management teams. The last chapter contains general recommendations of basic skills in the approach of managers and management teams. The practical part is focused on the analysis of the investigation file, the analysis of the facto. The aim of the project is to design such a manager process strategy, which leads to team cohesion thereby increasing work efficiency.

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Dissertationen zum Thema „Cooperation(Psychology)“

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