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Moon, Kuk-Kyoung, Seo-Hee Lee und Seo-Yeon Jeong. „Examining the Relationship between Individualism and Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social Cohesion“. Behavioral Sciences 13, Nr. 8 (08.08.2023): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13080661.
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Combining Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, value–belief–norm theory, and social exchange theory, this study explores the impact of individualism and social cohesion on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) as well as the moderating role of social cohesion in the individualism–PEB link in the context of Korean society. Using the 2021 Korean General Social Survey and multiple linear regression analyses, we found that individualism is negatively related to PEB, whereas social cohesion is positively related to PEB. Further analysis showed that social cohesion attenuates the negative relationship between individualism and PEB. Our findings suggest that although individuals with high levels of individualism are less likely to perform PEB than those with a high level of collectivism, social cohesion is a valuable community resource that encourages them to engage in eco-friendly activities even when they seek to achieve person-oriented goals and pursue their own interests. The implications and contributions of these findings regarding environmental psychology are discussed.
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Ignjatovic, Suzana. „The legacy of Raymond Boudon“. Sociologija 58, Nr. 1 (2016): 32–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1601032i.
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The paper is a short overview of the work of a contemporary French sociologist Raymond Boudon. The paper focuses on the following aspects of Boudon?s biography: academic trajectory, intellectual influences, and his major works. It is argued that his major contributions to sociology include his theory of social mobility, methodological individualism and the concept of cognitive rationality.
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Cockerham, William C. „The sociology of health in the United States: recent theoretical contributions“. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 19, Nr. 4 (April 2014): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014194.14872013.
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This paper examines recent trends in theory in health sociology in the United States and finds that the use of theory is flourishing. The central thesis is that the field has reached a mature state and is in the early stage of a paradigm shift away from a past focus on methodological individualism (in which the individual is the primary unit of analysis) toward a growing utilization of theories with a structural orientation This outcome is materially aided by research methods (e.g. hierarchal linear modeling, biomarkers) providing measures of structural effects on the health of the individual that were often absent or underdeveloped in the past. Structure needs to be accounted for in any social endeavor and contemporary medical sociology appears to be doing precisely that as part of the next stage of its evolution. The recent contributions to theory in the sociology of health discussed in this paper are fundamental cause, medicalization, social capital, neighborhood disadvantage, and health lifestyle theories.
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Di Iorio, Francesco. „Hayek and the hermeneutics of mind“. Social Science Information 54, Nr. 2 (16.02.2015): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018414566420.
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The article investigates the connections between Hayek’s cognitive psychology and his methodological individualism. It argues that Hayek’s theory of the sensory order, which is his less-studied scientific contribution, supports an original but largely unknown argument in favour of the Verstehen approach of methodological individualism. Hayek merges a theory of the temporality of knowledge as understood by phenomenological hermeneutics, and notably by Gadamer, with a proto-connectionist theory of mind to develop a perspective that anticipates by decades Varela’s and Maturana’s neuro-phenomenology. The article shows that Hayek uses this perspective to criticize the deterministic paradigms of action that consider action to be a mechanical effect of a pre-given reality and challenge the Verstehen approach, which is defended both by methodological individualism and phenomenological hermeneutics.
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Estep, Kevin, und Pierce Greenberg. „Opting Out: Individualism and Vaccine Refusal in Pockets of Socioeconomic Homogeneity“. American Sociological Review 85, Nr. 6 (12.10.2020): 957–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122420960691.
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Cases of measles and other highly contagious diseases are rising in the United States. Public health experts blame the rise partly on the spatial concentration of parents declining to vaccinate their children, but researchers have given little attention to theorizing why this clustering occurs in particular communities. We argue that residential and school selection processes create “pockets of homogeneity” attracting parents inclined to opt out of vaccines. Structural features of these enclaves reduce the likelihood of harsh criticism for vaccine refusal and foster a false sense of protection from disease, making the choice to opt out seem both safe and socially acceptable. Examination of quantitative data on personal belief exemptions (PBEs) from school-based vaccination requirements in California schools and districts, as well as findings from parent interviews, provide empirical support for the theory. We discuss substantive implications for lawmakers and public health officials, as well as broader sociological contributions concerning neighborhood effects and residential sorting.
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Kiss, Simon J., Éric Montpetit und Erick Lachapelle. „Beyond Regions and Ideology: Using Cultural Theory to Explain Risk Perception in Canada“. Canadian Journal of Political Science 53, Nr. 2 (23.04.2020): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423920000177.
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AbstractCultural theory (CT) has been widely used to explain variations in risk perception but has rarely been tested in Canada. This contribution represents the most thorough attempt to adapt CT to the Canadian context. Study results suggest that respondents’ commitment to egalitarianism was strongly correlated with risks from technology, while respondents’ commitment to hierarchism was strongly correlated with risks from criminal or unsafe behaviours. Respondents’ commitment to individualism was also correlated with risks from criminal and unsafe behaviours but differed from hierarchism in that individualism was not correlated with risk perceptions from prostitution and marijuana use. Respondents’ commitments to fatalism were strongly correlated with risk perception of vaccines. These conclusions are reinforced by results from a survey question that tests the extent to which such cultural predispositions map onto the myths of nature hypothesized by CT and by a survey experiment that tests how cultural commitments predict perceived risks from a controversial pipeline.
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Crow, Dennis, und Fred R. Dallmayr. „Twilight of Subjectivity: Contributions to a Post-Individualist Theory of Politics“. New German Critique, Nr. 37 (1986): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/488419.
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Feldman, Steven P. „Management Ethics without the Past: Rationalism and Individualism in Critical Organization Theory“. Business Ethics Quarterly 10, Nr. 3 (Juli 2000): 623–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857895.
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Abstract:Since the Enlightenment our attachment to the past has been greatly weakened, in some areas of social life it has almost ceased to exist. This characteristic of the modern mind is seen as an overreaction. The modern mind has lost the capacity to appreciate the positive contribution the maintenance of the past in the present achieves in social life, especially in the sphere of moral conduct.In the field of organization theory, nowhere is the past as explicitly distrusted as in critical organization theory. The maintenance of the past in the present is seen as a potential carrier of oppressive and unjust social relationships. Perpetual critique is advocated as a means to uncover these oppressive and unjust relations and prevent any new undemocratic relations from becoming established.I present an historical and cultural analysis of the modern attitude toward the past and develop a concept of moral tradition to analyze critical organization theory’s ethical assumptions and implications. In so doing, an effort is made to rectify the exaggerated confidence critical organization theory places in rationalism and individualism and to recognize the ineluctable role traditions play not only in organizational life, but also in the way we theorize about organizations.
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Modrzejewska, Magdalena. „Wpływ teorii pestalozziańskich na teorię i praktyki filozofii edukacji Josiah Warrena – geneza systemu“. Politeja 18, Nr. 6(75) (16.12.2021): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.75.18.
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The Influence of Pestalozzian Theories on the Theory and Practice of Josiah Warren's Philosophy of Education – The Genesis of the System Josiah Warren is portrayed as the father of American individualist anarchism and the first American anarchist. This paper investigates his contribution to the development of educational theories and his educational practices, since for Warren, as many anarchists, education is the main path to create a new society. Warren’s educational theories and experiments originated mainly from his stay in New Harmony between 1825 and 1827, where he encountered innovative method of teaching that nurtured children’s independence, invented by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Therefore, the aim of this text is to trace how Warren’s philosophy of education was shaped to become an essential element of his theory of stateless political and legal order and how Warren combined concepts of extreme individualism with his economic theories, such as equitable commerce and cost the limit of price. The knowledge of Warren’s New Harmony experience where he encountered William Maclure and Pestalozzian social reformers will enable the reader to better understand the framework of his own concept of education that he practiced at the Spring Hill School in Ohio.
