Dissertationen zum Thema „Consent non-consent“
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1
Hotten, Justine N. „Sexual consent and sexual violence prevention in sexuality education: What can be learned from the negotiation of sexual consent between same-sex attracted women?“ Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120020/1/Justine_Hotten_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines same-sex attracted women's understandings of sexual consent. The thesis uses the theory of compulsory heterosexuality to analyse interviews with twenty-three women about their experiences in sexuality education and their relationships. The findings point to gaps in Australian sexuality education that position same-sex attracted women outside of mainstream discourses about sexual consent. The omission of same-sex attracted women from discussions about consent has implications for the prevention of sexual assault. Participants recommended that sexuality education focus on ethical approaches that are inclusive of queer experiences and perspectives to better prevent sexual violence in all types of women's relationships.
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Uwicyeza, Doris. „The legality of extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors without the territorial state's consent“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60106.
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This dissertation examines the right of a state to use extraterritorial defensive force against a non-state actor without the territorial state?s consent. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter provides states with the right to unilaterally use defensive force but only after an armed attack has occurred. This right of self-defence is narrow and does not provide adequate protection to states facing an imminent threat. Fortunately, the right of self-defence is an inherent right that predates the Charter. Indeed, in terms of customary international law, states have the right to defend themselves before a threat materialises, provided the principles of necessity and proportionality are met. Article 51 makes no mention of the identity of the attacker. This is because the only relevant element of the right of self-defence is the gravity of the armed attack not the nature of the attacker. Indeed, despite the International Court of Justice?s interpretation of article 51, the attacker can be any subject of international law. In the case of an attack by a non-state actor, attribution to a state is not required for the right of self-defence to be valid. However, since non-state actors often operate from the territory of another state, the defending state must attempt to obtain the consent of the territorial state. If consent cannot be obtained, the territorial state?s right to sovereignty and territorial integrity must be balanced with the defending state?s right of self-defence. Current state practice demonstrates that this balance is increasingly leaning tipped in favour of the right of self-defence. Unfortunately, states have yet to unite around clear legal standards governing the right to use extraterritorial force against non-state actors. This dissertation provides recommendations aimed at bridging the gap between the current state practice and the legal norms on self-defence.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Cook, Natalie Kathrin. „I Said No: The Impact of Voicing Non-consent on Women’s Perceptions of and Responses to Rape“. Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1423663230.
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Van, Zeebroeck Shanthi. „Gods or Monsters? Non-Explicit Consent and the role of the doctor in the practice of euthanasia in Belgium“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/285208.
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ABSTRACTThe Belgian Euthanasia Act of 2002 (The Act), amended in 2014 to include the Minor Act (The Minor Act), has drawn international criticisms for its liberal laws and practices regarding Euthanasia. This paper is a response to allegations that the liberal laws on Euthanasia has encouraged doctors to adopt a paternalistic 2 approach towards their patients by terminating their lives without their explicit consent, i.e. engaging in Involuntary Euthanasia.3, 4, 5Although in theory, only Voluntary Euthanasia (explicit patient request and therefore consent) is permitted in Belgium 6 the allegations implied that in practice, Involuntary Euthanasia (no explicit patient request and therefore consent is given) is practiced, especially in the Intensive Care Units (ICU) in Belgium.This paper attempted to make distinctions between Terminal Sedation and Euthanasia based on current dominant discourse in Bioethics and argued that it is not Involuntary Euthanasia that is practiced in the ICU but Non-Voluntary Euthanasia or Terminal Sedation (explicit patient request and therefore consent is unavailable) is practiced based on the intent of the doctor. In presenting its arguments, this paper focused specifically on the reports it procured from its qualitative research. Finally, in order to understand if doctors in the ICU are Gods or Monsters, the paper attempted to answer four questions namely:1. Are doctors in Belgium Gods, who help end lives?2. Or are they Monsters, who help end lives?3. Or are they pre-hippocratic doctors, historically called Witch-Doctors, who are“for hire” to either “cure or to kill” with no loyalty to the Hippocratic Oath?4. Or are they mutated witch-doctors pressured to practice Euthanasia in a countrywhere the laws are perhaps fatally flawed?Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
5
Chang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. „¿Does alleged consent exist?: the alleged will as underlying justification“. IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122531.
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In this paper, the author analyzes the alleged consent, stating their stance against it and proposing, instead, the alleged will, considering that the last is right for describe the legal fiction used to recreate the moment in which the legal holder knows the fact and have the possibility of providing consent to excute the ‘ilicit’ action. In this line, the author reviewed the theories that explain the legal nature of the alleged will, rejecting it as a noncriminal behavior and considering it an autonomous underlying justification. Also, the author describes the requirements of this alleged will, differentiating it from other situations as subrogation. Finally, the author makes a review of the two categories where the alleged will occurs: performances in foreign interest and actions on self-interest.En el presente artículo, la autora analiza la figura jurídica del consentimiento presunto, señalando su postura contraria a dicha formulación y proponiendo, en su lugar, el término voluntad presunta, por considerarlo más exacto para describir la ficción jurídica utilizada para recrear el momento en el que el titular del bien jurídico habría consentido la actuación del autor, en caso de haber conocido el hecho y de haberse encontrado en la posibilidad de brindar su consentimiento. En dicha línea, la autora repasa las teorías doctrinarias formuladas para explicar la naturaleza jurídica de la voluntad presunta, descartando que se trate de una causa de atipicidad penal y optando por considerarla una causa de justificación autónoma. Asimismo, la autora describe los requisitos que deberá tener esta voluntad presunta para ser considerada válidamente como una causa de justificación autónoma, diferenciándola de otros supuestos como la subrogación. Finalmente, la autora hace una revisión de las dos categorías donde puede presentarse la voluntad presunta: las actuaciones en interés ajeno y las actuaciones en interés propio.
