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Fabre, Clément. „Le sens de la route“. Monde(s) N° 24, Nr. 2 (16.11.2023): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mond1.224.0061.
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Comment les discours médicaux sur la différence des corps interviennent-ils dans le fonctionnement des ordres coloniaux ? La concession internationale de Shanghai, au cœur du semi-colonialisme et des réseaux médicaux occidentaux dans la Chine du xix e - xx e siècle, offre un riche observatoire pour explorer cette question. Un corpus exceptionnel sur la gestion municipale des accidents de la circulation entre 1911 et 1918 permet ici d’y traquer les conséquences pratiques des théories raciales par lesquelles certains médecins expliquent alors ces mêmes accidents.
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Kirisci, Mustafa, und J. Michael Greig. „Reputation, Pressure and Concession-making in Claim Disputes“. International Negotiation 24, Nr. 2 (25.04.2019): 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24021170.
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Abstract This article examines the forces that encourage targets and challengers involved in claim disputes to offer concessions first. Our framework focuses upon reputation and pressure as key forces that can influence concession-making by claim dispute targets and challengers. We argue that past concession behavior both inside and outside of a claim dyad influences the willingness to make concessions, but does so in distinct ways. We also argue that pressure arising from internal conflict within the disputants and from major power involvement in managing the dispute, also influences the occurrence of concession-making. The results of our hazard analysis show that states involved in claim disputes do consider their opponent’s previous concession-making behavior. Our findings point clearly to the history of concessions within the dyad as a key influence on subsequent concession-making and that major power involvement increases the likelihood of concession-making by both challengers and targets.
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Lenglart, Elie. „La qualification du contrat de concession exclusive pour l’identification du juge compétent sur le fondement du droit commun (sous l’influence du droit européen)“. Revue critique de droit international privé N° 3, Nr. 3 (02.02.2024): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rcdip.233.0685.
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Il résulte de l’article 46 du code de procédure civile que, lorsqu’il n’y a ni convention internationale ni règlement européen relatif à la compétence judiciaire, la compétence internationale se détermine par extension des règles de compétence territoriale interne, de sorte que le demandeur peut, en matière contractuelle, saisir à son choix, outre la juridiction du lieu où demeure le défendeur, la juridiction du lieu de la livraison effective de la chose ou du lieu de l’exécution de la prestation de services. Une cour d’appel, qui constate qu’une société demeurait en dehors de l’Union européenne, que les livraisons successives de ses produits étaient régies par un contrat-cadre qui faisait participer une autre société à sa stratégie commerciale et imposait à celle-ci des objectifs de vente contraignants, qu’elle consentait en contrepartie à cette autre société un droit personnel exclusif de distribution concernant le marché de l’Union européenne et de la Suisse, qu’elle s’interdisait de concurrencer cette société sur ce marché, qu’elle s’engageait à participer aux coûts de promotion et à transmettre à celle-ci toutes les commandes ou demandes de renseignements qu’elle recevait d’acheteurs des territoires concernés et que ces avantages avaient une valeur économique pouvant être considérée comme constitutive d’une rémunération, en déduit exactement que le contrat portait sur une prestation de services et que le lieu de son exécution se situait en France, de sorte que les juridictions françaises étaient compétentes.
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Dos Santos, Rosemárcia Ribeiro, und Fátima Priscila Morela Edra. „The before and after of the airport concession at the International Airport of Rio de Janeiro: a survey of tourist demand“. International Journal of Scientific Management and Tourism 9, Nr. 1 (12.04.2023): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/ijsmtv9n1-022.
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Airport concessions in Brazil began in 2011 due to the need to improve passenger services and adapt airports to international standards. Physical and managerial transformations were adopted and, among the concessioned airports is the Tom Jobim International Airport - AIRJ, located in the metropolitan region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, which is the object of study of this work, which aims to understand the perception of passengers of the AIRJ in relation to the changes through quali-quantitative, bibliographical and explanatory research. Data were collected through interviews and online questionnaire. Respondents were people who used the AIRJ service before and after the concession process, covering the period prior to August 2014, when there was no intervention by the concessionaire, and from 2016, when most of the works were completed for the Rio de Janeiro Olympics. As a result, it was understood that passengers have perceived the AIRJ changes in a positive way, although some negative aspects are still signaled.
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Wahab, Mohamed S. Abdel. „Petroleum Concessions in Egypt: A Recipe for Disputes?“ BCDR International Arbitration Review 7, Issue 1 (01.06.2020): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2021017.
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The Egyptian petroleum sector has recently prospered given the new discoveries and the extensive foreign direct investments injected into the country’s vast mineral resources.This article addresses petroleum concessions governing upstream exploration and exploitation activities. Egypt continues to adopt the production sharing system as the basic contractual model for petroleum exploration and exploitation activities. However, production sharing agreements take the form of legal concessions that regulate the rights and obligations of international oil companies (IOCs), the State and the major State-owned players in the upstream sector, including the Ministry of Petroleum, the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGCP), the Egyptian Natural Gas Company (EGAS) and the South Valley Egyptian Petroleum Holding Company (GANOPE).These concession agreements are capital intensive instruments involving complex regulation of the parties’ rights and obligations and are normally entered into on the basis of a model template, the most recent of which is that of 2018.This article discusses certain categories of disputes arising in the Egyptian concession agreements practice. The article starts with an overview of the upstream petroleum sector in Egypt and then addresses certain important provisions of the Egyptian model concession agreement, before scrutinizing certain categories of disputes. The article concludes with remarks on the prevailing status quo and the intricacies of Egyptian concession agreements.
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Erokhina, Ol’ga. „Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, Nr. 2 (Mai 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
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Yano, Hiromi. „Rebalancing the Trading Scale?: Recent Trends in the Implementation of Article 8 of the Safeguards Agreement“. Global Trade and Customs Journal 19, Issue 2 (01.02.2024): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024003.
