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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Contractual public order“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Contractual public order"
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Vincent-Jones, Peter. „The limits of contractual order in public sector transacting“. Legal Studies 14, Nr. 3 (November 1994): 364–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00509.x.
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Contract is playing an increasingly important part in the restructuring of the public sector in Britain in the 1990s. The direct providing role of the state is being reduced through the ‘contracting out’ of ancillary and core services in the NHS, central and local government, whilst the policy aim of increasing the efficiency of public sector management involves contract in the operation of internal markets, the creation of specialist agencies with clearly defined functions and responsibilities, the devolution of financial responsibility to budget-holding business units operating in internal trading relationships, and the exposure of internal workforces to private sector competition through compulsory competitive tendering (CCT). However, the widespread adoption of a common ‘language of contract’ to describe processes occurring in these different contexts disguises a variety of meanings and functions.
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Martiniello, Laura, Donato Morea, Francesco Paolone und Riccardo Tiscini. „Energy Performance Contracting and Public-Private Partnership: How to Share Risks and Balance Benefits“. Energies 13, Nr. 14 (14.07.2020): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143625.
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Public private partnerships (PPPs) are a well-known instrument used worldwide by public administration (PA) to build public infrastructure using private knowhow and financial resources, and sharing risks. In recent years, PPPs have been widely adopted to develop energy efficiency projects between public and private sectors. In this context, a successful project requires a contractual arrangement based on energy performance contracting (EPC) that balances the interests of the two parties. This paper aims to answer two questions: how to share the benefits between the contractual parties and reach an optimal long-term contractual agreement; and which type of contract ensures a consistent risk transfer to the private partner, allowing the PA an “off balance” accounting treatment. The research questions are answered through the development of a mathematical equation able to calculate the optimal percentage of benefits sharing between partners in a long-term contractual agreement. The results are tested with a simulation based on a case study about the energy efficiency project of an Italian hospital. The paper is innovative because it provides suggestions to improve the EPC-PPP contractual structure and realize a balanced agreement between the public and private partners. Moreover, it analyzes the different allocation of risks in EPC contracts to identify the implication for the PA in terms of on-off balance accounting treatment in energy efficiency investment. We show how a successful long-term EPC-PPP can benefit from a mixed contractual structure in which profit-sharing percentage changes during the contract’s life to ensure the same net present value (NPV) to both public and private partners. This paper supports public decision making in order to choose contracts that are able to transfer energy and management risks. Moreover, it helps to understand the balance between public and private interests in a long-term EPC-PPP contract.
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Савельева, Мария Владимировна. „Invalidity of Transaction Disturbing Public Order and Morals: Problematic Issues of Legal Regulation“. ЖУРНАЛ ПРАВОВЫХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ, Nr. 4 (15.12.2019): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/gief.2019.16.30.020.
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В настоящее время особого внимания требуют ценностные оценки измерений и обобщений социальных перемен. Взаимосвязь права и морали нагляднее всего представляется в проблемных ситуациях, при этом споры в гражданско-правовой области о нарушении моральных и правовых требований могут относиться не только к деликтным обязательствам, но образовываться из договорных обязательств. Практическая реализация правовых и моральных требований в современном обществе является предметом исследования в настоящей статье. Автором исследуется природа понятия «нравственности» в современных зарубежных правопорядках и России. Анализируется правоприменительная практика при установлении границ морали и нравственности при договорных обязательствах. Конкретизируется значимость данной нормы для гражданско-правового регулирования права при установлении ограничений свободы договора и морали. In the modern context particular attention should be given to the value assessment of measurement and generalization of social changes. The relationship between rights and morality most vividly appears in challenging situations, wherein disputes in civil cases with regard to the breach of morality and rights related requirements might not only deal with delictum obligations but also can stem from contractual obligations. The article focuses on practical realization of legal and moral requirements in the modern society. The author examines the nature of «morality» in modern international and Russian rules of law. Particular attention is given to the analysis of law enforcement practice in the course of determining morality and ethics related boundaries in contractual obligations. The author elaborates on the essence of this legal norm for civil legal regulation of the right while placing limitation on the freedom of contract.
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Handayani, Mira, Yuslim Yuslim und Ulfanora Ulfanora. „Legal Standing of Work Order (SPK) by the Existence of Agreement on the Procurement of Public Goods in the Education Office of Padang City“. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, Nr. 5 (19.10.2019): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i5.1090.
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Legal relation between user and provider, that occurs during the process of signing the agreement on the procurement of goods and services until the process of terminating the agreement, is called civil law relation which is specified as contractual relation. In the process of user and service user agreement, the government is represented by Budget User or Proxy or Commitment Officer (CO) or Procurement Official as an individual. Regarding this matter, the research problem is on how the legal standing of work order by the existence the public procurement agreement and on how the contractual relation between the Commitment Officer (CO) and the procurement of goods and services for the procurement of public goods at the Education Office of Padang City. This research employs empirical juridical approach. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the legal standing of work order, in addition to part of the contract, is also the decision of state administration in carrying out public authority in the form of procurement of goods and services which is violated through the state finance. In the meantime, the contractual relation of the parties is basically the same as the contract or agreement in general; the contract is binding on the parties such as laws in a lawful relationship and obligations.
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Ahlin, Janez. „Application of the Rules of the Code of Obligations for Concession Contract Relations: Concession Contract on the Boundary between the Public and Private Interests“. Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, Nr. 2 (02.09.2009): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/52.
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The special legal nature of the concession contract (as one of the legal transactions) which represents a legal framework where the public and private interests meet (two parties cooperate for mutual benefit) is characterised by intertwining of general rules of obligation law and special legal institutes that originate from the sphere of public law. The legal nature of the contractual relationships that arise between administrative and private entities requires special regulation of individual institutes that should reflect the public interest as an important guiding principle for concluding these contracts, and a special legal position of a public law entity as a holder of this public interest. Despite adoption of the new Public-Private Partnership Act in the legislative regulation of the concession contract that still remains variously regulated in previously adopted special provisions of sectoral laws, there are still some deficiencies and dilemmas that are more or less effectively dealt with in the contractual practice. For the legal positions that are classically civil at first sight, the legislator or court practice have laid down special modified rules of civil law in most developed countries. In the course of time, these rules became part of public law / administrative law. Thus, the French legal order has best developed the rules of the public contractual law and the legal institute of the administrative contract that the Slovenian administrative theoreticians try more and more to introduce also into our legal order.
KEY WORDS: • concession contract • concession partnership • public-private partnership • public interest • party equality principle • law of obligations
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Peng, Xiaoqi, Wenhua Hou und Lin Wang. „The influence of contractual and relational governance on the sustainable performance of public-private partnership projects: Findings from PLS-SEM“. Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, Nr. 3 (08.02.2023): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.3.1.314.