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Etoom, Dergam. „Influence of individualism and collectivism on talent management practices“. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 22, Nr. 1 (April 2022): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14705958221089500.
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As the world becomes more globalized, it is increasingly necessary to be aware of the limitations of a universalistic approach to talent management. Talent management practices are considered to be among the three most important topics explored in talent management literature. However, there is a dearth of studies investigating the influence of national culture on talent management practices. The current article seeks to make a conceptual contribution to talent management practice literature through reviewing previous talent management practices, individualist, and collectivist literature then synthesizes the literature to provide a framework for examining the different talent management practices in individualistic and collectivistic societies. Talent management practices originated in Anglo-Saxon countries and align with their individualistic culture, which leads to the question of whether these practices can be implemented effectively in collectivistic societies. This study attempts to answer this question by exploring talent management practices in individualist and collectivist cultures and providing a framework for effective talent management practices in both. This research opens the door for more research to explore the gaps between what happens in talent management practices and what should happen according to talent management practices theory.
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Lokke, Kari. „“Children of Liberty”: Idealist Historiography in Staël, Shelley, and Sand“. PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 118, Nr. 3 (Mai 2003): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081203x47796.
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This essay explores the contributions of a tradition of nineteenth-century Künstlerromane by Germaine de Staël, Mary Shelley, and George Sand to European idealist historiography as exemplified in Kant's writings on perfectibility. Corinne, Valperga, and Consuelo represent the historical agency of the intellectual and artist as communication with a spirit world inhabited by ghosts of the past so that their secrets and wisdom can be transmitted to the future. In canonical Romanticism, contact with these phantasms provokes crippling guilt over the failure of past projects of perfectibility like the French Revolution (doomed by violence and bloodshed), guilt that is figured in the interdependent tropes of the titanic hero and Romantic melancholy. The novels discussed here perform an explicit critique of masculinist individualism in the name of women and humanity as a whole, replacing melancholy with enthusiasm and deploying spirits aesthetically, as sublime signs of future historical potentiality.
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Nederman, Cary J. „Freedom, Community and Function: Communitarian Lessons of Medieval Political Theory“. American Political Science Review 86, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1992): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964349.
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The communitarian critique of liberal individualism is presently experiencing something of a decline. One of the reasons for the failure of communitarians to make a lasting impact on liberal theory may be the historical precedents to which communitarians have turned, such as Aristotle and civic republicanism. I argue that communitarian theory may more fruitfully draw upon a model of the relation between individual and community derived from the Latin Middle Ages. This approach—communal functionalism—claims that the community is essentially composed neither of individuals nor of citizens but, rather, of functional groups or parts arranged according to their contribution to the community. I consider two variants of this framework, John of Salisbury's “physiological” version and Marsiglio of Padua's “civic” account. I close with an evaluation of the relevance—and also some of the limitations—of the communal functionalist model in relation to the requirements of contemporary communitarian theory.
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Chen, Sirong, Ke Zhang, Xiaonan Li, Huiyue Ye, Katsy Jiaxin Lin und Rob Law. „ChatGPT: Cross cultural tourism research imperative“. Journal of Economics and Management 45 (2023): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22367/jem.2023.45.07.
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Aim/purpose – Cultural differences play an influential role in driving tourism develop- ment and varying outcomes of technology acceptance. The impact of ChatGPT on tour- ism is yet to be explored. Therefore, this study discussed how ChatGPT may influence tourism development and management in different cultural contexts. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing specifically on individualism and collectiv- ism from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, this study compared the differences in the perception of ChatGPT between Oriental and Western cultures. Findings – Individualism and collectivism explain the diversity of perception on ChatGPT between Oriental and Western cultures. Research implications/limitations – Implications and suggestions are provided to aca- demia and industry accordingly. Particularly, the difference between technological con- cepts and tools is highlighted to avoid having excessive expectations toward tools. Originality/value/contribution – This study extends the research on tourism and Artifi- cial Intelligence and advocates additional attention to the imperative of cross-cultural differences regarding ChatGPT and tourism. Keywords: ChatGPT, large language models, tourism, cross-cultural analysis. JEL Classification: L83, L86, M14, O33, Z32.
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Ooi, Shu Geok, und Ei Yet Chu. „CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND CULTURE IN MALAYSIA: A STUDY FROM ETHNICITY AND RELIGION PERSPECTIVES“. International Journal of Industrial Management 8 (01.12.2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijim.8.0.2020.5763.
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Conceptualization from New Institutional Economics of Williamson (2000), the study looked at the issue of formal and informal institutional factors on financial decision making. This study first investigated the informal embedded culture such as “ethnicity and religion” that could influence the decision in a firm's capital structure. Secondly, the influence of culture informal institutions such as “Shariah and Non-Shariah compliant firms on capital structure decisions was investigated. Previous observations showed Chinese have high individualism and low uncertainty avoidance. Whereas, the Malay has low individualism and high uncertainty. These dimensions affect firm’s decision behaviour towards capital structure decision. This study aimed to confirm whether culture could explain trade-off and pecking order theory of capital structure decision. The study adopted a New Institutional Economics framework to understand how cultural divergence rationality interferes on caporal structure decision, where traditional finance only emphasises on economic responsibility that strives resources maximization. The study applied a longitudinal approach, where 187 sample firms of data covering a sample period from 2015 to 2019. The firms consisted of Bursa 90 best corporate governance firms awarded by Minority Shareholders Watch Group (MSWG) in 2017 and 2018; also randomly selected 97 PLCs of non-winner firms where both panels data balance in term of Board independence and Number of Shariah Compliance PLCs. A secondary data collection approach was adopted to obtain the CEO’s ethnicity and religion. Data from the extract of an annual report and Shariah-compliant list were adopted. This study made significant contributions to explain the relationships of informal (culture as ethnicity and religion) on capital structure; formal institution (policies as firm’s shariah compliance) on capital structure decision.
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Egbert, Henrik, und Teodor Sedlarski. „Foundations of contemporary economics: Mancur Olson and collective action“. Economic Thought journal 66, Nr. 4 (30.08.2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56497/etj2166405.
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Mancur Olson (1932-1998) became famous with one great idea: the failure of collective action. Since interest groups provide their members with public (collective) goods with corresponding externalities, he assumed that free riding as a rational individual strategy would be a ubiquitous problem hampering the realization of efficient collective action in the provision of such goods. This remarkable idea – the application of methodological individualism and the assumption of rational individual behavior in the analysis of interest groups, provided a fertile ground for theory building in all social sciences, most notably in political science. In the field of economics, Olson’s ideas contributed to the establishment of the Public Choice Theory and became a prerequisite for fundamental research in experimental economics – on public goods, voluntary contribution mechanisms and games such as the prisoner dilemma. The present paper briefly discusses his two best-known books.
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AGUIAR, FERNANDO, und ANDRÉS DE FRANCISCO. „RATIONALITY AND IDENTITY: A CRITIQUE OF ALESSANDRO PIZZORNO“. European Journal of Sociology 43, Nr. 1 (April 2002): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975602001042.
