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1
May, Richard John. Perceptual content loss in bit rate constrained IFS encoded speech. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2002.
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2
Bill, Stockting, und Queyroux Fabienne, Hrsg. Encoding across frontiers: Proceedings of the European Conference on Encoded Archival Description and Context (EAD and EAC), Paris, France, 1-8 October, 2004. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2005.
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3
L' Afrique noire, peut-elle encore parler français?: Essai sur la méthodologie de l'enseignement du français langue étrangère en Afrique noire francophone à travers l'étude du cas sénégalais. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1986.
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4
M, Dooley Jackie, Hrsg. Encoded Archival Description: Context, theory, and case studies. Chicago: Society of American Archivists, 1998.
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5
Dooley, Jackie M. Encoded Archival Description: Context, Theory, and Case Studies. Society of American Archivists, 1998.
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6
Mayle, Peter. Encore Provence Consumer Contest Display Kit. Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.
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7
Lepore, Ernie, und Matthew Stone. Explicit Indirection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0007.
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Our goal in this chapter is to contest the traditional view of indirection in utterances such as, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ by developing a very different way of characterizing the interpretations involved. We argue that the felt “indirection” of such utterances reflects the kind of meaning the utterances have, rather than the way that meaning is derived. So understood, there is no presumption that indirect meanings involve the pragmatic derivation of enriched contents froma literal interpretation; rather, we argue that indirect meanings are explicitly encoded in grammar. We build on recent work on formalizing declarative, interrogative, and imperative meanings as distinct but compatible kinds of content for utterances.
8
Duffley, Patrick. Linguistic Meaning Meets Linguistic Form. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850700.001.0001.
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This book steers a middle course between two opposing conceptions that currently dominate the field of semantics, the logical and cognitive approaches. It brings to light the inadequacies of both frameworks, and argues along with the Columbia School that linguistic semantics must be grounded on the linguistic sign itself and the meaning it conveys across the full range of its uses. The book offers 12 case studies demonstrating the explanatory power of a sign-based semantics, dealing with topics such as complementation with aspectual and causative verbs, control and raising, wh- words, full-verb inversion, and existential-there constructions. It calls for a radical revision of the semantics/pragmatics interface, proposing that the dividing-line be drawn between semiologically-signified notional content (i.e. what is linguistically encoded) and non-semiologically-signified notional content (i.e. what is not encoded but still communicated). This highlights a dimension of embodiment that concerns the basic design architecture of human language itself: the ineludable fact that the fundamental relation on which language is based is the association between a mind-engendered meaning and a bodily produced sign. It is argued that linguistic analysis often disregards this fact and treats meaning on the level of the sentence or the construction, rather than on that of the lower-level linguistic items where the linguistic sign is stored in a stable, permanent, and direct relation with its meaning outside of any particular context. Building linguistic analysis up from the ground level provides it with a more solid foundation and increases its explanatory power.
9
Balentine, Samuel E., Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Ritual and Worship in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222116.001.0001.
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The focus of this Handbook is on ritual and worship from the perspective of biblical studies, particularly on the Hebrew Bible and its ancient Near Eastern antecedents. Within this context, attention will be given to the development of ideas in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thinking, but only insofar as they connect with or extend the trajectory of biblical precedents. The volume reflects a wide range of analytical approaches to ancient texts, inscriptions, iconography, and ritual artifacts. It examines the social history and cultural knowledge encoded in rituals, and explores the way rituals shape and are shaped by politics, economics, ethical imperatives, and religion itself. Toward this end, the volume is organized into six major sections: Historical Contexts, Interpretive Approaches, Ritual Elements (participants, places, times, objects, practices), Underlying Cultural and Theological Perspectives, History of Interpretation, Social-Cultural Functions, and Theology and Theological Heritage.
10
Carston, Robyn. Pragmatics and Semantics. Herausgegeben von Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.19.
