Dissertationen zum Thema „Conservation des ressources naturelles dans la littérature“
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Le, Viol Isabelle. „Dynamique et répartition de la diversité : contribution pour une meilleure intégration dans les actions de conservation : l'exemple des dépendances vertes autoroutières“. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the current context of biodiversity erosion, understanding processes controlling spatial and temporal distribution of diversity is a major challenge if we are to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic factors and propose efficient conservation policies. In this thesis, I focused on identifying mechanisms controlling different biodiversity components (populations and communities, taxonomic and functional diversity), using various tools to quantify biodiversity. The two aims were to: (1) improve our understanding of the relative impact of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assembly and (2) propose conservation strategies for two types of areas: protected areas (Iroise sea) and wider countryside (highway verges). My results show contrasted diversity patterns, depending whether the focus is on taxonomic or functional diversity (e. G. Specific richness vs. Species specialisation), or depending upon the taxonomic group (e. G. Plants vs. Spiders). Those results have direct implications in identifying underlying mechanisms but also in terms of conservation. I show that, while highway verges (ponds and embankment) can play a functional part in maintaining biodiversity, this part mainly depends upon management choices enhancing spatial biodiversity within those areas (e. G. Planting hedges). Finally, my results highlight the importance of taking into account the dynamic aspects of biodiversity to finetune management advices. In protected natural areas (Iroise sea), we have observed an impact of human activities on biodiversity (tourism, abandonment of farmlands) that can work against conservation objectives. However, we show that some management practices (concerted management of tourism, eradication of introduced species) can enhance the maintenance of protected species and ecosystems
Li, Guoqiang. „L'homme et l'arbre dans la Chine antique : Connaissance naturaliste et contexte social“. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0051.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis analyzes, according to the methods of the "historical ethno-botanic", the first knowledge of the trees in ancient China (14th and 3th century before Christianity era), with the very varied sources, from the first data of a Chinese writing, oracular inscriptions on bone and carapace, to the documents written such as collections of poems, vocabulary, codex of rites etc. Synchronously, the written data observed with each specific aspect are, for all of them a trail of the tree knowledge. They reflect the concept of nature, the social organization, cultural phenomena and elements of the techniques, notably linked to the national resources management and to the agricultural development. Diachronically, the Antique botanic advancement and more specifically the denominative and classificatory systems have known a internal evolution linked from the cognitive reflection of a primary gathering to a sorting increasingly organized in a hierarchy
Cristino, Frota Mont'alverne Tarin. „Vers un régime international sur l’accès et le partage des avantages dans le droit de la biodiversité ?“ Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05D008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study aims to determine the need, despite the variety of obstacles, of an international regime on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. The question is what measures might be most appropriate to harmonize the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity regarding the access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from their use, the national laws on access and benefit-sharing, the Bonn Guidelines and the rules on intellectual property. The need for an adequate and coherent legal framework arises to resolve conflicts. The main issue is what kind of international regime on access and benefit-sharing is under formation
Hakizimana, Paul. „Analyse de la composition, de la structure spatiale et des ressources végétales naturelles prélevées dans la forêt dense de Kigwena et dans la forêt claire de Rumonge au Burundi“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209727.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Viallon, Alain. „Protection et développement dans trois parcs nationaux de l'arc alpin. Le cas de Berchtesgaden (Allemagne), Hohe Tauern (Autriche) et Mercantour (France)“. Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX10028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAbla, Safia. „Les politiques forestières en Algérie et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles : Cas du programme emploi rural dans la région de Medea“. Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAfter its independence, Algeria was confronted with a situation of very advanced degradation characterized by a significant regression of plant place setting an intensification of the erosive phenomena of the mountainous zones and the appearance of the landscapes become depopulated in the steppe. This situation is the outcome of a set of historic and natural factors. Considering the vital importance of the national heritage and its biological variety, Algeria leads a steady policy of development of the forest sector which was characterized through the various national plans and special programs. This thesis suggests detecting the elements which made failed this policy, to plan to recommend better one management of the Algerian forest and to determine the existing links between natural resources, rural population and development policy. A series of qualitative investigations on the basis of a guide of interview was made with the agents who participate in the elaboration of the forest politics and its implementation and the rural population to be able to loosen the failures connected to this last one. This present document redraws the product in which we ended in the term of our work on the ground, however and after a presentation of the frame and our problem, said document includes three essential parts: situation of the forest sector in Algeria, situation of the forest sector in Algeria, the Program of Rural Employment for the long-lasting management of the resources
Stahl, Lucile. „Le droit de la protection de la nature et de la diversité biologique dans les collectivités françaises d'Outre-mer“. Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_stahl_l.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThanks to its overseas collectivities, France enhances its heritage with a great diversity of species and ecosystems, often rare and sometimes unique. However, there are rather serious threats which weigh on this exceptional heritage. In this context, it is essential to evaluate the accuracy of the law of nature protection and biodiversity. The characteristics and legal status of the protection of nature, as well as its influence on the environmental, overseas and public laws, have been analyzed here. It will be shown that in contact with collectivities’ legal diversity – and a fortiori since the 28 March 2003 revision of the Constitution related to the decentralized organization of the Republic – a specific law on nature’s conservation is emerging. However, the efficiency of the overseas law, whether it is an exact copy of the law in Continental France or elaborated in a more autonomous way, still remains limited for the protection of biodiversity. It therefore appears necessary to strengthen the law on nature protection, both in its conception and enforcement. In this respect, an increase in awareness of certain ecological overseas’ specificities (such as being an island, extreme sensitivity to exotic invasive species, coral reef and endemic species, etc. ) could effectively contribute to this reinforcement
Diarra, Marimantia. „L'opération de développement intégré du Kaarta (O. D. I. K. ) vue à travers les territoires de Diaman Konkan et de Kourougue : une étude des problèmes de conservation des ressources naturelles dans le cadre des opérations de développement rural (ODR) du Mali“. Caen, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CAEN1013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGautier, Denis. „De la gestion centralisée des savanes d'Afrique de l'Ouest aux territoires de conservation et de développement dans un contexte de globalisation environnementale“. Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812879.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBenabou, Sarah. „Conserver la nature par l'exclusion des humains? : la lutte pour l'accès et l'usage des ressources dans la réserve de biosphère de Nanda Devi, Uttarakhand (Inde)“. Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0472.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn India as in the rest of the world, the idea that nature conservation is undergoing a drastic "crisis" is gaining ground, as is supposedly testified by recurrent conflicts between local populations and park authorities. Set against this background, this study takes the case of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR), nestling in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand and inhabited by adivasis known as "Bhotia". Birthplace of the Chipko movement in Reni (1974), this social and ecological milieu is today the reflection of this national scenario, at the heart of a conflict between Bhotia villagers, park authorities, small local NGOs and international institutions. Through an analysis of the social construction of the conflict in the NDBR, this work seeks to break out og the managerial straitjacket that is often imposed on this "problem" and to develop a critique that stresses the political and historically ituated dimensions of conservation policies. In the first place, we analyse the concrete expressions of the conservation "crisis" in Indiaand the concomitant discourses, we then turn towards the sanctuarization processes of the Nanda Devi region and, finally, to the way in which the various interests in the NDBR are expressed and handled and to the question of the agency of subaltern groups. Such an approach aims to complement studies in the political ecology of conservation, by showing that what must be conserved, by whom and how, is determined in the final analysis by social, political and economic processes