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The WTO safeguard measure takes the form of a suspension of an obligation under the GATT or the withdrawal or modifications of a GATT concession. When an importing Member imposes a safeguard measure, it shall endeavour to maintain a substantially equivalent level of concessions and may agree to compensate the exporting Member(s) affected by the safeguard measure. The SG Agreement also stipulates that if no agreement is reached within thirty days, the affected Member could suspend, under certain conditions, the application of substantially equivalent concessions or other obligations to the trade of the imposing Member. It has been rare that the exporting Member and the Member applying the safeguard agreed to a compensation. At the same time, until 2018, notifications of suspension of concessions to rebalance the level of concessions have also been rare. However, suspension of concessions sharply increased since 2018. This article offers some observations relating to this recent trend. WTO, Safeguards, GATT, compensation, suspension of concessions, rebalancing
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Malis, Matt, und Alastair Smith. „Quid Pro Quo Diplomacy“. Games 15, Nr. 2 (17.04.2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15020014.
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Political leaders value public demonstrations of support from foreign leaders and frequently make concessions in order to obtain them. We model the bargaining dynamics surrounding these exchanges and their impact on the recipient leader’s political survival, with a focus on top-level diplomatic visits as a means of signaling international support. Our model addresses two interrelated questions; first, we consider how symbolic displays of support from one leader to another can be informative even when they are “purchased” with concessions, and second, we derive the equilibrium price and political impact of a visit under different bargaining protocols. The incentive to make a concession in exchange for a visit generally undermines a visit’s signaling value. We identify a diplomatic resource curse, where the existence of opportunities for diplomatic exchange can force leaders into accepting visit-for-concession deals that leave them worse off than if they were diplomatically isolated. Visits never occur when negotiations are fully transparent. Mutually beneficial quid pro quo diplomacy requires opacity in negotiations.
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DMYTRYSHYN, Marta. „The concession model of public-private partnerships of higher education institutions and building enterprises in the context of the newly adopted Law of Ukraine "On concessions"“. Economics. Finances. Law, Nr. 12 (05.12.2019): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12.2.
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Introduction. A concession is often used in the international practice of public-private partnerships. This partnership model is popular and widespread in the field of cooperation between higher education institutions and building enterprises. In general, the concession covers a wide range of relations, starting with the design and construction of a concession object completing ownership and management with the transfer of such an object to a state-owned partner after a certain period of time or without it. The purpose of the research is to outline the peculiarities of applying concessions in public-private partnership of state higher educational institution and construction enterprises. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to use methods of research of economic phenomena and processes, in particular: comparison, historical and logical methods, system approach. Results. According to the Law of concessions, concession is a form of public-private partnership, which envisages granting concessionaire the right to create and/or construct (new construction, reconstruction, restoration, overhaul and technical Re-equipment), and/or management (use, operation, maintenance), the object of concession and/or the provision of socially important services in the manner and on the conditions defined by the concession agreement, and provides the transfer of concessionaire The majority of operational risk covering risk of demand and/or risk of supply. Construction companies can both design and build a new object, and reconstruct, repair or restore existing. Funding for these activities can be made at the expense of a private or public partner as well as jointly. Often the private partner maintains, exploits and manages the specified object in accordance with certain revenues. The completion of partnerships may be accompanied by the transfer of the object to the state partner or without it. Conclusion. Thus, adopting a new law, which regulates the concession of business, on our point of view, it will extend the scope of the economic life of the concession to others, and give an advanced postal development of the system of public-private partnership.
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Yudina, Taisiya. „Government and Foreign Entrepreneurs in the Soviet Economy of the 1920s – 1940s: Relations, Contradictions and Results“. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.7.
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Introduction. The article reveals motives of attracting foreign entrepreneurs to Soviet economy, difficulties with hiring local labor force in concessions, contradictions and solutions between Soviet organizations and concessioners. Relations between foreign entrepreneurs and Soviet government agencies as well as Soviet engineers and workers were regulated by the law. Methods and materials. The author uses the comparative historical method in the work, which makes it possible to compare the number of foreign and domestic labor in concession enterprises, to show the need of attracting foreign specialists to concession and state enterprises, to reveal the cooperation of foreign entrepreneurs with the Soviet state. Sources from The State Archive of the Russian Federation, The Russian State Archive of Economics and The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History were identified for the study. Regulatory acts of state significance (decrees, concession agreements) reflecting the policy of the state in relation to the economic activity of private capitalists; records management documentation (circulars, official correspondence, reporting documentation) covering the real state of affairs at concession enterprises allow to show the peculiarities of relations between Soviet state institutions and foreign entrepreneurs. Analysis. Sometimes concessioners did not meet the governmental requirements in labor force attraction, which caused mutual claims. The author also analyses hiring foreign professionals in Soviet state enterprises because of their important contribution to the Soviet economy recovery and development. Foreign professionals were involved in the production process organization and local labor force education at Kuznetskiy coalfield minery, Stalingrad tractor factory and other state enterprises. Concessions were equipped with brand-new techniques and technologies and were also involved in the local labor force education. Results. The article analyzes the reasons of early cancellation of contracts by foreign professionals and workers and their mass departure from the USSR in the 1930s – 1940s. For example, prosecution and custody for industrial accidents were among of such reasons. Despite this, new foreign engineers were forbidden to enter Sakhalin island by Soviet authorities. The article focuses on the correlation between the deterioration of the international situation from the middle 1930s and existence of Japanese concessions in the USSR until the middle 1940s.The author pays a lot of attention to investigate the issue of obeying to the Soviet labor law by concessioners using unpublished archived documents.