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A cognitive-scientific approach to the pragmatic interpretive ability is presented, according to which it is seen as a specific cognitive system dedicated to the interpretation of ostensive stimuli, that is, verbal utterances and other overtly communicative acts. This approach calls for a dual construal of semantics. The semantics which interfaces with the pragmatic interpretive system is not a matter of truth-conditional content, but of whatever components of meaning (lexical and syntactic) are encoded by the language system (independent of any particular use of the system by speakers in specific contexts). This linguistically provided meaning functions as evidence that guides and constrains the addressee’s pragmatic inferential processes whose goal is the recovery of the speaker’s intended meaning. Speakers communicate thoughts (explicatures and implicatures)—that is, fully propositional (truth-evaluable) entities—and it is these that are the proper domain of a truth-conditional (referential) semantics.
11
Archival, European Conference on Encoded, Bill Stockting und Fabienne Queyroux. Encoding Across Frontiers: Proceedings of the European Conference on Encoded Archival Description And Context (EAD And EAC), Paris, France, 7-8 October, 2004. Haworth Information Press, 2006.
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12
European Conference on Encoded Archival, Bill Stockting und Fabienne Queyroux. Encoding Across Frontiers: Proceedings of the European Conference on Encoded Archival Description And Context (EAD And EAC), Paris, France, 7-8 October, 2004. Haworth Information Press, 2006.
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13
Henry, Rosita. Veiled commands: anthropological perspectives on directives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0015.
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The great diversity of command strategies that can be found cross-linguistically provides rich comparative material for consideration by speech act theorists and other linguistic philosophers. Speech act theory has generated productive debates on how illocutionary acts such as commands are situated in context, and the relationship between speech action, power relations, politics, and diplomacy. This chapter concerns the way culturally specific strategies for authority, politeness, and diplomacy are encoded in how people deliver directives to others. The focus is on veiled commands, especially in the context of public speeches in the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG), as they relate to egalitarian values and concepts of autonomy. While veiled commands are not able to be universally correlated with an egalitarian ethos, in any context the veiling of words is related to the human awareness of others and that the world we inhabit is always a social world.
14
Murray, Sarah E. Declarative sentences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199681570.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 develops a compositional implementation of this analysis for evidentials in declarative sentences that does not appeal to separate dimensions of illocutionary meaning. In particular, I use an update semantics where both truth‐conditional content and anaphoric potential is encoded (Update with Centering). The formal implementation builds on work in dynamic semantics and the semantics of assertion and questions. This compositional, dynamic implementation integrates the different kinds of semantic contributions discussed in Chapter 3 into a single representation of meaning.
15
Ariel, Mira. Pragmatics and Grammar. Herausgegeben von Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.11.
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This paper argues that the grammar/pragmatics division of labour should be drawn along a code versus inference distinction. On this view, grammar specifies a set of codes, while pragmatics provides a set of context-dependent inferences. However, despite this very clear grammar/pragmatics distinction, it is not necessarily trivial to determine which aspects of the interpretation are encoded and which are inferred. Such decisions must be based on empirical examinations of each case. Thus, interpretations commonly analysed as part of grammar may be reanalysed as pragmatics, and vice versa, aspects of use and interpretation previously analysed as pragmatic may turn out to be grammatical after all.
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1954-, Blais Hélène, Peluso Maria, Feminist Literacy Workers' Network und Réseau des travailleuses féministes en alphabétisation., Hrsg. Staying connected : a chance to talk again =: Restons en contact : encore une chance de se parler. Edmonton, Alta: Femnist Literacy Worker's Network = Réseau des travailleuses féministes en alphabétisation, 1996.
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17
Charlow, Nate. Clause-Type, Force, and Normative Judgment in the Semantics of Imperatives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0003.
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This paper argues that imperatives express contents that are both cognitively and semantically related to, but nevertheless distinct from, modal propositions. On this analysis, imperatives semantically encode features of planning that are modally specified. Uttering an imperative amounts to tokening this feature in discourse, and thereby proffering it for adoption by the audience. This analysis resolves empirical problems that confront two major strands of theorizing about imperatives. It also suggests an appealing reorientation of clause-type theorizing, in which the cognitive act of updating on a typed sentence plays a central role in theorizing about both its semantics and role in discourse.
18
DVD Authoring with Adobe Encore DVD: A Professional Guide to Creative DVD Production and Adobe Integration. Focal Press, 2004.