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As a widely adopted model of infrastructure and public service provision, the goal of PPP projects is gradually shifting from traditional economic orientation to sustainable development orientation. During this process, contractual governance and relational governance are regarded as effective ways to improve the sustainable performance of PPP projects. This paper extends contractual governance (control, coordination, adaptation) and relational governance (trust, communication, reciprocity, and industry practices) to second-order constructs. On this basis, partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) is adopted to analyze the questionnaire data of 114 PPP project practitioners, aiming to study the influence of contractual and relational governance on the sustainable performance of PPP projects. The results of PLS-SEM verify the support effect of contractual and relational governance on sustainable performance, and the effect of relational governance is more significant. This paper enriches the governance mechanism of PPP projects from the perspective of sustainable development. At the same time, the research results can also help PPP project managers rationally use the governance mechanism of both contract and relationship to promote the project to achieve its sustainable performance.
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Janssen-Jansen, Leonie B., und Menno van der Veen. „Contracting communities: Conceptualizing Community Benefits Agreements to improve citizen involvement in urban development projects“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, Nr. 1 (28.09.2016): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16664730.
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Contractual agreements are becoming increasingly important for city governments seeking to manage urban development. Contractual governance involves direct relations between the local state and different public and private actors and citizens. Although abundant literature exists on public–private partnerships related to urban development projects, agreements made between citizens, interest organizations and market parties, such as Community Benefits Agreements remain under-explored and under-theorized. While it may seem that the state is absent from contemporary forms of contractual governance, such agreements remain highly intertwined with government policies. The central aim of this paper is to better conceptualize Community Benefits Agreement practices in order to build understanding of how contractual governance caters for direct end-user involvement in urban development, and to yield insights into its potential as to render development processes more inclusive. Based on academic literature in planning and law, expert interviews and several case studies in New York City, this paper conceptualizes end-user involvement in urban development projects and innovates within urban planning and governance theory through the use of two new concepts—project collectivity and the image of a fourth chair.
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Chalyі, Yu I. „Regimes of dispositivity in the legal regulation of contractual relations“. Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 101, Nr. 2 (Part 2) (10.07.2023): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2023.2.38.
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It has been concluded that there is a need for further differentiation of the dispositivity regimes in the regulation of contractual relations. The contractual relationship "entrepreneur - entrepreneur" requires the highest possible degree of discretionary provisions of the legislation governing these relations, but the freedom of contract in such relations may be limited based on the need to maintain public order, public morality, restrain monopoly, protect third parties from negative externalities arising from certain types of economic activity.
In the legal regulation of contractual relations between entrepreneurs and consumers, discretion should be applied to a relatively minimal extent. In this regard, the legislator imperatively determines the terms of contracts on which the parties must reach an agreement; regulates sample (exemplary, typical) contracts; imposes pre-contractual obligations on entrepreneurs to fully inform consumers about the properties of products offered for sale; establishes general prohibitions on unfair contractual terms; provides consumers with certain guarantees regarding the conclusion, amendment and termination of contracts, etc.
The regime of regulation of contractual relations involving individuals who are non-entrepreneurs occupies a middle position between the two above legal regimes and provides for: establishment of a relatively smaller number of legal forms of contracts that may be concluded by citizens; determination of conditions mandatory for the conclusion of contracts in the legislation; consolidation of a general prohibition on unfair contractual terms; establishment of a wider list of contracts subject to notarisation; introduction of judicial control over compliance by the parties with the requirements of the law regarding the validity of contracts, etc. Such a differentiated approach allows establishing the most equitable regime for regulating contractual relations.
The boundaries of these legal regimes are difficult to fix in legislation in a certain stable state, and must be constantly adjusted by law enforcement practice.
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Tomić, Jovana. „In-house contracts in the European Union law“. Megatrend revija 18, Nr. 2 (2021): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2102283t.
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After successful implementation of public procurement procedure, a purchaser concludes public contract with a selected bidder. If, according to the European union law and Republic of Serbia domestic law, the purchaser and the bidder are considered as "affiliated" subjects, they are not obliged to apply public procurement rules and the contract they are concluding in that case is being called in-house. In order to avoid invoking an in-house contractual relation in such a situations where public procurement rules should be applied, it is important to recognize characteristics of such a contractual relation. This work presents criteria for determining in-house contract according to the European union law. The aim of the author is for domestic purchasers and bidders to better understand norms that have been taken from European union law to new Law on Public Procurement of the Republic of Serbia, so that their proper implementation can be expected.
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Rogulenko, T. M., A. V. Bodyako, S. V. Ponomareva und P. A. Pashkov. „Methodological support of the Estimated Efficiency of Public Procurement on a Contractual basis“. Finance: Theory and Practice 27, Nr. 5 (19.10.2023): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-5-18-29.
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The subject of the study is the problems of institutional and methodological-legal regulation of the contract system of public procurement.The relevance of the problem is due to the fact that there have been changes in the structure and composition of forms of contract activity as a result of the 2017 adoption of amendments to Law No. 44 in the dynamics of the distribution of order placement procedures.The purpose of the study is to develop a scientific methodology for calculating the effectiveness of procurement activities on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of public procurement on a contractual basis, plan-fact analysis, and the implementation of the principles of compliance control in public procurement management.The paper uses methods of statistical and comparative analysis, generalization, classification and valuation. The paper shows that the present disadvantages of institutional regulation of procurement processes have a negative effect on their effectiveness, requiring improved oversight of public procurements as well as analytical and methodological support. The authors suggested that the principles of compliance-control of public procurement management be applied on a contractual basis in order to increase the level of credibility and legality of activities conducted in procurement. The author’s vision of the content of the methods of calculating the performance of procurement activities on the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of public procurements on a contract basis is presented. For the collection of data for plan-fact analysis, their systematization for further calculation of performance indicators of public procurement on a contractual basis, a specialized form “Data Summary for Plan-Fact Analysis of Procurement” is proposed. If the procurement proposals presented in the study are implemented, they will increase the efficiency of the Russian public procurement contract system, the responsibility of participants in it, and the professional competence of officials.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Contractual public order"
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Nguewo, nono youta Ferdi. „L'ordre public contractuel en droit administratif“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://scd-proxy.univ-brest.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/isbn/9782247234509.