Carneiro, Ferreira Francisco Antônio. „Les réserves de biosphère : une réponse pour concilier développement urbain et conservation de la biodiversité ? : Expériences comparées d’urbanisation et de protection dans trois réserves de biosphères (Brésil, France Chine)“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030019.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUrban development is an important driver of environmental change on a global scale, which has exerted enormous pressure on ecosystems thanks to rapidly changing population densities and displacement, particularly migration from rural to urban areas. In this context, in which conservation and development objectives have historically been antagonistic, nature reserves have emerged as the main global strategy for biodiversity conservation. In order to verify the limits and possibilities of reconciling environmental protection and urban development, this study used the perspective of socio-environmental assessment studies, focusing on the issue of relations between society and the environment in urbanization processes around biosphere reserves. In this sense, it identifies different points of intersection between the theme of urban planning experiences and the notion of sustainable development. In the comparative analysis of three biosphere reserve cases - Mata Atlântica (Brazil), Yancheng (China) and Camargue (France) - we examine the experience of occupying of the transition zones of these biosphere reserves, located in coastal areas. The case studies offer additional information to reinforce the hypothesis that the urban development process in transition zones of the reserves has involved the reinforcement of predatory social and ecological strategies of urban and peri-urban occupation. The socio-economic and socio-cultural fragmentation of nature and local communities has contributed to the intensification of environmental pollution indices and the reduction of biological productivity in coastal regions. Finally, the work recognized the importance of strengthening an integrated and participatory planning system capable of correcting and preventing the deterioration of the natural and built environment caused by urban and peri-urban ocupation. it is considered essential to open up interdisciplinary research efforts to explore alternative policies for the sector, such as ecotourism
O desenvolvimento urbano é um importante motor da mudança ambiental em escala global, que tem exercido uma enorme pressão sobre os ecossistemas, graças à rápida mudança das densidades populacionais e deslocamentos, particularmente a migração das áreas rurais para as áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, em que os objetivos de conservação e de desenvolvimento tem sido historicamente antagônicos, as reservas naturais apresentam-se como a principal estratégia global de conservação da biodiversidade. A fim de verificar os limites e possibilidades de conciliar a proteção ambiental e o desenvolvimento urbano, neste estudo utilizou-se a perspectiva dos estudos de avaliação socioambiental, centrando-se na questão das relações entre a sociedade e o ambiente nos processos de urbanização em torno das reservas da biosfera. Nesse sentido, identifica diferentes pontos de intersecção entre o tema da planejamento urbano e a noção de desenvolvimento sustentável. Na análise comparativa dos três casos de Reservas da Biosfera - Mata Atlântica (Brasil), Yancheng (China) e Camargue (França) - examina a experiência de ocupação das áreas de transição dessas reservas biosfera, situadas em regiões costeiras. Os estudos de caso fornecem informações adicionais que reforçam a hipótese de que o processo de desenvolvimento urbano em zonas de transição das reservas envolvem o fortalecimento de estratégias sociais e ecológicas predatórias de ocupação urbana e periurbana. A fragmentação sócio-econômica e sociocultural da natureza e das comunidades locais tem contribuído à intensificação dos índices de poluição ambiental e a diminuição da produtividade em regiões costeiras. Finalmente, o trabalho reconheceu a importância de fortalecer um sistema de planejamento integrado e participativo que possa corrigir e prevenir o agravamento dos verdadeiros focos de deterioração do ambiente natural e construído induzido pela ocupação urbana e peri-urbana. Considera-se imprescindível a abertura do esforço de pesquisa interdisciplinar, para a exploração de políticas alternativas para o setor, como o ecoturismo. Palavras-chave: Urbanização, desenvolvimento urbano-turístico, ocupação periurbana, desenvolvimento sustentável, reservas da biosfera, ecoturismo
Calvet, Coralie. „Analyse de l'utilisation de la compensation écologique dans les politiques comme outil de conciliation des intérêts économiques et des objectifs de conservation de la biodiversité“. Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG2048/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGovernments have recently pledged to halt the loss of biodiversity. In this context, biodiversity offsetting (BO) appeared as a political response by allowing, in principle, to reconcile two often conflicting interests: economic development and biodiversity conservation. The objective of this work is to analyse whether BO can fulfil that promise. I am considering this issue from an interdisciplinary perspective by mobilizing the contributions of economy and ecology and using three complementary approaches. First, in a theoretical perspective, I ask the question of the compatibility of the offsetting principle with its biodiversity conservation goal. Second, in an empirical approach, I investigate the strengths and limits of using BO mechanisms in conservation policies, particularly two specific mechanisms analysed through two French case-studies: habitat bank and agri-environmental contracts. I mainly use the new institutional economics framework to analyse the effectiveness of these mechanisms for achieving the environmental objectives of BO. Finally, I adopt an epistemological approach to question the role of political dynamics in the diffusion and the promotion of BO in the scientific community. The results of the theoretical analysis highlights the inherent limits to the BO principle to achieve its