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Rei, Silviu, Dan Chicea, Beriliu Ilie und Sorin Olaru. „Dynamic Light Scattering Signal Conditioning for Data Processing“. ACTA Universitatis Cibiniensis 69, Nr. 1 (20.12.2017): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucts-2017-0016.
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Abstract When performing data acquisition for a Dynamic Light Scattering experiment, one of the most important aspect is the filtering and conditioning of the electrical signal. The signal is amplified first and then fed as input for the analog digital convertor. As a result a digital time series is obtained. The frequency spectrum is computed by the logical unit offering the basis for further Dynamic Light Scattering analysis methods. This paper presents a simple setup that can accomplish the signal conditioning and conversion to a digital time series.
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Zulkiflli, Nur Amira, Kaviarasu Nandaguru, Omar Fahmi Arm, Feisal Mohamed Khamis, Ahmad Ridhwan Wahap, Fatin Aliah Phang Abdullah, Kian Sek Tee, Nurul Hidayat und Jaysuman Pusppanathan. „Electrical Impedance Tomography Signal Conditioning for Lung Imaging Applications“. Journal of Human Centered Technology 2, Nr. 2 (06.08.2023): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/humentech.v2n2.58.
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Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) imaging is capable for human lung imaging based on its continuous self-monitoring capabilities, and suitability for daily routines. This paper introduces a simulation work for EIT signal conditioning circuit and its simulated waveform response using Multisim software. EIT circuit simulations consist of several signal processing circuits for the receiving part of the EIT, band pass filter circuit, amplifier, and analog-to-digital circuit. The system produced a unit function signal of 5V from an input 250 kHz sine function via band pass filter, operational amplifier and AC/DC conversion. The waveform pattern result is presented for each processing stage aim to demonstrate the basic work of an EIT circuitry setup.
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Payo, Ismael, José L. Polo, Blanca López, Diana Serrano, Antonio M. Rodríguez, M. Antonia Herrero, Ana Martín-Pacheco, Inmaculada Sánchez und Ester Vázquez. „Signal conditioning circuit for gel strain sensors“. Smart Materials and Structures 31, Nr. 1 (25.11.2021): 015020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac36e0.
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Abstract Conductive hydrogels are soft materials which have been used by some researchers as resistive strain sensors in the last years. The electrical resistance change, when the sensor is stretched or compressed, is usually measured by the two-electrode method. This method is not always suitable to measure the electrical resistance of polymers-based materials, like hydrogels, because it could be highly influenced by the electrode/sample interface, as explained in this study. For this reason, a signal conditioning circuit, based on four-electrode impedance measurements, is proposed to measure the electrical resistance change when the gel is stretched or compressed. Experimental results show that the tested gels can be used as resistance force/pressure sensors with a quite linear behaviour.
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Celka, Patrick, Rolf Vetter, Philippe Renevey, Christophe Verjus, Victor Neuman, Jean Luprano, Jean-Dominique Decotignie und Christian Piguet. „Wearable biosensing: signal processing and communication architectures issues“. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Nr. 4 (30.12.2005): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2005.4.340.
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Long-term monitoring of human vital signs is becoming one of the most important fields of research of biomedical engineering. In order to achieve weeks to months of monitoring, new strategies for sensing, conditioning, processing and communication have to be developed. Several strategies are emerging and show different possible architectures. This paper essentially focuses on issues in wearable biosignal processing and communication architecture currently running at the Swiss Center for Electronics andMicrotechnology (CSEM) in the framework of several European projects.
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Allén, Markus, Jaakko Marttila und Mikko Valkama. „Modeling and mitigation of nonlinear distortion in wideband A/D converters for cognitive radio receivers“. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 2, Nr. 2 (April 2010): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078710000292.
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This article discusses the reduction of nonlinearities in analog-to-digital (A/D) converters using digital signal processing (DSP). Also modeling of certain essential nonlinearities is considered in detail. The main focus is on wideband radio receivers, such as the emerging cognitive radio applications, where a collection of signals at different frequency channels is converted to digital domain as a whole. Therefore, the overall dynamic range can easily be in the order of tens of dBs and thus even mild nonlinear distortion can cause strong carriers to block weaker signal bands. In this article, a mathematical model for clipping distortion due to improper input signal conditioning is derived through Fourier analysis. Additionally, stemming from the analysis an adaptive DSP-based post-processing method for reducing the effects of clipping and integral nonlinearity (INL) in A/D converters is presented with illustrative examples using both computer simulations and laboratory radio signal measurements.
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Riches, S. T., C. Johnston, M. Sousa und P. Grant. „High Temperature Endurance of Packaged SOI Devices for Signal Conditioning and Processing Applications“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, HITEN (01.01.2011): 000251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-paper8-sriches.
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Silicon on Insulator (SOI) device technology is fulfilling a niche requirement for electronics that functions satisfactorily at operating temperatures of >200°C. Most of the reliability data on the high temperature endurance of the devices is generated on the device itself with little attention being paid to the packaging technology around the device. Similarly, most of the reliability data generated on high temperature packaging technologies uses testpieces rather than real devices, which restricts any conclusions on long term electrical performance. This paper presents results of high temperature endurance studies on SOI devices combined with high temperature packaging technologies relevant to signal conditioning and processing functions for sensors in down-well and aero-engine applications. The endurance studies have been carried out for up to 7,056 hours at 250°C, with functioning devices being tested periodically at room temperature, 125°C and 250°C. Different die attach and wire bond options have been included in the study and the performance of multiplexers, transistors, bandgap voltage, oscillators and voltage regulators functional blocks have been characterised. This work formed part of the UPTEMP project which was set-up with support from UK Technology Strategy Board and the EPSRC. The project brought together a consortium of end-users (Sondex Wireline and Vibro-Meter UK), electronic module manufacturers (GE Aviation Systems Newmarket) and material suppliers (Gwent Electronic Materials and Thermastrate Ltd) with Oxford University-Materials Department, the leading UK high temperature electronics research centre.
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Wu, Chenning, Martin Hutton und Manuchehr Soleimani. „Smart Water Meter Using Electrical Resistance Tomography“. Sensors 19, Nr. 14 (10.07.2019): 3043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143043.
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Smart flow monitoring is critical for sewer system management. Obstructions and restrictions to flow in discharge pipes are common and costly. We propose the use of electrical resistance tomography modality for the task of smart wastewater metering. This paper presents the electronics hardware design and bespoke signal processing to create an embedded sensor for measuring flow rates and flow properties, such as constituent materials in sewage or grey water discharge pipes of diameters larger than 250 mm. The dedicated analogue signal conditioning module, zero-cross switching scheme, and real-time operating system enable the system to perform low-cost serial measurements while still providing the capability of real-time capturing. The system performance was evaluated via both stationary and dynamic experiments. A data acquisition speed of 14 frames per second (fps) was achieved with an overall signal to noise ratio of at least 59.54 dB. The smallest sample size reported was 0.04% of the domain size in stationary tests, illustrating good resolution. Movements have been successfully captured in dynamic tests, with a clear definition being achieved of objects in each reconstructed image, as well as a fine overall visualization of movement.
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de Faria, Gabriella Maria, Eugênia Gonzales Lopes, Eleonora Tobaldini, Nicola Montano, Tatiana Sousa Cunha, Karina Rabello Casali und Henrique Alves de Amorim. „Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation: Designing Closed-Loop Devices for Respiratory-Controlled Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation“. Healthcare 12, Nr. 1 (22.12.2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12010031.