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Chang, Kcomt Romy Alexandra. „Legal nature of the consent of legal-criminal assets: analysis in the light of the Constitution“. THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107535.
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The Criminal Code exempts from criminal liabilityany person when they act with valid consent fromthe holder of the legal asset of free disposal. This exclusion of criminal responsibility raises multiplequestions.Which legal rights can be freely disposed? Is it that all individual legal rights are of free disposal? If that is the case, which legal basis justifies it? Does the holder’s consent means that the behavior is unlawful, or is it a non-criminal behavior?In this paper, the author answers all these questions, emphasizing that, according to the type of State we live in, the legal-criminal rights are protected to allow the self-realization of every person. Based on that, the author maintains that all criminal-legal rights are of free disposal, and that the holder’s consent is a non-criminality cause.El Código Penal exime de responsabilidad penal aquien actúa con consentimiento válido del titular del bien jurídico de libre disposición. Esta eximentetrae múltiples cuestionamientos.¿Qué bienes jurídicos tienen dicha naturaleza? ¿Acaso todos los bienes jurídicos individuales sonde libre disposición? De ser ese el caso, ¿cuál sería el fundamento de ello? ¿El consentimiento deltitular implica que la conducta es antijurídica, o estaríamos ante una conducta atípica?En el presente artículo, la autora responde a estas interrogantes resaltando que, en el modelo de Estado en que vivimos, los bienes jurídico-penales se protegen porque se busca la autorrealización del individuo. Sobre la base de ello, la autora sostiene que todos los bienes jurídico-penales individuales son disponibles, siendo el consentimiento una causa de atipicidad de la conducta.
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Carnes, Emma. „Navigating Polyamory and the Law“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1752402/.
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My research explores what laws, such as laws surrounding immigration, child custody, and divorce, negatively affect polyamorous individuals in the U.S. and how people's perceptions of barriers differ along lines of gender-sexual-racial-class identities. My applied research is conducted for my client, a CNM-friendly attorney in D.C. I investigate the experience of polyamorous people that use lawyers they perceive as consensually non-monogamous (CNM)-friendly. I probe what it means to be "CNM-friendly," how one promotes oneself as a CNM-friendly lawyer to potential clients and the world at large, and the relationship between being a CNM-friendly lawyer and activism.
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Tennakoon, Mudiyanselage Anula T. „Changing dynamics of NGO accountability. A hegemonic analysis of a Sri Lankan case“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5346.
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Tennakoon, Mudiyanselage Anula Tennakoon. „Changing dynamics of NGO accountability : a hegemonic analysis of a Sri Lankan case“. Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5346.
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Oscarsson, Marie. „Healthy women or risk patients? : Non-attendance in a cervical cancer screening program“. Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Univ, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10092.
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Opat, Annette. „Exploring the experiences of people who have consented to tumour testing for a hereditary disposition to cancer“. Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6962.
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Due to the costly and technically challenging nature of genetic testing, methods have been developed to target more specifically those who are at increased risk of carrying the Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) mutation. HNPCC is an inherited colorectal cancer syndrome. Testing of tumour material (which has previously been removed during surgery) for features of HNPCC has been found to be an effective and economic method of identifying those at higher risk of having a mutation. Only those at higher risk of having a mutation will undergo genetic testing. This practice of “tumour testing” has become widespread.There is currently no clarity about requirements for consent prior to testing of stored tumour tissue. The person giving consent to tumour testing does not always have an appointment with a genetics service prior to giving consent. This can be contrasted to genetic testing on blood samples where laws and guidelines state that informed consent is required prior to genetic testing and that comprehensive genetic counselling and support should be provided as part of this process. Protocols for genetic testing have been developed as a result of extensive research around the impact and implications of genetic testing.
Consumer opinion and participation through research is an important aspect of health policy and guideline development. Accordingly the purpose of this study was to contribute to such development by gaining insight into the experiences, understandings, decision making processes and opinions of those who had given consent to have their own or their relatives tumour tested. Seventeen people who had given consent for tumour testing either for themselves, or on behalf of a deceased relative were recruited through a Familial Cancer Centre and in-depth interviews conducted. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.
Some participants had no memory of consenting to tumour testing. Others remembered basic concepts. Negative implications of testing were unknown or viewed as unimportant. Participants did not understand the difference between tumour testing and germline testing. Despite lack of memory or understanding participants did not want additional or more detailed pre-test information although they did want more follow-up and support after receipt of results. The decision to consent to testing was made as soon as participants were informed of the availability of tumour testing - the major reason being to provide information for the family that would aid in cancer prevention. Participants were more concerned with accessibility to testing than pre test information and counselling.
