Zeitschriftenartikel: „Contracts for concurrency“

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Wang, Yan, Jixin Li, Wansheng Liu und Aiping Tan. „Efficient Concurrent Execution of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Sharding“. Security and Communication Networks 2021 (18.02.2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6688168.

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Throughput performance is a critical issue in blockchain technology, especially in blockchain sharding systems. Although sharding proposals can improve transaction throughput by parallel processing, the essence of each shard is still a small blockchain. Using serial execution of smart contract transactions, performance has not significantly improved, and there is still room for improvement. A smart contract concurrent execution strategy based on concurrency degree optimization is proposed for performance optimization within a single shard. This strategy is applied to each shard. First, it characterizes the conflicting contract feature information by executing a smart contract, analyzing the factors that affect the concurrent execution of the smart contracts, and clustering the contract transaction. Second, in shards with high transaction frequency, considering the execution time, conflict rate, and available resources of contract transactions, finding a serializable schedule of contract transactions by redundant computation and a Variable Shadow Speculative Concurrency Control (SCC-VS) algorithm for smart contract scheduling is proposed. Finally, experimental results show that the strategy increases the concurrency of smart contract execution by 39% on average and the transaction throughput of the whole system by 21% on average.

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Nienaltowski, Piotr, Bertrand Meyer und Jonathan S. Ostroff. „Contracts for concurrency“. Formal Aspects of Computing 21, Nr. 4 (04.01.2008): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-007-0063-2.

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3

Ostroff, Jonathan S., Faraz Ahmadi Torshizi, Hai Feng Huang und Bernd Schoeller. „Beyond contracts for concurrency“. Formal Aspects of Computing 21, Nr. 4 (28.02.2008): 319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-008-0073-8.

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4

Dickerson, Thomas, Paul Gazzillo, Maurice Herlihy und Eric Koskinen. „Adding concurrency to smart contracts“. Distributed Computing 33, Nr. 3-4 (06.07.2019): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00446-019-00357-z.

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Elysha Kamaruzaman, Nor, Ihsan Mohd Yassin, Azlee Zabidi, Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaru Zaman, Zairi Ismael Rizman, Rahimi Baharom und Norfishah Abdul Wahab. „Blockchain Technology for Islamic Marriage Certificate“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.11 (02.10.2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20802.

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In recent years, an individual under the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto devised a revolutionary technology called blockchain as the engine behind the first decentralized virtual currency called Bitcoin. A radical concept departing from government-centric controlled currencies, Bitcoin has emerged as a disruptive technology with the power to revolutionize business and its processes. Advantages of the blockchain include decentralized control, immutability, elimination of central authority and solution of concurrency problems in traditional databases. Leveraging on the advantages of blockchain technology defined above, this paper discusses the potential application of blockchain technology for storage of Islamic marriage certificates. Marriage certificates are documents issued to couples to legally recognize their marriage. Due to its paper-based nature, there is significant risk for them to be forged or frauded. These issues can be addressed effective using blockchain. The proposed application was implemented using smart contracts on a simulated Ethereum platform. A smart contract is designed to execute automatically under certain predefined conditions. The use of smart contracts eliminate manipulation by a single party. In addition, the immutable concept of blockchain ensures that data integrity is always preserved, greatly reducing the risk of fraud.

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Viljanen, Mika. „Actor-Network Theory Contract Theory“. European Review of Contract Law 16, Nr. 1 (07.04.2020): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2020-0005.

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AbstractFirms increasingly use complex hybrid governance structures to manage value generation networks. Empirical evidence demonstrates that the structures contain soft, “enforcement-challenged” contractual devices. Existing contract theories, however, fail to recognize and explain how these soft contract devices work as legal devices. The article seeks to address this failure.The article uses a conceptual innovation by Schepker et al to construct an actor-network theory (ANT) inspired contract theory. Schepker et al argued that contracts are best understood as often concurrently serving safeguarding, coordination, and adaptation goals. The article argues that combined with ANT the functional contracting frame allows us to recognize that contracts work and gain efficacy in multiple ways. To understand how the soft, “enforcement-challenged” contract devices work, the article traces the efficacy mechanisms the devices perform and enact.The tracings lead the article to propose an ANT contract theory that builds on three intertwined ideas: 1) contract devices have no core efficacy networks but multiple parallel efficacies, 2) contracts should be understood as bricolage collages of small-scale contractual point intervention devices that each deploy and rely on their own efficacy mechanisms and patterns, and 3) the force of contract resides in the socio-material assemblages contracts are capable of creating and sustaining.

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Lavikka, Rita Henriikka, Riitta Smeds und Miia Jaatinen. „Coordinating collaboration in contractually different complex construction projects“. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, Nr. 2 (09.03.2015): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-10-2014-0331.