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In a series of articles, A. Pizzorno has critically reviewed rational choice theory and developed an alternative to it. In certain academic environments, his work has become a clear referent of the sociological reaction against that paradigm. In this paper, we review and offer a critique of Pizzorno's contribution. Firstly, we reconstruct what we think to be the theoretical core of his position, as based on three main concepts: multiple identity, individuals as ‘strings of selves’ and ‘circles of recognition’ as mechanisms reducing identitary uncertainty. Secondly, we criticise this core as lacking philosophical rigour and as being underdeveloped. Thirdly, we analyse Pizzorno's theory as an alternative to the rational choice paradigm. Here we argue that social scientists – and Pizzorno is no exception – often make a double mistake when they oppose methodological individualism and rational choice models.
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Hamdan, Rahimah. „The Development of Munshi Abdullah’s Framework of Modernity in Malay Literature: A Critical Observation“. Malay Literature 36, Nr. 2 (31.10.2023): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/ml36(2)no3.
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The West introduced modernity in literature to relevantize their contribution to scholarship in the Malay Archipelago. This led to the acknowledgement of Munshi Abdullah as a key reformer. Despite various scholarly discussions concerning the modernity of Munshi Abdullah’s writing, there has been no systematic idea in relation to the framework of the modernity of his writings. Thus, this study aims to organise scholars’ views on Munshi Abdullah’s modernity in Malay literature from the colonial era to now and create a framework for it. This study employs a qualitative method in the form of grounded theory. It is a method of deriving theories directly from gathered data that is systematically analysed using comparative analysis. The findings outline the framework of modernity in literature by Munshi Abdullah based on two concepts; realism and individualism. Realism emphasises logical thinking and the rejection of superstitions, while individualism highlights on individual viewpoints and the rejection of institutional authority. Through the construction of this framework, studies concerning modernity in traditional and modern literary works can be carried out systematically. Lastly, this study may broaden the audience’s understanding of the modernity of Munshi Abdullah’s writings, which, up until now, has not been supported by a clear framework.
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Schmitt, Sarah Maria, und Thomas Hartmann. „Clumsy City by Design—A Theory for Jane Jacobs’ Imperfect Cities?“ Urban Planning 1, Nr. 4 (07.12.2016): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v1i4.732.
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How do different concepts of justice correspond with the principles of diversity in cities introduced by Jane Jacobs? This contribution connects Jane Jacobs’ ideas on the diverse city with Mary Douglas’ Cultural Theory and its concept of clumsy solutions. According to Douglas’ Cultural Theory, every social situation can be described in terms of the four ideal-typical “rationalities”: individualism, egalitarianism, hierarchism, and fatalism. These four rationalities are again linked to different concepts of justice: libertarian, utilitarian, or social justice. Douglas’ Cultural Theory assumes that in every social situation all four of those rationalities emerge in some way and concludes that if a situation is not poly-rational, it is less robust. This opts for imperfect and “clumsy solutions”. It is argued that clumsy solutions, the four rationalities and related concepts fit Jane Jacobs’ claim for more diversity in urban design. This essentially calls for imperfect cities by design, ‘built’ by Jacobs’ generators for diversity. Although this outcome might not be revolutionary in the current debates about urban design, the concept of clumsy solutions provide a foundation for Jane Jacobs’ atheoretical claim for a diverse city. This contributes to new reflections on the urban planning paradigms of Jane Jacobs.
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Senarathne, Chamil W. „The Optimal Capital Structure under the Conditions of Employment: An Application of Theory X and Theory Y“. Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 23, Nr. 1 (01.05.2020): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2020-0004.
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AbstractThe traditional theories governing the capital structure decisions completely ignore the human side of the enterprise (e.g. attitude to work). The objective of this paper is to identify the optimal mix of Theory X and Theory Y type employees to be employed by an organization in order to maintain (i.e. unaffected by the type of employees at work) the optimal level of capital structure. The classification of an employee into Theory X and Theory of Y is made based on the organizational contribution conditional on motivation rather than merely considering the attitude to work. Internal motivation of an employee (i.e. inherently likes or dislikes) alone cannot be identified as the criterion of recognizing employees under Theory X and Theory of Y. Level of attainment of needs within the organization, psychological state of mind and cultural dimension (i.e. individualism-collectivism) of the individual attached to the organization are the main behavioural criteria that distinguish between Theory X-type and Theory Y-type employees. This paper shows that the optimal capital structure is unaffected by the employment mix at the optimal level of Theory X and Theory Y type employees employed by an organization. The firms’ managers must therefore consider the behavioral aspects of employees (e.g. attitude to risk) when making organizational decisions such as financial decisions. For example, mismatches in the capital structure can be explained by a careful analysis of behavioral aspects of employees. By making necessary adjustments to the current employment mix, the firm could eliminate the mismatches in the firm’s capital structure.
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Poole, Randall A. „Pavel Novgorodtsev and the Concept of Legal Consciousness in Russian Philosophy of Law“. History of Philosophy Yearbook 27 (28.12.2022): 84–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0134-8655-2022-37-84-123.
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This article explores the main contributions of Pavel Novgorodtsev (1866–1924) to Russian philosophy of law, focusing on his central idea that the rule of law depends on a neo-idealist conception of legal consciousness based on natural law and fundamentally on human dignity, or respect for the intrinsic and absolute worth of the human person. The article examines Novgorodtsev’s critique of the historical school of jurisprudence, which was the subject of his first book, as well as his understanding of natural law as a moral ideal, of personhood as the highest moral purpose of and justification for law, and of law as the basic condition of society and therefore of human perfectibility or progress. It shows that his concept of “individualism” had both a methodological meaning and a more broadly philosophical meaning coinciding with the meaning of personalism (the defense of the absolute worth of personhood). Novgorodtsev based his own personalist metaphysics on an idealist theory of human nature. He held that the “absolute ideal,” one of his main philosophical concepts, entailed the metaphysical reality of the Absolute. The second half of the article details the ways Novgorodtsev applied his theory of natural law and his conception of legal consciousness to the modern state, especially in his 1909 book, The Crisis of Modern Legal Consciousness, which presents a rich intellectual history of the concept of the Rechtstaat or правовое государство. The article concludes that Novgorodtsev’s neo-idealist conception of legal consciousness deeply shaped the thought of other philosophers associated with the Moscow school of Russian legal philosophy.
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S FAQİH, Khaled M. „THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED USEFULNESS, SOCIAL INFLUENCE, INTERNET SELF-EFFICACY AND COMPATIBILITY ON USERS’ INTENTIONS TO ADOPT E-LEARNING: INVESTIGATING THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF CULTURE“. IJAEDU- International E-Journal of Advances in Education 5, Nr. 15 (30.12.2019): 300–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.18768/ijaedu.593878.