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CHYRKOVA, Yuliia, und Yuliia MAKAROVA. „Toll roads in Ukraine: current realities and international management experience“. Economics. Finances. Law, Nr. 6/1 (30.06.2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2021.6(1).4.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current situation with toll roads, which are built on the basis of concession agreements in Ukraine, as well as prospects for increasing the number of quality roads with toll roads, which, in turn, attract investors. The paper examines the main conditions for the construction of new roads (reasonable establishment of time parameters of construction, financial support, in particular with the involvement of national and foreign investments, monitoring compliance with quality standards of construction, etc.); features of formation of payment for use of public roads on the terms of concession. It is also traced what are the problematic aspects of the construction of toll roads in Ukraine in modern economic realities. To find ways to solve the identified problems, an analysis of the construction of toll roads on the basis of concessions in some foreign countries. Two systems for payment of toll plots used by leading European countries are analyzed, thus providing themselves with the highest rating indicators on road quality. As a result, the advantages of using European methods of financing road construction were assessed and conclusions were made on the prospects for the implementation of toll plots in Ukraine. Special attention is also paid to the condition of roads and possible ways of financing. In the course of the research it was clear that one of the most effective methods of raising funds is to improve the legal framework for the construction of roads under concession conditions and to improve and enhance the financial attractiveness of toll road projects in Ukraine. Some of the legislation has been significantly improved since 2018, the paper refers to many regulations governing the construction of public roads. The paper shows some excerpts from the legislation on the maximum fee for the use of toll public roads on the basis of concession agreements. It is also indicated which areas on the territory of Ukraine may be paid and some list of vehicles that can move freely on the territory without paying for travel. Also, based on all the data of the paper, a general conclusion is made about the feasibility and effectiveness of the concession for financing.
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Kranjc, Vesna. „EU and International Organisations Rules on Public-Private Partnerships“. Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, Nr. 2 (08.09.2009): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/81.
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Through the public procurement rules, protection of competition, equality of choice and transparency of the procedure in relationships between the public and private sectors are provided, to the greatest extent possible, in the EU rules. All the contractual relationships between the public and private sectors cannot be subject to strict and formal rules on public procurement primarily due to the special nature of business operations, complexity and duration of the relationships. Concessions or public-private partnerships of a concessionary nature are excluded from the legal regime that applies to public procurement. This paper analyses the contractual relationships of the concessionary nature and the EU efforts for ensuring a certain degree of equal treatment of private partners entering into public-private partnerships.
KEYWORDS: • protection of competition • public-private partnership • concession • European Union
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Лапоног, Даниїл В. „СИСТЕМА КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРНО-СЕРВІСНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ“. Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Series: Economic sciences 153, Nr. 6 (04.07.2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2413-0117.2020.6.2.
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The paper offers practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of public-private partnership in the form of a concession. Within the scope of this study, a concession is viewed as a relationship framework in which to attain socially significant goals, the government or a municipal unit transfers to the concessionaire (natural or legal entity) the right to perform on a contractual basis some of its functions to possess, use, and under specific conditions, to dispose of public or municipal property. These relationships are valid during the concession agreement period. Guarantees to private investors in the area of PPP and infrastructure concessions have been adapted according to the current Ukrainian legislation. The concessionaire’s business guarantees include: prospects for ownership rights acquisition for property outside highway lanes; a possibility of resolving disputes in the International Arbitration Court, a possibility to launch a project company for specific project realization (a special purpose vehicle, SPV. It is argued that providing guarantees for concessionaire investment returns is paramount. The above guarantees should cover a restraint on concessionaire’s property and assets forced alienation; the principle of non-interference in the concessionaire’s business; guarantees of reimbursement by the grantor of all investments made by the concessionaire (in case of contract termination due to the grantor’s fault); envisaged norm according to which the fare is fixed at an investment-based rate that ensures compensation of the concessionaire’s expenses. The implementation of concession relationships pattern in the transport infrastructure of Ukraine has contributed to outlining the key prospects for its development and enhancement, in particular through compliance with the following principles: application of legislation in force at the time of concluding a concession agreement; imposing a legislative ban on changes related to running concession business; guarantees of concessionaire’s loss coverage caused by government authorities’ decisions that breach the concessionaires’ rights.
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Bilyk, O., Y. Blynda und N. Krokhmalna. „PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF ROAD CONCESSION DEVELOPMENT“. Journal of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series of Economics and Management Issues 4, Nr. 2 (10.11.2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/semi2020.02.115.
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The road network is one of the most important branches of the economy, which performs the function of a kind of circulatory system in the complex organism of the country. It not only helps to meet the needs of the economy and the population in transportation, but together with the cities forms a "framework" of the territory, has a significant impact on the dynamism and efficiency of socio-economic development of individual regions and the country as a whole. World experience shows that without a developed transport, automotive network can not create an efficient market economy. Ensuring the development of the road network and improvement their transport and operational condition is a necessary condition for further socio-economic development of the state and society. Unsatisfactory condition of the road network has a negative impact on the social and economic situation of the country, international image and key indicators such as gross domestic product, development of productive forces, state budget revenues, employment, performance of road and other modes of transport and more. The level of financing the road networks for the last 10 years makes 14-34 percent of the minimum necessary need for repair and maintenance of a network of highways defined by scientists. Due to insufficient funding, the pace of implementation of new technologies, machines, mechanisms, modern materials and structures is slow and does not meet current needs. The process of business investment in the road industry in Ukraine in modern conditions is risky due to imperfect legislation, low development of technology, which can be eliminated through the introduction of concession approaches in the development of the industry. The impact of public-private partnership on social risks is considered and ways to minimize them are suggested. Solving the problems of financial support for the repair, reconstruction and maintenance of roads requires the integration of State efforts, regional and local authorities, research and practice of their application, legal framework, as well as financial and material resources in international and Euroregional cooperation . It should be noted that the most problematic in terms of effective provision of transportation by state roads are sections of roads on international transport corridors. On the one hand, the financial and economic capabilities of the state and the region are still insufficient for their reconstruction, and on the other - the postponement of these problems has a negative impact on the national economy and contradicts international trends, prospects for the transport network. The object of the article is the process of applying the concession to improve the financing of costs for repair, reconstruction and maintenance of roads in terms of social risks. The subject of the article is the socio-economic relations between the subjects of the concession and the public. The main purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for the introduction of a road concession, taking into account developed recommendations for social risk management. In accordance with the purpose of the article, the authors set the following goals: - definition and analysis of the conditions of public-private partnership in Ukraine; - identification of the causes and consequences of the development of social risks in terms of road concessions based on the analysis of international experience in the application of tolls on highways; - substantiation of the main directions of social risk management in the conditions of the road concession and formation of the corresponding conclusions. The result of research is the authors' proposed ways to minimize social risks in terms of road concessions.