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Purpose – The paper aims to compare the coordination of supply chain networks in contractually different complex construction projects. Design/methodology/approach – A comparative case study of the coordination of collaborative work in two successful hospital construction projects was conducted. One of the projects applied multiple dyadic contracts, whereas the other project applied one multi-party contract between the parties. The projects were located in the USA. Data were collected by observing the coordination on the construction sites for six weeks and by conducting 72 interviews. Findings – The paper shows that depending on the contract type, the timing and extent of complementary procedural coordination differs during projects. Compared with one multi-party contract, the dyadic contracts needed to be complemented during the design phase with three additional procedural coordination mechanisms: organizational design, processes for collaborative work and integrated concurrent engineering sessions. Additionally, common rules of conduct were taken into use during the construction phase. However, regardless of the contract type, procedural coordination mechanisms, such as co-located working, collaborative decision-making in inter-organizational meetings, a liaison role and shared project goals were needed throughout the projects. Practical implications – If multiple dyadic contracts are applied, procedural coordination mechanisms have to be co-created by all supply chain parties at the beginning of the project. Originality/value – The paper provides an understanding on successful contractual and complementary procedural coordination mechanisms of supply chain networks in complex construction projects.

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Whittaker, Simon. „The application of the ‘broad principle of Hedley Byrne’ as between parties to a contract“. Legal Studies 17, Nr. 01 (März 1997): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1997.tb00663.x.

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In Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd the House of Lords held, inter alia, that a party to a contract may rely on a tort committed by the other party, as long as doing so is not inconsistent with its express or implied terms. In doing so, it made clear (with respect, correctly) that the much-quoted passage in Lord Scarman's speech in Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank Ltd should not be interpreted as assigning to contract an domain exclusive of tort and it thereby upheld the formerly predominant view which allowed concurrence of actions in tort and contract in principle. However, in finding a duty of care on which to base the plaintiffs’ claims in tort, Lord Goff in Henderson relied on Hedley Byrne as establishing a very broad principle of liability in tort based on the defendants’ ‘assumption of responsibility’ and this principle invites a radically different treatment of the relationship between the tort of negligence and contract between parties to contracts.

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Pertold, Filip, und Lenka Lakotova. „Retirees and motivation to work by the type of employment contract: impact of the Czech reform“. International Journal of Manpower 41, Nr. 5 (14.06.2020): 595–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2019-0544.

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PurposeIn this paper, the authors analyse a 2010 legal reform in the Czech Republic, which allowed retirees to simultaneously receive regular pension benefits and to work on a permanent contract for a period longer than one year. Previously, concurrence of employment and receipt of retirement benefits were only allowed in conjunction with a temporary work contract with a maximum duration of one year.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ the difference-in-differences method. The authors include only males in the analysis because it is not possible to identify the legal retirement age for women from available data. Men in the workforce 1–3 years prior to the statutory retirement age are in a control group, while men 1–3 years older are in a treatment group.FindingsThe authors show that the reform significantly increased the share of permanent contracts held by retirees (by 22.5–27.6 percentage points), though we do not find any aggregate short-term change in employment of retirees. Heterogeneity analysis shows a significant increase in the employment of retirees with only elementary school education (by 17.9 percentage points) and a significant decrease in the number of hours worked by retirees (by 2.5 h weekly for low-educated workers).Practical implicationsThe policy conclusion is that the regulation of employment contract does not affect aggregate employment, but may improve employment of low skilled workers.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, there are no studies directly analysing motivation of retirees by types of employment contracts. The authors, thus, add to the literature that studies dealing with the general fixed-term versus permanent contracts (Engellandt and Riphahn, 2003) and motivation to work.

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Sandborn, Peter, Amir Kashani-Pour, Navid Goudarzi und Xin Lei. „Outcome-based Contracts – Towards Concurrently Designing Products and Contracts“. Procedia CIRP 59 (2017): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.09.017.

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Ampofo-Ansah, Christine, und Joseph Ampofo Ansah. „Psychological Contract Breach and Work Performance in the Public Sector in Ghana“. International Journal of Technology and Management Research 2, Nr. 2 (12.03.2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v2i2.56.

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Work in organizations entails an exchange relationship between employees and organization. Apart from the written employment contract, there still exists a set of mutual expectations from the two parties (employer and employee) which remain unwritten and unvoiced and yet drives the behavior of both workers and organizations alike, and this is what is referred to as the psychological contract. Psychological contract refers to the employees’ subjective interpretations and evaluations of their deal with the organization. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of breaches or violations in the psychological contract on the performance of employees. It aims to present two concurrent hypotheses, based on theoretical interaction effects of social exchanges (conceptualized as social exchange relationships, fairness, and job security).Data were collected from a sample of 150 employees from both Public and Private Banks in Ghana. Regression analysis was used to explore the moderating effects of social exchanges on the relationships between psychological contract breach and work performance (operationalized as in- role behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors).It was found that the negative relationship between psychological contract breach and work performance was moderated by social exchanges, such that the relationship was stronger for employees with high social exchange relationship, perceived organizational support, and job security which means that psychological contract breach will negatively affect employees with higher expectations in social exchanges. Keywords: Breach of contract; Social interaction; Psychological contracts; Job satisfaction

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Vanborsel, Boonruk, und Kumpon Subsomboon. „Prequalification criteria, according to the government procurement and supplies management Act, B.E. 2560 (2017): branch/type, class, right to bid, ability to carry out“. MATEC Web of Conferences 192 (2018): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819202037.