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The current study has been inspired by two significant issues: (1) The proliferation of e-technologies such as e-learning have dramatically motivated global research intended to advance our knowledge of the dynamics of these technologies in varying environmental contexts and settings, and (2) the importance of cultural values at individual-level analysis in technology adoption merits greater level of attention and interests from researchers and practitioners, particularly in relation to developing country contexts. This study intends to investigate the significance of highly influential adoption factors acknowledged as relevant in prior literature in predicting user’s behavioral intention to adopt new technologies. These potentially important factors were drawn from highly popular technology adoption and social theories including perceived usefulness (Technology Acceptance Model), social influence (Theory of Planned Behavior), Internet self-efficacy (Social Cognitive Theory) and perceived compatibility (Innovation Diffusion Theory). Further, the present study examines the moderating impact of both individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance cultural dimensions at individual-level on the hypothesized relationships linking these highly influential adoption factors with behavioral intention to adopt e-learning environment in order to facilitate and enhance learning processes and in an effort to achieve value maximization and waste minimization requirements in the context of e-learning technology. The empirical data which consists of 262 valid datasets was collected from undergraduate university students in Jordan via self-administered paper-based questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed from previously accepted and validated a set of measurements items. The empirical data was numerically assessed and analyzed with the help of WarpPLS 5.0. The findings of this study demonstrate that perceived usefulness, social influence, Internet self-efficacy and perceived compatibility are important predictors of individuals’ behavioral intention to adopt e-learning technology. Further, the current findings provide adequate empirical evidence to support all hypotheses involving moderating effects with one exception whereby both individualism-collectivism and uncertainty avoidance cultural values have little statistical significance on the relationship linking perceived usefulness with behavioral intention to adopt e-learning technologies. Interestingly, the proposed model explains a substantial amount of variance (63%) which signifies that the model fits the data well. Research findings are discussed and contribution to theory and practice are presented. Keywords adoption, e-learning, culture, WarpPLS, Jordan
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Mariani, Marcello, und Marina Predvoditeleva. „How do online reviewers’ cultural traits and perceived experience influence hotel online ratings?“ International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, Nr. 12 (09.12.2019): 4543–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2018-0927.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role and influence of online reviewers’ cultural traits and perceived experience on online review ratings of Russian hotels by taking a direct measurement approach. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt an explanatory sequential research design consisting of two stages. In the first stage, based on a sample of almost 75,000 Booking.com online reviews covering hotels located in Moscow (Russia), this study examines quantitatively to what extent the cultural traits of online reviewers and hotel guests’ perceived experience in online reviewing affect online ratings also using censored regressions. In the second stage, it interprets the results in light of semi-structured interviews conducted with a convenience sample of managers. Findings Each of the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (namely, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and power distance) exerts a significantly negative influence on the hotel online ratings. More specifically, the higher the levels of individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and power distance, the lower the hotel’s online ratings. Reviewers’ perceived experience in online reviewing is negatively related to online ratings. Research limitations/implications The study’s findings bear relevant practical implications for hotel managers and online platform managers in countries that are not typically covered by online consumer behavior studies in hospitality such as Russia. From a theoretical viewpoint, this study contributes to cultural studies in hospitality management and marketing with a further development of the nascent research stream taking a direct measurement approach to the study of cultural influences on consumers’ behaviors. Furthermore, this study offers a better and in-depth understanding of the role of cultural traits on electronic word of mouth, as well as international market segmentation theory in online settings. Originality/value The conjoint exploration of the effects of cultural differences and perceived experience in online reviewing adds to the nascent research stream taking a direct measurement approach to the study of the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on online consumers’ behaviors. The authors make multiple theoretical and methodological contributions, highlighting that online hospitality customers cannot be considered as one homogeneous mass. Instead, the application of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions allows identifying distinctively different online behaviors across international online customers: different online customer groups can be clustered into segments, as they display different online behaviors and give different online evaluations.
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Dahlberg, Elsa. „Cultural Differences in Attitudes towards Therapy and Help-Seeking Behavior in Sweden“. International Journal of Psychology 9, Nr. 2 (31.05.2024): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijp.2621.
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Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the cultural differences in attitudes towards therapy and help-seeking behavior in Sweden. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In Sweden, cultural differences impact attitudes towards therapy and help-seeking behavior. While therapy acceptance is rising among Swedes, those from collectivist cultures often view it negatively due to mental health stigma. Conversely, individuals from individualistic cultures are more open to therapy. This highlights the necessity for culturally sensitive mental health services and targeted interventions to address barriers to help-seeking behavior. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Individualism-collectivism theory, cognitive-behavioral theory & social identity theory may be used to anchor future studies on the cultural differences in attitudes towards therapy and help-seeking behavior in Sweden. Mental health professionals should develop and implement culturally tailored interventions that address the unique attitudes towards therapy and help-seeking behavior prevalent in Sweden. Policymakers should prioritize initiatives that increase diversity and cultural competence within the mental health workforce in Sweden.
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Myurberg, Irina. „Constructivist approach and relevant alternatives within the modern theory of ideology: problems and solutions“. Философская мысль, Nr. 11 (November 2021): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8728.2021.11.36968.
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The subject of this research is the history of the development of the concept of “ideology” in the European sociopolitical theory. Emphasis is placed on constructivism as the general concept that incorporates a range of methodological approaches towards tracing the evolution of the phenomenon of ideology in the XX –XXI centuries. The study of the latest methodologies is part of the project of returning the concept of ideology to the modern sociopolitical discourse, which complies with the current standards of political knowledge. The used methodological approaches employ cultural-historical, comparative, critical-analytical and narrative methods. Special attention is given to narrative approach as an object of study and method used in the course of research. The conclusion is made on the dependence of certain aspects of the concept of ideology depend on the cultural-historical circumstances of its origin (i.e. the specificity of the Western European civilizational context). Substantiation is given to the special role of the principle of individualism as a fundamental characteristic, which distinguishes between the Western European ideology and its Russian alternative. The author determines the theoretical source that has the capacity for the development of relevant (corresponding to the theoretical inquiry of the XXI century) Russian project of ideology. The aforementioned statements define the scientific contribution and novelty of this work.
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Ohia, Ben-Fred, und Nkpolu Oroworukwo. „Individualism and Nonattainment of Social Change in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God“. European Journal of Linguistics 2, Nr. 2 (12.08.2023): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ejl.1390.
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Purpose: In a society where many believe that only the mailed fist can maintain discipline, a refreshingly different point of view is reached by the comparison of two of Chinua Achebe’s novels: Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God. The purpose of this paper is to explore the viewpoint presented in these novels by comparing their two heroes – Okonkwo and Ezeulu. They are compared first as revolutionary characters and second as revolutionary leaders, using as a guide Calvert’s (1996) claims that individual leaders are not necessarily revolutionary leaders. Okonkwo and Ezeulu are seen to be both leaders and revolutionaries; they fail however, as revolutionary leaders for the simple but unarguable reason that they have no supporters.
Methodology: Methodological procedures are adopted which include description of the study’s sampling and method of data analysis. The study adopts a simple survey design.
Findings: The paper in its findings discovers that individualism cannot thrive in a revolution of a society rather it is collective effort that appears to be more effective in a revolutionary struggle such as fou nd in Umuofia and Umuaro respectively. The paper concludes that followership marks an authentic revolutionary leader as the non-support of Okonkwo and Ezeulu in the novels leads to their tragic end.
Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: The paper recommends communalism as a way out of African socio-political barriers and posits that individuality cannot bring the social change and total liberation in African continent.
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Petré, Peter, und Lynn Anthonissen. „Individuality in complex systems: A constructionist approach“. Cognitive Linguistics 31, Nr. 2 (25.06.2020): 185–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2019-0033.
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AbstractFor a long time, linguists more or less denied the existence of individual differences in grammatical knowledge. While recent years have seen an explosion of research on individual differences, most usage-based research has failed to address this issue and has remained reluctant to study the synergy between individual and community grammars. This paper focuses on individual differences in linguistic knowledge and processing, and examines how these differences can be integrated into a more comprehensive constructionist theory of grammar. The examination is guided by the various challenges and opportunities that may be extracted from scattered research that exists across disciplines touching on these matters, while also presenting some new data that illustrate how differentiation between individuals can improve models of long-term language change. The paper also serves as the introduction to this special issue of Cognitive Linguistics, which collects seven contributions from various linguistic disciplines focusing on key aspects of individuals’ grammars.
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Tada, Mitsuhiro. „How Society Changes: Sociological Enlightenment and a Theory of Social Evolution for Freedom“. American Sociologist 51, Nr. 4 (27.10.2020): 446–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12108-020-09464-y.