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Maksimova, Olga V., und Iosif Z. Aronov. „Study of Factors Influence on the Variability of Time for Consensus Building in Coalitions Based on Regular Markov Chains“. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, Nr. 4 (18.07.2021): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.4.063.
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Draft standard is approved if and only if consensus of the technical committee for standardization (TC) is ensured before its approval by the standardization body at the national, regional and international level. Previously published works of authors dedicated to the construction of a mathematical model of time to build a consensus (number of negotiations) in terms of variation in the number of TC members and their level of authoritarianism. The present study is a continuation of these works for the case of the formation of coalitions in TC. The mathematical model is constructed to ensure consensus on the work of technical standardization committees in terms of coalitions, which are overcome during the negotiation process by concessions. This paper analyzes the factors, which influence the time for consensus building in this case: the value of the assignment and an index of the effect of the coalition. It is proved that the time to build a consensus signifi-cantly depends on the value of unilateral concessions coalition and weakly depends on the size of coalitions with a fixed number of TC members. Built regression model of dependence of the average number of approvals from the value of the assignment. It was revealed that even a small concession leads to the onset of consensus, increasing the size of the as-signment results (with other factors being equal) to a sharp decline in time before the consensus. It is shown that the as-signment of a larger coalition against small coalitions takes on average more time before building a consensus. The factors influencing the variability of the number of concessions were investigated. The change in the root-mean-square deviation (RMS) of the time to build a consensus varies nonlinearly from small concessions Y=10% to large Y=75%, regardless of the ratio of the number of members between coalitions. In the simulations, at concessions Y=10% there is the largest variation among the number of consensuses in the experiments. Concession of the authoritarian leader in group reduces the number of negotiations and increases the quality of consensus. The results obtained are of practical value for all structures where the emergence of coalitions entails the impossibility of consensual decision-making and requires consideration of different ways to build a consensual solution.
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Weiss, Jessica Chen. „Authoritarian Signaling, Mass Audiences, and Nationalist Protest in China“. International Organization 67, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000380.
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AbstractHow can authoritarian states credibly signal their intentions in international crises? Nationalist, antiforeign protests are one mechanism by which authoritarian leaders can visibly demonstrate their domestic vulnerability. Because protests in authoritarian states are risky and costly to repress, the decision to allow or stifle popular mobilization is informative. The threat of instability demonstrates resolve, and the cost of concession increases the credibility of a tough stance. The danger of instability and escalation increases foreign incentives to make concessions and preserve the status quo. This logic helps explain the pattern of authoritarian tolerance and repression toward nationalist protest. A case study of two U.S.-China crises shows how China's management of anti-American protests affected U.S. beliefs about Chinese resolve.
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Carpintero, Samuel. „THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF THE SPANISH COMPANIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL TOLL ROAD INDUSTRY / ISPANIJOS ĮMONIŲ KONKURENCINIS PRANAŠUMAS TARPTAUTINIAME MOKAMŲJŲ KELIŲ SEKTORIUJE“. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, Nr. 4 (21.12.2011): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.625632.
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Private toll roads have experienced a notable worldwide expansion in the last two decades. In the early 1990s, many countries began to offer motorway concessions to private investors, most notably in Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the innovation spread to countries in Asia, North America and Western Europe. The Spanish construction companies have been awarded many more concessions than their main rivals together, and they have become prominent in many of the countries with the most significant toll road programs. This paper analyses the competitive advantages that the Spanish companies have enjoyed in the international toll road industry in the last two decades. We argue that they have benefited from the fact that their home country was a pioneer in offering motorway concessions; from a cultural advantage in dealing with Latin America; and from their decision to integrate construction, concession, and investor functions in a single company. The paper also analyses to what extent the road concessions the Spaniards have won are generally profitable. Santrauka Per pastaruosius porą dešimtmečių privačių mokamųjų kelių pagausėjo visame pasaulyje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pradžioje daug šalių privatiems investuotojams pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, ypač Lotynų Amerikoje ir Centrinėje bei Rytų Europoje. XX a. paskutinio dešimtmečio pabaigoje ir per pirmąjį XXI a. dešimtmetį ši naujovė išplito Azijos, šiaurės Amerikos ir Vakarų Europos šalyse. Ispanijos statybų imonės gavo daugiau koncesijų nei visos pagrindinės jos konkurentės kartu ir dabar yra gerai žinomos daugelyje šalių, taikančių reikšmingiausias mokamųjų kelių programas. Šiame darbe nagrinėjami pastaruosius du dešimtmečius tarptautiniame mokamųjų kelių sektoriuje Ispanijos įmonių turėti konkurenciniai pranašumai. Jos pasinaudojo tuo, kad jų gimtoji šalis pirmoji pradėjo siūlyti autostradų koncesijas, kultūriniu pranašumu dirbant Lotynų Amerikoje ir savo sprendimu vienoje įmonėje sujungti statybų, koncesijų ir investuotojo funkcijas. Be to, darbe nagrinėjama, kiek ispanų gautos kelių koncesijos yra pelningos bendrąja prasme.
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Beaucage, André. „Négociation concessive et concurrence sur le marché du produit : l'expérience du secteur manufacturier canadien“. Articles 55, Nr. 1 (12.04.2005): 96–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/051293ar.
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La négociation concessive est souvent présentée comme une manifestation éloquente de la transformation du système des relations industrielles américain qui découlerait notamment d'une concurrence plus vive sur le marché du produit. Cet article propose des réponses à deux questions. La négociation concessive a-t-elle été au Canada cette dynamique de concessions réciproques importantes et persistantes exprimant une transformation en profondeur de son système de relations industrielles ou un phénomène circonscrit et passager résultant d'une conjoncture particulièrement difficile ? Est-ce un phénomène qui s'est généralisé à l'ensemble de l'économie canadienne ou s'il a plutôt marqué les secteurs d'activité où la concurrence est plus vive, suite à une hausse de la concurrence internationale ou à la présence plus importante d'entreprises non syndiquées ? Des réponses à ces questions sont suggérées par une analyse de l'évolution du contenu d'un échantillon de 60 conventions collectives du secteur manufacturier canadien sur une période d'une douzaine d'années.