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The objective of this article is to study new bidding prequalification criteria of the Royal Thai government sectors according to the Government Procurement and Supplies Management Act, B.E. 2560 (2017) and compare with the seven government agencies according to Regulations on Procurement, 1992 by emphasizing branch/type of construction, class of the construction entrepreneur/contractor, right to bid per one contract, and number of project to carry out on concurrent time. Content analysis was used in this research, by studying and analysing the prequalification criteria of the Government Procurement and Supplies Management Act, B.E. 2560 (2017) comparing to Regulations on Procurement, 1992 The findings of prequalification criteria concluded that Act, 2017 defined 7 branches/types of construction for construction entrepreneur whereas building construction, road maintenance, and traffic safety were repealed. The right to bid per one contract volume lower than 5 million baht are allowed. There is no limit for the number of project and total project value on concurrent period comparing with Regulations, 1992.

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Ross, M. G. „Concurrent liability in tort and contract“. Structural Survey 5, Nr. 3 (März 1987): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006260.

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Bradfield, Julian. „Clicks, concurrency and Khoisan“. Phonology 31, Nr. 1 (Mai 2014): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000025.

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I propose that the notions of segment and phoneme be enriched to allow some concurrent clustering, even in classical theories. My main application is the Khoisan language !Xóõ, where treating clicks as phonemes concurrent with phonemic accompaniments allows the inventory size to be radically reduced, so solving the problems of many unsupported contrasts. I show also how phonological processes of !Xóõ can be described more elegantly in this setting, with support from metalinguistic evidence and production-task experiments. I describe a new allophony in !Xóõ. I go on to discuss other applications, some rather speculative, of the concept of concurrent phoneme. The article also provides a comprehensive review of the segmental phonetics and phonology of !Xóõ, together with previous analyses.

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Chang, Andrew S., Fang-Ying Shen und William Ibbs. „Design and construction coordination problems and planning for design–build project new users“. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2010): 1525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l10-090.

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Design–build (DB) is adopted as a project delivery method in hopes to improve performance. Previous studies focus on upstream issues such as conditions for adoption and contractor selection, but few address the design and construction coordination issues that are very likely to be encountered in execution by new users. This paper investigates coordination problems arising from design and construction concurrence and solutions by studying five ongoing DB projects and interviewing nine major contract parties. Inconsistent application of the design and construction process and infrequent feedback are two major problems found to have high influence on DB execution. A work unit planning process with five steps is presented in this paper to help better manage the design and construction coordination of a DB project.

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O'Sullivan, Janet. „BUILDING CONTRACTS – IS THERE CONCURRENT LIABILITY IN TORT?“ Cambridge Law Journal 70, Nr. 2 (20.06.2011): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197311000407.

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Fagart. „Concurrence en contrats, anti-sélection et structure d'information“. Annales d'Économie et de Statistique, Nr. 43 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20076024.

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Karim, Vincent. „L'ordre public en droit économique : contrats, concurrence, consommation“. Les Cahiers de droit 40, Nr. 2 (12.04.2005): 403–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043548ar.

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Malgré les efforts déployés par le législateur lors de la réforme du Code civil du Québec, la notion d'ordre public demeure vague, floue et difficile à définir en des termes précis. La disparition de la notion de bonnes moeurs n'a pas en effet réglé toutes les questions controversées soulevées sous l'empire de l'ancien Code civil ni dissipé toute la confusion qui régnait. Certaines questions se posent toujours relativement à la distinction entre l'ordre public de direction et l'ordre public de protection, entre l'ordre public économique et l’ordre public politique et social, ainsi qu'au sujet des sanctions applicables en cas de violation d'une disposition d'ordre public en vigueur au moment de la formation du contrat ou d'une disposition qui prend effet alors que le contrat est déjà formé et en cours d'exécution. Les nouvelles dispositions traitant de l'ordre public, malgré leur multiplication et leur précision, n'apportent pas de réponses claires quant à leur applicabilité rétroactive, quant aux effets particuliers qu'engendre la nullité absolue qui frappe un contrat fait en violation de ces dispositions, ni quant aux conditions de la validité d'une renonciation à une règle d'ordre public. La doctrine et les tribunaux conservent leur rôle traditionnel, leur intervention étant toujours requise pour clarifier certaines ambiguïtés persistantes et pour répondre à certaines interrogations qui surgissent dans des situations tout à fait exceptionnelles et imprévisibles à la suite de la réforme du Code civil du Québec.

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Happe, Jens, Heiko Koziolek und Ralf Reussner. „Parametric Performance Contracts for Software Components with Concurrent Behaviour“. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 182 (Juni 2007): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2006.09.033.

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Deom, Diane, und Pierre Nihoul. „Les marchés publics : concurrence, transparence et neutralité“. Colloque : L'État en marche, transparence et reddition de comptes 36, Nr. 4 (31.10.2014): 801–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027172ar.

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Les contrats des autorités publiques belges obéissent tant au droit commun qu’aux règles particulières fixées par le législateur. Les auteurs décrivent et commentent les règles applicables au marché public en Belgique et vérifient dans quelle mesure celles-ci répondent aux préoccupations sociales, environnementales et éthiques, ainsi qu’aux exigences du commerce équitable.