conservation goals, especially with regard to the impossibility to adopt a complex ecological approach to biodiversity in the process of BO. My empirical study shows that the mechanisms of BO also have limitations that force compromises likely to jeopardize the achievement of environmental objectives of BO. These outcomes highlight the role and the importance of institutions in the implementation of BO, especially to provide clear and precise rules in order to limit the emergence of opportunistic behaviours, responsible for the major problems identified. Finally, my epistemological analysis shows that the development and the promotion of BO actually respond to a political agenda driven by the Anglo-Saxon policies and some conservation stakeholders. Overall my work emphasizes that BO is not a neutral object as it serves to spread a certain ideology on the practice of biodiversity conservation through the lens of sustainable development and green economy. Finally, this work allows stressing that reconciling economic and conservation interests is a complex problem that cannot be solved by using idealized consensus. Rather, the concept of BO offers an opportunity to think about the conditions of possibilities and impossibilities of the protection of nature today
Welch-Devine, Meredith. „Co-gestion des milieux naturels dans les Pyrénées : Natura 2000 et la gestion des propriétés collectives Basques (exemple du pays de Soule)“. Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUU1012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Basque province of Soule (department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France) contains more than 14,000 hectares of common-pool land. This land provides numerous resources, most notably summer pasturage, to the animal raisers of the province who, for centuries, have collectively managed that land under a common property regime. At the same time, biodiversity conservation has arisen as a chief concern of the international community and of European policy-makers. In 1992, the European Commission passed the Habitats Directive, which, together with the Birds Directive, creates a pan-European network of areas to be managed for social, economic, and ecological sustainability. This network, called Natura 2000, is made up of conservation sites on both public and private lands, and the common lands of Soule are covered almost in their entirety by Natura 2000 sites. The implementation of Natura 2000 is pushing the current system toward one of co-management between resource users, state agencies, and other stakeholders yet to be identified. This dissertation research examines the co-management process that is slowly emerging and compares it to the existing management regime. I discuss how relations between Basques and the French state combine with features of the implementation process to create resistance. I then examine the major themes of resistance and their origins, and explore the particularities that must be considered when moving from common property to co-management
Garineaud, Clément. „Récolter la mer : des savoirs et des pratiques des collecteurs d'algues à la gestion durable des ressources côtières dans le Finistère (Bretagne)“. Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAfter several cycles over the course of past centuries, seaweed harvesting in Finistere is once again experiencing a revival and emerging as a promising sector. Beyond socio-economic transformations, it is also faced with current issues of biodiversity conservation and the sharing of maritime space. How can human activity and preservation of the environment be reconciled? The mobilized ethnoecological approach looks at resource management by local communities through their engagement - practices, traditional ecological knowledge, and representations. The aim of this thesis is thus twofold: understanding the dynamics of seaweed harvesters' engagement, and understanding how they mobilize and cope with current issues. Through ethnographic survey and ethnoecological methods, the scientific, social, and administrative frameworks were investigated diachronically to understand the context and the issue. The identity of the collectors were studied through both 'administrative statuses' as well as five profiles that emerged from the data. This diversity in forms of engagement is reflected in the sensory perceptions mobilized during harvesting, in the vernacular classifications of seaweed, and in how space is apprehended. The analysis of these three dimensions reveals a rich body of 'intimate', 'embodied', and 'situated' knowledge that is inextricable from practices relating to seaweed, aquatic environments, and ecosystem dynamics. Finally, various elements across knowledge and representations shed light on conflicts and illustrate the influence of science and industry on collectors. The climate event that took place during the winter of 2013–2014, for example, left an impact on seaweed resources and forced collectors to adapt. It revealed the interplay between actors of the various sectors and the composite (or even hybrid) nature of their engagement, a first step towards co-management