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19
Webster, Jessica Lynn, und Marco Vignuzzi. Viral evolution and impact for public health strategies in low-income countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0007.
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Viruses, the simplest organisms, obligate parasites that encode structural proteins and replicative functions requiring the cellular machinery of the host to ensure their propagation. Viruses are masters of evolution. An analysis of infectious diseases emerging since the 1980s revealed that most were caused by viruses, especially those with RNA genomes. New viral emergences are generally the result of intrinsic changes in the genetics of the virus to increase transmission, virulence or host range, and environmental or ecological changes that favor contacts between viruses and humans or other hosts. We describe the molecular mechanisms of viruses that ensure their rapid adaptation and evolution. We describe instances where viral evolution appears partially responsible for recent outbreaks and discuss the challenges in identifying the cause or consequence of viral evolution in the context of resource-rich versus -limited countries.
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Vaheri, Antti, James N. Mills, Christina F. Spiropoulou und Brian Hjelle. Hantaviruses. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0035.
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Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are rodent- and insectivore-borne zoonotic viruses. Several hantaviruses are human pathogens, some with 10-35% mortality, and cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas. Hantaviruses are enveloped and have a three-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. The L gene encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M gene encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the S gene encodes a nucleocapsid protein. In addition, the S genes of some hantaviruses have an NSs open reading frame that can act as an interferon antagonist. Similarities between phylogenies have suggested ancient codivergence of the viruses and their hosts to many authors, but increasing evidence for frequent, recent host switching and local adaptation has led to questioning of this model. Infected rodents establish persistent infections with little or no effect on the host. Humans are infected from aerosols of rodent excreta, direct contact of broken skin or mucous membranes with infectious virus, or rodent bite. One hantavirus, Andes virus, is unique in that it is known to be transmitted from person-to-person. HFRS and HCPS, although primarily affecting kidneys and lungs, respectively, share a number of clinical features, such as capillary leakage, TNF-, and thrombocytopenia; notably, hemorrhages and alterations in renal function also occur in HCPS and cardiac and pulmonary involvement are not rare in HFRS. Of the four structural proteins, both in humoral and cellular immunity, the nucleocapsid protein appears to be the principal immunogen. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses are seen in both HFRS and HCPS and may be important for both protective immunity and pathogenesis. Diagnosis is mainly based on detection of IgM antibodies although viral RNA (vRNA) may be readily, although not invariably, detected in blood, urine and saliva. For sero/genotyping neutralization tests/RNA sequencing are required. Formalin-inactivated vaccines have been widely used in China and Korea but not outside Asia. Hantaviruses are prime examples of emerging and re-emerging infections and, given the limited number of rodents and insectivores thus far studied, it is likely that many new hantaviruses will be detected in the near future.
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Devine, A. M., und Laurence D. Stephens. Pragmatics for Latin. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939472.001.0001.
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Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.
22
Prinz, Jesse. Is Consciousness a Trick or a Treat? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367511.003.0011.
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Dennett often argues that consciousness is an illusion, which we should aim to explain away. But his debunking claims are rarely met with approval. This paper provides a strategy for demystifying consciousness, while accepting the force of Dennett's critical project. While Dennett is probably wrong to claim that visual imagery is encoded in mental pictures or linguistic descriptions of such pictures, he's probably right that an adequate phenomenology of visual imagery will preserve the content and structure of the representations employed by subpersonal processes. And while conscious experience is richer than Dennett believes, we often think we are experiencing the world in richer detail than we actually are. But attention is at play wherever we find conscious experience. And an account of conscious conscious experience that begins from this fact—Attention to Intermediate-level Representations—suggests a way of naturalizing qualia that even Dennett could learn to love.
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Rainville, Pierre. A signature of pain in the brain. Herausgegeben von Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu und Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0029.
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The discovery of pain biomarkers has profound implications for both pharmacology and neurobiology; in 2013, in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter, Wager et al. presented a neurologic signature of pain based on human brain imaging performed in healthy individuals administered experimental heat-pain stimuli. Using advanced analytic methods based on machine learning and multivariate pattern analysis, Wagner et al. provide very convincing support for the idea that pain is encoded in a distinctive pattern of brain activity in one or several brain areas typically referred to as the ‘pain matrix’, which acts as a saliency detection system for the body. Although the usage of such tool to infer pain in patients poses major challenges and is clearly not indicated in medico-legal contexts, the study provides experimental proof of concept in favour of a pattern theory of pain as well as for a specificity theory of pain.