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L'étude de l'ordre public contractuel en droit administratif, qui était nécessaire compte tenu de l'absence de recherche doctorale sur ce thème majeur du droit des contrats, permet d'aboutir à plusieurs conclusions qui sont intéressantes à la fois pour la notion et pour le droit administratif lui-même. S'agissant d'abord de l'ordre public contractuel, son examen en droit administratif confirme que la notion ne peut être définie, mais seulement identifiée, le critère permettant d'effectuer cette identification étant l'automaticité de la sanction attachée à la règle. S'agissant ensuite du droit administratif, l'inscription de l'ordre public contractuel parmi les notions cardinales de ce droit a contribué au perfectionnement du droit et du contentieux des contrats administratifs. Le maniement de la notion permet au juge administratif de moduler le traitement des causes d'invalidité, d'orienter la théorie générale du contrat administratif, mais aussi, parfois, de se démarquer du juge judiciaire en retenant une conception singulière de l'ordre public contractuelThe study of the contractual public order in administrative law, which was necessary given the lack of doctoral research on this major theme of contract law, leads to several conclusions that are interesting both for the notion and for administrative law itself. With regard first to contractual public order, its examination in administrative law confirms that the concept cannot be defined, but only identified, the criterion allowing this identification to be made being the automaticity of the sanction attached to the rule. With regard to administrative law, the inclusion of contractual public order among the cardinal notions of this law has contributed to the improvement of the law and litigation of administrative contracts. The handling of the concept allows the administrative judge to modulate the treatment of the causes of invalidity, to direct the general theory of the administrative contract, but also, sometimes, to stand out from the judicial judge by retaining a singular conception of the contractual public order
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Landa, Arroyo César. „Constitutionalisation of Civil Law: The fundamental right to contractual freedom, its scope and limits“. THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108342.
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Constitutional Law has irradiated to the whole legal system, constitutionalizing Civil Law. However, it is also true that this process has occurred in reverse, “privatizing” Constitutional Law.In this article, the author presents us a complete analysis of the fundamental rights of private origin, with an special emphasis on the constitutional right to convene freely, its limits and its possible judicial control.El Derecho Constitucional se ha irradiado a todoel ordenamiento jurídico, constitucionalizandoel Derecho Civil. Sin embargo, también es ciertoque este proceso ha ocurrido a la inversa, “privatizando” el Derecho Constitucional.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un completo análisis de los derechos funda- mentales de carácter privado, con especial énfasis en el derecho constitucional a contratar libremente, sus límites y sus posibles controles judiciales.
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Cervetti, Pierre-Dominique. „Du bon usage de la contractualisation en droit de la propriété intellectuelle“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1023.
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La contractualisation est une tendance contemporaine qui traverse de nombreuses branches du droit. Elle est un procédé de régulation impliquant la participation des acteurs privés à l'élaboration et à l'évolution du droit. Cette thèse a pour objet d'en vérifier la pertinence et d'en déterminer la portée en droit de la propriété intellectuelle, domaine dominé par l'ordre public, mais sujet à une perte profonde de légitimité. Traduisant aussi bien un recul de l'ordre public qu'une véritable dynamique de normativité, la contractualisation s'illustre sur deux niveaux. D'abord, dans le rapport contractuel, la contractualisation permet au titulaire d'un droit subjectif de négocier l'exercice de ses prérogatives individuelles et de conférer, au mieux offrant, une certaine liberté, une faculté ou un pouvoir d'agir qu'il pourra exercer en lieu et place de son cocontractant. Elle est alors un vecteur renouvelé des droits subjectifs. Ensuite, à l'échelon supérieur, la contractualisation apparaît comme un nouveau mode de régulation. Les acteurs des milieux professionnels sont associés à l'élaboration de la règle de droit, soit par délégation, soit par incitation. Cette contractualisation complémentaire s'inscrivant au cœur du droit objectif se destine à produire des normes autorégulées reposant tout à la fois sur l'idée de flexibilité et d'adhésion volontaire. Ces normes privées seront enfin réceptionnées dans l'ordre juridique à la condition qu'elles réalisent un équilibre entre l'utilité économique de l'aménagement proposé et la valeur sociale portée par la règle du droit imposéThe contractualization is a contemporary trend which crosses numerous branches of the law. As a process of regulation, it implies the participation of the stakeholders in the elaboration and the evolution of the law. This thesis aims at verifying its relevance and determining its impact in intellectual property law, domain dominated by the law and order, but subject to a deep loss of legitimacy. Reflecting a withdrawal of the law and order and a real dynamics of rule-making, the contractualization covers two levels. First of all, in the contractual relationship, the contractualization allows the holder of a subjective right to negotiate the exercise of its individual prerogatives and to confer a certain freedom and power to act that he can practice instead of his cocontracting party. In this case, the contractualization is presented as a vector of subjective rights. Then, in the upper level, the contractualization appears as a new mode of regulation. The stakeholders are associated to the elaboration of the law, either by delegation, or by incentive. This additional contractualization intends to produce private standards basing quite at the same time on the idea of flexibility and voluntary consent. These private standards will finally be received in the legal order assuming that they realize a balance between the economic utility of the proposed arrangement and the social value carried by compulsory rule. In this second prospect, the contractual standard appears as a legal model which should be encouraged, halfway between the spontaneous legal rule and the negotiated legal rule
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Aubin-Brouté, Raphaèle-Jeanne. „Le contrat en agriculture“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT3014.
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Les contrats conclus par l'agriculteur pour la satisfaction de ses besoins professionnels forment une famille de contrats : tous ont part à l'action publique en agriculture. Leur identité commune est méthodologique. Le contrat est un instrument de la politique agricole pour protéger l'agriculteur ou diriger l'agriculture. Le droit spécial des contrats agricoles permet la pénétration dans l'acte juridique du système de valeurs choisi par l'état. L'ordre public contractuel en agriculture se manifeste aussi par une action de police du contrat, à laquelle sont associés les professionnels. Mais le contrat n'est pas seulement un objet de l'action publique en agriculture : il est aussi une de ses modalités. La contractualisation se manifeste par une production concertée, avec l'état ou entre professionnels, de la norme juridique. Elle se manifeste aussi par la recherche du consentement à la norme, spécialement environnementale. Le discours contractuel justifie l'action publique en agriculture. Le contrat agro-environnemental permet la rémunération publique d'une prestation écologique ou territoriale fournie par l'agriculteur. Cette thèse met au jour un changement profond de paradigme dans la politique agricole. Alors que le droit de l'exploitation est, pour partie, absorbé par celui de l'entreprise, un corpus juridique original apparaît qui procède de la nouvelle identité multifonctionnelle reconnue à l'activité agricole. Cette thèse révèle aussi le glissement méthodologique qui s'opère de la norme contractuelle privée contrainte par la norme publique vers la norme publique produite par le contratContracts concluded by the farmer for the satisfaction of its professional needs form a family of contracts : all have part in the public action in agriculture. Their common identity is methodological. The contract is a legal instrument of the agricultural policy. All its utilities are mobilized for protecting the farmer or managing the agriculture. The special law of the agricultural contracts allows the penetration in the legal act of the value system chosen by the State. The contractual public order in agriculture also shows itself by an action of police of the contract. The contract in agriculture is not only an object of the public action : it is also one of its modalities. The contractualization shows itself at first by a joint production of the legal rule, with the State or between professionals. It shows itself then by the research for the consent in the standard, specially environmental. The contractual speech justifies the public action in agriculture. The agro-environmental contract allows the public remuneration for an ecological or territorial performance supplied by the farmer. This thesis brings to light a deep change of paradigm in the agricultural policy. While the law of the exploitation is absorbed, partly, by that of the company, an original legal corpus appears which proceeds of the new multifunctional identity recognized by the agricultural activity. This thesis also reveals the methodological sliding which takes place of the private contractual law forced by the public law towards the public law produced by contract
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Djiguemdé, Wendkouni Judicaël. „L'aménagement conventionnel de la société commerciale en droit français et en droit OHADA“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0345/document.