Saleh, Adam. „Un modèle et son revers : la cogestion des réserves de biosphère de Waza et de la Bénoué dans le Nord-Cameroun“. Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00808569.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbier, Nicolas. „Conflits de gestion du territoire, de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles dans la région des Nez Percé (Idaho, Oregon, Washington) : étude du territoire indien dans le contexte autochtone aux Etats-Unis depuis le début de la conquête de l'Ouest“. Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOL013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn 1855, the United States of America signed a treaty with the Nez Perce Tribe by which the tribe kept 7.5 millions acres out of a 13.5 million acre aboriginal homeland. In 1863, the United States broke the 1855 Treaty and decreased tenfold the size of the Nez Perce Reservation. Yet, several prominent Nez Perce leaders whose lands were ceded under the 1863 Treaty did not sign it. In 1877, the United States Army forced the nontreaty Nez Perce to submit to the territorial ambitions of the United States after killing nontreaty Nez Perce women and children. Then, the federal government used coertion against the Nez Perce and exploited the poverty of many of them in order to get the number of signatures required to sanction the 1893 Agreement. The latter made the implementation of the Dawes Act possible on the Nez Perce Reservation and opened it up to non-Indian settlers. From 1854 to 1895, the Nez Perce people lost more than 98 percent of their aboriginal homeland. Most people living on the Nez Perce Reservation today are non-Indians. Current conflicts between Nez Perce and non-Indians over the management of land, the environment and natural resources all stem from the violence, and methods of coercion and exploitation used by the United States against these American Indians. There are conflicts between the tribe and non-Indian governmental entities, groups and individuals. However, a part of the local non-Indian population supports the tribe or at least some of their tribal claims. I study conflicts related to various issues: Nez Perce struggles to keep their indigenous identity; tribal sovereignty over the 1863 Reservation; private land ownership; the inequitable sharing of powers in the management of wolves, salmon and fires; water rights; degradation, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and riparian areas; the potential return of public lands located in the 1855 Treaty Area to the tribe; disagreements about the meaning of sustainable development and concomitant difficulties of launching significant regional projects that can be beneficial at the economic, environmental and social levels. I address these issues in the indigenous context of America since the conquest of the American West by comparing the case of the Nez Perce with the situations of other American Indian nations, and by anchoring it in a national and sometimes international context
Sarr, Serigne Momar. „Usages et conservation des communs en contexte de changement climatique dans le delta du Saloum au Sénégal“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG028.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis PhD thesis explores the management and use of commons in relation to the collective benefits derived from their exploitation in the context of climate change in the Saloum Delta, in central-western Senegal. The research is based on a theoretical framework built on the theory of the governance of the commons, to which we combined approaches of psychosociology of social representations, socio-anthropology of development, and sociology of social transaction. The research was conducted in the Saloum Delta, which is formed by an interlacing of islands rich in biodiversity but vulnerable to climate change. In addition, social dynamics show the drive with which women, youth and development projects produce the everyday. Building on an epistemological posture based on the ‘paradigm’ of complex thought and the perspective of a ‘subjectal knowledge,’ the research methodology is primarily qualitative with an ethnographic approach. Based on a case study, the use of a set of tools (documentary review, observation, individual and group interviews) produced a diversity of discursive and factual data. The analysis of the data collected in the field was conducted with a focus on the following dimensions: organisational settings, action and interaction relations in collective action, intentionality and uncertainty of social practices, historicity, space, and forecasting. Research findings show that commons (fishery and forestry), despite a constraining context of climate change and the existence of differential social representations resulting from the presence of a multiplicity of actors in the Saloum Delta, are successfully managed by community organisations and groups of actors working together, including social, state and non-state actors. This is done through social transactions for the conservation of natural resources through a ‘negotiated order’ of sustainability on the one hand, and the uses of collective benefits derived from their exploitation to carry out community projects on the other hand. In fact, collective action of various social and institutional actors – which has been referred to as ‘socio-institutional connection’ – is a condition for the successful management of commons. It is also an adaption strategy to climate change by the social construct of space based on the historicity of the Niominka community – the main group in this region. Furthermore, relations among various actors and with environmental objects such as natural resources and space require the object of sociology to be extended and an interest in facts of nature after the psychosociological approach gains acceptance. For now, this is only possible with inter- and transdisciplinarity in environmental science starting from the concept of vulnerability