Findings in this study indicated participants made decisions heuristically rather than systematically and this as well as participants’ opinions and other decision-making research has implications for the traditional view of informed consent around genetic related decisions. This in turn has implications for policy and guidelines in the area. Implications for current practise as a result of findings from this study include ensuring participants understand negative implications of testing and follow up and support of those with negative as well as positive results to tumour testing.
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Brown, Sarah-Jane. „Autonomy, the law, and ante-mortem interventions to facilitate organ donation“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/autonomy-the-law-and-antemortem-interventions-to-facilitate-organ-donation(1d8877ef-fa3c-4639-b2ec-6eacb923fe7a).html.
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Over the last few years, policies have been introduced in the UK which aim to improve organ transplantation rates by changing the way that potential organ donors are treated before death. Patients incapacitated due to catastrophic brain injury may now undergo ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures to facilitate deceased organ donation. As I identify in this thesis, the most significant ethical and legal problem with these policies is that they are not based on what the patient would have chosen for themselves in the specific circumstances. The policies identify and treat patients meeting certain clinical criteria as a group rather than the individuals, with their own viewpoints, that the law on best interests requires. They equate registration on the Organ Donation Register with ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures being in their best interests, despite registrants having neither been informed about nor given consent to ante-mortem interventions. The overarching claim I make in this thesis is that a system of specific advance consent is needed to provide a clear and unequivocal legal justification for ante-mortem donor optimisation procedures. The ethical foundation for this claim is autonomy, and this is the central theme running through all six chapters. I argue that autonomy should be incorporated into donor optimisation policy to promote the dignity and integrity of potential organ donors and to safeguard trust in the organ donation programme. I argue that a system of specific advance consent is needed as part of the duty of care owed to registrants on the Organ Donor Register and to facilitate the determination of the best interests of the potential organ donor. I argue that the state has not established the necessity of the current policy of non-consensual donor optimisation procedures and that they are under an ethical and legal obligation to introduce an autonomy-based framework for ante-mortem interventions to facilitate organ donation.
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Brogueira, Patrícia Alexandra Duque. „Revenge porn: a partilha não consentida de conteúdos íntimos – motivações e impactos“. Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/10810.
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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaO presente Projeto de graduação está dividido em dois capítulos em que, no primeiro, foi utilizada uma metodologia de revisão bibliográfica de forma a analisar teoricamente em que consiste a partilha não consentida de conteúdos íntimos, mais propriamente, a Revenge Porn. São apresentados, conceitos, motivos, meios de perpretação, impactos nas vítimas, estatísticas e uma visão legal do fenómeno. No segundo capítulo consta delineada uma contribuição empírica onde é proposto um estudo exploratório em que a recolha de dados seria idilicamente feita através de um questionário via online em que, de forma voluntária contaria com a participação voluntária de indivíduos maiores de idade. No final, são apresentados os resultados esperados assim como uma breve discussão e conclusão sobre a temática.
The current Graduation Project is divided into two chapters/sections, in which, in the first one, it was used the methodology of literature/bibliographic reviewing in order to theoretically analyse what sharing of intimate content without consent consists of, more specifically, what Revenge Porn consists of. Concepts, motives, means of perpetration, impacts on the victims, statistics and a legal vision of the phenomenon are presented. In the second chapter/section is delineated an empirical contribution where it is proposed an explanatory study in which the data collection would be idyllically made through a questionnaire via online that people over 18 years old could voluntarily participate in. In the end, the expected results are displayed as well as a brief discussion and a conclusion about the subject.
N/A
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Wilson, Mardi E. „Everyday Coercion: An Exploration of Young Adults' Negotiations of Heterosexual Sex, Consent, and Normalised Male-Enacted Sexualised Violence“. Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/408502.
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Sexual coercion has been used to describe tactics ranging from subtle, manipulative pressure to violent physical force, with more scholarly attention on the latter. This thesis shifts the focus to non-physically violent tactics of sexual coercion, normalised in heteronormative interactions by cultural narratives of lust and seduction. It examines ‘everyday’ experiences of hetero sex to identify the role male-enacted sexual coercion plays in sexualised interactions and intimacy. Globalised outcries, predominantly in western contexts, about the extensive reach of male-enacted sexual coercion and its role in rape contextualise this research in a broader social movement (e.g. #MeToo). Twenty young adults (thirteen women, seven men) were engaged in in-depth, qualitative interviews using a semi-structured, conversational approach to obtain empirical knowledge about how participants negotiated sexual activity, enacted or experienced nonphysically violent coercion, and understood consent. An arts-based methodology then transformed participants’ experiential data into creative non-fiction, connecting readers with the emotional dimension in the findings.
Within this research, both men and women demonstrated experiential knowledge of verbal, non-verbal, direct and indirect communication of consent (willingness) and non-consent (unwillingness), consistent with previous scholarship. This research substantiates previous research showing that non-instigating people not only employ refusals within normal conversational patterns, but regularly prestate boundaries, and assertively resist pressure. Coercion is employed despite clear signs of refusal. Thus, men are not the bumbling mis-communicators previous research has suggested; instead they are highly skilled communicators who employ a suite of effective tactics to manipulate and coerce all the while keeping within the bounds of normalised gender roles and sexual scripts. Suggestions that women should ‘just say no’ overlook the fact that men use coercion past the point of refusals. Refusing (whether verbally or non-verbally) is only effective if the instigator accepts it, indicating problematic attitudes and beliefs about gender and sex, rather than communication issues.