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AbstractThis article clarifies the relationship between individual freedom and social order by relying on Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory and thereby defines sociology’s contribution to social evolution as sociological enlightenment, which seeks otherwiseness in living experience and action. For this purpose, Luhmann’s theory will specifically be compared with Emile Durkheim’s and Alfred Schutz’s sociological theories. Durkheim, a “child of the Enlightenment,” considered freedom a collective ideal of moral individualism and conceived that the rational state realizes freedom by spreading the civil-religious human ideal for modern social order. In contrast, Schutz, following Henri Bergson, who criticized rationality for spatially fixing inner time, regarded freedom as a given in the individual’s underlying duration, not as a shared ideal. Yet, unlike Bergson, he continued relying on rationalism, and he thought that the sociological observer observes how something appears to people with the epoché of natural attitude, not what it objectively is. Inheriting this phenomenological subjectivism, Luhmann showed that the self-referentiality of consciousness also applies to society: A social system, which path-dependently emerges itself from a double contingency, observes the world in its own way based on its self-referentially constituted eigen-time. On account of this system closure, and contrary to Durkheim’s illuminist belief, there is no controlling entity in a highly evolved society, where freedom results from the enlarged, diversified possibilities of living experience and action (contingency). Thus, sociological enlightenment doubts self-evidence so that society brackets the taken-for-granted social order or social reality and amplifies individuals’ deviations to evolve toward freedom.
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Corlett, Angelo. „The foundations of social epistemology“. Theoria, Beograd 56, Nr. 1 (2013): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1301005c.
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There is no more prolific analytical philosopher than Alvin I. Goldman when it comes to social epistemology. During the past two decades, he has done more than any other analytical philosopher to set the tone for how social epistemology ought to be conceptualized. However, while Goldman has provided numerous contributions to our understanding of how applied epistemology can assist not only philosophy, but other fields of learning such as the sciences, law, and communication theory, there are concerns with the way he conceptualizes the foundations of social epistemology. One is that he somewhat problematically partitions off social epistemology from traditional analytic epistemology in ways that make the latter, but not the former, naturalistic and reliabilist (on his construal of naturalism and reliabilism). Another difficulty is that he seems not to recognize that social epistemology poses a rather embarrassingly potential problem for traditional epistemology, namely, it exposes traditional epistemology?s excessive individualism. That Goldman seems not to recognize this is evidenced by the fact that in his conceptualization of the foundations of epistemology he retains traditional epistemology as an area of philosophical inquiry on its own terms, without arguing that elements of the social might well have to be taken into account by traditional analyses of human knowledge. Thus, to put it in the terms of another social epistemologist, Steve Fuller, Goldman?s social epistemology is not revisionistic, though Goldman himself insists that it is normative. This leads to a third problem for Goldman?s social epistemology, namely, that it contains no justified true belief analysis of the nature of social knowledge.
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Pozo Cisternas, Eduardo. „El psicoanálisis y la actualidad de la subjetividad neoliberal en Chile. / Psychoanalysis and the current neoliberal subjectivity in Chile.“ Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, Nr. 10 (01.11.2016): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num10.293.
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En un primer momento planteo cómo una parte de la tradición política de izquierda, ha dejado de lado la rigidez de sus planteamientos históricosuniversales, para abrirse a las turbulencias de una teoría del sujeto, esto para intentar no aplastar la singularidad de aquellos que articulan un movimiento emancipatorio. En este punto, me centro en la influencia del psicoanálisis freudiano-lacaniano y de los aportes del filósofo político Ernesto Laclau. A partir de este marco, propongo analizar la particularidad de la subjetividad chilena neoliberal actual, su relación con la política, con el individualismo y con la violencia. Rescato un posible punto de inflexión de todo esto a partir del movimiento estudiantil del 2011, que abrió un pequeño agujero en la dinámica política y la posibilidad de construir ahí un nuevo proyecto que aloje una subjetividad menos narcisista. Argumento de que el psicoanálisis, si bien es una práctica clínica que trabaja con la singularidad de cada sujeto, también debe tener una posición ética en el campo social y frente al empuje del discurso capitalista neoliberal que, consolidado luego de los grandes desastres del siglo XX, lleva a la destrucción del tejido social.
At first I consider how a part of the leftist political tradition, it has put aside the rigidity of its historical-universal approaches, to open to the turbulences of a theory of the subject, this to try not to crush the singularity of those who articulate an emancipatory movement. At this point, I focus on the influence of Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis and the contributions of the political philosopher Ernesto Laclau. From this framework, I propose to analyze the particularity of the current Chilean neoliberal subjectivity, its relation with politics, with individualism and with violence. Rescue a possible turning point of all this from the student movement of 2011, which opened a small hole in the political dynamics and the possibility of building there a new project that houses a less narcissistic subjectivity. I argue that psychoanalysis, although it is a clinical practice that works with the singularity of each subject, must also have an ethical position in the social field and against the thrust of neoliberal capitalist discourse that, consolidated after the great disasters of the 20th century, leads to the destruction of the community relationship.
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Pozo Cisternas, Eduardo. „El psicoanálisis y la actualidad de la subjetividad neoliberal en Chile. / Psychoanalysis and the current neoliberal subjectivity in Chile.“ Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, Nr. 10 (01.11.2016): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num10.293.
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En un primer momento planteo cómo una parte de la tradición política de izquierda, ha dejado de lado la rigidez de sus planteamientos históricosuniversales, para abrirse a las turbulencias de una teoría del sujeto, esto para intentar no aplastar la singularidad de aquellos que articulan un movimiento emancipatorio. En este punto, me centro en la influencia del psicoanálisis freudiano-lacaniano y de los aportes del filósofo político Ernesto Laclau. A partir de este marco, propongo analizar la particularidad de la subjetividad chilena neoliberal actual, su relación con la política, con el individualismo y con la violencia. Rescato un posible punto de inflexión de todo esto a partir del movimiento estudiantil del 2011, que abrió un pequeño agujero en la dinámica política y la posibilidad de construir ahí un nuevo proyecto que aloje una subjetividad menos narcisista. Argumento de que el psicoanálisis, si bien es una práctica clínica que trabaja con la singularidad de cada sujeto, también debe tener una posición ética en el campo social y frente al empuje del discurso capitalista neoliberal que, consolidado luego de los grandes desastres del siglo XX, lleva a la destrucción del tejido social.
At first I consider how a part of the leftist political tradition, it has put aside the rigidity of its historical-universal approaches, to open to the turbulences of a theory of the subject, this to try not to crush the singularity of those who articulate an emancipatory movement. At this point, I focus on the influence of Freudian-Lacanian psychoanalysis and the contributions of the political philosopher Ernesto Laclau. From this framework, I propose to analyze the particularity of the current Chilean neoliberal subjectivity, its relation with politics, with individualism and with violence. Rescue a possible turning point of all this from the student movement of 2011, which opened a small hole in the political dynamics and the possibility of building there a new project that houses a less narcissistic subjectivity. I argue that psychoanalysis, although it is a clinical practice that works with the singularity of each subject, must also have an ethical position in the social field and against the thrust of neoliberal capitalist discourse that, consolidated after the great disasters of the 20th century, leads to the destruction of the community relationship.
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Contarello, Alberta, und Elena Vellico. „Social Psychology and Literary Texts: An Empirical Analysis of a Contemporary Indian Novel“. Empirical Studies of the Arts 21, Nr. 1 (Januar 2003): 21–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rbwy-r0l7-mvqc-9749.