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Studies suggest non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) as a potential therapeutic option for various pathological conditions, such as epilepsy and depression. Exhalation-controlled taVNS, which synchronizes stimulation with internal body rhythms, holds promise for enhanced neuromodulation, but there is no closed-loop system in the literature capable of performing such integration in real time. In this context, the objective was to develop real-time signal processing techniques and an integrated closed-loop device with sensors to acquire physiological data. After a conditioning stage, the signal is processed and delivers synchronized electrical stimulation during the patient’s expiratory phase. Additional modules were designed for processing, software-controlled selectors, remote and autonomous operation, improved analysis, and graphical visualization. The signal processing method effectively extracted respiratory cycles and successfully attenuated signal noise. Heart rate variability was assessed in real time, using linear statistical evaluation. The prototype feedback stimulator device was physically constructed. Respiratory peak detection achieved an accuracy of 90%, and the real-time processing resulted in a small delay of up to 150 ms in the detection of the expiratory phase. Thus, preliminary results show promising accuracy, indicating the need for additional tests to optimize real-time processing and the application of the prototype in clinical studies.
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Chen, Xiyuan, Loic Maxwell, Franklin Li, Amrita Kumar, Elliot Ransom, Tanay Topac, Sera Lee, Mohammad Faisal Haider, Sameh Dardona und Fu-Kuo Chang. „Design and Integration of a Wireless Stretchable Multimodal Sensor Network in a Composite Wing“. Sensors 20, Nr. 9 (29.04.2020): 2528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092528.
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This article presents the development of a stretchable sensor network with high signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy for real-time distributed sensing and remote monitoring. The described sensor network was designed as an island-and-serpentine type network comprising a grid of sensor “islands” connected by interconnecting “serpentines.” A novel high-yield manufacturing process was developed to fabricate networks on recyclable 4-inch wafers at a low cost. The resulting stretched sensor network has 17 distributed and functionalized sensing nodes with low tolerance and high resolution. The sensor network includes Piezoelectric (PZT), Strain Gauge (SG), and Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) sensors. The design and development of a flexible frame with signal conditioning, data acquisition, and wireless data transmission electronics for the stretchable sensor network are also presented. The primary purpose of the frame subsystem is to convert sensor signals into meaningful data, which are displayed in real-time for an end-user to view and analyze. The challenges and demonstrated successes in developing this new system are demonstrated, including (a) developing separate signal conditioning circuitry and components for all three sensor types (b) enabling simultaneous sampling for PZT sensors for impact detection and (c) configuration of firmware/software for correct system operation. The network was expanded with an in-house developed automated stretch machine to expand it to cover the desired area. The released and stretched network was laminated into an aerospace composite wing with edge-mount electronics for signal conditioning, processing, power, and wireless communication.
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Nathan, Arokia. „Microsensors for physical signals: Principles, device design, and fabrication technologies“. Canadian Journal of Physics 74, S1 (01.12.1996): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-844.
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Microsensors are miniaturized devices, fabricated using silicon-based and related technologies, that convert input physical and chemical signals into an output electrical signal. The key driving force in microsensor research has been the integrated circuit (IC) and micromachining technologies. The latter, in particular, is fueling tremendous activity in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). In terms of technology and design tools, MEMS is at a stage where microelectronics was 30 years ago and is expected to evolve at an equally rapid pace. The synergy between the IC, micromachining, and integrated photonics technologies can potentially spawn a new generation of microsystems that will feature a unique marriage of microsensor, signal-conditioning and -processing circuitry, micromechanics, and optomechanics possibly on a single chip. In this paper, the physical transduction principles, materials considerations, process-fabrication technologies, and computer-aided-design (CAD) tools will be reviewed along with pertinent examples drawn from our microsensor research activity at the Microelectronics Laboratory, University of Waterloo.
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Ip, H. H. S., und W. H. Wong. „Fast conditioning algorithm for significant zero curvature detection“. IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image, and Signal Processing 144, Nr. 1 (1997): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:19971041.
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Bunch, J. R., R. C. Le Borne und I. K. Proudler. „Tracking ill-conditioning for the RLS-lattice algorithms“. IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image, and Signal Processing 145, Nr. 1 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:19981747.
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Riches, S. T., C. Johnston, A. Crossley und P. Grant. „End of Life Failure Modes for Packaged SOI Devices for Signal Conditioning and Processing Applications“. Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2012, HITEC (01.01.2012): 000327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-2012-tha21.
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Silicon on Insulator (SOI) device technology has been shown to be capable of functioning satisfactorily at operating temperatures of >200°C. Most of the applications to date have required performance for short times (<2,000 hours) at the highest operating temperatures of up to 225°C in down-well drilling applications. There is interest in extending the endurance of high temperature electronics into aero-engine and other applications where a minimum 20 year operating life is stipulated. In order to gain confidence in high temperature electronics that can meet this requirement, accurate reliability data are needed and end of life failure modes need to be identified. Most of the reliability data on the high temperature endurance of the integrated circuit is generated with little consideration of the packaging technologies, whilst most of the reliability data pertinent to high temperature packaging technologies uses test pieces rather than devices, which limits any conclusions relating to long term electrical performance. This paper presents results of temperature storage and cycling endurance studies on SOI devices combined with high temperature packaging technologies relevant to signal conditioning and processing functions for sensors in down-well and aero-engine applications. The endurance studies have been carried out for up to 11,088 hours at 250°C, with functioning devices being tested periodically at room temperature, 125°C and 250°C and rapid thermal cycling from −40°C to +225°C. Different die attach and wire bond options have been included in the study and the performance of several functional blocks on the SOI device has been tracked over the endurance tests. The failure modes observed on completion of the endurance tests include die cracking and deterioration of the device bond pads accelerated due to degradation of some die attach materials. The routes to achieving stable long term performance of packaged devices at temperatures of 250°C will be outlined.
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Safari, Leila, Gianluca Barile, Vincenzo Stornelli und Giuseppe Ferri. „A Review on VCII Applications in Signal Conditioning for Sensors and Bioelectrical Signals: New Opportunities“. Sensors 22, Nr. 9 (08.05.2022): 3578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093578.
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This study reviews second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII)-based read-out circuits for sensors and bioelectrical signal conditioning from existing literature. VCII is the dual circuit of a second-generation current conveyor (CCII), which provides the possibility of processing signals in the current domain while providing output signals in the voltage form. The scope of this paper is to discuss the benefits and opportunities of new VCII-based read-out circuits over traditional ones and bioelectrical signals. The achieved main benefits compared to conventional circuits are the simpler read-out circuits, producing an output signal in a voltage form that can be directly used, improved accuracy, possibility of gain adjustment using a single grounded resistor, and the possibility of connecting several SiPM sensors to the readout circuit. The circuits studied in this paper include VCII- based read-out circuits suitable for all types of sensors configured in the current-mode Wheatstone bridge (CMWB) topology, the VCII-based read-out circuits solutions reported for silicon photomultiplier, spiral-shaped ultrasonic PVDF and differential capacitive sensors, and, finally, a simple readout circuitry for sensing bioelectrical signals. There are still not many VCII-based readout circuits, and we hope that the outcome of this study will enhance this area of research and inspire new ideas.
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Castillo, Joel A., Jorge Flores-Troncoso, Rigoberto Jáuregui, Jorge Simón und José L. Alvarez-Flores. „Signal Conditioning Stage in S-Band Communication Subsystem for CubeSat Applications“. Electronics 10, Nr. 14 (07.07.2021): 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141627.