In exploring everyday coercion through the lens of consent as free and willing participation, rather than compliance or coerced agreement, this research understands rape as acts that occur past a point of non-consent. While this may sound straightforward in definition, participant responses highlighted that viewing an absence of affirmative consent as rape can be confronting and challenges their understanding of both ‘normal sex’ and ‘real rape’. Rape culture myths and victim-blaming narratives have normalised male-enacted pressure and persistence to a point that rape, particularly when enacted through tactics of everyday coercion, often goes unacknowledged. This research found that men are aware of the tactics they use to coerce women and some shared motives for using everyday coercion, such as homosocial bonding and patriarchal socialisation. While some men drew on essentialised notions of gender to defend their use of coercion, or performed naivety, there was significant corroboration between how women experienced sexual coercion and how men recall enacting it.
The thesis concludes that prevention of normalised sexualised violence must focus on the dismantling of patriarchal and binarised structures of gender, rape culture, and male entitlement alongside education about consent as willingness affirmatively given, free from coercion. This thesis promotes a sexual landscape in which women are understood as equally agentic within sexual exchanges and men, comfortable in their own masculinity and sexuality, are not encouraged to coerce unwanted sexual activity to assert patriarchal manhood. In this landscape people acknowledge and value both verbal and non-verbal refusals, genuinely invite communication about sexual boundaries, women and non-men’s pleasure is focused on in a way that decentralises penetration as the ‘main event’, and unwillingness to have sex is not responded to with coercion.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc
Arts, Education and Law
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Niel, Paul. „Essai sur les fonctions du juge administratif face aux principes civils du contrat de transaction“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1017.
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Participant d'une nature mixte, contractuelle par sa source, juridictionnelle par son objet, la transaction permet ainsi aux parties de terminer une contestation née ou prévenir une contestation à naître. Elle présente une utilité remarquable pour la matière administrative. La transaction, notion de droit civil empruntée par le juge administratif, a donné lieu à des interprétations prétoriennes diverses. Le droit n'étant pas figé, le juge administratif, sous couvert d'une philosophie propre, a oeuvré pour la préservation de ses intérêts en se détachant progressivement des principes civils du contrat de transaction. L'expression de « transaction administrative » vise le fait que la transaction est conclue par ou au nom d'une personne publique. Celle-ci peut cependant être un contrat de droit privé ou un contrat administratif. Certes, l'expression « matière administrative » peut être entendue au sens large et au sens strict. Le contentieux de la transaction est en plein essor. Depuis longtemps déjà le droit public emprunte les règles civiles du contrat de transaction relevant de régimes juridiques différents. Des difficultés sérieuses subsistent cependant. Aussi, il convenait de démontrer pourquoi et comment le juge administratif a entrepris une clarification de l'état du droit de la transaction en matière administrative. L'étude a été l'occasion de distinguer la fonction d'adaptation et de systématisation du juge administratif, là où cette différenciation n'était que rarement envisagéeParticipant of a mixed nature, by its contractual source, legal in its object, the transaction and allows the parties to end a dispute arising or prevent future litigation. It has a remarkable usefulness for administrative matters. The transaction, civil law concept borrowed by the administrative judge, gave rise to various interpretations praetorian. The law is not static, the administrative judge, under cover of a personal philosophy, worked to preserve its interests gradually detaching civilians principles of contract transaction. The term "administrative transaction" refers to the fact that the transaction is entered into by or on behalf of a public entity. This can however be a private contract or an administrative contract. Admittedly, the term "administration" can be interpreted broadly and narrowly. Litigation of the transaction is booming. Has long been public law borrows the civil rules of contract transaction subject to different legal regimes. Serious difficulties remain. Also, it was necessary to demonstrate why and how the administrative judge undertook a clarification of the law of the transaction in administrative matters. The study was an opportunity to distinguish the function of adaptation and systematization of administrative courts, where this differentiation was rarely considered
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Sferlazzo-Boubli, Karine. „Le droit et les soins psychiatriques non consentis“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0390.
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La maladie mentale, véritable problème de santé publique, interpelle sur les droits et libertés fondamentales des personnes qui en sont atteintes. La maladie mentale peut perturber le discernement des malades. Elle nécessite parfois l’application d’une législation spécifique qui a pour finalité de protéger, par le soin et l’enfermement, la personne elle-même et autrui. Les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux sont des malades, mais également des sujets de droit. Ils doivent disposer des mêmes droits et libertés fondamentales que toute autre personne et surtout des mêmes garanties lorsque, par nécessité, une atteinte leur est portée. Leur liberté d’aller et venir, leur vie privée et leur dignité sont particulièrement exposées. Il s’agit de déterminer si au regard des réflexions menées sur les droits de l’homme, leur atteinte est toujours justifiée et si les garanties offertes pour leur protection sont effectives à l’égard des malades mentaux. Les concepts de consentement et de dignité méritent d’être révisés pour qu’ils puissent s’étendre à cette catégorie de malades et puissent efficacement les protéger. Si des progrès ont été faits pour garantir les libertés et droits fondamentaux, d’autres restent à faire pour les malades mentaux privés de leur liberté en raison des soins qu’ils nécessitentMental disease is a public health challenge that questions about the fundamental rights and freedoms of people with it. Mental disease can disrupt the discernment of patients. It sometimes requires the application of specific legislation whose purpose is to protect, through care and confinement, the person himself and others. People with mental disorders are not only sick, but also subjects of the law. They must have the same rights and fundamental freedoms as any other person and, above all, they require the same guarantees when, out of necessity, they are restricted. Their freedom to come and go, their private life and their dignity are particularly exposed. The question is whether, in the light of human rights reflections, their infringement is always justified and whether the guarantees offered for their protection are effective with regard to the people with mental disease. The concepts of consent and dignity need to be revised so that they can extend to this category of patients and can effectively protect them. While progress has been made to guarantee fundamental rights and freedoms, much remains to be done for people suffering of mental disease and deprived of their liberty because of the care they require
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Chouaibi, Meriam. „Droits du patient : étude comparée entre la France et la Tunisie“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1055.