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Meka, Elvin. „Fiscal stamps’ concession – between high costs and absent economic logic“. Economicus 21, Nr. 2 (2022): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.58944/imff4165.
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The fiscal stamps’ concession for excise -taxed and pharmaceutical products is part of a long list of many PPPs and other concessions, granted and approved by Albanian governments, over the years, whose purpose is to free the government and state entities from providing services and investments in different sectors of the economy.Beyond being a normal practice in many European countries and also in the region, this concession, approved since 2011, is almost unique and unusual, in terms of printing and selling price for fiscal stamps by SICPA, the concessionary company, where practically these prices are up to 7-10 times more expensive than the respective ones applied in other European countries and in the region, even by the same concessionary company. Despite this, such a concession applies a primitive technology for the production and printing of (domestic and imported) beer tax stamps, which does not justify the price of the stamp, furthermore, is senselessly burdening the cost of producers and importers, as well as the final consumer, in the domestic market. This concession remains unprecedented, as it imposes a fiscal stamp on beer as well, a practice not implemented in Europe, by burdening, without an economic logic, all the operators who produce and trade beer, as well as the final consumer in the domestic market. Given the fact of the lack of a deep analysis on the benefits and successes of the fight against fiscal evasion from trade of excise – taxed goods and, moreover, of the lack of a clear comparative analysis between the advantages and essential improvements, such a concession brought to the national economy, public finances and the consumer of the Albanian producer, but also through the analysis made with regard to the economic & financial indicators and the costs of the Albanian producers and consumer, the paper comes to the conclusion that this concession, in its closing stage, should be deeply revised, probably being temporarily offered by the government and then negotiated with more favorable terms and prices than the current ones and comparable to other countries in the region and Europe. Also, the government should be attentive to the concerns of beer producers and importers and the unjustifiable costs on final consumer. Moreover, it must clarify and specify, from a legal point of view, the possible consequences, or “gaps” of the concession contract with SICPA company, related to its international arbitration proceedings.
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Alvik, Ivar. „Concessions in International Law“. Nordic Journal of International Law 91, Nr. 4 (05.12.2022): 568–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-91040003.
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Abstract The article examines the extent to which concessionary rights are protected under three different branches of international law; traditional customary law, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and arbitral practice under investment treaties. It reveals clear similarities with respect to when such rights are considered protected. However, it simultaneously argues that case law under investment treaties tends to adopt a less nuanced approach to the nature of such rights, almost invariably assuming them to constitute a kind of property. This again entails that the investor/concessionaire is seen to have a right to performance, and in effect to protection of his expectation interest. The article shows how this stands in contrast with a more nuanced perspective under the property provision of the echr, which better reflects the complexities of the issue under municipal law. While a failure to sufficiently respect an investor’s legitimate expectations may entail liability for the state, it is not necessarily comparable to expropriation of property and will usually entail only that the investor has a right to recover his reliance loss. The article argues that this may be reflective of a more general tendency in international investment law and arbitration also pointed to by others, where the modality of protection under investment treaties threatens to distort important nuances and concerns and overprotect foreign investment compared to other private rights and interests under municipal law.
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Alberti, Federica, Sven Fischer, Werner Güth und Kei Tsutsui. „Concession Bargaining“. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, Nr. 9 (31.07.2017): 2017–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002717720753.
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We test experimentally whether dynamic interaction is crucial for concession bargaining. In our complete information bargaining experiments, two parties with asymmetric conflict payoffs try to agree how to share a commonly known pie by bargaining over a finite number of successive trials (agreement attempts). We compare the fully dynamic interaction to one less dynamic and one static protocol. In the quasi-dynamic protocol, later trials merely reveal that so far no agreement has been reached, and in the static protocol, no feedback information is given about earlier trials. We find that neither conflict rate nor efficiency or inequality of agreements differs across protocols. Comparing different numbers of maximal trials shows that more trials render conflict more likely due to less concessions.
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Zakharchenko, Vitaliy, Mykola Merkulov, Olesya Balakhonova, Natalia Zakharchenko und Viktoriia Laptieva. „The development of methods of calculating the concession fees“. Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, Nr. 3 (11.12.2017): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(3-2).2017.11.
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Developed and advanced way of calculation concession fee than provided by the Government Methodology from 04.02.2016. It based on the critical review of existing legal regulation in Ukraine, considering the inflation factor according to international requirements (UNIDO). This approach provides a reduced risk of members of concession agreement, protection of the project member’s interests and the financial viability of the project. Ukraine should follow international practice and rely on concession fee as an instrument of regulation, not only as a fiscal instrument. During the concession contest, where the criteria for selection of the winner is a concession fee, the Government should provide the object to concession if the amount of the payment will be higher than the maximum profit that can get a monopoly. Fee may take the form of a single or an annual payment. In the latter case, reasonable discount rate must be set to calculate the present value of the stream of payments. Confirmed: the need pre-planning examination of normative documents, the use of sentences of the international experience of evaluation of projects, the revised rate of interest a concession payment, the desirability of calculating asset values using their average annual cost, taking into account the special conditions of the project.
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Troshina, Tat’yana I. „Labour Relations and Conflicts at the Concessionary Timber Enterprises of the Arkhangelsk Province in the 1920s“. Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Nr. 4 (26.08.2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v280.
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This article dwells on the labour relations at the timber enterprises of the Arkhangelsk Province granted by the Soviet government as a concession to foreign entrepreneurs in the 1920s. The main sources include archival (concession contracts and reports, results of inspections of concessionary enterprises by the authorities, shorthand reports of meetings of Soviet party and trade union organizations, materials of factory rates commissions and investigative and judicial authorities), as well as published sources, primarily, contemporary (publications in newspapers and magazines). Emphasis is placed on the authorities’ attitude to labour conflicts. Timber enterprise concessions were of great international importance to the central government and economic importance to the local authorities; therefore, unlike at other concessionary enterprises, the authorities often supported the “capitalists”. The concessionaires, in their turn, being interested in attracting skilled workers to their enterprises and seeking to normalize relations with the population and the authorities on the territory designated for forest exploitation, were accommodating the employees by spending substantial funds to build housing as well as social and cultural facilities in the factory settlements. Labour relations and conflicts are examined in the article using the example of four personnel categories: skilled workers; labourers at the sawmills; peasants engaged in logging and delivering timber to the factories (loggers and rafters, united in artels); administrative and clerical employees. In addition, a conclusion is made about the specificity of labour conflicts caused by the post-revolutionary social expectations of the population.