Bessenay, Carole. „La gestion des données environnementales dans un espace naturel sensible : le système d'information géographique des Hautes-Chaumes foréziennes (Massif central)“. Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STET2024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe object of this research is to present and to apply to a specific territory the geographical information systems' concepts and potentialities that can help understand the functioning and evolution processes of natural spaces. The GIS of the "Hautes-Chaumes foreziennes" underlines the interest of a computerization of "ecological planning" methods whose aims are to integrate environment into management practices thanks to the analysis of the specific aptitudes or sensitivities of one space. This study is based on the inventory and the mapping ot the Hautes-Chaumes principal natural and human characteristics : topography, vegetation, humidity, pastoral activities. . . The selection of several criteria allows the elaboration of a pluridisciplinary diagnosis which underlines the important sensitivity of this area. This diagnosis is then compared with an evaluation model of anthropic frequenting in a way to define a zoning of the most vulnerable sectors, which are both sensitive and subject to important pressures. This analysis should urge politicians to conceive differentiated management measures related with the incentives at stake in each area in order to conciliate all anthropic activities while respecting the aptitudes of this natural space
Hardjito, Hapsari. „La préservation des forêts en droit international“. Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D055.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe global forest are nowadays covers approximately 4 billion hectares i.e. equivalent to 30 per cent of the world's land area. Global deforestation has continued at an alarming rate since the end of the last century, espacially in tropical zones. The global challenges of forests loss are enormous on all levels : economic, social, biological and ecological. The legal status of forests as the natural property of States and the undeniable application of the principles of permanent sovereignty over natural resources explain the non-consensus among States to ensure universal protection of forests by treaty. However, there are heterogeneous and more or less soft international rules, broken down in several international instruments addressing various environmental issues that benefit forest conservation. The preservation of forests is increasingly conceived from a sustainable development perspective. With regard to the place of forests in the rules of international trade, it remains fragile and torn between two objectives that seem to be contradictory : economic development and protection of the environment. A global governance for forest protection is thus being developed through new paradigms, including the development of forest certification norms emanating from environmental NGOs. This study is part of a re-examination of the legal status of forests, taking into account their vital role for the planet, particularly between the balance of the global climate, and calls for the recognition of forests as vital resources
Mitroi, Tisseyre Veronica. „Une pratique sociale à l’épreuve de la conservation de la nature. Incertitudes et controverses environnementales autour de la dégradation de la pêche dans la Réserve de la Biosphère du Delta du Danube“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100033/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the last two decades, different fishing rights systems have been experimented in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve fisheries in order to orient natural resources exploitation practices towards the conservation of biodiversity. Overfishing is considered as one of the main threats to conservation in this ecologically fragile area, since 1989, when the communist productivist model was replaced by conservationist policies. Characterized by the multiplication of actors and knowledge production, the creation of the Biosphere Reserve of Danube Delta is challenging the continuity of fishing practices. Based on an analysis of the fishing rights systems experienced in the reserve, this work presents the degradation of fisheries as an area of uncertainty where social actors and fishing resources are redefined, explained, tamed and mobilized in the definition of new forms of ecological interactions between actors and resources. Indicators and proofs of sustainable fisheries are built on the ground, while experimenting different fishing rights systems. In a context of persisting illegal fishing practices and persistent controversies, fishing rights do not legitimate the introduction of more restrictive measures, and have a week capacity of changing practices. The approach developed in this thesis tries to go beyond the classical distinction between knowledge producers and nature users, by considering knowledge production, rights definition and social practices over nature as interconnected elements of the same process of nature appropriation. The perspective developed in this work is clearly confronted to the dominant way of thinking and doing in conservation policies, oriented towards a greater rationalization and the pre-formulation of a logical chain between measures, effects and outcomes. We show the limits of this approach, which should be primarily concerned by overcoming the distinction between "those who know" and "those who fish", facilitating the emergence of collective agreements on the definition of resources and their ecological status. We show that in the world of artisanal fisheries, the success of fisheries management incentives depends on their ability to take into account the diversity of knowledge, practices and critical capacities that local actors developed through resources appropriation practices