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Toute législation en matière économique se doit d’être souple et adaptée àl’évolution du monde des affaires. Le droit des sociétés OHADA, de même que celui français,n’échappe pas à ce principe. Très rigide à l’origine, et caractérisé par un ordre publicomniprésent, le droit des sociétés commerciales OHADA est gagné par le mouvement decontractualisation des sociétés, apparu en France depuis les années 1990. Le droit des contratss’est avéré un excellent moyen pour les praticiens d’apporter de la flexibilité au droit dessociétés. Les aménagements conventionnels, ou conventions sociétaires ou encore pactesd’actionnaires permettront aux associés d’adapter les règles légales sociétaires aux besoins deleurs activités économiques. Cession de titres sociaux, droit de vote, pouvoir de représentationdans la société, règlement des différends sont autant de domaines où se manifeste la libertécontractuelle des associés. Au-delà du caractère rigide du droit des sociétés français etOHADA, cette étude permet de rendre compte de l’importance de ces espaces de liberté dontdisposent les associés. Ces pactes d’actionnaires, statutaires ou extrastatutaires, devront êtreencadrés par des critères précis de validité. Aussi, l’efficacité de ces aménagements dépendraen grande partie de la sanction applicable en cas d’inexécution par une des parties de sesobligations. Le dynamisme de la pratique et de la jurisprudence française permettrad’éprouver les solutions posées par le législateur OHADA en la matière. Cette étude participeainsi de l’élaboration d’un régime juridique adapté, permettant de sécuriser ces aménagementsconventionnels, signe d’une contractualisation du droit des sociétéAny legislation concerning economic matters is expected to be flexible and adaptedto the evolution of business. Company law in the OHADA (Harmonizing Business Law inAfrica Organization) as well as French company law, cannot be excluded from this principal.Although it was very strict to begin with, and characterized by omnipresent public order,company law in the OHADA was caught up by the contractualization movement whichappeared in France in the 1990s. Contract law turned out to be a perfect means forpractitioners to bring flexibility to company law. Contracting adjustments, companyconventions or even shareholder agreements enable shareholders to adapt their legal companyrules to their economic needs. Transferring titles, voting partners, ensuring the power ofrepresentation inside the company, or settling disagreements, are some examples amongst thevariety of situations where the contracting freedom of partners can be seen. Despite therigorous characteristic of French and OHADA company law, this study puts forward theimportance of spaces of freedom that partners can use. These shareholders agreements, eitherstatutory or extra statutory, will be dependent on precise validity criteria. Consequently, theefficiency of these adjustments will mainly depend on the sanction implemented when one ofthe parties does not execute the required obligation. The strength of both the practice andFrench case law will enable to test the proposals set down by the OHADA legislator.Therefore this study will contribute to the development of an adapted judicial system whichwill permit to secure these contracting agreements, as signs of the contractualization ofcompany law
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Jacomino, Faustine. „Le contrôle objectif de l'équilibre contractuel. Entre droit commun des contrats et droit des pratiques restrictives de concurrence“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0017/document.
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Le contrôle de l’équilibre contractuel constitue l’un des marqueurs du droit des contrats contemporain. Plusieurs fondements président à l’instauration d’un tel contrôle. Certains auteurs évoquent la morale, d’autres la justice contractuelle et d’autres enfin son utilité économique. Appliqués aux déséquilibres entre professionnels, les outils mis en œuvre pour assurer ce contrôle trahissent l’existence d’un contrôle objectif de l’équilibre attendu du contrat. L’équilibre subjectif voulu par les parties n’est pas écarté, mais il se trouve concurrencé par la détermination d’une forme d’équilibre objectif motivé tant par la volonté de protéger la partie faible que par celle de promouvoir une certaine vision de l’économie, et des échanges commerciaux. Le droit des pratiques restrictives se présente à cet égard comme une discipline intégratrice permettant d’allier protection de la partie faible et protection du marché. L’influence que cette discipline exerce sur le droit commun des contrats, et la « civilisation », à l’inverse, du droit de la concurrence sous l’influence du droit commun, permettent d’éclairer les rouages de ce contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel. Cette étude propose de décrire l’objectivation des critères d’identification du déséquilibre contractuel et celle des remèdes qui lui sont réservés. Pour ce faire, le droit commun des contrats et celui des pratiques restrictives de concurrence seront mis en miroir afin d’éclairer les implications de ce contrôle sur l’une et l’autre des matières. Plus exactement, cette thèse propose de déjouer les phénomènes de superposition et de concurrence des dispositifs de contrôle objectif de l’équilibre contractuel existant dans ces deux disciplines par une identification précise de leurs champs d’applications et de leurs objectifs respectifs. Elle tend enfin à décrire les fonctions de ce contrôle objectif tant à l’égard des parties qu’à celui du marché, en insistant sur la nécessité d’envisager conjointement les dimensions micro et macro-économiques des contrats étudiésControl of contractual balance is one of the markers of contemporary contract law. Such control is grounded in several basic concepts: some authors refer to morality, while others invoke contractual justice or its economic relevance. Applied to imbalance between professionals, the tools implemented to ensure this control reveal the existence of objective control of the contracts’ expected balance. Although the subjective balance sought by the parties is not set aside, it is overshadowed by the determination of a kind of objective balance motivated by a will both to protect the weaker party and to promote a certain vision of the economy, and commercial exchanges. In this respect, restrictive practices law is an integrative discipline in which it is possible to combine protection of the weaker party with protection of the market. The influence of this discipline on common contract law and, conversely, the “civilization” of competition law under the influence of common law help better understand the mechanism of such objective control of contractual balance. This research aims to describe the objectification of identification criteria for contractual imbalance and the ways of remedying it. To this end, common contract law and law governing restrictive competition practices will be compared to shed light on such control in both these areas. More specifically, this thesis proposes to thwart phenomena of superimposition of and competition between existing systems for the objective control of contractual balance in both these disciplines through precise identification of their fields of application and their respective purposes. It also aspires to describe the functions of such objective control for both the parties and the market by emphasizing the need to examine these contracts by taking into consideration together both their micro and macroeconomic dimensions
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Klifa, Deborah. „La pratique contractuelle des prestataires de services d'investissement confrontée à l'ordre public“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1076.
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La pratique contractuelle des prestataires de services d'investissements s'illustre tant à l'occasion de la fourniture des services d'investissement que lors de montage contractuel issu de la pratique. L'objet de cette étude est de cerner quelles sont les nouvelles règles d'ordre public susceptibles de mettre à mal la sécurité juridique des PSI à l'occasion de cette pratique contractuelleContractual practice of providers of investment illustrates both the provision of investment services and contract assembly created by the practice . The purpose of this study is to identify what are the new public order rules that undermine the legal certainty of PSI during this contractual practice
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Ripoche, Elléa. „La liberté et l’ordre public contractuels à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020061.