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This work presents the design, performance evaluation, manufacture, and characterization of an RF front-end signal conditioning chain on a substrate that achieves the best performance at S-band frequencies and complies with the dimensions of the international standard for CubeSat-type nanosatellites. In this development, the signal conditioning chains were carried out on the high-frequency substrates RO4350B, CuClad 250, and RT/duroid 5880, considering scattering parameters in a small-signal regime. Concerning the power output, after the filtering and amplifying stages, the conditioning chain delivered 2 watts at 2.25 GHz. Moreover, up to 40 dB gain was achieved, and a good impedance matching at −20 dB for both input and output ports was observed. The numerical simulations and experimental results showed that an RO4350B substrate allows the smallest design dimensions, and these comply with the dimensions of the CubeSat standard. The manufactured RF front-end signal conditioning chain on RO4350B requires an area of 95 mm2, and it is ready to be used in a proof-of-concept space mission in a CubeSat.
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Li, Jun, Bo Geng, Zhixian Lin, Min Chen, Liangyou Shao, Yanmin Zhou und Yuqing Bao. „Multiagent Consensus Control Strategy considering Whole-Process Thermodynamic Characteristics of Air Conditioning Process“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (28.07.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5543298.
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Due to the distributed and decentralized characteristics of air conditioning load, the distributed control strategy has advantages for the air conditioning load to participate in the demand response. However, existing approaches focus on the dynamic control performance with very few considerations on the cost. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a multiagent consensus control method considering the whole-process response cost of air conditioning. Based on the thermodynamic characteristics of air conditioning load in the load reduction process and recovery process, the cost function curve of air conditioning load is established. Then, the multiagent consensus control strategy is adopted to send the power adjustment information to each air conditioner to realize the optimal control of the air conditioning load. The simulation results verify that the proposed method can take into account the whole-process response cost of air conditioning loads and result in smaller control cost than existing methods.
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Olarte, L. N., M. C. Orrego, G. S. Serna und P. X. Villabón. „Electronic acquisition of the electromyographic signal - Phase 1“. Journal of Research in Engineering Science- JRES 2 (01.01.2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/jres-2-2017-167.
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This document evidences the research proposal, focused on the electronic design for the acquisition and conditioning of the electromyographic signal, from non-invasive methods for subsequent analysis in amplitude and time, variables that will allow evaluating the electrical activity of nerves and muscles. Nowadays in the area of biomedicine, the obtaining and conditioning of electrophysiological data of individuals is of great importance. Firstly, the adequate processing and visualization of the expected signal pattern can provide the specialist with optimal reading of data by providing correct diagnoses, and second, the favorable incidence over time through optimal medical treatment to the patient that improves their conditions of life. On the other hand, due to the post-conflict in our country, there are individuals who have marks caused by violence that involve physical treatments, some of them, rehabilitations that compromise the evaluation over time of the muscular response of some parts of the body. This is the social justification of the investigation, whose initial phase includes the conditioning under electronic components of the electromyographic signal for its subsequent analysis over time. In order to comply with the proposed phase, a sequential methodology has been carried out which includes the review of the state of the art related to the design, implementation and analysis of circuits, to condition the basic pattern electromyographic signal by means of non-invasive methods, followed by the simulation and visualization of the signal in free software, then the identification of changes in the amplitude and frequency and disturbances in the signal, which can be mitigated by the design of filters. The initial results indicate that the type of sensor, the contact with the skin and the movement of the patient cause the disturbance of the result of the signal conditioned by electronic methods. Likewise, the correct digital reading of the signal pattern in the appropriate format would provide, in later phases, the storage and remote access of different muscle responses of patients over time to consult the specialist remotely, decreasing patient transfer costs when performing followups On-line.
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Gaddour, Ahmed, Hafedh Ben Hassen, Wael Dghais, Hamdi Belgacem und Mounir Ben Ali. „A Novel Conditioning Circuit for Floating-Gate ISFET Bio-Sensor“. International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (27.08.2021): 1174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.128.
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Floating-Gate-Ions-Sensitive-Field-Effect-Transistors (FG-ISFETs) are becoming the sensor’s platform for various fields such as biomedical and chemical sensors. Despite many advantages like quick response, small size as well as wide measurement range, the efficiency of the output measurement is widely affected by temperature, This requires more safety in the measured results and the analysis’s tools. This study describes a novel integrated circuit that improves the thermal stability of the output signal of the ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs). After that, we investigate the temperature dependency of the FG-ISFET using the mentioned macro model and we shows that the temperature coefficient is about of 6 mV/°C. Afterward, a new integrated interface circuit that can perform great temperature compensation was developed. This operation aims to enhance stability of readout circuit for FG-ISFET. The achieved result of the FG-ISFET under different simulations shows that the readout circuit has a good temperature compensation i.e. :2.4 〖10〗^(-9) mV/°C.
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Hou, Zhuo, Sanmin Shen, Yong Ye, Jiahao Deng, Yuting Liu, Qing Meng und Zuodong Duan. „Research on the Linear Acceleration Sensor Signal Acquisition Technology Based on the High-Order Anti-Aliasing Cauer Filter“. Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, Nr. 01 (21.03.2019): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620500085.
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A linear acceleration sensor integrated into an inertial measurement unit and its signal processing technology are presented in this paper. Based on the characteristics of the acceleration sensor, before analog-to-digital conversion, a design method for optimizing and conditioning the output signal in levels of frequency with the high-order anti-aliasing Cauer filter is proposed. Compared with the previously published papers, here we not only focus on the anti-aliasing filtering effect under a single channel, but also pay more attention to the anti-aliasing filtering effect with more data to the same type of channels with the same cut-off frequency and different types of channels with different cut-off frequencies. Similar to other kinds of filters, this paper points out that the high-order anti-aliasing Cauer filter also has its inherent delay characteristic. And this paper also reveals the qualitative relationship between frequency and time delay in different testing environments by using various delay test data. Compared with the previously published papers, through the simple solution processing with the true attitude data, this paper further estimates the error of simple attitude signal processing.
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Galea, Francarl, Owen Casha, Ivan Grech, Edward Gatt und Joseph Micallef. „Experimental Measurements of a Low Power CMOS Analog MPPT Power Conditioning Circuit for Energy Harvesting Applications“. International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 14 (18.01.2021): 1192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2020.14.147.
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This paper presents the complete measured performance and characterization of a fabricated power conditioning integrated circuit for energy harvesters with on-chip maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and external energy storage. This ultra-low power circuit employs an AC/DC-to-DC converter compatible with both AC and DC voltage energy harvesters. The MPPT design follows the perturbation and observation algorithm. This MPPT is capable of tracking the maximum power point of types of energy harvesters. The circuit is implemented using the AMS CMOS 0:35 μm high voltage technology and all the circuit blocks use analog electronic techniques, with the transistors operating in the sub-threshold region, in order to obtain a minimum power consumption. This power conditioning circuit consumes less than 2 μW while featuring an input voltage range of -0:5V to -50V and a power range from 10 μW to 200mW.
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Wang, Wei, und Yongping Li. „Design and Implementation of an Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer Data Acquisition System for Atmospheric Molecule Identification“. Electronics 12, Nr. 11 (25.05.2023): 2387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112387.