24
Kehler, Andrew, und Jonathan Cohen. On Convention and Coherence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791492.003.0014.
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A bedrock principle in pragmatics is that the linguistic signals produced by speakers generally underdetermine the meanings that are communicated to interpreters. For Grice, for instance, utterance meaning lies close to what is overtly encoded, allowing only for the resolution of indexicals, tense, reference, and ambiguity. Lepore and Stone (L&S) agree, but with a stunning twist: they analyze all extrasemantic content as being derived from ambiguity resolution, leaving no work for Gricean tools. Despite significant areas of concurrence with L&S, we ultimately find their analysis to be untenable. To establish this, we focus on a form of pragmatic enrichment that recruits coherence establishment processes to apply within the clause—‘eliciture’—for which we see no credible analysis in terms of ambiguity resolution. We argue that an adequate account of language understanding must recognize the robust roles of both ambiguity resolution and pragmatic enrichment, using tense interpretation as a case study.
25
Si sai encor moult bon estoire, chancon moult bone et anciene: Studies in the Text and Context of Old French Narrative in Honour of Joseph J. Duggan. SSMLL, 2015.
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26
Lepora, Nathan F. Touch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0016.
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Touch is the ability to perceive the world through physical contact. This article describes three principles underlying biological touch sensing and how these principles can result in biomimetic devices. First, that cutaneous touch is superresolved, in that the accuracy of perceiving fine stimulus detail is finer than the spacing between individual sensory mechanoreceptors. Second, that touch is active, in that animals actively select and refine sensations in a purposive manner. Third, that touch is exploratory, in that animals deploy purposive action patterns to encode properties of objects via a lexicon of exploratory procedures. Biomimetic tactile systems have utilized these principles to result in superior sensing capabilities, including systems that mimic the human fingertip and hand (cutaneous touch) and the rodent whisker system (vibrissal touch). Future biomimetic touch could rival human capabilities, enabling tactile sensors to have technological applications spanning across prosthetics, telehaptics, surgical robotics, wearable computing, medical probes, and manufacturing.
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Butz, Martin V., und Esther F. Kutter. Decision Making, Control, and Concept Formation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0012.
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While attention controls the internal, mental focus of attention, motor control directs the bodily control focus. Our nervous system is structured in a cascade of interactive control loops, where the primary self-stabilizing control loops can be found directly in the body’s morphology and the muscles themselves. The hierarchical structure enables flexible and selective motor control and the invocation of motor primitives and motor complexes. The learning of motor primitives and complexes again adheres to certain computational systematicities. Redundant behavioral alternatives are encoded in an abstract manner, enabling fast habitual decision making and slower, more elaborated planning processes for realizing context-dependent behavior adaptations. On a higher level, behavior can be segmented into events, during which a particular behavior unfolds, and event boundaries, which characterize the beginning or the end of a behavior. Combinations of events and event boundaries yield event schemata. Hierarchical combinations of event schemata on shorter and longer time scales yield event taxonomies. When developing event boundary detectors, our mind begins to develop environmental conceptualizations. Evidence is available that suggests that such event-oriented conceptualizations are inherently semantic and closely related to linguistic, generative models. Thus, by optimizing behavioral versatility and developing progressively more abstract codes of environmental interactions and manipulations, cognitive encodings develop, which are supporting symbol grounding and grammatical language development.
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Schlapbach, Karin. The Anatomy of Dance Discourse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807728.001.0001.