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Loin d’être exclusivement d’ordre hiérarchique, la relation unissant le contrat et les droits fondamentaux apparaît également de nature dialectique. Au phénomène de fondamentalisation du contrat, conduisant à limiter la liberté contractuelle, répond un phénomène inverse de contractualisation des droits fondamentaux, tendant au contraire à la promouvoir. Malmenée en même temps qu’exaltée par l’irruption des droits fondamentaux dans la sphère contractuelle, la liberté contractuelle se trouve ainsi au cœur des interactions entre le contrat et les droits fondamentaux. C’est à la lumière d’une réflexion renouvelée sur l’ordre public contractuel que la solidarité de ces deux phénomènes antagonistes peut être éprouvée, et leur relation systématisée. Sous l’action d’influences réciproques, la rencontre du contrat et des droits fondamentaux est en effet la source d’un nouvel équilibre contractuel. Se substituant progressivement à l’ordre public, les droits fondamentaux en font évoluer à la fois la structure et la substance. C’est, plus spécifiquement, l’articulation de la liberté et de l’ordre public contractuels qui s’opère différemment si bien qu’elle apparaît, à l’épreuve des droits fondamentaux, sous un jour nouveau. À la fois ordre de promotion et de limitation de la liberté, l’ordre public contractuel se révèle, avant tout, comme un ordre de fondation de la libertéFar from being exclusively hierarchical, the relationship between the contract and fundamental rights also appears to be dialectical. The phenomenon of the fundamentalization of the contract, leading to the restriction of contractual freedom, is met by an inverse phenomenon of the contractualization of fundamental rights, tending on the contrary to promote it. The emergence of fundamental rights disturbs as much as it exalts the contractual freedom, which constitutes therefore the core of the interactions between contract and fundamental rights. It is in the light of a renewed reflection on contractual public order that the solidarity of these two antagonistic phenomena can be tested, and their relationship systematized. Owing to reciprocal influences, the meeting of the contract and fundamental rights is indeed the source of a new contractual balance. Fundamental rights are gradually replacing public order and are changing both its structure and substance. More specifically, it is the articulation of contractual freedom and public order that operates differently, so that it appears, tested by fundamental rights, in a new light. Both an order to promote and limit freedom, contractual public order turns out to be, above all, an order to establish freedom
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Lahouazi, Mehdi. „Le développement des modes alternatifs de réglement des différends dans les contrats administratifs“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3056.
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Le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans les contrats administratifs est une nécessité. En effet, l’encombrement des juridictions administratives, conjugué au besoin d’un règlement des différends plus consensuel et apaisé, plaide en faveur de l’émergence d’une justice alternative. Néanmoins, l’ordre public encadrant l’activité des personnes publiques, et protégé par des normes impératives, impose que le développement des modes alternatifs soit régulé. À ce titre, l’étude du droit positif démontre que ce phénomène n’est pas inconnu dans le règlement des différends intéressant les contrats administratifs. Par exemple, les parties à un différend peuvent déjà librement recourir aux modes amiables (médiation, conciliation ou transaction), et quelques dérogations au principe d’interdiction faite aux personnes publiques de recourir à l’arbitrage sont prévues. Cela étant, les lacunes et les défaillances du régime actuel des modes alternatifs dans les contrats administratifs (absence de véritable statut du médiateur, défaut d’encadrement de la conciliation inter partes, complexité de la notion de concessions réciproques ou, encore, difficulté pour le juge administratif d’asseoir sa compétence en matière d’arbitrage international...) complexifient leur compréhension et leur mise en œuvre et risquent, par suite, d’accroître les violations de l’ordre public. Il est donc nécessaire de proposer un régime pérenne des modes alternatifs permettant d’assurer, d’une part, la protection des normes impératives du droit public et, d’autre part, la liberté des parties dans le choix et la conduite d’une justice alternative. Pour cela, leur futur régime devra autoriser l’arbitrage dans les contrats administratifs et le doter de garanties procédurales prenant en compte sa nature spécifique mais, aussi, certaines caractéristiques inhérentes aux personnes publiques et au droit administratif. De même, les procédures de médiation et de conciliation devront être améliorées afin d’assurer aux parties, un encadrement souple et favorable à la conclusion de transactions équilibrées et sécurisées. Enfin, ce régime devra définitivement consacrer le rôle du juge administratif. À cet effet, ce dernier pourra être amené à assister les parties dans la mise en œuvre des modes alternatifs (création d’un juge administratif d’appui dans l’arbitrage, combinaison des procédures de référé avec les modes amiables...). Le juge administratif devra être aussi chargé du contrôle de conformité de la solution alternative à l’ordre public. Cette attribution de compétence, qui résonne de plus fort en matière d’arbitrage international, est indispensable à la protection de l’intérêt public. Ce n’est qu’à ces conditions, que le développement des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends pourra prendre toute sa place dans les contrats administratifsThe development of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts is a necessity. Indeed, the congestion of the administrative courts, combined with the need for a more consensual and calm settlement of disputes, pleads in favour of the emergence of an alternative justice. Nevertheless, the public order governing the activities of public bodies, and protected by imperative norms, requires that the development of alternative methods be regulated. As such, the study of positive law shows that this phenomenon is not unknown in the settlement of disputes concerning administrative contracts. For instance, the parties to a dispute can already freely resort to amicable methods (mediation, conciliation or settlement agreement), and some exceptions to the principle prohibiting public bodies from resorting to arbitration are provided for. However, the voids and shortcomings of the current system of alternative dispute resolution in administrative contracts (lack of proper status of the mediator, paucity of framework for inter partes conciliation, complexity of the concept of reciprocal concessions or, difficulty for the administrative judge to assert its competence in international arbitration...) make its understanding and implementation more complex and more prone to increasing public order violations. It is therefore necessary to propose a sustainable regime of alternative methods to ensure, on the one hand, the protection of peremptory norms of public law and, on the other hand, the freedom of the parties in the choice and conduct of an alternative justice. For that purpose, the future regime will have to authorize arbitration in administrative contracts and endow it with procedural guarantees taking into account its specific nature but also certain characteristics inherent in public entities and administrative law. Furthermore, the mediation and conciliation procedures will have to be improved in order to provide the parties with a flexible framework conducive to the conclusion of balanced and secure settlement agreements. Finally, this regime must definitively establish the role of the administrative judge. To this end, that judge may be called upon to assist the parties in the implementation of alternative methods (creation of an administrative support judge in arbitration, combination of interim reliefs with amicable procedures...). The administrative judge must also be responsible for checking the compliance of the alternative solution to the public order. This attribution of jurisdiction, which is resonates all the more in international arbitration, is fundamental for the protection of the public interest. It is only under these conditions that the development of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms can take its place in administrative contracts
10
Briend, Cyril. „Le contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB177/document.