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Le système juridique français accorde une grande importance aux droits du patient, essentiellement à travers la loi du 4 mars 2002. Ce texte a été construit de manière à placer le patient au centre du dispositif et à lui attribuer des droits liés à sa qualité de sujet de droit. Cette idée est quasiment absente dans la législation tunisienne. En Tunisie, la législation relative aux droits des patients est insuffisante. Il est vrai que le législateur tunisien a défini certains droits pour le patient. Cependant, ces consécrations législatives ne nous permettent pas de confirmer l’idée selon laquelle le patient est le centre de la relation médicale, particulièrement parce que le paternalisme médical trouve encore une consécration en Tunisie. L’étude comparative a montré certaines convergences entre les deux systèmes juridiques mais aussi d’importantes divergences. Ainsi, pour un pays, comme la Tunisie, dont le système sanitaire confronte des difficultés intenses non seulement sur le plan infra-structurel mais également législatif, le code de la santé publique en général et la loi du 4 mars 2002 pour les droits des malades, en particulier, peuvent constituer une source efficace pour des changements en profondeur. Cependant, si en France la loi du 4 mars 2002 occupe une place primordiale dans le corpus des règles du droit de la santé, on ne peut nier que les droits du patient confrontent aujourd’hui des difficultés de mise en œuvre. En effet, même si le souci du législateur français était de protéger au maximum les droits des patients, certaines failles restent à signalerThe french legal system attaches great importance to patient rights, mainly through the law of 4 March 2002. This text was constructed to place the patient at the center of the device and assigning the rights to as a subject of law. This idea is almost absent in tunisian law. In Tunisia, legislation on the rights of patients is inadequate : the rights of patients are devoted so scattered in several legal texts. It is true that the tunisian legislature has defined certain rights for patients. However, these legislative consecrations do not allow us to confirm the idea that the patient is the center of the medical relationship, particularly because medical paternalism still finds consecration in Tunisia. The comparative study showed some convergence between the two legal systems but also important differences. Thus, for a country like Tunisia, whose health system confronts severe difficulties not only its infrastructure but also the legislative, the code of public health in general and the law of 4 March 2002 for the rights of patients, particular, can be an effective source for in-depth changes. However, if in France the Law of 4 March 2002 occupies a prominent place in the corpus of rules of health law, there is no denying that the patient's rights today facing implementation difficulties. Even if the concern of the french parliament was to maximally protect the rights of patients, some flaws still to report
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Chaeva, Natalia. „Les exceptions préliminaires dans l'arbitrage sur le fondement des traités de promotion et de protection des investissements“. Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020073.
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Dans l’arbitrage relatif aux investissements, on entend par exceptions préliminaires les incidents de procédure par lesquels les Etats contestent la compétence du tribunal arbitral ou la recevabilité de la requête de l’investisseur. Avec le développement du contentieux arbitral, le recours à cette technique contentieuse se fait de plus en plus fréquent, mais la présentation des exceptions préliminaires par les Etats et leur traitement par les tribunaux arbitraux sont souvent sources de confusion. Notre étude propose de préciser les concepts clés du contentieux international de compétence et de recevabilité et de revenir sur leur distinction dans un domaine spécialisé du contentieux international – le contentieux arbitral fondé sur les traités de protection et de promotion des investissements. La réaffirmation de la distinction entre les questions de compétence et de recevabilité permettra d’en proposer une classification en fonction de l’objet de l’exception préliminaire et de mieux saisir la portée de la notion d’exception préliminaire qui constitue un moyen de leur mise en oeuvre dans l’arbitrage transnational. Cette classification commandera le régime qu’il convient de réserver à chaque type de défense, afin d’ordonner la présentation des exceptions préliminaires par les Etats et leur examen par les arbitres, examen qui détermine leur faculté d’exercer la fonction juridictionnelleIn investment treaty arbitration, preliminary objections can be defined as procedural issues raised by the States in order to contest arbitral tribunal jurisdiction or admissibility of an investor claim. With the rise of investment treaty arbitration, recourse to this litigation technique is getting more and more frequent. However, the submission of preliminary objections by the States, as well as their examination by the arbitral tribunals are frequently confusing. Our research focuses on the core concepts of jurisdiction and admissibility in international litigation in order to reconsider their distinction in a specialised field of international litigation - investment treaty arbitration. On the basis of this distinction, we propose a classification of preliminary issues according to their object. This classification will order the legal regime to be applied to each type of preliminary defence, thus putting some order in the submission of preliminary objections by the States and their examination by the arbitrators, examination which relates to their capacity to exercise their jurisdictional function
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. „Faculty Senate Minutes January 27, 2014“. University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312203.