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Orbitrap mass spectrometers have gained widespread popularity in ground-based environmental component analysis. However, their application in atmospheric exploration for space missions remains limited. Existing data acquisition solutions for Orbitrap instruments primarily rely on commercial systems and computer-based spectrum analysis. In this study, we developed a self-designed data acquisition solution specifically tailored for atmospheric molecule detection. The implementation involved directly integrating a spectrum analysis algorithm onto a field programmable gate array (FPGA), enabling miniaturization, real-time performance, and meeting the desired requirements. The system comprises signal conditioning circuits, analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) circuits, programmable logic circuits, and related software. These components facilitate real-time spectrum analysis and signal processing on hardware, enabling high-speed acquisition and analysis of signals generated by the Orbitrap. Experimental results demonstrate that the system can sample front-end analog signals at a rate of 25 MHz and differentiate signal spectra with an error margin of less than 7 kHz. This establishes the viability of the designed data acquisition system for atmospheric mass spectrometry analysis.
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Wu, Yun. „Design and Performance Analysis of X-ray Photoelectric Collector for Logistics Transportation“. Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 17, Nr. 6 (01.06.2022): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2022.3278.
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The strong conveyor belt has been widely used in mines, ports, wharves, power plants, steel mills, and other fields. It is one of the main transportation equipment in modern production. In coal mine production, the logistics conveyor belt is essential equipment. The increased load can scratch and age the conveyor belt. Then, coupled with the elongation of joints, the equipment fails. This work designs an X-ray Photoelectric (XP) collector for logistics transportation and puts forward the design scheme. This work expounds on the hardware circuit of the XP collector, mainly based on the Image Capture Card (ICC) of the S8865 module and the serial/parallel data acquisition board based on the AD7667 chip. In the test, the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development tool ISE of Xilinx company is used to design the software of the XP collector to collect logistics X-ray signals. The oscilloscope analyzes the ICC control signal RESET, which repeatedly appears in a certain period. The S8865 module is controlled to collect X-ray signals continuously; the analog output signal of the S8865 module is observed. Under the control of a 1 MHz clock, the S8865 module outputs a stable analog signal. Similarly, observing the differential signal output of the differential processing circuit on the ICC through the oscilloscope finds that the differential signal is consistent with the original signal. Further positive input/output of the signal conditioning circuit of the serial/parallel data acquisition board is observed after the differential signal is switched. The single-ended signal after switching is consistent with the differential signal’s positive input signal.
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Sio-Sever, Andrés, Erardo Leal-Muñoz, Juan Manuel Lopez-Navarro, Ricardo Alzugaray-Franz, Antonio Vizan-Idoipe und Guillermo de Arcas-Castro. „Non-Invasive Estimation of Machining Parameters during End-Milling Operations Based on Acoustic Emission“. Sensors 20, Nr. 18 (17.09.2020): 5326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185326.
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This work presents a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to traditional methods for measuring the performance of machining processes directly on existing machine tools. A prototype measuring system has been developed based on non-contact microphones, a custom designed signal conditioning board and signal processing techniques that take advantage of the underlying physics of the machining process. Experiments have been conducted to estimate the depth of cut during end-milling process by means of the measurement of the acoustic emission energy generated during operation. Moreover, the predicted values have been compared with well established methods based on cutting forces measured by dynamometers.
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Liu, Weiping, Ximing Zhang, Zhaofeng Wang, Yulin Wang, Bochun Hu und Ye Zhuang. „Exploration of Vibration Signal Measurement Method of Automobile Parts Utilizing FPGA/Photoelectric Sensor“. Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, Nr. 10 (01.10.2021): 1629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3097.
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According to the current situation of the sensor, a vibration signal monitoring system is proposed of automobile parts based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and photoelectric sensor. FPGA controls the peripheral circuit and sets instructions to process the acquired vibration signal. The Serial Port Interface (SPI) is utilized for the data transmission and communication between the instruction set and FPGA. FPGA transmits the acquired data to the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) through the SPI and then backs up to the Secure Digital (SD) card for in-depth analysis. The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is selected for the monitoring system. The sensor presents many characteristics: anti-interference, high sensitivity, lightweight, and small volume. Afterward, the FBG is used for vibration signal acquisition, and the corresponding sensor module circuit is designed. Subsequently, an Analog to Digital (A/D) conversion circuit is designed on the acquisition circuit together with the vibration conditioning circuit and FPGA peripheral circuit. In the experiment, the vibration signal is monitored in real-time through the designed monitoring system, and the changes in the Center Wavelength (CWL) of the FBG from vibration are recorded. The data are screened, and more reasonable data are produced for vibration signal processing. The vibration signal is processed through Time-Domain (TD) linear fitting and time-frequency transformation, to assess the FBG vibration sensor’s vibration response in the monitoring system.
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Meng, H., M. L. Hernandez, Y. Liu und X. Wang. „Computationally efficient PCRLB for tracking in cluttered environments: measurement existence conditioning approach“. IET Signal Processing 3, Nr. 2 (2009): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-spr:20080040.
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Maciusowicz, Michal, und Grzegorz Psuj. „Use of Time-Dependent Multispectral Representation of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Signals for the Needs of Non-Destructive Evaluation of Steel Materials“. Sensors 19, Nr. 6 (24.03.2019): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061443.
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Due to the existing relationship between microstructural properties and magnetic ones of the ferromagnetic materials, the application potential of the magnetic Barkhausen noise (BN) method to non-destructive testing is constantly growing. However, the stochastic nature of the Barkhausen effect requires the use of advanced signal processing methods. Recently, the need to apply time-frequency (TF) transformations to the processing of BN signals arose. However, various TF methods have been used in the majority of cases for qualitative signal conditioning and no extensive analysis of TF-based information has been conducted so far. Therefore, in this paper, the wide analysis of BN TF representation was carried out. Considering the properties of TF transformations, the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) was used. A procedure for definition of the envelopes of the TF characteristic was proposed. To verify the quality of extracted features, an analysis was performed on the basis of BN signals acquired during stress loading experiments of steel elements. First, the preliminary experiments were processed for various parameters of the measuring system and calculation procedures. The feature extraction procedure was performed for different modes of TF representations. Finally, the distributions of TF features over the loading stages are presented and their information content was validated using commonly used features derived from time T and frequency F domains.
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Knechtel, Roy, Micaela Wenig, Stefan Svoboda, Martin Seyring, Manuela Göbelt, Uwe Schwarz, Tobias Seifert, Frank Roscher und Maik Wiemer. „Investigation of the Processing Behavior and Stability of Different Glass Frit Materials“. ECS Transactions 112, Nr. 3 (29.09.2023): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11203.0229ecst.
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Glass frit wafer bonding is a widely used process in the development and production of microsystems, especially for integrating sensors and their signal conditioning circuits. As a result, glass frit bonded wafers must withstand subsequent process modules, such as silicon (wafer) through vias (TSVs) processing. The properties of glass materials for wafer bonding play a crucial role in ensuring the performance and reliability of such wafers. With the advent of new environmental regulations, Lead-free glass frit materials are being developed to replace the current Lead-containing glasses. In this context, four different glass frit materials were investigated and compared in detail, and the bonding behaviors of these materials were analyzed. It was found that the low-melting main components of these glasses determined their properties and performance. The glasses' electrical and chemical properties were also investigated, and their impact on the bonding process was analyzed. The results of this study provide guidance for the process integration of glass frit wafer bonding and open up new possibilities. In addition, the study highlights the need for practical evaluations for specific applications and related details.