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Yin, Yong, Jian Zhou, Chaoyong Zhang und Dejun Chen. „Adaptive SLA mechanism for service sharing in virtual environments“. Kybernetes 45, Nr. 7 (01.08.2016): 1036–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-03-2014-0057.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss an adaptive SLA mechanism for service sharing in virtual environment, which can organize and govern QoS items in terms of service execution time, reliability, and availability, and provides a common understanding about services, responsibilities, priorities, guarantees and warranties-related virtual cooperative issues. Design/methodology/approach The management framework for SLA is introduced, based on which the whole process including SLA contract, adaptive SLA negotiation strategy, SLA deployment and SLA assessment are discussed, and the prototype is implemented in the cloud manufacturing platform. Findings A proposed SLA framework for service sharing in virtual environments is given; electronic contracts are designed in the framework for encapsulating measurable aspects of service level agreements so as to provide common understanding about the service; and an improved SLA negotiation strategy with three phases is presented for the dynamicity of the virtual services. Originality/value The paper presents a very useful adaptive SLA mechanism for service sharing in virtual environments that can be utilized in concurrent or future advanced manufacturing modes.

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Lapidus, Azariy, und Ivan Abramov. „Studying the methods for determining and maintaining sustainability of a construction firm“. MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825105017.

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Against the backdrop of the economic crisis and the complicated international situation, the government pays great attention to reforming the construction industry, creating the conditions for adapting construction firms to the existing situation and associated entrepreneurial and production risks. Concurrently, as the ever-increasing competition places higher requirements on potential participants in construction projects under state-financed and municipal contracts, new laws and regulations are being developed and improved, and bidding rules are systemized and optimized to help select the most reliable contractors resistant to various impacts. The purpose of this paper is to describe the term “sustainability of a construction firm” and to set the tasks of research into the ways of increasing sustainability of construction firms based on efficient organization of construction operations and up-to-date production and labor technology. The scientific problem suggested for review lies in ensuring guaranteed sustainability of construction firms amid uncertainties of construction operations. This paper focuses on research into and the methods for determining a correlation between sustainability of a construction firm and its resource potential that depends on a number of diverse factors.

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ARCHER, Stephanie L., und Suzanne CURTIN. „Fourteen-month-olds’ sensitivity to acoustic salience in minimal pair word learning“. Journal of Child Language 45, Nr. 5 (21.02.2018): 1198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000917000617.

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AbstractDuring the first two years of life, infants concurrently refine native-language speech categories and word learning skills. However, in the Switch Task, 14-month-olds do not detect minimal contrasts in a novel object–word pairing (Stager & Werker, 1997). We investigate whether presenting infants with acoustically salient contrasts (liquids) facilitates success in the Switch Task. The first two experiments demonstrate that acoustic differences boost infants’ detection of contrasts. However, infants cannot detect the contrast when the segments are digitally shortened. Thus, not all minimal contrasts are equally difficult, and the acoustic properties of a contrast matter in word learning.

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Bessy, Christian. „L’usage des clauses de non-concurrence dans les contrats de travail“. Revue d'économie industrielle, Nr. 125 (15.03.2009): 9–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rei.3946.

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Guigou, Jean-Daniel. „Contrats de dette participative en environnement stratégique“. Articles 78, Nr. 1 (11.03.2004): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007242ar.

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Résumé Cet article considère un jeu en quantités avec financement des capacités de production, dans lequel la forme des contrats financiers constitue la variable stratégique pertinente des entreprises. Le contrat optimal se distingue du contrat de dette classique par la présence d’une clause de participation : l’intérêt versé à la banque comprend une partie fixe et une partie variable, indexée sur les profits de la firme. Le contrat de dette participative s’avère proconcurrentiel à l’équilibre symétrique du jeu, au sens où il incite à la concurrence. En revanche, dès lors qu’on introduit un avantage de premier décideur à l’étape contractuelle, il peut être une source de barrières stratégiques à l’entrée et donc avoir des effets anticoncurrentiels.

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Guiheux, Gilles. „La mise en concurrence et transparence des contrats administratifs français : entre novation et tradition“. Colloque : L'État en marche, transparence et reddition de comptes 36, Nr. 4 (31.10.2014): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027171ar.

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La passation des contrats des collectivités publiques françaises a toujours été soumise à des règles spécifiques. Produit des traditions politiques et juridiques françaises, le droit des contrats publics déroge au droit commun. L’exemple des marchés publics est topique. Le droit français des marchés publics est actuellement en pleine mutation, particulièrement sous l’influence du droit européen et le souci des pouvoirs publics de mieux contrôler le bon emploi des deniers publics. C’est pourquoi deux grandes réformes ont été engagées ces dernières années. L’une a consisté à reformuler les droits des opérateurs en essayant de supprimer toute forme de discrimination dans le droit de la commande publique. L’autre a cherché à sanctionner de manière plus efficace les dévoiements constatés. La législation pénale et les contrôles administratifs ont été renforcés.

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Gebhardt, Laurence P., und Robert G. Jarvis. „Concurrent Development of the SENESCO Shipyard“. Journal of Ship Production 17, Nr. 01 (01.02.2001): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2001.17.1.40.