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Turato, Daniela. „I test genetici prenatali non invasivi su sangue materno (NIPT): questioni etiche e implicazioni antropologiche“. Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424901.
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Prenatal diagnosis is undergoing rapid development due to the increasingly widespread introduction of non-invasive prenatal genetic testing of cffDNA on peripheral maternal blood (NIPT) in clinical practice. The test is simple and can be carried out in a very early gestational period, which avoids the slightest risk of miscarriage as a result of invasive techniques. Moreover, it is found to be more sensitive and more specific than prenatal tests currently in use, and can be applied more extensively. An analysis of the current debate, however, raises several ethical questions. Of particular importance are those relating to reproductive autonomy, proportionality and distributive justice. The aim of this work is to analyse these issues in the light of a particular anthropological category, parenting. The broadening of technological applications in the context of unborn life challenges this category in its constituent parts: responsibility and unconditional love. The aim of this thesis is to conclude with a proposal of legal and ethical criteria to evaluate choices in prenatal diagnosis within the area of meaning created by these two components.La diagnosi prenatale sta subendo una rapida evoluzione a causa dell’introduzione sempre più diffusa nella pratica clinica dei test genetici prenatali non invasivi su DNA fetale libero nel sangue materno periferico (NIPT). Ciò è dovuto al fatto che il NIPT è un test di semplice esecuzione, che può essere eseguito in un periodo molto precoce dell’età gestazionale e che permette di evitare il, seppur minimo, rischio di aborto insito nelle tecniche invasive. Inoltre, è risultato avere una maggiore sensibilità e specificità rispetto ai test prenatali attualmente in uso, ed è suscettibile di molte applicazioni. Un’analisi del dibattito in corso mette però in evidenza che esso solleva diversi interrogativi di carattere etico. Si segnalano, in particolare, quelli relativi all’autonomia riproduttiva, alla proporzionalità e alla giustizia distributiva. Nel presente lavoro tali interrogativi vengono analizzati alla luce di una particolare categoria antropologica, la genitorialità. L’ampliamento delle applicazioni tecnologiche nel contesto della vita nascente sfida questa categoria nelle sue componenti costitutive: responsabilità e amore incondizionato. Obiettivo della tesi è di arrivare a proporre dei criteri etico-normativi per la valutazione delle scelte nell’ambito della diagnosi prenatale nell’orizzonte di senso tracciato da queste due componenti.
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Muriithi, Paul Mutuanyingi. „A case for memory enhancement : ethical, social, legal, and policy implications for enhancing the memory“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-case-for-memory-enhancement-ethical-social-legal-and-policy-implications-for-enhancing-the-memory(bf11d09d-6326-49d2-8ef3-a40340471acf).html.
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The desire to enhance and make ourselves better is not a new one and it has continued to intrigue throughout the ages. Individuals have continued to seek ways to improve and enhance their well-being for example through nutrition, physical exercise, education and so on. Crucial to this improvement of their well-being is improving their ability to remember. Hence, people interested in improving their well-being, are often interested in memory as well. The rationale being that memory is crucial to our well-being. The desire to improve one’s memory then is almost certainly as old as the desire to improve one’s well-being. Traditionally, people have used different means in an attempt to enhance their memories: for example in learning through storytelling, studying, and apprenticeship. In remembering through practices like mnemonics, repetition, singing, and drumming. In retaining, storing and consolidating memories through nutrition and stimulants like coffee to help keep awake; and by external aids like notepads and computers. In forgetting through rituals and rites. Recent scientific advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and information technologies, present a wide variety of technologies to enhance many different aspects of human functioning. Thus, some commentators have identified human enhancement as central and one of the most fascinating subject in bioethics in the last two decades. Within, this period, most of the commentators have addressed the Ethical, Social, Legal and Policy (ESLP) issues in human enhancements as a whole as opposed to specific enhancements. However, this is problematic and recently various commentators have found this to be deficient and called for a contextualized case-by-case analysis to human enhancements for example genetic enhancement, moral enhancement, and in my case memory enhancement (ME). The rationale being that the reasons for accepting/rejecting a particular enhancement vary depending on the enhancement itself. Given this enormous variation, moral and legal generalizations about all enhancement processes and technologies are unwise and they should instead be evaluated individually. Taking this as a point of departure, this research will focus specifically on making a case for ME and in doing so assessing the ESLP implications arising from ME. My analysis will draw on the already existing literature for and against enhancement, especially in part two of this thesis; but it will be novel in providing a much more in-depth analysis of ME. From this perspective, I will contribute to the ME debate through two reviews that address the question how we enhance the memory, and through four original papers discussed in part three of this thesis, where I examine and evaluate critically specific ESLP issues that arise with the use of ME. In the conclusion, I will amalgamate all my contribution to the ME debate and suggest the future direction for the ME debate.