Aouragh, M’bark. „Dynamique des paysages de l'arganeraie du Sud-Ouest marocain : apport des données de télédétection et perspectives de les intégrer dans un SIG“. Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040135.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Argan [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] is a species of tree endemic to the calcareous semi-desert Sous valley of southwestern Morocco. It is the sole species in the genus Argania (family of Sapotaceae). It is a multi-purpose tree, and the main resource provider for the population of this semi-arid and arid area (source of forage, oil, timber and fuel). Argan is the keystone species of the traditional agro-ecosystem of the Berber society, ensuring a meta-stable equilibrium between resource availability and anthropic use; it plays a major role in preventing erosion and desertification damages.Currently, in spite of the Biosphere Reserve label attributed by UNESCO in 1998, the threat of degradation of the sparse Argan forest is a main concern for both local population and scientists. Since several decades, a decrease of extension area of the species and of tree density has been observed. According to this preoccupation, we have studied the multidimensional space of the Argan forest, in view of identifying its main features and the potential drivers of degradation processes. Then the originality of this area has been demonstrated through the assessment of its social and spatial organization, and of land-use and management practices.In the second part, we have shown the possible use of remotely sensed data and of Geographic Information Systems for surveying land-use/land-cover and for monitoring changes through a multi-temporal analysis of satellite images: SPOT, Landsat, Ikonos and Google Earth imagery. The evaluation of tree density has been performed through object-oriented classification of high spatial resolution satellite imagery (Ikonos, Google Earth). In conclusion, we recommend the effective use of a monitoring system to follow environmental changes in the Argan tree area, and to produce the detailed information needed for implementation of management and conservation strategies ensuring a sustainable development of the area
Rutaremara, Titus. „Le rôle des parcs naturels régionaux dans l'aménagement du territoire en France“. Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF20004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe "d. A. T. A. R. " is the initiator and very often the creator of most of the french regional natural parks. These ones gother together mostly depreciated country (rural) areas, in which however, are found picturesque landscape and countryside. The use of the natural park institution is to plan and carry out a suitable development in these country (rural) territories, which, indeed, have got an ecological
Bénos, Rémi. „Patrimonialisation de la montagne et action publique territorialisée : la politique "Grand site" dans le massif du Canigou“. Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694209.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTardif, Jonathan. „Écologie politique de l'écotourisme dans les aires protégées des pays du Sud : le cas de Chi Phat dans les Cardamomes au Cambodge“. Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11637.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEcotourism is often seen as a panacea for reconciling economic development, environmental protection and well-being of communities around protected areas in developing countries. However, the reality on the ground is different, because its complex, political and transcalar character is too often overlooked in the implementation of interventions. The purpose of this research project is thus to shed new light on the development of ecotourism in protected areas of the less developed countries through a critical analysis of practices and discourses that are linked to it. Adopting a theoretical framework derived from political ecology, we sought to understand how ecotourism affects access to natural resources for different social actors. The methodological approach is based on a qualitative case study that focuses on a specific project initiated in Chi Phat, located next to a protected forest in south-western Cambodia. It uses literature review, discourse analysis, participant observation as well as more than 80 semi-structured interviews with key actors. Our results show first that there are no clear guidelines for ecotourism development in Cambodia, and we observe very little collaboration at all levels. This is not unrelated to the fact that the current government is generally prioritizing development over conservation. Then we showed that the ecotourism project allows Wildlife Alliance to justify the existence of the protected forest. This NGO also stands out in the country by its more radical approach to conservation. The power it has and the results it obtains on the ground come from its ability to mobilize, in a timely manner, all available means to control access. Overall, we can say that the main actors whose access to natural resources are adversely affected through the ecotourism project are local farmers. Finally, we propose two additions to the conceptual framework, namely the consideration of the geographical aspect of access and exclusion, and the introduction of degrees of exclusion, which allow a more accurate analysis of the situation.