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This paper describes the concurrent development of the Southeastern New England Shipbuilding Corporation (SENESCO) shipyard at Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Electric Boat Corporation formerly used the facility in the production of nuclear submarines. The company was founded to help convert these facilities and to help revitalize commercial shipbuilding in the Northeast region. Basic research and development for the shipyard emerged from a MARITECH project completed in 1996. Company founders persisted to raise $6.75 million, execute a long-term property lease, attract a management team, obtain a contract, hire a core workforce, and get started.

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McConnell, Jean, und J. G. Quinn. „Interference in Visual Working Memory“. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 53, Nr. 1 (Februar 2000): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755873.

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This paper uses the theoretical distinction that has recently developed between the passive visual store and the active spatial rehearsal mechanism of the visuo-spatial component of working memory (VSSP). It examines the circumstances under which visual fields gain functional access to the passive visual store and seeks to cast light on the circumstances under which irrelevant visual fields interfere with concurrent visual processing. Experiment 1 contrasts a dynamic visual noise field with a static noise field and shows that the static field, in contrast to the dynamic noise field, causes no interference when presented concurrently with a visual task. Experiment 2 investigates the reason for this contrast and concludes that the static field is susceptible to decay and so fails to cause interference. Experiment 3 investigates further the circumstances under which dynamic visual noise causes interference and shows that manipulation of the number of changes within the noise field is also of importance in causing interference. The results allow further consideration of the characteristics of the VSSP.

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Bhana, Deeksha, und C. J. Visser. „The concurrence of breach of contract and delict in a constitutional context“. South African Journal on Human Rights 35, Nr. 1 (02.01.2019): 94–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2019.1586450.

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Conner, W. Thomas, Nathaniel Segal und John M. Sanders. „New SEC variable contract summary prospectus rules: an implementation project plan“. Journal of Investment Compliance 21, Nr. 2/3 (30.11.2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-09-2020-0024.

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Purpose To analyze the SEC’s newly adopted Rule 498 A, the variable contract summary prospectus rule, and concurrently adopted prospectus disclosure requirements in order to propose to insurance companies issuing variable contracts a project implementation plan for companies seeking SEC approval for summary prospectuses compliant with the new rules. Design/methodology/approach Discusses the history, requirements, effects, and expected implementation timeline of the new rules, then offers a detailed project plan and timeline for compliance. Findings The Rule does not require insurers to use summary prospectuses, but there are several compelling reasons for doing so. The Rule allows insurers to use a new concise and brief selling document, and by so doing to begin generating very significant cost savings as soon as May 1, 2021. The article provides a detailed implementation plan for insurance companies that want to comply with the new prospectus disclosure requirements and implement policies and procedures to begin using summary prospectuses. Practical implications A coordinated project implementation plan like that outlined in the article might assist insurance companies to make the requisite statutory prospectus revisions and prepare and obtain SEC approval of summary prospectuses by May 1, 2021. Originality/value Analysis from experienced attorneys who frequently advise insurance companies issuing fixed and variable annuities, and assist clients in navigating the complex regulatory requirements governing insurance and securities products.

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Singh, Sunil K., Detelina Marinova und Jagdip Singh. „Business-to-Business E-Negotiations and Influence Tactics“. Journal of Marketing 84, Nr. 2 (28.01.2020): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022242919899381.

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E-negotiations, or sales negotiations over email, are increasingly common in business-to-business (B2B) sales, but little is known about selling effectiveness in this medium. This research investigates salespeople’s use of influence tactics as textual cues to manage buyers’ attention during B2B e-negotiations to win sales contract award. Drawing on studies of attention as a selection heuristic, the authors advance the literature on mechanisms of sales influence by theorizing buyer attention as a key mediating variable between the use of influence tactics and contract award. They use a unique, longitudinal panel spanning more than two years of email communications between buyers and salespeople during B2B sales negotiations to develop a validated corpus of textual cues that are diagnostic of salespeople’s influence tactics in e-negotiations. These e-communications data are augmented by salesperson in-depth interviews and survey, archival performance data, and a controlled experimental study with professional salespeople. The obtained results indicate that the concurrent use of compliance or internalization-based tactics as textual cues bolsters buyers’ attention and is associated with greater likelihood of contract award. In contrast, concurrent use of compliance and internalization-based tactics is prone to degrade buyer attention and likely to put the salesperson at a disadvantage in closing the contract award.

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Rochfeld, Judith. „A la croisée du droit de la concurrence et du droit des contrats : l'apport des pratiques restrictives de concurrence“. Revue juridique de l'Ouest 17, Nr. 4 (2004): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/juro.2004.2797.

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Ambler, Steven, Emanuela Cardia und Louis Phaneuf. „Contrats de salaire, croissance endogène et fluctuations“. L'Actualité économique 68, Nr. 1-2 (10.03.2009): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602064ar.

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RÉSUMÉNous analysons, calibrons et simulons un modèle des fluctuations économiques qui est très général et qui permet de réunir plusieurs approches modernes à la modélisation du cycle économique. Le modèle emboîte des hypothèses de croissance endogène, de concurrence monopolistique sur le marché des biens et services, et de rigidités nominales par le biais de contrats de salaire non contingents. Ceci nous permet de mettre en évidence les hypothèses importantes de ces approches et d’analyser dans quelle mesure elles engendrent des prédictions qui sont conformes aux faits. Nous prêtons une attention particulière à des phénomènes associés au fonctionnement du marché du travail : la corrélation entre la productivité de la main-d’oeuvre et l’emploi, et la variance de l’emploi par rapport à celle de la productivité. L’explication de ces comouvements est considérée depuis l’époque de Keynes, Dunlop et Tarshis comme un test particulièrement exigeant.