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This book makes an original contribution to the newly thriving field of ancient Greek and Roman performance and dance studies. It offers a better grasp of ancient perceptions and conceptualizations of dance through the lens of literary texts. It gives attention not only to the highly encoded genre of pantomime, which dominates the stages in the Roman Empire, but also to acrobatic, non-representational dances. It is distinctive in its juxtaposition of ancient theorizations of dance with literary depictions of dance scenes. Part I explores the contact zones of ancient dance discourse with other areas of cultural expression, especially language and poetry, rhetoric and art, and philosophy and religion. Part II discusses ekphraseis of dance performances in prose and poetry. The main bulk of the book focuses roughly on the second century CE (discussing Plutarch, Lucian of Samosata, Athenaeus, the apocryphal Acts of John, Longus, and Apuleius), with excursions to Xenophon and Nonnus. Dance is performative and dynamic, and its way to cognition and action is physical experience. This book argues that dance was understood as a practice in which human beings, whether as dancers or spectators, are confronted with the irreducible reality of their own physical existence, which is constantly changing.
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt, und Marielle Butters. The Emergence of Functions in Language. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844297.001.0001.
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Why do grammatical systems of various languages express different meanings? Given that languages spoken in the same geographical area by people sharing similar social structure, occupations, and religious beliefs differ in the kinds of meaning expressed by the grammatical system, the answer to this question cannot invoke differences in geography, occupation, social and political structure, or religion. The present book aims to answer the main question through language internal analysis. This book offers a methodology to discover meaning in a way that is not based on inferences about reality. The book also offers a methodology to discover motivations for the emergence of meanings. The grammatical system at any given time constitutes a base from which new meanings emerge. The motivations for the emergence of functions include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency whereby every function encoded in the grammatical system must be expressed if it is in the scope of the situation described by the proposition; opportunistic emergence of meaning whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; emergence of functions through language contact. Several phenomena, such as benefactive and progressive in English, as well as point of view of the subject and goal orientation in several languages, receive new analyses.
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Gérard, Etienne, und Nolwen Henaff, Hrsg. Inégalités en perspectives. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813002310.
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La lutte contre les inégalités occupe aujourd’hui le devant de la scène internationale. Mais la lumière projetée sur leurs dimensions économiques laisse souvent dans l’ombre les conditions sociales de leur production, les modalités de leur traitement, ou encore les transformations sociales qu’elles portent en elles. Comment et par qui sont définis les indicateurs de mesure des inégalités? Comment les inégalités sont-elles perçues par les individus ou les groupes sociaux qui les subissent? L’ouvrage interroge les registres discursifs employés par les différents acteurs, et s’emploie ainsi à déplacer le regard pour explorer les inégalités dans toute leur complexité. Il s’attache aussi à décrypter les inégalités dans leurs contextes sociaux et culturels de production. Enfin, il analyse plusieurs processus de leur transformation enclenchés par la mondialisation, tels que les mobilités et les migrations. De l’échelle locale la plus fine du village – en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique latine – à l’échelle mondiale, une approche au plus près des populations apporte ici un éclairage fécond et nourrit le débat actuel sur les transformations sociales au niveau global.
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GUO, Jing, und Georges GALANES, Hrsg. L'enseignement de l'oral en classe de langue. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.9782813003669.
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La question de l'enseignement de l’oral préoccupe à la fois les enseignants et les apprenants. Dans un contexte d’apprentissage non naturel, les compétences liées aux activités de compréhension et de production orales sont complexes et difficiles à travailler d’une manière efficace. Les habiletés liées aux activités de l’oral, comme par exemple la compréhension, la production, l’interaction et la médiation, exigent de l’apprenant le développement d'aptitudes perceptives auditives, sémantiques, linguistiques, cognitives et phonétiques. Par ailleurs, les processus des activités de l’oral sont intangibles et peu maniables, ce qui rend l’apprentissage encore plus ardu. Qui plus est, l’enseignement institutionnel impose une évaluation, souvent sommative avec un système de notation. À cause de diverses contraintes, dans la plupart des classes de langues étrangères, la performance de l'oral est en général contrôlée par un test, qui très souvent ne permet pas de faire un diagnostic clair informant sur l'état de la progression de l'apprenant. Nous nous interrogeons ici sur les processus de compréhension et de production de l’oral. Nous sommes intéressés à répondre à plusieurs questions : Que se passe-t-il lorsqu’un apprenant essaie de communiquer oralement avec un locuteur natif ? Comment les informations sont-elles organisées pour formuler des énoncés ? Comment organiser des activités pour travailler l’oral et quelles en sont les conditions ? De quelles façons l’oral peut-il être évalué ? Quels sont les critères à privilégier, pour quels oraux et dans quelles situations ? Composé de 14 articles, cet ouvrage est le fruit de plusieurs journées d’étude internationales consacrées à l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’oral, organisées entre 2013 et 2017 par l’équipe de recherches Plidam de l’Inalco à Paris.