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Riches, S. T., C. Johnston und A. Lui. „Realisation of High Temperature Electronics Packaging Technology for Sensor Conditioning and Processing Applications“. International Symposium on Microelectronics 2012, Nr. 1 (01.01.2012): 000192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2012-ta61.
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The requirement to install electronic power and control systems in high temperature environments in aero-engines and in down-well exploration has posed a challenge to the traditional limit of 125°C of electronics systems. The leap in operating temperature to above 200°C in combination with high pressures, vibrations and potentially corrosive environments means that different semiconductors, passives, circuit boards and assembly processes will be needed to fulfil target performance specifications. Silicon on Insulator (SOI) device technology has been shown to be capable of functioning satisfactorily at operating temperatures of >200°C. Most of the applications to date have required performance for short times (<2,000 hours) at the highest operating temperatures of up to 225°C in down-well drilling applications. There is interest in extending the endurance of high temperature electronics into aero-engine and other applications where a minimum 20 year operating life is stipulated. Most of the reliability data on the high temperature endurance of the integrated circuit is generated with little consideration of the packaging technologies, whilst most of the reliability data pertinent to high temperature packaging technologies uses test pieces, which limits any conclusions relating to long term electrical performance. This paper will present results of studies on high temperature packaging technologies relevant to signal conditioning and processing functions for sensors in down-well and aero-engine applications. Different die attach and wire bond options have been included in the study and the performance of several functional blocks on a high temperature SOI device has been tracked over the endurance tests which have lasted for >11,000 hours at 250°C. Degradation phenomena such as thermal migration and material deterioration due to high temperature exposure in air and inert atmospheres will be described. An assessment of the availability of high temperature materials and components to meet long term requirements for operation at 250°C will be presented.
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Livanos, Nikolaos-Antonios I., Sami Hammal, Nikolaos Giamarelos, Vagelis Alifragkis, Constantinos S. Psomopoulos und Elias N. Zois. „OpenEdgePMU: An Open PMU Architecture with Edge Processing for Future Resilient Smart Grids“. Energies 16, Nr. 6 (15.03.2023): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062756.
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The increase in renewable energy sources (RESs) in distribution grids is a major driver for achieving green energy goals worldwide. However, RES power inverters affect power quality, increase power losses, and, in certain cases, may cause power interruptions due to harmonics, deterioration of the rate of change of frequency, and inability to rapidly react in grid faults. Today, phasor measurement units (PMUs) are the ultimate tools for real-time monitoring of distribution grids’ health, and they enable several data-driven added-value services such as fast and automated fault detection, isolation, and recovery; state estimation; power quality monitoring; dynamic events analysis, etc. The present paper proposes an open hardware and software PMU platform, which is low cost, high performance, expandable, and, in general, suitable for research and innovation activities. The system is based on two processor modules (a digital signal processor from Texas Instruments TMS320c5517, and a microprocessor System-in-Package from Octavo Systems OSD3358), two local databases of 64 Gbytes each, GPS module, 5G modem interface, as well as analog and signal conditioning circuits to interface three-phase power voltage and current signals. The entire hardware design, schematics, and instrumentation components, as well as all firmware and software functions are completely open source. Pilot operation of the prototype design has been installed in three medium-/low-voltage substations in Cyprus, as well as twelve substations in Spain and Italy.
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Vasudeva, G., und Uma B. V. „22nm FINFET Based High Gain Wide Band Differential Amplifier“. International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (05.02.2021): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.7.
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Differential Amplifier is a primary building block of analog and mixed signal circuit for pre-processing and signal conditioning of analog signal. FINFET devices with high-k gate oxide at 22nm technology are predominantly used for high speed and low power complex VLSI circuits. FINFET based differential amplifiers are widely used in ADC’s and signal Processing applications due to their advantages in terms of power dissipation. Analog front end of complex VLSI circuits need to offer high gain, higher stability and low noise figure. Designing of FINFET based VLSI sub-circuits requires proper design procedure that can provide designers flexibility in controlling the circuit performances. In this paper, differential amplifier is designed using model parameters of high-k FINFET in 22nm technology. The conventional procedures for designing MOSFET based differential amplifier are modified for designing FINFET based differential amplifier. Schematic capture is carried out in Cadence environment and simulations are obtained considering 22nm FINFET PDK. The performance metrics are evaluated and optimized considering multiple iterations. The designed differential amplifier has slew rate of 6V/µSec and settling time of 0.9 µSec which is a desired metric for ADCs. Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR) is 83 dB and dynamic range is 1.6754 V. Open loop DC gain of DA is achieved to be 103 dB with phase margin of 630 that demonstrates the advantages of DA designed in this work suitable for analog front end
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Lam, Chi-Seng, Yongheng Yang, Qing Zhong, Yandong Chen und Keng-Weng Lao. „Advanced Power Electronic Converters and Power Quality Conditioning“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2018 (19.11.2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9701013.
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Kasicki, Stefan, Piotr Jeleń, Maciej Olszewski und Urszula Sławińska. „Electrical hippocampal activity during danger and safety signals in classical conditioning in the rat“. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 69, Nr. 1 (31.03.2009): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2009-1734.
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The effect of stimuli predicting danger (DS) and safety (SS) in Pavlovian aversive conditioning on hippocampal local field potentials (LFP) was studied in 25 partially restrained adult male rats (Long-Evans). DS lasting 5 s preceded tail-shock, while SS overlapping DS during DS last 3 s predicted omission of shock. The power spectra of LFPs during trials were analyzed in theta and delta frequency bands. In DS, theta frequency during the last 3 s was lower that in first 2 s. In danger and safety situation theta peak frequency was different for dorsal CA1 activity (5.99 Hz vs. 6.86 Hz, respectively), while delta peak frequency was different for ventral CA1 (1.56 Hz vs. 1.07 Hz) for the last 3 s of trial. Differences in theta frequency in danger and safety situation may reflect differences in sensory processing during induced emotional states and/or related differences in motor behavior.
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Aleksandrova, Mariya, und Dimiter Badarov. „Recent Progress in the Topologies of the Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors and the Corresponding Electronic Processing Circuits“. Sensors 22, Nr. 13 (29.06.2022): 4917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134917.
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In this paper, we present an overview of the latest achievements in surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for gas or liquid fluid, with a focus on the electrodes’ topology and signal processing, as related to the application of the sensing device. Although the progress in this field is mainly due to advances in the materials science and the sensing coatings, the interdigital (IDT) electrodes’ organization is also an important tool for setting the acoustic-wave-distribution mode, and, thus, for improvement of the SAW performance. The signal-conditioning system is of practical interest, as the implementation of the SAW, as a compact and mobile system is dependent on this electronic circuit. The precision of the detection of the SAW platform is related not only to the IDT electrodes’ geometry but also to their location around the sensing layer. The most commonly used architectures are shown in the present paper. Finally, we identify the needs for the future improvement of these prospective sensors.
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Somnath A., Wankhede, Jadhav Vilas und Tidar Anil. „Low Cost Brix Measurement System for Grapes using Arduino Uno“. Journal of Control System and Control Instrumentation 9, Nr. 3 (2023): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jocsaci.2023.v09i03.003.