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Avila Orive, José Luis. „Principios generales de los contratos administrativos: La Ley 13/1995, de 18 de mayo“. Estudios de Deusto 43, Nr. 2 (28.01.2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ed-43(2)-1995pp53-69.

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1. Consideraciones generales. 2. Principios básicos: A) La configuración sustantiva del contrato administrativo. B) Publicidad y concurrencia. C) Igualdad y no discriminación. D) Riesgo y ventura. E) Equivalente económico. F) Supremacía de la Administración. G) Contractus lex. H) La forma del contrato.

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Banerjee, Avijit. „Concurrent pricing and lot sizing for make-to-order contract production“. International Journal of Production Economics 93-94 (Januar 2005): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.06.017.

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Mühlbacher, Andreas, und Thomas Guhr. „Extreme Portfolio Loss Correlations in Credit Risk“. Risks 6, Nr. 3 (17.07.2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks6030072.

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The stability of the financial system is associated with systemic risk factors such as the concurrent default of numerous small obligors. Hence, it is of utmost importance to study the mutual dependence of losses for different creditors in the case of large, overlapping credit portfolios. We analytically calculate the multivariate joint loss distribution of several credit portfolios on a non-stationary market. To take fluctuating asset correlations into account, we use an random matrix approach which preserves, as a much appreciated side effect, analytical tractability and drastically reduces the number of parameters. We show that, for two disjoint credit portfolios, diversification does not work in a correlated market. Additionally, we find large concurrent portfolio losses to be rather likely. We show that significant correlations of the losses emerge not only for large portfolios with thousands of credit contracts, but also for small portfolios consisting of a few credit contracts only. Furthermore, we include subordination levels, which were established in collateralized debt obligations to protect the more senior tranches from high losses. We analytically corroborate the observation that an extreme loss of the subordinated creditor is likely to also yield a large loss of the senior creditor.

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Herring, Charles, Andrew J. Muzyk und Cynthia Johnston. „Interferences With Urine Drug Screens“. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, Nr. 1 (22.11.2010): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190010380463.

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Qualitative urine drug assays are frequently used in conjunction with opioid contracts as a means of monitoring use of prescribed controlled substances as well as concurrent use of illicit substances in patients receiving opioids for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) management. Appropriate use of these screening tests, in conjunction with opioid contracts, may provide the health care provider with additional information needed to safely prescribe opioids for selected individuals with CNMP. It is important for the practitioner caring for patients subject to random urine drug screening to understand interferences with the commonly used urine drug assays, as well as knowing options to confirm contested test results. We reviewed the literature on urine drug assay test interferences and present a summary of this information in this article.

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Carniaux, Anton. „Les clauses financières restreignant la concurrence dans les contrats de licence : le droit américain, canadien et européen“. Revue générale de droit 28, Nr. 2 (16.03.2016): 201–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035638ar.

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Le choix des modalités financières qui accompagnent tout contrat de transfert de technologie n’est jamais innocent. Il peut être tentant pour un donneur de licence d’imposer au licencié, par exemple, un prix de vente de sa technologie, ou encore d’exiger des modes particuliers de versement des redevances dues par le licencié. Ce dernier peut lui-même y trouver son compte. Toutefois, les droits de la concurrence américain, canadien et européen, encadrent plus ou moins la discussion sur ces aspects financiers. Sous cet angle particulier, ces droits font l’objet ici d’une étude comparée. Ces droits reflètent un compromis, variable selon les pays, entre les intérêts du fournisseur de la technologie, qui a le mérite de l’effort créatif, et la libre concurrence, qui peut être entravée par certaines clauses financières. Le régime juridique américain obéit à une tradition de sévérité, remise en cause depuis quelques années. Le Canada offre l’exemple d’un droit incertain ayant connu très peu d’applications jurisprudentielles. L’Union européenne, de son côté, développe un droit de la concurrence particulièrement interventionniste pour préserver les conditions d’une saine concurrence inter-étatique. Ces diverses conceptions ne sont pas ancrées définitivement dans le contexte économique et politique qui leur est propre. Bien au contraire, les différents régimes juridiques des clauses financières restrictives connaissent une mutation commune, dans le sillage de la mondialisation économique. On entrevoit, en effet, une libéralisation progressive de ces régimes, notamment sous l’influence d’auteurs se réclamant de l’École de Chicago. Malgré tout, l’auteur doute du bien-fondé d’une libéralisation totale, en particulier lorsqu’une intégration économique régionale est en jeu, comme le montre le droit européen.

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Schovsbo, Jens, und Thomas Riis. „Concurrent Liability in Contract and Intellectual Property Law: Licensing Agreements in Light of Case C-666/18 IT Development SAS“. GRUR International 69, Nr. 10 (29.07.2020): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikaa104.