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CHORNYI, Yevhen. „Legal regulation of public-private partnership's principles implementation“. Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 5 (21.12.2021): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2021-5-201-208.
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The relevance of research The article is devoted to the study of current problem of the lack of several legislative acts regarding regulation of public-private partnership and concession as the form of public-private partnership. The study is based on searching and analysis of international practice of public-private partnership principles. Author analyzed national scientists' positions on this issue, as well as recommendations of European Economic Commission about improvement of regulation of public-private partnership, enhancement of its effectiveness, implementation of new principles and legal models. At the meantime, it was analyzed the international financial organizations' policies, namely policy of European Bank of Reconstruction and Development in respect of existing approaches to public-private partnership and financing as well as consulting in transport sector in general. Author identified lack of regulation of some principles of public-private partnership and conditions of its implementation. The purpose of the article is to review the scientific approaches of studying the principles of legal regulation of public-private partnership and outline the problematic issues of harmonious development of relations between participants of public-private partnerships. The results of the research This article demonstrates draft laws, which can become a trigger of a lot of projects in the spheres of public-private partnership and concession as its form. At the same time, the settlement of many issues by adopting the existing draft laws at the time of writing of this article is insufficient. Thus, the article covers issues and principles that require additional legislative regulation to improve the investment attractiveness of public-private partnerships in the transport sector in general. The author concludes that it is necessary to implement several principles, which are established in the practice of other countries, and should be implemented in the national legislation on public-private partnerships and concessions. Such principles should include the principle of transperancy, the principle of "fair conduct", the principle of accountability, the principle of sustainable development, the principle of long-term budget planning of the public partner. It is also noted that in the absence of regulation of these principles and conditions for their implementation, there are practical problems with the implementation of public-private partnership projects, namely the financing by private partners of public-private partnership projects and the guarantee issued by financial institutions of the risks assigned to a private partner. Key words: public-private partnerships, concessions, principles, budget planning, accountability, tranperancy, sustainable development.
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Xie, Pengxin, Fuxi Wang und Yanyuan Cheng. „How did Chinese migrant workers fare in labour dispute mediation? Differentiated legal protection and the moderating role of the nature of dispute“. Journal of Industrial Relations 59, Nr. 5 (18.07.2017): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185617716730.
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This study examines the differences between migrant and urban workers in labour dispute mediation and the moderating role of the nature of the dispute (direct work-related vs indirect work-related disputes). Combining power-dependence theory and social stratification theory, our analysis reveals how migrant workers’ lack of citizen rights harms their mediation capabilities. Drawing on archival data on individual labour dispute cases from 2011 to 2015 in the Beijing Labour Mediation Centre (10,515 cases in total), we find that migrant workers with low power are more likely to make great concessions in mediation, and their mediation agreements are less likely to be executed immediately by employers than are those of urban workers. However, when the dispute is directly work related, the difference between migrant and urban workers in concession making is less prominent than when the dispute is indirectly work related. These findings enrich our understanding of both migrants and labour dispute resolution.
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Kudrytska, Natalia. „Transformation of the property institutions of Ukrainian sea ports“. University Economic Bulletin, Nr. 40 (01.03.2019): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-40-122-128.
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The article deals with the problem of the transformation of maritime ports' property institutes, the relevance of which is confirmed in the program documents of the Government: the National transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030, the Agreement on the coalition of deputy factions «European Ukraine», the requirements of the International Monetary Fund.The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of the transformation of the ports of Ukraine ownership on the efficiency of their activities, the peculiarities of various forms of public-private partnership (concessions, privatization, lease) for the development of stevedoring campaigns.On the basis of statistical data of general, import and export volumes of cargo handling at sea ports of Ukraine, the dynamics and calculated proportion of stevedoring companies of state, private and leasehold ownership in the period 2015-2018 have been formed. It has been proved that privatization processes help to increase the effectiveness of the stevedoring campaigns.In accordance with the Law of Ukraine dated January 18, 2018, No. 2269-VIII «On Privatization of State and Communal Property», the option of privatization of stevedoring campaigns as objects of large privatization in an auction with conditions is considered (auction, the winner of which is not only the bidder who offered the largest price, but also the one who agreed to accept additional privatization conditions).The most progressive form of operation of stevedoring campaigns is the lease of berths with their subsequent concession. However, there are three reservations: the impossibility of transferring a single port to a single company by concession, without thereby violating the rights of all other tenants and investors; politicization of the process of transferring objects to a concession; the advantage will be large foreign companies that are already leasing complexes. It is necessary to carefully approach the process of transformation of property institutions, to take into account the cost, size, volumes and range of goods processed by the stevedoring campaign.
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Bishara, Dina. „The Politics of Ignoring: Protest Dynamics in Late Mubarak Egypt“. Perspectives on Politics 13, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 958–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153759271500225x.
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I propose the concept of “ignoring” to capture situations in which government officials appear dismissive (either through inaction or contempt) of popular mobilization. The concept refers not only to actions by regime officials but also captures protesters' perceptions of those actions. Examples of ignoring include not communicating with protesters, issuing condescending statements, physically evading protesters, or acting with contempt toward popular mobilization. Existing conceptual tools do not adequately capture these dynamics. Although repression and concessions have been extensively theorized, scholars lack conceptual tools to understand responses that fall short of both repression and concessions. I introduce the concept of “ignoring” as a useful tool to focus on a subset of actions on the part of regime officials who are the targets of mobilization, with discernible consequences for subsequent mobilization. Drawing on research on the role of emotions in protest politics and on framing and social movements, I argue that ignoring protests can trigger emotional responses that encourage people to engage in protest, such as anger, indignation, and outrage. By integrating protesters' perceptions of the behavior of the targets of mobilization, not just of the security forces, the concept of “ignoring” helps explain protesters' reactions and their future mobilization, in a way that conventional concepts such as tolerance cannot capture. This analysis has important implications for broader theoretical debates on the relationship between regime response to protests and subsequent mobilization. Most importantly, it urges scholars to consider how ignoring can interact with other responses to mobilization, thereby altering the dynamics of the infamous the “concession-repression dilemma.” I use evidence from workers' protests in late Mubarak Egypt to illustrate these dynamics.