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Almeida, Ana Carolina Cabral Ramalho Farias de. „A Violação dos Direitos Humanos soba capa da Mutilação Genital Feminina Mutilação Genital Feminina e Cirurgia Genital Estética- Parâmetro de Comparação?“ Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90298.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA multiculturalidade é hoje uma realidade patente devido à crescente atividade migratória que se fez sentir nos últimos anos. O confronto cultural é, assim, indeclinável, descambando numa colisão de valores e de padrões culturais que colocam alguns desafios aos direitos humanos e à ordem jurídica vigente. É, precisamente, este o caso da prática de mutilação genital feminina, uma prática ancestral que, apesar dos efeitos nefastos, continua a ser executada um pouco por todo o mundo. Nesta medida, torna-se necessário, por um lado, proteger a marca identitária das diversas culturas, promovendo a integração das minorias e o polimorfismo das mesmas e, por outro lado, reconhecer que esta diversidade cultural só pode ser reconhecida se não colocar em causa os direitos básicos e naturais do ser humano.Um cenário de maior reflexão sobre a temática em apreço permitir-nos-á confrontar o plano legal com a questão complexa da diversidade cultural, lançando as premissas para o alcance de uma solução mais justa, seriamente comprometida com os direitos das mulheres e meninas expostas à prática da circuncisão feminina. A multiculturalidade é hoje uma realidade patente devido à crescente atividade migratória que se fez sentir nos últimos anos. O confronto cultural é, assim, indeclinável, descambando numa colisão de valores e de padrões culturais que colocam alguns desafios aos direitos humanos e à ordem jurídica vigente. É, precisamente, este o caso da prática de mutilação genital feminina, uma prática ancestral que, apesar dos efeitos nefastos, continua a ser executada um pouco por todo o mundo. Nesta medida, torna-se necessário, por um lado, proteger a marca identitária das diversas culturas, promovendo a integração das minorias e o polimorfismo das mesmas e, por outro lado, reconhecer que esta diversidade cultural só pode ser reconhecida se não colocar em causa os direitos básicos e naturais do ser humano.Um cenário de maior reflexão sobre a temática em apreço permitir-nos-á confrontar o plano legal com a questão complexa da diversidade cultural, lançando as premissas para o alcance de uma solução mais justa, seriamente comprometida com os direitos das mulheres e meninas expostas à prática da circuncisão feminina.
Multiculturalism is today a clear reality due to the growing migratory movements that have been felt in recent years. Cultural confrontation is thus inevitable, resulting in a collision of values and cultural standards that pose some challenges to human rights and the current legal order. This is precisely the case of the practice of female genital mutilation, an ancestral practice that, despite its harmful effects, continues to be carried out all over the world. To this extent, it is necessary, on the one hand, to protect the identity mark of different cultures, promoting the integration of minority groups and their polymorphism and, on the other hand, recognizing that this cultural diversity can only be recognized if it does not jeopardize the basic and natural rights of the human being. A scenary of greater reflection on the subject under consideration will allow us to confront the legal plan of legal structures with the complex issue of cultural diversity, launching the premises to reach a fairer solution, seriously committed to the rights of women and girls exposed to the practice of female circumcision.Multiculturalism is today a clear reality due to the growing migratory movements that have been felt in recent years. Cultural confrontation is thus inevitable, resulting in a collision of values and cultural standards that pose some challenges to human rights and the current legal order. This is precisely the case of the practice of female genital mutilation, an ancestral practice that, despite its harmful effects, continues to be carried out all over the world. To this extent, it is necessary, on the one hand, to protect the identity mark of different cultures, promoting the integration of minority groups and their polymorphism and, on the other hand, recognizing that this cultural diversity can only be recognized if it does not jeopardize the basic and natural rights of the human being. A scenary of greater reflection on the subject under consideration will allow us to confront the legal plan of legal structures with the complex issue of cultural diversity, launching the premises to reach a fairer solution, seriously committed to the rights of women and girls exposed to the practice of female circumcision.
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Ferraz, Ana Beatriz dos Santos. „O crime de tráfico de pessoas : as insuficiências do artigo 160º do Código Penal à luz do atual contexto social“. Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31214.
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A presente dissertação surge com o intuito de analisar o tipo legal do crime de tráfico de pessoas e questionar alguns dos seus aspetos. Numa sociedade global e em constante mudança e atualização, cremos ser relevante estudar de que modo a disposição constante do art. 160º do CP está à altura das necessidades atuais. Sendo inegável o amplo contributo que a internet e as redes sociais trouxeram, estes meios informáticos de comunicação foram também benéficos para a prática do crime. Trataremos de analisar de que modo estes meios podem ser utilizados no tráfico de pessoas e qual o enquadramento de tais atos no ordenamento jurídico. Considerando que a vítima tem vindo a assumir um papel mais preponderante no Direito penal, o nosso estudo incluirá ainda uma reflexão acerca da condição de “especial vulnerabilidade da vítima”, o valor do consentimento da mesma no seu tráfico e exploração e, por fim, o princípio da não punição pelos atos cometidos pela vítima por causa do seu estatuto.The following dissertation’s intention is to analyze trafficking in persons’ legal type and to question some of it’s aspects. In a global society in constant change and update, we believe in the relevance of the study on how the legal text of the article 160º from the Portuguese Penal Code is dealing with the current needs. Even though the internet and social media have brought many benefits, they were also benefitial for crime practise. We will analyze the way that these means can be used in trafficking in persons and the legal framework of such actions in the legal scenario. Considering the dominant role that the victim has been assuming inside the criminal law, our study will also include a reflection on the “victim’s condition of vulnerability”, the value of the consent in his/hers trafficking and exploitation and the principle of non-punishment for acts commited as a victim.