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Abstract It is the starting point in some jurisdictions that if a licensing agreement has been breached, the licensor may choose to establish their claims against the licensee on the basis of either contract or intellectual property law. This article argues that such a starting point should not be upheld. Not least because of developments in EU law, the intellectual property rights (IPR) system contains special remedies and procedures, which systematically and unilaterally benefit one of the parties to a contract, viz. the rightholder (licensor). The ability to have recourse against a contractual party via IPR instead of contract law ought to be limited as far as possible, i.e. restricted to those instances where this is prescribed by law. In the recent judgment of the CJEU, C-666/18 IT Development SAS, the Court held that a copyright holder/licensor must be able to rely on the remedies and procedures of the Enforcement Directive (IPRED). Consequently, freedom of choice between contract and IPR law is guaranteed in this respect. It is notable that this judgment deals exclusively with IPRED and does not have any broader effect in relation to the basic question of choice between contract and IPR law outside of the scope of the IPRED. Therefore, freedom of choice could still be limited, and licensees shielded against the special remedies and procedures which are at rightholders’ disposal outside of the IPRED.***

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Poesen, Michiel. „Concurrent liabilities and jurisdiction over individual contracts of employment under the Brussels Ia Regulation“. Journal of Private International Law 16, Nr. 2 (03.05.2020): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441048.2020.1762978.

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Zhang, Junling, Xiaowen Qi und Changyong Liang. „Tackling Complexity in Green Contractor Selection for Mega Infrastructure Projects: A Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic MADM Approach with considering Group Attitudinal Character and Attributes’ Interdependency“. Complexity 2018 (02.12.2018): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4903572.

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Continuous environmental concerns regarding construction industry have been driving general constructors of mega infrastructure projects to incorporate green contractors. Although conventional multiple attributes decision-making (MADM) methodologies have provided feasible ways to select contractor, high complexity in scenarios of megaprojects still challenges existing MADM methods in concurrently accommodating three key issues of decision hesitancy, attributes interdependency, and group attitudinal character. To elicit decision-makers’ hesitant fuzzy assessments more objectively and comprehensively, we define an expression tool called interval-valued dual hesitant fuzzy uncertain unbalanced linguistic set (IVDHF_UUBLS) and develop aggregation operators through its operations. To exploit attributes interdependency, we establish a synthesized attributes’ weighting model to fuse an attributes interdependency-based weighting vector and an argument-dependent weighting vector, which are, respectively, derived through Decision-Making and Trial Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) technique and maximizing deviation method. To effectively utilize decision-makers’ group attitudinal characters, we also develop a TOPSIS-based method to rationally transform group ideal attitudes into order-inducing vectors. On the strength of the above methods, an integrated MADM approach is then constructed. Finally, illustrative case study and experiments are conducted to validate our approach.

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Tukamuhabwa, Benjamin R., Moses Muhwezi ., Sarah Eyaa . und John Saturday . „Explaining Outsourcing Performance in Ugandaâ€™s Commercial Banks“. Information Management and Business Review 4, Nr. 1 (15.01.2012): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v4i1.959.

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This study aimed at investigating outsourcing performance in Ugandaâ€™s commercial banks basing on the variables of contract, relational norms, trust and commitment. It was motivated by the fact that where as outsourcing has been identified as a global trend in this millennium and a competitive strategy for the contemporary business, there were limited (if any) empirical studies on outsourcing performance in Uganda. Besides, previous studies conducted outside Uganda have provided conflicting views on whether or not contract and relational norms can be used concurrently to enhance outsourcing performance. The study was also intended to contribute to this debate by establishing the extent to which the variation in outsourcing performance was explained by the model that was developed. Findings revealed that the only significant predictor of outsourcing performance was contract and the model accounted for 40.1% of the variation in outsourcing performance. The findings present implications for commercial bank management in the area of contracting and contract management, which have to be addressed if outsourcing performance is to be enhanced and competitiveness in the banking sector improved.

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Rolnick, Arthur J., François R. Velde und Warren E. Weber. „The Debasement Puzzle: An Essay on Medieval Monetary History“. Journal of Economic History 56, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1996): 789–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700017472.

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We establish several facts about medieval monetary debasements: they were followed by unusually large minting volumes and by increased seigniorage; old and new coins circulated concurrently; and, at least some of the time, coins were valued by weight. These facts constitute a puzzle because debasements provide no additional inducements to bring coins to the mint. On theoretical and empirical grounds, we reject explanations based on by-tale circulation, nominal contracts, and sluggish price adjustment. We conclude that debasements pose a challenge to monetary economics.

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Maksym, Ted. „Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Change: Contrasts, Commonalities, and Causes“. Annual Review of Marine Science 11, Nr. 1 (03.01.2019): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060610.

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Arctic sea ice has declined precipitously in both extent and thickness over the past four decades; by contrast, Antarctic sea ice has shown little overall change, but this masks large regional variability. Climate models have not captured these changes. But these differences do not represent a paradox. The processes governing, and impacts of, natural variability and human-induced changes differ markedly at the poles largely because of the ways in which differences in geography control the properties of and interactions among the atmosphere, ice, and ocean. The impact of natural variability on the ice cover is large at both poles, so modeled ice trends are not entirely inconsistent with contributions from both natural variability and anthropogenic forcing. Despite this concurrence, the coupling of natural climate variability, climate feedbacks, and sea ice is not well understood, and significant biases remain in model representations of the ice cover and the processes that drive it.