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The aim of the article is to illustrate the contribution of research with literary tests to study Self1 and social relationships. We briefly overview, first, different theoretical approaches using literature in social psychology, second, the analysis of Self and identity within the framework of social representations. This perspective considers literary texts—co-creations of their time—worth of study to test and expand social psychological knowledge. In the present research the importance of the individualism—collectivism dimension to understand social “worlds,” and of dynamic forces underlying social life is tested. After considering studies on Self and culture in the Indian context, a novel by Anita Desai—a recognized authoress, renowned in India and in the West—is analyzed. Content and correspondence analyses were performed to detect dimensions underlying the portrayed characters and relationships. The resulting structures partially support but also extend social psychological knowledge on Self and relationships.
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Agbanyo, George Kwame, und Mei Shi. „The Moderating Effect of Management Polychronicity and Knowledge Sharing on Career Sustainability in the Work-from-Anywhere New Normal—From a Social Exchange Theory Perspective“. Sustainability 16, Nr. 8 (15.04.2024): 3302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083302.
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The unprecedented global meltdown resulting from the COVID-19 crisis, exacerbated by the rise of political conflicts between leading world economies, has caused the world to drift into a new paradigm with abrupt changes of traditional modi operandi across the landscape. A significant structural change, “Work-From-Anywhere (WFX)”, though well known for its flexibility and other advantages, constitutes a serious barrier to the socialization and knowledge sharing (KS) needed in organizational management and career sustainability (CS). This study aims to thoroughly investigate how strategic management structures like management “Polychronicity” (MP) can dynamically recalibrate the mediation effects of KS dispositions on the relationship between WFX and CS. Our results reveal that WFX, due to the distancing component, considerably undermines teamwork, accountability, and supervision, promoting individualism and isolation among workers. Moreover, MP moderates the effects of WFX inconsistencies on CS, and this is achieved even better through KS. This paper is a landmark contribution to the literature on WFX and CS, leading the way to the empirical investigation of the WFX–KS–CS mechanism and a quantitative evaluation of the interactive effects among major elements of the social exchange (SE) context.
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Atamanenko, Volodymyr. „MODERN POPULISM IN C. SCHMITT’S POLITICAL THEORY CONTEXT“. Politology bulletin, Nr. 92 (2024): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-881x.2024.92.42-53.
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The article examines the connection between modern populism and the political concepts of Carl Schmitt. The contribution of C. Schmitt’s politicalphilosophical heritage to the development of the general theory of authoritarianism is emphasized, which is manifested in a certain categorical apparatus and direction of the German thinker’s research. Since the 1990s, his political theory has been popular for several objective reasons: 1) the increased number of terrorist attacks around the world; 2) the categorical apparatus, which, against the backdrop of the terrorist threat and the «threat to democracy», has been used by the USA with new force to justify humanitarian interventions in other countries, as well as 3) dynamic globalization. The phenomenon of spin-dictatorship is studied. The following are the main characteristics of this type of authoritarian regime: 1) you need to be popular (among the masses); 2) having gained popularity, the dictator uses it to strengthen his power («convinces» the voters to give him extraordinary powers); 3) it is necessary to pretend to be democratic; 4) it is necessary to open up to the world; 5) brutal repression must be avoided, or at least concealed or masked when used; spin-dictators in this article are defined as leaders who pretend to be democratic rulers. It is indicated that since authoritarian countries today are mostly spindictatorships, populism is widely used by the leaders of these states and appears as their main tool for mobilizing the masses. It is noted that the actualization of C. Schmitt’s political theory in the context of populism belongs to the French post-structuralist philosopher E. Laclau, who considered populism a vivid expression of democratic thought. Thus, the antonymy of the concepts «democracy — liberalism», emphasized by C. Schmitt, is actualized. Taking into account that «the goal of populism is to vacate the place of power in order to occupy it again», there is a connection between populism and the theory of «sovereign dictatorship» of the German thinker. It is argued that a number of concepts of C. Schmitt’s political theory, namely: the «substance of equality» of the people, the democratic mechanism of «exclusion», the «friend-enemy» dichotomy, criticism of parliamentarism and liberal individualism, the identity of «the rulers» and «the ruled», in this case become thorough system of initial data, with the help of which it is possible to understand the ontological basis of the populism phenomenon.
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Ajabi, Todabi. „Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Family Structure in Nigeria“. International Journal of Sociology 7, Nr. 1 (07.03.2023): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijs.1824.
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Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impacts of industrial revolution on the family structure in Nigeria
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Findings: The results show that there has been a change of family structure since the pre industrialization era and the post industrialization era. The historical process of industrialization changed the ways in which families were structured and interacted. Family bonding are decreasing and divorce rate is increasing rapidly. These shift not only affected the roles of spouses and parents but also those of children. Industrialization changed gender roles and Enlightenment philosophies that inspired new ideals of equality, personal freedom, and individualism.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The modernization theory, Talcott Parsons’ theory and the classic sociological theory may be used to anchor future studies in the sociology sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of both public and private industries in the country will also use the study findings to improve families and ensure high and stable performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective social protection development policies in the family structure will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.
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Trofimova, Irina Nikolaevna. „Russian Education underway towards the market: conceptual grounds and administrative objectives“. Социодинамика, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7144.2021.12.36679.
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The scientific and technological progress substantiates significant economic and social changes, and imposes specific requirements on the sphere of education, first and foremost, with regards to preparation of modern specialists. Actualization of such requirements is mediated by the state educational policy and corresponding administrative decisions and measures. The article examines the problems of Russian higher education in the context of proliferation of the ideas and practices of new public management (NPM). The theoretical framework of this research is comprised of the theory of human capital in its historical context and critical perspective. Special attention is given to the problem of adaptation of the sphere of education to the market economy and its values – competition, individualism, and social inequality. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the theory of human capital is used for criticizing the methods and results of NPM in educational sphere. It is revealed that the effectiveness of education and its contribution to the economy remains low. The currently implemented model of public administration model in accordance with the concept of NPM has an ambiguous effect. On the one hand, the pursuit of making education open, modern, and economically justified; while on the other hand, the impact of noneconomic factors is neglected. The conclusion is made on the importance of the quality of administrative impact aimed at not only the output of education, but primarily, the development of human capital.
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Williams, Jannine, und Nicola Patterson. „New directions for entrepreneurship through a gender and disability lens“. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, Nr. 8 (11.11.2019): 1706–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-12-2017-0499.
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PurposeThere is a dearth of studies exploring the intersection of gender and disability within entrepreneurship research. This is despite women’s entrepreneurship research encouraging an expansion of the research questions asked and approaches taken. As a contribution to this debate, the purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of gender and disability as social categorizations which can shape entrepreneurial opportunities and experiences for disabled women entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper offers an intersectional conceptual lens for the study of disabled women entrepreneurs to explore a concern for a particular social group – women – at a neglected point of intersection – disability – within the social setting of entrepreneurship. Guided by the research question (how can gender and feminist disability theory contribute to the development of an intersectional theoretical lens for future entrepreneurship research?), the potential for new theoretical insights to emerge in the entrepreneurship field is identified.FindingsThrough a gender and disability intersectional lens for entrepreneurship research, four theoretical synergies between gender and disability research are identified: the economic rationale; flexibility, individualism and meritocracy; and social and human capital. In addition to the theoretical synergies, the paper highlights three theoretical variances: the anomalous body and bodily variation; sexuality, beauty and appearance; and multiple experiences of care as potentially generative areas for women’s entrepreneurship research. The paper identifies new directions for future gender, disability and entrepreneurship research by outlining research questions for each synergy and variance which draw attention to disabled women entrepreneurs’ experiences of choice and control within and across different spaces and processes of entrepreneuring.Originality/valueThe conceptual intersectional lens offered to study disabled women’s entrepreneurship highlights new directions for exploring experiences of entrepreneuring at the intersection of disability and gender. The paper brings disability into view as a social category that should be of concern to feminist entrepreneurship researchers by surfacing different dimensions of experience to those currently explored. Through the new directions outlined, future research can further disrupt the prevailing discourse of individualism and meritocracy that perpetuates success as an individual’s responsibility, and instead offer the potential for richer understandings of entrepreneuring which has a gender and disability consciousness.