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Le professionnel que l'on croyait capable de défendre ses intérêts, par opposition au salarié ou au consommateur, s'est révélé tout autant victime de contrats déséquilibrés depuis quelques décennies. L'apparition de puissantes entreprises privées dans différents secteurs entraîne, de toute évidence, une inégalité entre les professionnels. Notre étude souligne la complexité de trouver un juste critère pour identifier de manière juste ce qu'est un professionnel partie faible. Il n'est pas possible de dire si, de manière générale, telle entreprise est plus puissante qu'une autre, car la personne morale partie au contrat peut cacher des intérêts difficiles à cerner au premier abord. Le juge ne peut pas non plus être l'arbitre autoritaire des prix sans risquer un détournement de sa fonction. Nous développerons le parti suivant : un contrat entre professionnels est dit d'adhésion lorsque celui-ci n'a pas donné lieu à une négociation idoine ; le juge doit alors s'efforcer de regarder le processus de pourparlers ainsi que les circonstances qui ont précédé la convention. De multiples critères peuvent aider le juge, tels que la taille de chaque entreprise, les parts de marché, les propos échangés par les parties, leur bonne ou mauvaise foi ou encore les efforts engagés par elles. Si le choix de l'analyse des négociations nous apparaît ultimement le plus juste, nous tiendrons cependant compte de ses limites. Il serait illusoire de penser que le juge peut toujours parvenir de manière certaine à connaître l'intégralité des circonstances antérieures au contrat. C'est pourquoi nous ajouterons à l'analyse des négociations un système de présomptions - quoique réfragables - lorsque la disproportion des prestations ou la différence de taille des entreprises ne laisse pas de place au doute. Nous mettrons enfin en lumière les stratégies employées par les parties fortes pour contourner cette analyse des négociations, comme des stipulations néfastes ou une tactique d'internationalisation. Il sera donc préféré une impérativité renforcée en droit national ainsi qu'en droit international. Une fois l'analyse des négociations effectuée, nous essayerons de proposer des sanctions à la hauteur du phénomène. Le juge, selon nous, doit être en mesure de modifier le contrat de façon souple, aussi bien de manière rétroactive que par un changement en cours d'exécution du contrat. Le caractère extrême de certains comportements contractuels nous incite à réfléchir à la possibilité d'un droit pénal plus dissuasif ou bien un droit « quasi pénal » sanctionnant ces comportements de manière plus appropriée. Néanmoins, c'est surtout au niveau de la procédure que se joue la protection contractuelle des professionnels. Un référé ajusté à cet objectif a tout lieu de répondre aux exigences de célérité qui gênent les parties faibles dans leurs démarches. Nous soulignerons aussi l'importance d'un système d'actions collectives qui surmontent efficacement l'écueil du coût du procès. À l'inverse, la sécurité juridique des entreprises nous conduira à proposer une procédure de protection par un système de droit doux. Première partie : L'identification du contrat d'adhésion entre professionnels. Deuxième partie : Le traitement judiciaire des contrats d'adhésion entre professionnelsThe professional, supposed to be able to defend his interests, by opposition to the employee or the consumer, has proven to also be victim of imbalanced contracts for a few decades. The emergence of powerful private companies in various sectors clearly leads to inequalities between professionals. Our study underlines the difficulty to find the best criterion to identify what a professional weaker party is. It is impossible to say that globally such company is stronger than another because the legal person party to the agreement can hide many interests, which are hard to seize at first sight. Nor can the judge arbitrate prices in an authoritarian way without risking a misappropriation of his part. We shall side for this idea: a business-to-business agreement is to be qualified of adhesion contract as long as it does not give place to adequate bargaining; so the judge has to look the bargaining process and the circumstances preceding the contract. Many criteria can help the judge such as the size of the company, market parts, exchanged words, the good or bad faith of the parties or the efforts they have made. If we consider the bargain analysis as the ultimately rightest choice, we have to contemplate its limitations. It would not be realistic to consider that the judge could always discover every circumstance prior to the agreement. This is why we shall join a system of presumptions - albeit rebuttable - to the bargain analysis, when the difference of size of companies or the disproportion of provisions is obvious. We shall put into light the strategies used by strongest parts to bypass the bargain analysis, such as harmful clauses or internationalization tactics. Thus, we shall opt for high obligatory standards, as well as in national law than in international law. Once the bargain analysis is done, we shall try to suggest sanctions adapted to the concern. The judge, in our opinion, must be able to modify the agreement in a very flexible way, either retroactively or during the implementation of the said agreement. The gravity of various contractual behaviors must lead us to think about a form of criminal law or a "quasi criminal" law in order to combat those behaviors in a more suitable mean. Nevertheless, the protection of the professional weaker part is also to be dealt on a procedural ground. A proceeding for interim measures is likely to face the needs for celerity, which bother the weakest parts for their action. We shall also underline the advantages of a class action, which could overcome the financial issue of the lawsuit. Conversely, the legal security of business will bring us to foster a protection by a soft law system. First Part: The identification of the business-to-business adhesion contract. Second Part: The judicial treatment of business-to-business adhesion contracts
Buchteile zum Thema "Contractual public order"
1
Weale, Albert. „Contractual Constitutions“. In Modern Social Contract Theory, 417–30. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853541.003.0019.
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Arendt pointed out that social contract theory identified some elementary truths of democratic politics. What might be those elementary truths? The first is the need for public goods; the second the role of a two-level theory; and the third is the essential role of government in providing the conditions for social cooperation. Democratic contracts need to respect the requirements of political equality. However, this still leaves us with the problem of knowing what could be agreed among agents reciprocally situated. The empirical method suggests that we need to look to social conditions that embody the circumstances of impartiality. One such set of conditions is found in common property resource regimes, where power is roughly equal. Such regime exhibit various forms of equality, but they also suggest the need for participation as well as monitoring and sanctions. Large-scale societies need to incorporate conditions of open representation and effective deliberation if they are to exhibit the circumstances of impartiality. International contracts are best understood if the Grotian norms of traditional international relations are regarded as equivalent to the individualistic minimum of a domestic order, which needs a social contract to deal with externalities and provide international public goods. It is plausible to think that, in an interdependent world, mutual advantage may exhibit the logic of a universalization to humanity as an end in itself.
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Gunter, Helen M. „Responsibility and judging: producing and using numbers“. In The Politics of Public Education, 113–34. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447339588.003.0006.
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In the high stakes context of biopolitical distinctiveness, what matters appears to be selecting data and using it to make performance claims by smoothing a narrative. This chapter examines how this is integral to segregating the system using Hannah Arendt's (2003) thinking about responsibility and judgement, where she identifies what happens when people are rendered thoughtless, particularly in how a situation is framed and understood through fabricated myth-making. The deployment of the Education Policy Knowledgeable Polity to the creation of ‘data-rich’ schools in England enables an examination of a form of depoliticisation by calculation where the interplay between standards, numbers, and school leadership is deployed to change identities and practices. The state has been able to make contractual alliances with elite individuals, companies, and networked knowledge producers who have used particular ideologies in order to present a seductive, trainable, and measurable model for the modern professional.