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Pauchard, Nicolas. Gouverner les ressources génétiques. Les stratégies des acteurs face aux droits de propriété et aux règles sur l’accès et le partage des avantages. Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/alphil.03157.
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En 1991, un employé du Ministère canadien de l’agriculture et de l’agroalimentaire récolte, en Chine, des semences de la plante de stévia. Il les séquence puis dépose les données obtenues sur la banque de séquences d’ADN étasunienne GenBank ®. Ces données seront utilisées, une décennie plus tard, par une entreprise de biotechnologie suisse, pour développer une souche de levure capable de sécreter, avec un meilleur rendement, l’édulcorant naturellement contenu dans la plante de stévia. Plusieurs brevets seront obtenus par la firme. En 2015, des ONG dénoncent l’appropriation de savoirs traditionnels détenus par des populations amérindiennes sur la plante de stévia, en violation des traités sur l’accès aux ressources génétiques et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de leur utilisation (APA), à savoir la Convention sur la diversité biologique et le Protocole de Nagoya. Face à de tels processus, qui détient quels droits sur les organismes, l’ADN qu’ils contiennent, les données extraites de cet ADN et les connaissances traditionnelles ou techniques produites ? Mis en oeuvre depuis près de trente ans pour apporter une solution à ces problèmes, le régime sur l’APA peine, en pratique, à y répondre. Cet ouvrage explore les stratégies des États, des multinationales, des acteurs de la recherche publique, des institutions de conservation des ressources génétiques et des ONG, face aux droits de propriété et à ce régime sur l’APA, fragmenté, encore instable et souvent instrumentalisé. Il propose des pistes d’amélioration, en testant une proposition de régime alternatif et en formulant une série de recommandations.
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Cogato Lanza, Elena, Farzaneh Bahrami, Simon Berger und Luca Pattaroni, Hrsg. Post-Car World. MetisPresses, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37866/0563-73-9.
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Et si le monde urbain était un monde sans voiture? Post-Car World tente de répondre à cette interrogation dans le contexte de la transition énergétique, à l’heure où la mobilité des biens, des personnes et du vivant constitue l’enjeu autour duquel reconfigurer les espaces urbains. La question s’impose avec une urgence particulière dans la ville-territoire: cette ville dispersée et à basse densité, encore largement dépendante de l’usage de la voiture et oubliée des politiques de mobilité alternatives. En considérant le cas de la métropole lémanique, les auteurs développent une lecture cartographique, photographique et statistique de son évolution durant le siècle de la voiture, pour ensuite la faire résonner avec une analyse des changements de comportement à l’oeuvre dans les villes européennes, afin de saisir les leviers permettant de renverser le paradigme fonctionnel qui a façonné les territoires à l’échelle globale. De même que la sédimentation des siècles qui ont précédé la voiture a servi de support à un habitat motorisé – la rupture technique n’ayant bouleversé ni les maillages viaires, ni le réseau de noyaux villageois – la métropole post-car se modèlera elle aussi, telle un palimpseste, sur les structures matérielles, les pratiques sociales et les imaginaires, en plein bouleversement, du présent. Croisant les regards de l’architecture, de la sociologie et de l’urbanisme, l’expérimentation méthodologique restituée dans cet ouvrage débouche sur quatre visions prospectives, articulées en autant de mises en fiction. Face à l’accélération des multiples transitions qui affectent les villes, les disciplines de l’espace et de la société ne peuvent que partager l’obligation de redéfinir les limites du pensable, en affûtant les techniques de vision et de production du futur. Préface de Jacques Lévy. Avec les contributions de Vincent Kaufmann, Emmanuel Ravalet et Alexandre Rigal.