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When grapes are at their peak sugar content for harvest, brix measurements play a main role in determining. Refractometers are a common instrument used to measure the content of sugar in the solution. Its main drawback is that it requires liquid or a solution of grapes or fruits and is a manual method. So, to avoid the distraction of grapes or fruits, this low-cost Arduino-based brix measurement system is designed and developed. The system contains a capacitive sensing element, signal conditioning, and signal processing. This paper exemplifies a brix computing system that uses an Arduino Uno as the controller and a capacitive sensor element to continuously detect the capacitance, dielectric constant, and brix level of grape which is displayed on a serial monitor of Arduino software. The time constant of the capacitor is a key component of the Arduino capacitance meter. The charge and discharge cycles of the capacitor take longer when the capacitance is higher. After signal conditioning, charging and discharging voltages of the capacitive sensor are given to an Arduino Uno. It has a percentage accuracy of 99%. This developed system is cost-efficient and handy.
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Feltrin, Glauco, Nemanja Popovic, Kallirroi Flouri und Piotr Pietrzak. „A Wireless Sensor Network with Enhanced Power Efficiency and Embedded Strain Cycle Identification for Fatigue Monitoring of Railway Bridges“. Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4359415.
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Wireless sensor networks have been shown to be a cost-effective monitoring tool for many applications on civil structures. Strain cycle monitoring for fatigue life assessment of railway bridges, however, is still a challenge since it is data intensive and requires a reliable operation for several weeks or months. In addition, sensing with electrical resistance strain gauges is expensive in terms of energy consumption. The induced reduction of battery lifetime of sensor nodes increases the maintenance costs and reduces the competitiveness of wireless sensor networks. To overcome this drawback, a signal conditioning hardware was designed that is able to significantly reduce the energy consumption. Furthermore, the communication overhead is reduced to a sustainable level by using an embedded data processing algorithm that extracts the strain cycles from the raw data. Finally, a simple software triggering mechanism that identifies events enabled the discrimination of useful measurements from idle data, thus increasing the efficiency of data processing. The wireless monitoring system was tested on a railway bridge for two weeks. The monitoring system demonstrated a good reliability and provided high quality data.
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López-Ruiz, Nuria, Pablo Escobedo, Isidoro Ruiz-García, Miguel A. Carvajal, Alberto J. Palma und Antonio Martínez-Olmos. „Digital Optical Ballistocardiographic System for Activity, Heart Rate, and Breath Rate Determination during Sleep“. Sensors 22, Nr. 11 (28.05.2022): 4112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114112.
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In this work, we present a ballistocardiographic (BCG) system for the determination of heart and breath rates and activity of a user lying in bed. Our primary goal was to simplify the analog and digital processing usually required in these kinds of systems while retaining high performance. A novel sensing approach is proposed consisting of a white LED facing a digital light detector. This detector provides precise measurements of the variations of the light intensity of the incident light due to the vibrations of the bed produced by the subject’s breathing, heartbeat, or activity. Four small springs, acting as a bandpass filter, connect the boards where the LED and the detector are mounted. Owing to the mechanical bandpass filtering caused by the compressed springs, the proposed system generates a BCG signal that reflects the main frequencies of the heartbeat, breathing, and movement of the lying subject. Without requiring any analog signal processing, this device continuously transmits the measurements to a microcontroller through a two-wire communication protocol, where they are processed to provide an estimation of the parameters of interest in configurable time intervals. The final information of interest is wirelessly sent to the user’s smartphone by means of a Bluetooth connection. For evaluation purposes, the proposed system has been compared with typical BCG systems showing excellent performance for different subject positions. Moreover, applied postprocessing methods have shown good behavior for information separation from a single-channel signal. Therefore, the determination of the heart rate, breathing rate, and activity of the patient is achieved through a highly simplified signal processing without any need for analog signal conditioning.
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Abdullah, Saad, Sarah Tonello, Michela Borghetti, Emilio Sardini und Mauro Serpelloni. „Potentiostats for Protein Biosensing: Design Considerations and Analysis on Measurement Characteristics“. Journal of Sensors 2019 (17.03.2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6729329.
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The demand for the development of swift, simple, and ultrasensitive biosensors has been increasing after the introduction of innovative approaches such as bioelectronics, nanotechnology, and electrochemistry. The possibility to correlate changes in electrical parameters with the concentration of protein biomarkers in biological samples is appealing to improve sensitivity, reliability, and repeatability of the biochemical assays currently available for protein investigation. Potentiostats are the required instruments to ensure the proper cell conditioning and signal processing in accurate electrochemical biosensing applications. In this light, this review is aimed at analyzing design considerations, electrical specifications, and measurement characteristics of potentiostats, specifically customized for protein detection. This review demonstrates how a proper potentiostat for protein quantification should be able to supply voltages in a range between few mV to few V, with high resolution in terms of readable current (in the order of 100 pA). To ensure a reliable quantification of clinically relevant protein concentrations (>1 ng/mL), the accuracy of the measurement (<1%) is significant and it can be ensured with proper digital-to-analog (10-16 bits) and analog-to-digital (10-24 bits) converters. Furthermore, the miniaturisation of electrochemical systems represents a key step toward portable, real-time, and fast point-of-care applications. This review is meant to serve as a guide for the design of customized potentiostats capable of a more proper and enhanced conditioning of electrochemical biosensors for protein detection.
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Kowalski, Tomasz, Gian Piero Gibiino, Jaroslaw Szewinski, Pawel Barmuta, Piotr Bartoszek und Pier Andrea Traverso. „Design, characterisation, and digital linearisation of an ADC analogue front-end for gamma spectroscopy measurements“. ACTA IMEKO 10, Nr. 2 (29.06.2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i2.1042.
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<p class="Abstract">This work presents the design, experimental characterisation, and digital post-distortion (i.e., digital linearisation) of a MHz-range ADC analogue front-end prototype for a gamma radiation spectrometry system under development at the National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ) in Poland. The design accounts for the electrical response of the gamma particle detector in providing signal conditioning and ADC protection against high-voltage spikes due to occasional high-energy cosmic radiation, as well as proper ADC clocking. As the front-end inevitably introduces nonlinear distortion and dynamic effects, a characterisation is performed to quantify the actual performance in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Effective Number of Bits (ENOB). Thus, a digital linearisation based on both static and memory polynomial models is successfully applied by means of post-distortion processing, guaranteeing a substantial improvement in THD and ENOB, and demonstrating the effectiveness of the hardware/software method for gamma radiation spectrometers. </p>
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Gilewski, Marian. „Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems in Light Stabilization“. Sensors 23, Nr. 6 (08.03.2023): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23062916.
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This article discusses application considerations in the micro-electro-mechanical system’s optical sensor. Furthermore, the provided analysis is limited to application issues occurring in research or industrial applications. In particular, a case was discussed where the sensor was used as a feedback signal source. Its output signal is used to stabilize the flux of an LED lamp. Thus, the function of the sensor was the periodic measurement of the spectral flux distribution. The application problem of such a sensor is the output analogue signal conditioning. This is necessary to perform analogue-to-digital conversion and further digital processing. In the discussed case, design limitations come from the specifics of the output signal. This signal is a sequence of rectangular pulses, which can have different frequencies, and their amplitude varies over a wide range. The fact such a signal must be conditioned additionally discourages some optical researchers from using such sensors. The developed driver allows measurement using an optical light sensor in the band from 340 nm to 780 nm with a resolution of about 12 nm; in the range of flux values from about 10 nW to 1 μW, and frequencies up to several kHz. The proposed sensor driver was developed and tested. Measurement results are presented in the paper’s final part.
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Crovetti, Paolo, und Francesco Musolino. „Digital Suppression of EMI-Induced Errors in a Baseband Acquisition Front-End including Off-the-Shelf, EMI-Sensitive Operational Amplifiers“. Electronics 10, Nr. 17 (29.08.2021): 2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172096.