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Cárdenas-Barrón, Leopoldo Eduardo. „Note on: Concurrent pricing and lot sizing for make-to-order contract production“. International Journal of Production Economics 103, Nr. 1 (September 2006): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2005.09.005.

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Zhong, Qian, und Yingping Zheng. „Multi-Disciplinary Team Cooperative Work Based on Contract Net in Concurrent Engineering Environment *“. IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, Nr. 14 (Juli 1997): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)42705-4.

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Nowak, Paula. „OUTSOURCING – AN ATTEMPT TO FIND A DEFINITION OF THE NOTION WITHIN THE SCOPE OF POLISH LABOUR LAW“. Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, Nr. XVIII (30.06.2018): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6008.

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This article constitutes an attempt to find a definition of the notion of ‘outsourcing’ that would be useful within the scope of Polish labour law. For this purpose, in the first place, the examples of use of the term ‘outsourcing’ within European Union law and Polish law have been presented along with assessments of those usages from the perspective of usefulness for building a general definition of the notion. Subsequently, the most significant literary definition of the notion have been divided into groups of concurrent views, and a definition that would be the most useful from the perspective of Polish labour law, considering its material and subjective scope, has been suggested. Later, a number of criteria characterising the contract of outsourcing have been indicated. Those criteria would also allow to distinguish a contract of outsourcing from a contract of mandate. As the last step, a new definition of the term ‘outsourcing’ within the scope of labour law has been proposed.

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Akhtar, Shoaib, Azhar Abbas, Hazem S. Kassem, Salim Bagadeem, Raza Ullah und Bader Alhafi Alotaibi. „Sustainable Crop Production, the Concurrent Adoption of Contract Farming, and Managing Risks through Income Diversification“. Agronomy 11, Nr. 5 (13.05.2021): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050973.

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This paper is aimed at evaluating the factors affecting the concurrent adoption of two risk coping strategies among hybrid maize farmers, namely income diversification supplemented with off-farm work and contract farming in the wake of changing climatic conditions. Climatic changes and food insecurity at the national level have emerged as key risk elements for hybrid maize production due to varying economic conditions. The present paper addresses these risks by examining various sources of risks faced by hybrid maize farmers and develops ideas to tackle these risks. Bivariate and multinomial probit models were employed to analyze numerous factors that influence farmers’ choice of the simultaneous adoption of income diversification (both on and off the farm) and contract farming at the farm level. The results reveal that hybrid maize farmers’ socioeconomic attributes significantly affect their adoption of risk coping tools. Similarly, the climatic, economic (price-related), biological, and financial risk perceptions and risk preference significantly influence the utilization of risk coping strategies in maize production. These outcomes extend our understanding of farmers’ risk preferences and provide parameters for policymakers to forestall diverse risk sources associated with hybrid maize production.

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Mugwagwa, Innocent, Jos Bijman und Jacques Trienekens. „Why do agribusiness firms simultaneously source from different contract farming arrangements? Evidence from the soybean industry in Malawi“. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, Nr. 1 (28.01.2019): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2018.0079.

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This paper describes and analyzes the rationale for concurrent use of different contract farming arrangements (CFAs) by a large agroprocessor. We postulate that plural governance is determined by ambiguity over the best mode of coordination, complexity of transactions and strategic behavior by the agroprocessor. We carried out an in-depth case study of an agroprocessor that has multiple CFAs in the soybean industry in Malawi. We find that ambiguity explains the formation of plural governance structures, but strategic behavior is the main motivation for their persistence. Hence, the study findings unite hitherto opposing schools of thought on the stability of plural forms. The results imply that the incentives and disincentives of agribusiness firms to source through different CFAs should be considered in designing policies and programmes to promote contract farming.

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Hodge, Megan, und Carrie L. Gotzke. „Preliminary Results of an Intelligibility Measure for English-Speaking Children with Cleft Palate“. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, Nr. 2 (März 2007): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-035.1.

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Objective: This study describes a preliminary evaluation of the construct and concurrent validity of the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate. Design: The study used a prospective between-groups design with convenience samples. Participants: Participants (ages 39 to 82 months) included 5 children with cleft palate and 10 children with typical speech development and no history of craniofacial abnormalities. All children had age-appropriate language skills. Interventions: Each child completed the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate by imitating single words. Each child's word productions were recorded and played back to listeners who completed open-set and closed-set response tasks. Recorded utterances that represented a contiguous 100-word sample of each child's spontaneous speech also were played back to listeners for completion of an open-set word identification task. Main Outcome Measures: Measures reported include group means for (1) intelligibility scores for the open-set Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate and spontaneous speech sample conditions, and (2) percentage of phonetic contrasts correct and correct-distorted from the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate closed-set response task. Results: The group of children with cleft palate had significantly lower intelligibility scores, lower percentage of correct phonetic contrasts, and higher percentage of correct distorted items (construct validity). A strong positive correlation (r = .88, p < .01) was found between intelligibility scores from the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate and the spontaneous sample (concurrent validity). Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support for the construct and concurrent validities of the Speech Intelligibility Probe for Children With Cleft Palate as a measure of children's speech intelligibility.

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Contracts for concurrency“

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