3
Walden, Ian. „Access and Interconnection“. In Telecommunications Law and Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807414.003.0011.
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For the purposes of this chapter, and under the European Union’s Access Directive, the term ‘access’ encompasses all kinds of contractual (private law) arrangements under which an operator or service provider acquires services from another operator in order to enable it to deliver services to its own customers. The issues discussed in this chapter relate to the regulated (public law) rights of operators to access each others’ networks and services at a wholesale level, not the rights of end users to access telecommunications services, at a retail level.
4
Benbaji, Yitzhak, und Daniel Statman. „Foundations of a Non-Individualist Morality“. In War By Agreement, 37–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199577194.003.0002.
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The purpose of this chapter is to outline an alternative to Individualism and to show that moral rights can be taken seriously while acknowledging the role of organized societies in determining the actual distribution of moral rights and duties. In some cases, the rules accepted by such societies give content to what was indeterminate at the pre-contractual level. In others, they redistribute moral rights and duties among members of society. In both these ways, rights behave in a less rigid manner than that entailed by Individualism. To understand how social rules can determine rights, it is particularly helpful to look at the way social roles provide their holders with a permission to diverge from what would be required from them pre-contractually. In decent societies, holders of public roles typically have a right to fulfil their professional duty without deliberating on the merits of the case; namely, without being guided by first-order reasons that pertain to the cases with which they deal. This applies to combatants as well. In most cases, they have a right to disregard the first-order reasons pertaining to the justness of the war they are sent to fight. The responsibility for launching an unjust war lies on the shoulders of the politicians and not on those of combatants, just as the responsibility for sending an innocent person to jail rests with the court and not with the prison guards.
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Stephen, Girvin. „Part III International and Domestic Regulation, 14 Domestic Legislation on Cargo Liability“. In Carriage of Goods by Sea. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198811947.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses domestic legislation on cargo liability. In English law, common carriers, such as masters of general ships, were carriers who exercised a public employment, offering carriage to all persons wishing to use the services offered, whether for the carriage of goods (or of passengers). The general principle, as in Roman law, was that the carrier was liable as an ‘insurer’ of the goods, absolutely responsible for delivering the goods at the destination in like order and condition. Unlike public carriers, private carriers undertake the carriage of goods but do not hold themselves out as exercising a public employment. Usually, the carrier’s obligations arise from his contractual agreement to carry the goods of the shipper and, where for reward, private carriers are bailees and have the ordinary responsibilities of a bailee of the goods. The chapter then looks at the Harter Act of 1893 and legislation in other Commonwealth countries, including the Shipping and Seamen Act 1903 in New Zealand, the Sea-Carriage of Goods Act in Australia, and Canada’s Water-Carriage of Goods Act in 1910.
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Petroutsatou, Kleopatra, Theodora Vagdatli, Marina Chronaki und Panagiota Samouilidou. „Investigating the Risks of Time and Cost Overruns in Infrastructure Projects“. In Financial Evaluation and Risk Management of Infrastructure Projects, 131–54. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7786-1.ch006.
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The purpose of this chapter is to investigate and quantify through real case studies the risks involved in time and cost overruns of infrastructure projects from the procurement to the delivery stage. Although the literature is very rich with a variety of analyses of the factors causing cost and time overruns, there is a gap in investigating the risks in the procurement phase to delivery of such projects. A holistic approach of risks identified in the procurement and construction phase of such projects is presented by using probabilistic analyses of time and cost overruns compared to contractual agreements. Three real case studies are presented with and without the risks identified, results are discussed, and conclusions are derived. This approach could enhance public authorities' processes for successful procurement and delivery. Furthermore, the quantification of these risks in terms of time and cost could pave the way for a more sustainable organization of the authorities in order to deliver successful projects within their time constraints and budget.
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Jøsang, Audun. „PKI Trust Models“. In Theory and Practice of Cryptography Solutions for Secure Information Systems, 279–301. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4030-6.ch012.
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A PKI can be described as a set of technologies, procedures, and policies for propagating trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed for authentication in online environments. How the trust propagation takes place under a specific PKI depends on the PKI’s syntactic trust structure, which is commonly known as a trust model. However, trust is primarily a semantic concept that cannot be expressed in syntactic terms alone. In order to define meaningful trust models for PKIs it is also necessary to consider the semantic assumptions and human cognition of trust relationships, as explicitly or implicitly expressed by certification policies, legal contractual agreements between participants in a PKI, and by how identity information is displayed and represented. Of the many different PKI trust models proposed in the literature, some have been implemented and are currently used in practical settings, from small personal networks to large-scale private and public networks such as the Internet. This chapter takes a closer look at the most prominent and widely used PKI trust models, and discusses related semantic issues.
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Yerznkyan, B. H., und K. A. Fontana. „Goods Specificity and Their Safeguards“. In Theory and Practice of Institutional Reforms in Russia: Collection of Scientific Works. Issue 49, 6–21. CEMI Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33276/978-5-8211-0785-5-6-21.
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The article emphasizes that there is currently in general a consensus on the fact that there is a wide variety of goods, but there is no consensus on the choice of the only acceptable approach to their classification for all. Among the approaches, we can note those based on a dichotomy (either private or public goods) and a continuum (there are no clear boundaries between private and public goods and all their intermediate variants). The article focuses on the first approach in order to make the visual representation of goods more simplified and intuitive. With this in mind, theoretical approaches to the classification of goods with an emphasis on public interest in some of them, which causes the need for guardianship (patronization) over them, are studied. The starting point is a simple contractual scheme of Williamson, adapted to solve the problem of specificity, however not of assets, but of goods, meaning primarily private and public goods. The traditional expression of this problem is the «freerider» problem, when the need for a public good is not supported by the desire to pay for it. Public goods, whether merit (positive externalities, for example) or demerit (negative externalities), need protective mechanisms, such as patronization – from the state and/or society. Some features of patronized goods and safeguards, or mechanisms for their protection are discussed. It is particularly emphasized that public goods and goods that are likened to them in some sense exist in a certain dynamic institutional environment, the quality of which largely depends on the adequate choice of institutions that can reinforce each other or weaken them if they are not adequately chosen. The mentioned goods are analyzed on the example of water resources, whose specificity, in particular, is manifested in the fact that decision-makers and local authorities can use automatic irrigation systems to produce social (collective, locally public) goods, for example, urban green landscape. In this sense, such systems, being private goods, can act as factors of production of social goods.
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Neuenschwander, John A. „Legal Release Agreements“. In A Guide To Oral History And The Law, 3–18. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195365962.003.0002.