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In this paper, the susceptibility to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) of an analog signal acquisition front-end (AFE) due to EMI distortion in opamp-based pre-conditioning amplifiers is addressed. More specifically, the possibility to correct EMI-induced errors in the digital domain by post-processing the acquired digital waveforms is discussed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time with reference to an AFE based on EMI-sensitive, off-the-shelf operational amplifiers mounted on a specific EMI test PCB. Extensive experimental characterization in the presence of continuous wave and amplitude modulated EMI reveals the superior immunity to EMI of the proposed AFE and the robustness of the approach.
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Scheuer, D. A., J. Zhang, G. M. Toney und S. W. Mifflin. „Temporal processing of aortic nerve evoked activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract“. Journal of Neurophysiology 76, Nr. 6 (01.12.1996): 3750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3750.
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1. Temporal processing of heterogenous afferent signals by nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) neurons has been previously characterized. Experiments were performed in 26 pentobarbital-sodium-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats to characterize the temporal processing of evoked activity in NTS neurons with the use of the aortic nerve, which contains exclusively arterial baroreceptor afferent fibers. 2. Extracellular single-cell activity was examined in the NTS during electrical stimulation of the aortic nerve with the use of a conditioning-test paradigm. 3. Results were obtained from 49 neurons, 22 of which were characterized as receiving monosynaptic input from aortic nerve afferents. The average number of evoked potentials per aortic nerve stimulation was 1.1 +/- 0.1 (SE) for the monosynaptic neurons and 1.2 +/- 0.2 for the polysynaptic neurons. Spontaneous activity averaged 3.7 +/- 0.7 Hz. No neuron exhibited an obvious pulse-rhythmic discharge. The average peak onset latency for monosynaptic cells of 17 +/- 2 ms (range 3-31 ms) was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than the average of 26 +/- 1 ms (range 13-38 ms) for the polysynaptic cells. The average onset latency variability was also less in monosynaptic compared with polysynaptic cells (4 +/- 1 ms vs. 8 +/- 1 ms; P < 0.05). 4. Neurons characterized as receiving a monosynaptic input from the aortic afferents generally did not exhibit time-dependent inhibition. Significant inhibition was observed only at a conditioning-test interval of 50 ms, when the average test response was 79 +/- 8% of control. In contrast, the average response following a 50-ms conditioning-test interval for neurons receiving polysynaptic input from the aortic nerve was only 32 +/- 8% of control. Significant inhibition was observed at conditioning-test intervals of up to 200 ms. 5. At a conditioning-test interval of 50 ms, only 5 of 22 monosynaptic neurons were inhibited by > 50%. Mean arterial pressure during the conditioning-test procedure was significantly lower for these neurons than for the 17 cells that were inhibited by < 50%. This suggests that the level of activity in convergent afferent input might influence the magnitude of time-dependent inhibition. 6. There was an essentially linear recovery from time-dependent inhibition evident in polysynaptic neurons that were tested at all conditioning-test intervals, suggesting a single mechanism of variable duration. Results reported here are consistent with current theory that time-dependent inhibition is mediated by disfacilitation. 7. The results demonstrate that NTS neurons receiving monosynaptic input from the aortic depressor nerve infrequently exhibit time-dependent inhibition. This could allow for the original, unmodified afferent information to be dispersed to subsequent neurons. In contrast, neurons receiving polysynaptic input undergo time-dependent inhibition similar to that which has been reported for other afferent inputs. This could allow for differential degrees of fidelity in the transfer of the afferent information to specific efferent pathways. Therefore the temporal pattern of firing in individual baroreceptor afferents could play a critical role in the function of the arterial baroreflex and therefore in the regulation of blood pressure.
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Nowakowski, Mirosław. „Measuring and Recording Systems Used in Flight Tests of Aircraft“. Solid State Phenomena 180 (November 2011): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.180.222.
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Flight tests and measurements are usually performed for newly built or modernised aircraft utilised by the Polish Armed Forces. In the course of flight tests the airborne equipment is also investigated. The main goal of the performed tests is to verify tactical performance and to identify technical parameters of aircraft and/or equipment under examination. The airborne experimental data is also applied to the aircraft flight dynamics modelling, subsequently used for the design and construction of a flight simulator. The equipment is usually arranged of the following components: ̶ sensors/measuring devices capable of converting physical parameters into optical, mechanical, or electrical signals (indicators, transmitters, sensors, transducers); ̶ conditioning systems - intermediary devices used to amplify and/or adjust any signal gained to some required value or form; ̶ recording and storing devices (data recorders, cameras, etc.); ̶ devices applied to the decoding and processing of the acquired data (decoders, computers). Some selected problems of aircraft flight tests will be discussed in the paper. A brief description of the applied experimental apparatus will be provided first. Next, the attention will be focused on the experimentally gathered data utilised in the identification of aircraft flight dynamics characteristics and on the data applied to the evaluation of selected design parameters.
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Yuliyanto, Ignasius Eko, Tjendro Tjendro, Bernadeta Wuri Harini und Martanto Martanto. „Input Power Measurement System For Driving Motor In Testing Low-Speed Generator“. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Smart Technologies 5, Nr. 1 (15.06.2023): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/ijasst.v5i1.6339.
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Rapid technological advances are affecting the greater use of electrical energy. One of the devices that can generate electrical energy is a generator. Testing the characteristics of the generator required a drive motor to rotate the generator shaft. This research aims to create a three-phase input power measurement system for driving a motor. The method of measuring input power is by measuring the current and voltage of each phase. The power is obtained from the multiplication between current and voltage. The system consists of current sensors, voltage sensors, a signal conditioning circuit, and an Arduino Mega microcontroller for data processing. The system is equipped with a graphical user interface, data storage, and application. The generator input power measurement system has been created and tested. The measurement system has successfully measured the input power of the generator's driving motor, which in real-time is displayed on the trend graph via the graphical user interface on the laptop. The input power measurement data on the three-phase generator and the time data have been successfully stored inside the micro-SD. The average error of the voltage reading is 2% compared to the measurement of the reference voltmeter. The current reading error was 2% compared to the reference meter ampere measurement.
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Tama Birkocak, Derya, Pedro Gomes und Helder Carvalho. „Flexible Pressure Sensors for Integration into Karate Body Protector“. Sensors 23, Nr. 14 (19.07.2023): 6524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23146524.
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The increasing interest in karate has also attracted the attention of researchers, especially in combining the equipment used by practitioners with technology to prevent injuries, improve technical skills and provide appropriate scoring. Contrary to the sport of taekwondo, the development of a smart body protector in the sport of karate is still a niche field to be researched. This study focused on developing piezoresistive, textile-based pressure sensors using piezoresistive film, conductive fabric as well as different bonding materials and methods. Primarily, small-scale sensors were produced using ultrasonic welding, hot press welding and oven curing. These were characterized using a universal testing machine and specific conditioning and data-acquisition hardware combined with custom processing software. Large-scale sensors were then manufactured to be placed inside the karate body protector and characterized using cyclic testing. The conditioning circuit allows flexible gain adjustment, and it was possible to obtain a stable signal with an output of up to 0.03 V/N, an adequate signal for the tested force range. The transfer function shows some drift over the cycles, in addition to the expected hysteresis and slight nonlinearity, which can be compensated for. Finally, the configuration with the best results was tested in real practice tests; during these tests the body protector was placed on a dummy as well as on a person. The results showed that the piezoresistive textile-based pressure sensor produced is able to detect and quantify the impact of even light punches, providing an unobtrusive means for performance monitoring and score calculation for competitive practice of this sport.