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Wiyono, Joko. „The “great man” Theory dalam Perspektif Islam: Kontribusi Kepemimpinan Islam untuk Memberdayakan Collective Leadership di Pondok Pesantren Riyadlul Jannah Mojokerto“. JEBDEER: Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business Development and Economic Educations Research 2, Nr. 2 (07.12.2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32616/jbr.v2i2.236.
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Islam provides a reality-based understanding of leadership in organizations (Jamaah) and society (muamalah). The purpose of this research is to analyze the contribution of Islamic leadership to empower collective leadership through leader-driven enterprises in Riyadlul Jannah Mojokerto Islamic Boarding School. This research uses a qualitative analytic descriptive approach. Data collection was done by using documentation study technique. Data analysis using qualitative analysis approaches and techniques. The results of the research can be concluded as follows: 1) In the history of Islam, the term "Imam" refers to anyone who moves in front of and is followed, whether in prayer, jihad, Hajj or in any form of political and social participation, and has the right to do so or not. . Imam is equivalent to ruler, followed by, leader, and head of "Wilayah" and "Wali" (governor general) taken from the same root word, meaning ruler, amir, and governor. "Emirate" (possession of command) also means the rulers, rules and governments that have changed life and the way of living it in the future, namely the spiritual value of faith. 2) The Islamic leadership model cannot be separated from the participatory/consultative (autocratic-shura) style if you want to follow the spirit and essence of Islam. The concepts of Ijtihad and Shura (musyawarah, dialog) are expressions of a dialogical consultative model such as (Qs. Asy Syuura [42]: 38) which emphasizes the importance of this approach to engaging with differences with a deliberative framework by demanding that believers obey their leaders. (Surah An Nisaa '[4]: 59) with a prophetic-caliphal model of leadership. this style includes personalism, individualism, lack of institutions, and the importance of "great man"
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Orán Llarena, Fabián. „Waitin' on the Ghost of Tom Joad: The Neoliberal Reconstruction of the Great Depression Years in Cinderella Man“. Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 58 (16.12.2018): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20186306.
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This paper intends to examine the political rationality of neoliberalism through the Depression Era film Cinderella Man (Ron Howard, 2005). While neoliberalism has been widely mapped out, critiqued, and debated in a host of academic disciplines, the myriad forms American film has articulated, represented, and integrated neoliberal narratives remains a largely understudied issue within the field of cultural studies. The present contribution addresses, through a close filmic analysis, the set of discursive strategies by which neoliberalism reenacts and renarrativizes previous ideological, political, and cultural heritages. I argue that Cinderella Man ‘neoliberalizes’ the Great Depression, highlighting individualism and resilience while totemic questions such as class identity, the legitimacy of deregulated capitalism, and the specific causes and origins of the Depression are rendered either invisible or peripheral. Taking the notion of Gramscian hegemony as the overarching theoretical principle, I draw on a variety of theorists that have inquired into the underpinnings and logics of neoliberal thinking —namely Wendy Brown (2016), Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval (2014), and David Harvey (1990). Thus, the aim of this article is to analyze Cinderella Man as a neoliberal filmic text which significantly departs from the normative ideological, political, and cultural imaginaries historically associated with the Great Depression.
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Ng, Desmond. „Balancing Agency with Structure: Institutional Entrepreneurship as an Embedded Discovery Process“. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies 7, Nr. 2 (27.04.2021): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23939575211010611.
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While mainstream research has treated entrepreneurship as a highly individualised and agentic process, institutional researchers contend that entrepreneurship operates within a greater embedded setting. Various researchers have appealed to Giddens’ dual structure to explain an entrepreneur’s embedded-agency. According to Giddens’ dual structure, this embedded-agency consists of the rules or norms of a social group in which these rules constrain and enable an entrepreneur’s resources. Yet, despite Giddens’ contributions, Giddens is criticised for conflating the rules of this embedded setting with an entrepreneur’s resources in which neither affects the other in any significant way. By drawing on concepts of the Austrian entrepreneur and embeddedness, a theory of institutional entrepreneurship is developed to address this conflation problem. This institutional entrepreneurship offers an embedded-agency to explain how an entrepreneur can create, maintain and disrupt their embedded social settings. This embedded-agency addresses Giddens’ conflation problem and broadens the agent-centric focus of institutional entrepreneurship research.
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Indiya, Gulali Donald, Johnmark Obura und J. K. Mise. „Effect of Organization Culture on organization performance on Public Universities in Kenya“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, Nr. 19 (31.07.2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n19p15.
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Organizational culture is the adhesive holding companies together in a country and is characterized by stability processes, collectivity and predictability, and is a source of recreation, of new opportunities as well as of conflicts and of dynamics. Recent studies on organization culture have anchored organization culture on individualism, uncertainty avoidance power distance, masculinity and long term orientation, employee longevity, adhocracy culture and clan culture. This contradictions reveal that it remains unknown of organization culture based on individual values, assumptions, values and artifacts influence organization performance. This study seeked to establish the effects of organization culture on organization performance in public universities in Kenya. Guided by Contingency Theory of organization structure, a correlation research design and a population of 215 management personal were used from 11 public universities in Kenya certified by Kenya Bureau of Standards. The study adopted a census survey with response at 94.4 %. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Using Pearson Product Moment Correlation the study indicates that there was a strong positive significant correlation between organizational culture and organizational performance (r=.804, p<.05). Regression analyses revealed that organizational values had the strongest unique contribution to the organizational performance (β=.394, p=.000), followed by organizational artifacts (β=.347, p=.000) and finally individual believes (β=.155, p=.001). The overall form of organizational culture had a unique significant contribution on organizational performance (β=.804, p=.000), and accounted for 64.6% variance in organizational performance. The study recommends that universities should work on ensuring that there are positive believes that can enhance organizational performance through improving and maintaining quality management systems basing on the existing culture.
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Cornish, Flora, Catherine Campbell und Cristián Montenegro. „Activism in changing times: Reinvigorating community psychology: Introduction to the Special Thematic Section“. Journal of Social and Political Psychology 6, Nr. 2 (21.12.2018): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i2.1111.
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The field of community psychology has for decades concerned itself with the theory and practice of bottom-up emancipatory efforts to tackle health inequalities and other social injustices, often assuming a consensus around values of equality, tolerance and human rights. However, recent global socio-political shifts, particularly the individualisation of neoliberalism and the rise of intolerant, exclusionary politics, have shaken those assumptions, creating what many perceive to be exceptionally hostile conditions for emancipatory activism. This special thematic section brings together a diverse series of articles which address how health and social justice activists are responding to contemporary conditions, in the interest of re-invigorating community psychology’s contribution to emancipatory efforts. The current article introduces our collective conceptualisation of these ‘changing times’, the challenges they pose, and four openings offered by the collection of articles. Firstly, against the backdrop of neoliberal hegemony, these articles argue for a return to community psychology’s core principle of relationality. Secondly, articles identify novel sources of disruptive community agency, in the resistant identities of nonconformist groups, and new, technologically-mediated communicative relations. Thirdly, articles prompt a critical reflection on the potentials and tensions of scholar-activist-community relationships. Fourthly, and collectively, the articles inspire a politics of hope rather than of despair. Building on the creativity of the activists and authors represented in this special section, we conclude that the environment of neoliberal individualism and intolerance, rather than rendering community psychology outdated, serves to re-invigorate its core commitment to relationality, and to a bold and combative scholar-activism.