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Assouline, Philippe, und Robert Trager. „Concessions for Concession’s Sake: Injustice, Indignation, and the Construction of Intractable Conflict in Israel–Palestine“. Journal of Conflict Resolution 65, Nr. 9 (17.03.2021): 1489–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002721997543.
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In intractable conflicts, what factors lead populations to accept negotiated outcomes? To examine these issues, we conduct a survey experiment on a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population and a companion experiment on a representative sample of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza. We find that holding the negotiated settlement outcome constant, approval of the settlement is strongly influenced by whether it is framed as a negotiating defeat for one side—if and only if respondents are primed to be indignant—and that these effects are strongly mediated by perceptions of the fairness of the settlement outcome. Moral indignation produces a desire for concessions for concession’s sake. Such conflicts over political framing violate assumptions of the rationalist literature on conflict processes and suggest important new directions for conflict theorizing.
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Morozova, Olga M., und Tatiana I. Troshina. „Concession Policy in the Crosshairs of Revolutionary Self-Consciousness: Labor and Departmental Conflicts“. RUDN Journal of Russian History 22, Nr. 2 (15.06.2023): 316–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2023-22-2-316-329.
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The New Economic Policy solved a number of economic and production problems for early the Soviet Union. At the same time, it caused a series of conflicts associated with the delays of the reconstruction period, as well as with the disappointment of the more political active part of the population as it undermined the slogans of the socialist revolution as too distantly obtainable a prospect. The article examines the relations of a specific group of foreign concessionaires with local authorities, and the population of the territories handed over to them by the Soviet authorities for the exploitation of natural resources by utilizing a large number of diverse sources. The emphasis of the authors is placed on two types of non-industrial concessions - foresting (in Northern provinces) and agriculture, practices which continued, to some extent, the tradition of German colonization of southern Russian lands. The authors reveal common and different behavioral strategies of the concessionaires in their relations with the workers, and with the trade union activists; as well as in the attitude of the population and the local party and Soviet authorities to them. Without dwelling on the “predatory” forms of exploitation of the conceded natural resources, or the state line of gradually winding down the concession program, the authors consider another reason for the liquidation of concessions - protest by workers as their self-consciousness was awakened by the “return” of elements of Western capitalism by local party functionaries.
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Kim, Suk-kyu, Brian H. Yim, Kevin K. Byon, Jae-Gu Yu, Sung-Min Lee und Jae-Ahm Park. „Spectator perception of service quality attributes associated with Shanghai Formula One“. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 17, Nr. 2 (29.04.2016): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-04-2016-011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine spectator perceptions of service quality at the Formula One (F-1) event in Shanghai by means of Martilla and James’ Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA). Design/methodology/approach – The items were plotted on the four IPA dimensions, including: Concentrate Here; Keep Up the Good Work; Lower Priority; and Possible Overkill. Findings – The results indicated that staff courtesy seems to be the strength of the event. However, concession quality, food prices, and arena accessibility, including restrooms at the Shanghai F-1 event, did not meet spectators’ expectations. In addition, the results suggested that in any spectator sporting event, food consumption helps to create a positive experience. Therefore, IPA revealed that service quality related to concessions, food pricing, and arena accessibility at the Shanghai F-1 are in need of immediate improvement, whereas staff courtesy and race visuals were satisfactory. Originality/value – The findings will help marketers prioritize certain services and offer strategic direction in effective service provision by highlighting management problems.
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Lee, Ching Kwan. „State & Social Protest“. Daedalus 143, Nr. 2 (April 2014): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00277.
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This essay sketches an array of cultural, political, and bureaucratic mechanisms that mediate the Chinese Communist state's relationship with the major types of social protests, in the process exploring how governance and contention have transformed each other in the past six decades. In particular, it spotlights a noteworthy development in recent years: the increasingly salient market nexus between state and protest. While the regime response of making economic concessions to protesters is hardly unique in the context of China's own past, the transition from top-down mandated concession to pervasive bargaining between the state and protesters is a significant break with past patterns. The negotiability of cash and material rewards insinuates a market logic of governance that is made all the more poignant by the singularly formidable fiscal and infrastructural capacities of the current Chinese regime among its authoritarian counterparts worldwide.
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MALLTEZI, ARGITA. „THE CONCESSIONS AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES-NEW LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT. A COMPARABLE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ANALYSIS OF CONCESSION“. International Journal of Management Cases 12, Nr. 4 (01.01.2011): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5848/apbj.2011.00010.
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Negrych, Mykola. „Evolution of Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of State and Business Cooperation in the Infrastructure Sphere“. State Formation, Nr. 2 (30.12.2023): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/1992-2337-2023-2-17.
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The classification of historical periods in the evolution of cooperation between the state and business in the infrastructural sphere by stages and forms of cooperation has been improved: antiquity (use of buyouts; competitive construction of post offices with cities, ports and harbors (manceps); infrastructural construction (precarium)) of the Middle Ages ("casual » application of PPPs; buyouts; concessions; "regalia"); the period of colonization (use of concessions for the development of new land colonies and international trade; involvement of private armed ships with their owners to solve military and trade "tasks" at sea); the origin and development of capitalism, industrialization (systematic concession legislation; capital-intensive projects; attraction of private capital in the form of concessions for the development of the utility sector); the modern stage from the middle of the 20th century. (transition from the policy of "public administration" to the "new public administration" model; "private financial initiative"; development of public-private partnership (PPP) regulation worldwide (in more than 120 countries); launch of cross-border PPP projects and projects with attracting direct foreign investment). It was determined that in France during the Middle Ages and the reign of mercantilism, the predominant role of the state in economic development, including infrastructure development, was emphasized. The state attracted private business and financed the works. Unlike mercantilists, representatives of the school of physiocrats believed that the state should not interfere in the field of entrepreneurship at all. The idea of state cooperation with private business in the development of industry by means of optimal regulation and protection from foreign competition, especially at the initial stage, was also reflected in the works of the German scientist F. List. Implementation of projects through the transfer of infrastructure objects under concession conditions to private companies allows to significantly increase their efficiency. The example of the railways of Belgium, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland shows that this form of PPP is quite competitive during the implementation of large infrastructure projects. At the same time, in order to achieve economic efficiency, such projects must be accompanied by strict state control. After the Second World War, the doctrine of a socially oriented model and a concerted strategy of economic development (concerted economy) came to the fore in economic thought. The positions of J. Keynes and moderate supporters of state intervention in the economy were dominant until the 70s. 20th century, when the ideas of "state capitalism" reached their peak. It is also necessary to note the role played by the theory of the public sector in justifying the role of the state in the economy at various stages of economic development. The state takes an active role in areas that are not attractive to private actors and are related to the generation of "public goods" to increase the level of well-being.