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Radenbach, Katrin. „Gruppennützige Forschung an Kindern und Jugendlichen“. Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B33D-A.
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Haidar, Hazar. „L'autonomie reproductive des femmes et leur prise de décision vis-à-vis du Test Prénatal Non-Invasif : étude comparative Liban-Québec“. Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20255.
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Rosevear, Nicky. „L’attribution de la responsabilité d’un acte sexuel coercitif basée sur la présence de facteurs situationnels et la propension à indiquer qu’il devrait être divulgué à police selon un échantillon étudiant“. Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19077.
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Les mythes liés au viol sont des croyances et des perceptions erronées entourant le viol et ceux-ci peuvent avoir une influence sur l’attribution de la responsabilité à l’instigateur ou à la victime de l’acte sexuel coercitif. Des études dénotent des différences entre les hommes et les femmes quant à la présence de ces croyances et l’attribution de la responsabilité de l’acte sexuel et la divulgation policière. De plus, des études montrent que la consommation d’alcool, la consommation de drogue, le visionnement de pornographie et la verbalisation du non-consentement sont des facteurs situationnels qui ont un impact sur l’attribution de la responsabilité. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’identifier s’il existe des différences au sein d’un échantillon d’étudiants masculins et féminins de l’Université de Montréal quant à leur attribution de la responsabilité d’une agression sexuelle et leur recours à la divulgation policière dans un contexte donné. Plus précisément, est-ce qu’ils interprètent différemment un scénario dans lequel il y a un acte sexuel non-consentant en présence de facteurs situationnels : consommation d’alcool, consommation de drogue, visionnement de pornographie et non-consentement verbal et non-verbal. Les résultats montrent qu’en général, les participants masculins attribuent plus souvent que les femmes une part de responsabilité de l’acte sexuel à la victime, tandis que les femmes attribuent plus de responsabilité à l’instigateur du comportement sexuel. La présence de croyances erronées liées au viol chez les participants est la caractéristique personnelle du participant qui aurait le plus d’influence sur l’attribution de la responsabilité de l’acte sexuel et qui prédirait le recourt ou non à la divulgation policière.Rape myths are beliefs and misconceptions regarding rape that can have an influence on one’s attribution of responsibility towards the instigator or victim of a non-consenting sexual act. Some research has shown difference between men and women concerning their beliefs and attitudes towards rape and as well as their attribution of blame and tendency of reporting a rape case to police. Research has also shown that alcohol consumption, drug use, pornography consumption and non-consent are situational factors that influence attribution of responsibility in a rape case. The objective of this study is to examine differences in a group of male and female students from the University of Montréal in their attribution of responsibility and their propensity to report rape cases to police authorities in a given context. Specifically, this research will identify if the students interpret the rape scenarios differently when it involves alcohol or drug use, pornography consumption and non-consent. The results show that in general, the male participants attributed more often a part of the blame to the victim whereas the female participants attributed more blame towards the instigator of the sexual act. The presence of rape myths among the students is the factor that influences the most their attribution of responsibility of a sexual coercive behavior and their propensity or refusal to denunciate the situation to the police.
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Samões, Fernando Augusto. „Indeminização por perda de chance“. Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/1533.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito na especialização de Ciências Jurídico-processuaisNascida em França, em 17/7/1889, a figura da perda de chance expandiu-se pelo mundo inteiro, sobretudo na segunda metade do século passado, sendo, hoje, aceite na maioria dos países e algumas organizações internacionais. Apesar de continuar a ser controversa, sendo negada por alguns, ela revela-se um instrumento privilegiado para a realização do Direito justo, no domínio da responsabilidade civil, tanto contratual como extracontratual. Como tal, penetrou no nosso ordenamento jurídico, muito embora ainda não permita a elaboração de uma teoria geral. De qualquer modo, não obstante os vários critérios utilizados para a sua classificação e os campos de aplicação, entendemos que a perda de chance deve ser tratada como uma nova espécie de dano e não como uma questão de causalidade. Tal dano, consistindo na perda da possibilidade de obter um resultado favorável ou de evitar um resultado desfavorável, é autónomo, diferente do dano final, e é passível de indemnização no quadro da actual legislação. Assim o tem entendido, recentemente, a maioria da jurisprudência que se vem adiantando ao labor científico da doutrina nacional, sendo que uma reduzida parte dela também já aceita a perda de chance como um dano autónomo.
Born in France, on 17/7/1889, the figure of loss of chance has expanded all over the world, especially on the second half of the last century, being accepted today in most countries and some international organizations. Despite continuing to be controversial, being denied by some, it proves to be a privileged instrument for the accomplishment of fair Law, in the civil liability domain, both contractual and extracontractual. Therefore, it entered in our legal system, although still not allow the elaboration of a general theory. Anyway, despite the several criteria used for its classification and its fields of application, we perceive that the loss of chance should be treated as a new kind of damage and not as a matter of causality. Such damage, defined as the loss of the possibility of getting a favorable outcome or avoiding an unfavorable one, is autonomous, different from the final damage, and subject to compensation according to existing legislation. So has been understood, recently, by most of the jurisprudence that has been advancing to the scientific work of the national doctrine, and a reduced part of it has also accepted the loss of chance as a standalone damage.
Orientação: Prof. Doutora Mónica Martinez de Campos