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Abstract Americans live in a world that is ruled by legal agreements. The average American goes through life signing contractual agreements for credit cards, loans, insurance, and wireless service. To sell anything on eBay, one must first sign a legal agreement. Participants in organized road races must sign a legal agreement that basically waives the liability of the promoters should the runner be injured or suffer a heart attack. The vast majority of Americans usually sign these legal agreements without bothering to read the fine print. Even most lawyers rarely take the time to carefully read, let alone question the stock language that is found in consumer agreements. If an insurance agent or bank officer tells us we need to sign an agreement in order to receive coverage or a loan, the only question usually asked is, “Where do I sign?” Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that while legal release agreements are essential to the effective functioning of any oral history program, they rarely receive the close attention that they deserve. The public debate surrounding the legal release agreement that former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall signed with the Library of Congress points up how a single ambiguous word can spell trouble.
10
Mohamad, Shafi, und Syed Farhan Akbari. „The Global Pandemic and Challenges for Tertiary Education in Malaysia“. In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 204–18. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8279-4.ch012.
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The global pandemic and subsequent series of movement control orders (MCOs) imposed by the Malaysian government have severely impacted the tertiary education sector comprising both public and private universities in Malaysia. Private colleges and universities in Malaysia now face increased financial pressures as enrolments of students have either been cancelled outright or deferred. Whilst full-time employees in the tertiary education sector face additional pressures to handle these disruptions, contractual staff members face the risk of unemployment resulting from the non-renewal of their existing teaching contracts. Even if some of these classes can be moved online, challenges remain; for example, scientific research and classes that require physical access to laboratories for the conduct of experiments will be impacted.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Contractual public order"
1
Mišković, Maša. „PRIMENA PRAVILA O ZAŠTITI POTROŠAČA NA AUKCIJSKU PRODAJU“. In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.849m.
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In this paper the author discusses whether consumer protection law is applicable to the sales by auction in the situation when the best bidder – buyer is a consumer. In order to apply consumer protection law, the other contractual party should be a trader. When the auction is conducted by the auctioneer, it is necessary to take into consideration the way he/she acts (as the contracting party with the buyer or agent of the seller), in order to see the status of the contracting parties, that conclude the sales contract when the auction is completed, i.e. whether they represent the trader and consumer. The Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia defines a public auction and provides for an exception from the right of withdrawal in respect of contracts concluded at a public auction. These provisions are implemented from the EU Directive on Consumer Rights, therefore, the author, in addition to the provisions of the Law on Consumer Protection of Serbia, analyzes the provisions of the EU Directive on Consumer Rights in order to reach a conclusion on (non) applicability of consumer protection law to auction sales.
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Đurđić - Milošević, Tamara. „JAVNOBELEŽNIČKA FORMA UGOVORA U NASLEDNOM PRAVU“. In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujvcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.471dm.
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With the introduction of the of notary public into Serbian law, notary services are gaining more and more importance, and thus the role of notaries has become more dominant in different fields of law, primarily in contract law. Proscribing the notarial form as ad solemnitatem form for the validity of some contracts, thus deviating from the principle of consensualism inherent to the law of obligations, the question of the justification of the constitutive character of the notarial form arises. In order to find the answer to the raised question, it is necessary to examine the types and functions of the form determined by legal policy goals which justify formalism in contract law, and whose realization is especially contributed by notaries as actors in shaping legal transactions. The notarial form also has a special significance for contracts of inheritance law, where it has been proscribed as obligatory for the most important contracts (inheritance law contracts, contract on lifelong maintenance, contract on assignment and distribution of property during lifetime ). The aim of this research is to determine the significance of the notarial form in contractual inheritance law.
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Pavlović, Zoran, und Milan Dakić. „ENERGETSKI UGROŽENI KUPAC“. In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.769p.
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This paper is primarily focused onto the legal framework analysis in the Republic of Serbia, as well as the measures undertaken in order to ensure the protection of the electric-energy vulnerable customers. The acceptance of the protective mechanisms’ relocation from the competitive environment – necessitated by the free market circulation of this energy resource – has initiated their implementation within the social protection system, given the crucial importance of electricity in fulfilling some of the basic needs in the standard of living. Although duly recognized as an adequate protective environment to this consumer category, social protection faces the usual problems (lack of resources and the sustainability issues), as well as the new challenges in regard to the energy poverty and its relation to the established definitions of social vulnerability. The rules that manage contractual relations between consumers and energy providers cannot be eliminated by delegating the concerns about a sufficient energy provision to the certain consumer categories. The domestic energy is being regulated through a rigid legal framework where the public provider guarantees service under de facto preferential conditions that often result in consumer rights’ violations; therefore, the legal system is being additionally challenged in its efforts to ensure a thorough protection to the energy- vulnerable customers.
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Pompermaier, Carolina, Willian Ely Pin, Mateus Xavier Schenato, Tales Antunes Franzini und Guilherme Roloff Cardoso. „BREAST IMPLANT-ASSOCIATED ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA: A LITERATURE REVIEW“. In XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mastologia. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s1012.
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Objective: This review aims to bring updates about the relationship between the silicone implant and the breast implantassociated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-LCL), in order to have a better knowledge about this disease. Despite the low risk of its development, a better understanding of BIA-ALCL is of interest to women, oncologists, breast specialists, plastic surgeons, regulatory agencies, and the general public, as the number of women with breast implants is increasing worldwide. Methods: This article is based on a review of publications on the topic. A search for articles was carried out through the SciELO databases, at the interface of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS). Results: BIA-ALCL is a very rare disease (1 case per 1–3 million women with implants), accounting for 2–3% of these lymphomas in adults and 0.5% of breast cancers and occurs between 8 and 10 years after breast cancer and implantation of a breast prosthesis. Textured implants are the most associated because they have a greater contact surface, so more biofilm is formed, causing bacterial adhesion. Most patients have peri-implant effusion and less often have a mass. Other described symptoms included breast enlargement, skin rash, capsular contracture, and lymphadenopathy. Lymphoma may be located in the seroma cavity or may involve pericapsular fibrous tissue. To make the diagnosis, imaging tests and cytological analysis must be performed. The fluid must be aspirated and is usually cloudy and thick, with large pleomorphic epithelioid lymphocytes, abundant cytoplasm, eccentric reniform nucleus and prominent nucleolus, and anaplastic lymphoma (ALK). Morphological and immunophenotypic features are indistinguishable from those of ALK-negative ALCL. Conclusion: The treatment of BIA-LCL includes implant removal, complete capsulectomy, excision of suspected adenopathy, and excision of lymphoma margins. Surgeons may consider removal of the contralateral implant as approximately 4.6% of cases have demonstrated incidental lymphoma in the contralateral breast. There are no data to recommend a mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary lymphadenectomy, or breast reconstruction. The best prognosis is with complete capsule elimination surgery. Follow-up is done every 3–6 months for 2 years, in addition to imaging tests and the segment will depend on the patient’s clinical manifestations.