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Sasamoto, Ryoko, Stephen Doherty und Minako O’Hagan. „The ‘hookability’ of multimodal impact captions“. Translation, Cognition & Behavior 4, Nr. 2 (03.12.2021): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00055.sas.
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Abstract The use of captions has grown in recent years in both traditional and new media, particularly in terms of the diversity of style, content, and function. Impact captions have emerged as a popular form of captions for hearing viewers and contain rich multimodal information which is employed to capture viewer attention and enhance engagement, particularly in situations where there is competition for viewer attention. Drawing upon relevance theory, we argue how impact captions could effectively attract and hold visual attention owing to their balance between processing effort and contextual effects. This exploratory study employs a dual-task paradigm and uses authentic materials and viewing situations to further examine the ability of multimodal impact captions to attract and retain overt visual attention amongst a small sample of TV viewers. Our results provide novel insight into the apparent highly individualised efficacy of impact captions, where we identify several variables of interest in participants’ viewing behaviours. We conclude with a discussion of the study’s contributions, limitations, and an outline for future work.
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B, Kavitha. „Naladiyar's Individualism Theory“. International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-13 (21.11.2022): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1337.
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Literature is a book that expresses the greatness of society. Ethics have been stated with the intention of instructing. In Naladiyar the characteristics of the individual are explained in detail. It has been advised to live in the public interest without selfishness. It has been taught to live with the ethics of the elderly. Education is necessary for a man to live in society by analyzing the principles of having patience in actions and living with maturity, the depth of friendship to live in companionship, and the virtue of living in harmony and harmony during the course of his life. The merits of education have also been mentioned. Naladiyar is a book of justice belonging to the genre of pathinenkilkanakku. It is made up of venpas with four lines. It is a collection of 400 individual songs composed by Jain sages and is known as Naladi Nanooru and Agricultural Veda. Naladiyar is unique in using the simple meaning of life as a parable and imparting justice.
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Tatar Anđelić, Jasmina. „ZARKA THE DALMATIAN AND MELITZA THE MONTENEGRIN, UNUSUAL FIGURES OF LEOPOLD VON SACHER-MASOCH’S IMAGINATION - BETWEEN MASOCHIAN HEROINES AND ROMANTIC STEREOTYPES“. Folia linguistica et litteraria XIII, Nr. 45 (September 2023): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.45.2023.18.
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Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, a German-language writer, was a great star of French literary life. The famous Revue des deux mondes devoted considerable space to him by publishing ten short stories entitled Slavic Women (Femmes slaves) in the period from 1889 to 1891. Sacher-Masoch emphasized that French was hissecond mother tongue, and some sourcesindicate that he wrote and published his texts directly in French. We propose to analyze Zarka the Dalmatian from the short story of the same name and Melitza the Montenegrin from the short story “A Day in Gatzko” (La journée de Gatzko), two female characters from the literary world of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, presenting at the same time the atypical traits and stereotypes of the panoply of Slavic women placed at the center of the Masochian imagination. . Zarka and Melitza mix submission and intimate revolt in an oppressive environment for women; they integrate into it and keep their individualism while accepting and playing their model social and family roles. Leopold von Sacher-Masoch does not deprive them of the eroticism or romantic stereotypes specific to histime, while granting them a physical and moral finesse which protectsthem from the humiliations or violent and passionate reactions of their northern Slavic sisters. Neither of the two short stories contains masochistic elements as such, but they represent an essential contribution to the knowledge of Montenegrin and Dalmatian society of the 19th century,so close to each other and so distant to the visitorsto the Parisian salons which constitute the privileged audience of Leopold von Sacher Masoch. Despite partially substantiated criticisms of its colonial exoticism, Sacher-Masoch's study of Slavic women opens interesting avenues for feminist literary criticism.
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Aghamelu, Fidelis Chuka, und Emeka Cyril Ejike. „Hegel’s contributions to modern individualism and totalitarianism“. OGIRISI: a New Journal of African Studies 13, Nr. 1 (15.09.2017): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/og.v13i1.12.
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Egan, F. „Individualism and vision theory“. Analysis 54, Nr. 4 (01.10.1994): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/analys/54.4.258.
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Smith, Philip L. „Individualism and Educational Theory“. Journal of Higher Education 62, Nr. 5 (September 1991): 595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1991.11774155.
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Smith, Philip L., und John Watt. „Individualism and Educational Theory.“ Journal of Higher Education 62, Nr. 5 (September 1991): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1982211.
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Andrianova, Elena V., Vladimir A. Davydenko und Anzhelika S. Chernenko. „“Lifeworld” in the coordinates of modern existential sociology“. Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 9, Nr. 4 (2023): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2023-9-4-22-51.
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The aim is to study the possibilities and limitations of the definition of the "life world" in the content and semantic coordinates of modern existential sociology. Relevance: in the humanities, there is a "turn" — a turn towards "new existentialism", which is associated with the processes of "ontologization" of sociological science. In view of this, the definition of the "life world" acquires a special, non-trivial status for explaining and understanding the features of the modern existence of the individual and community. Objectives: the articles reinterpret the key ideas of existential sociology from the perspective of the difference between its subject and the subjects of other existential sciences — anthropology, psychology, philosophy, ethnography. Methodology — analysis of the principles, prerequisites, approaches, ideas of the leading representatives of the existential direction. Results: the author’s program has been developed, identifying the key parameters of the existential human model in sociology based on interpretations of the meanings of social reality considered through the prism of the coordinates of the social ontology of everyday life: individualism — collectivism; rational — irrational, using the conceptual and categorical apparatus: authenticity; situation; choice; actions; experience; feelings and emotions; self; body; structure; culture; religion, freedom, space and time; social changes, manifestations of being ("existentials"), massification, leveling. Theoretical and practical significance — the development of research algorithms that reflect individual and collective actions in the paradigm of the "life world", the presentation of a set of concepts in the chosen logic of presentation, which explains how and why existential sociology can be structured at macro-, micro- and meso- levels, can be presented in the middle range theories, in non-standard formats of visual, relational and sensory sociology; stated in negative and positive terms. The main methods are based on typical techniques of critical discourse analysis and frame analysis. Scientific novelty: despite the presence of various parameters of the life world and the corresponding modes of existence of individuals and communities, both these constructs themselves and their relationships have not yet been studied at sufficiently deep levels in the scientific community. The main conclusions of the article are the discovery of new conceptual spaces by existential sociological theory in the study of social mechanisms of synthesis of "soft" and "hard" versions of "structural bias", which explain the formation and determination of individual and group decisions by certain structural forces. The authors’ scientific contributions are in the fact that new possibilities of the definition of the "life world" are indicated to be presented in the coordinate framework of various sociological theories, including modern existential sociology.
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Zheng, Xinzhu, Kaidi Guo, Huilin Luo, Xunzhang Pan, Edgar Hertwich, Lei Jin und Can Wang. „Individualism and nationally determined contributions to climate change“. Science of The Total Environment 777 (Juli 2021): 146076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146076.
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