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Habibi, Mehdi, Yunus Dawji, Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh und Sebastian Magierowski. „Nanopore-based DNA sequencing sensors and CMOS readout approaches“. Sensor Review 41, Nr. 3 (15.07.2021): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-05-2020-0121.
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Purpose Nanopore-based molecular sensing and measurement, specifically DNA sequencing, is advancing at a fast pace. Some embodiments have matured from coarse particle counters to enabling full human genome assembly. This evolution has been powered not only by improvements in the sensors themselves, but also in the assisting microelectronic CMOS readout circuitry closely interfaced to them. In this light, this paper aims to review established and emerging nanopore-based sensing modalities considered for DNA sequencing and CMOS microelectronic methods currently being used. Design/methodology/approach Readout and amplifier circuits, which are potentially appropriate for conditioning and conversion of nanopore signals for downstream processing, are studied. Furthermore, arrayed CMOS readout implementations are focused on and the relevant status of the nanopore sensor technology is reviewed as well. Findings Ion channel nanopore devices have unique properties compared with other electrochemical cells. Currently biological nanopores are the only variants reported which can be used for actual DNA sequencing. The translocation rate of DNA through such pores, the current range at which these cells operate on and the cell capacitance effect, all impose the necessity of using low-noise circuits in the process of signal detection. The requirement of using in-pixel low-noise circuits in turn tends to impose challenges in the implementation of large size arrays. Originality/value The study presents an overview on the readout circuits used for signal acquisition in electrochemical cell arrays and investigates the specific requirements necessary for implementation of nanopore-type electrochemical cell amplifiers and their associated readout electronics.
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Shah, Rajat, Bryan P. Rasmussen und Andrew G. Alleyne. „Application of a multivariable adaptive control strategy to automotive air conditioning systems“. International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing 18, Nr. 2 (März 2004): 199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acs.787.
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Xu, Zhengping, Yongtong Feng, Yi Liu, Fengxin Shi, Yang Ge, Han Liu, Wei Cao, Hong Zhou, Shuang Geng und Wenqi Lin. „Single-Ended Eddy Current Micro-Displacement Sensor with High Precision Based on Temperature Compensation“. Micromachines 15, Nr. 3 (07.03.2024): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15030366.
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To measure the micro-displacement reliably with high precision, a single-ended eddy current sensor based on temperature compensation was studied in detail. At first, the principle of the eddy current sensor was introduced, and the manufacturing method of the probe was given. The overall design plan for the processing circuit was induced by analyzing the characteristics of the probe output signal. The variation in the probe output signal was converted to pulses with different widths, and then it was introduced to the digital phase discriminator along with a reference signal. The output from the digital phase discriminator was processed by a low-pass filter to obtain the DC component. At last, the signal was amplified and compensated to reduce the influence of temperature. The selection criteria of the frequency of the exciting signal and the design of the signal conditioning circuit were described in detail, as well as the design of the temperature-compensating circuit based on the digital potentiometer with an embedded temperature sensor. Finally, an experimental setup was constructed to test the sensor, and the results were given. The results show that nonlinearity exists in the single-ended eddy current sensor with a large range. When the range is 500 μm, the resolution can reach 46 nm, and the repeatability error is ±0.70% FR. Within the temperature range from +2 °C to +58 °C, the voltage fluctuation in the sensor is reduced to 44 mV after temperature compensation compared to the value of 586 mV before compensation. The proposed plan is verified to be feasible, and the measuring range, precision, and target material should be considered in real-world applications.
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Tripathi, S. K., Mohd Samar Ansari und Amit M. Joshi. „Carbon Nanotubes-Based Digitally Programmable Current Follower“. VLSI Design 2018 (17.01.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1080817.
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The physical constraints of ever-shrinking CMOS transistors are rapidly approaching atomistic and quantum mechanical limits. Therefore, research is now directed towards the development of nanoscale devices that could work efficiently in the sub-10 nm regime. This coupled with the fact that recent design trend for analog signal processing applications is moving towards current-mode circuits which offer lower voltage swings, higher bandwidth, and better signal linearity is the motivation for this work. A digitally controlled DVCC has been realized using CNFETs. This work exploited the CNFET’s parameters like chirality, pitch, and numbers of CNTs to perform the digital control operation. The circuit has minimum number of transistors and can control the output current digitally. A similar CMOS circuit with 32 nm CMOS parameters was also simulated and compared. The result shows that CMOS-based circuit requires 418.6 μW while CNFET-based circuit consumes 352.1 μW only. Further, the proposed circuit is used to realize a CNFET-based instrumentation amplifier with digitally programmable gain. The amplifier has a CMRR of 100 dB and ICMR equal to 0.806 V. The 3 dB bandwidth of the amplifier is 11.78 GHz which is suitable for the applications like navigation, radar instrumentation, and high-frequency signal amplification and conditioning.
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Asiain, David, Jesús Ponce de León und José Ramón Beltrán. „MsWH: A Multi-Sensory Hardware Platform for Capturing and Analyzing Physiological Emotional Signals“. Sensors 22, Nr. 15 (02.08.2022): 5775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22155775.
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This paper presents a new physiological signal acquisition multi-sensory platform for emotion detection: Multi-sensor Wearable Headband (MsWH). The system is capable of recording and analyzing five different physiological signals: skin temperature, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate (and its variation), movement/position of the user (more specifically of his/her head) and electrodermal activity/bioimpedance. The measurement system is complemented by a porthole camera positioned in such a way that the viewing area remains constant. Thus, the user’s face will remain centered regardless of its position and movement, increasing the accuracy of facial expression recognition algorithms. This work specifies the technical characteristics of the developed device, paying special attention to both the hardware used (sensors, conditioning, microprocessors, connections) and the software, which is optimized for accurate and massive data acquisition. Although the information can be partially processed inside the device itself, the system is capable of sending information via Wi-Fi, with a very high data transfer rate, in case external processing is required. The most important features of the developed platform have been compared with those of a proven wearable device, namely the Empatica E4 wristband, in those measurements in which this is possible.
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Peng, Shilin, Jingbiao Liu, Junhao Wu, Chong Li, Benkun Liu, Wenyu Cai und Haibin Yu. „A Low-Cost Electromagnetic Docking Guidance System for Micro Autonomous Underwater Vehicles“. Sensors 19, Nr. 3 (07.02.2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030682.
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As important observational platforms for the Smart Ocean concept, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) that perform long-term observation in fleets are beneficial because they provide large-scale sampling data with a sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Therefore, a large number of low-cost micro AUVs with docking capability for power recharge and data transmission are essential. This study designed a low-cost electromagnetic docking guidance (EMDG) system for micro AUVs. The EMDG system is composed of a transmitter coil located on the dock and a three-axial search coil magnetometer acting as a receiver. The search coil magnetometer was optimized for small sizes while maintaining sufficient sensitivity. The signal conditioning and processing subsystem was designed to calculate the deflection angle (β) for docking guidance. Underwater docking tests showed that the system can detect the electromagnetic signal and successfully guide AUV docking. The AUV can still perform docking in extreme positions, which cannot be realized through normal optical or acoustic guidance. This study is the first to focus on the EM guidance system for low-cost micro AUVs. The search coil sensor in the AUV is inexpensive and compact so that the system can be equipped on a wide range of AUVs.