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Khatidze, George. „Private Law Issues of Concession and Investment within the Framework of Public-Private Partnership“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, Nr. 4 (28.02.2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n4p91.
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Concession is one of the forms of public-private partnership. Financial sources, on the other hand, for many public-private partnership projects are generated by private investment. Both concession and investment play a significant role within the public-private partnership. Analysis of the Law of Georgia on Concession with relevant laws of the other countries clearly underlies that institutional and legal mechanism of concession relations in Georgia do not comply with the best international standards established in many other countries. Law of Georgia on Investment also contains certain shortcomings in that respect. Therefore, it is necessary to improve and further develop private law norms of concession and investment in order to create those institutional and private law basis which are vital for implementation of public-private partnership.
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Rochwulaningsih, Yety, Noor Naelil Masruroh, Fanada Sholihah, Rafngi Mufidah und Susilo Budiyanto. „Smoke-haze and Forest Fire in Kalimantan: How is the Reform regime responses?“ E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235902024.
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This article examines the government’s response during the Reformation period to smog haze, which often interferes with the visibility of air and sea traffic in Southeast Asia. In the history of forest fires in Indonesia, transboundary haze pollution has strong roots in the New Order regime, namely in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998. The New Order government at that time gave significant oil palm plantation concessions to domestic and foreign investors. This concession allowed the expansion of capitalism to occur on a massive scale, resulting in severe environmental degradation in Kalimantan. The smog haze has become a serious problem that gets considerable attention from international actors because it has the potential to cross national borders. To elaborate on this problem, this study answers the research question of how the reform regime after the New Order responded to forest fires in Kalimantan? In September 2014, the government ratified the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP) as a political commitment that must be carried out together as ASEAN member countries, as well as the moral responsibility of the Indonesian government as the holder of the most extensive forest in the world.
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Cisneros-Herrera, Diego, Antonio Lara-Galera, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz und Belén Muñoz-Medina. „Driving Peru’s Road Infrastructure: An Analysis of Public–Private Partnerships, Challenges, and Critical Success Factors“. Buildings 14, Nr. 1 (15.01.2024): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010230.
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Peru has experienced significant growth but faces challenges with its infrastructure. Despite economic and population growth, competitiveness has not risen at the same pace. The importance of proper roads for economic development and the lack of planning have led the country to confront an infrastructure deficit. This deficit affects connectivity and the quality of the road networks, thereby influencing competitiveness. To bridge this gap, the PPP modality had been used, but challenges were encountered, ranging from the execution of works to maintenance issues. This research study pursues three main objectives: to describe the current landscape of road infrastructure in Peru; to present the Peruvian PPP system and the experience gained through implemented concession contracts; and to identify the critical success factors of Peruvian concessions and propose an evaluation methodology for future contracts. To achieve this, an empirical study of 16 operational road PPPs and a literature review of the most relevant international experiences on success variables for such contracts were conducted. The primary contribution of this study lies in presenting the Peruvian experience and identifying key success factors for this type of contracts in Peru.
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Nincic, Miroslav. „Getting What You Want: Positive Inducements in International Relations“. International Security 35, Nr. 1 (Juli 2010): 138–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00006.
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Positive inducements as a strategy for dealing with regimes that challenge core norms of international behavior and the national interests of the United States (“renegade regimes”) contain both promises and pitfalls. Such inducements, which include policy concessions and economic favors, can serve two main purposes: (1) arranging a beneficial quid pro quo with the other side, and (2) catalyzing, via positive engagement, a restructuring of interests and preferences within the other side's politico-economic system (such that quid pro quos become less and less necessary). The conditions for progress toward either purpose can vary, as can the requirements for sufficient and credible concessions on both sides and the obstacles in the way of such concessions. For renegade regimes, a primary consideration involves the domestic purposes that internationally objectionable behavior can serve. An examination of the cases of North Korea, Iran, and Libya finds that negative pressures have been relatively ineffective, suggesting that more attention should be given to the potential for positive inducements to produce better outcomes.
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Felli, Chiara, Werner Güth, Esther Mata-Pérez und Giovanni Ponti. „Ultimatum Concession Bargaining“. Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, Nr. 5 (10.11.2016): 1012–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716676312.
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We collect experimental evidence on a modified version of the standard ultimatum game in which the responder states an acceptance threshold below which the offer is rejected and both players, proposer and responder, are allowed several attempts to reach an agreement by conceding. Proposers concede by increasing offers and responders concede by decreasing acceptance thresholds. Treatments differ in whether a further attempt requires that at least one party should have conceded. A further condition varies the number of possible negotiating attempts, namely, 3 versus 5. Behavior in the lab diverges significantly from the theoretical solution in which the proposer is expected to get nearly the whole pie in each treatment. Proposers (responders) initially offer less (ask more) and concede more across negotiation attempts in the treatment in which concessions are required. Moreover, compulsory concessions weaken the bargaining position of the proposer, who eventually gets significantly less. Finally, although concessions significantly improve the likelihood of an agreement compared to standard ultimatum game experiments, the longer negotiation horizon (five attempts instead of three) delays the agreement without enhancing it, even when no concessions are needed.
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Beilock, Richard, und Aleksandra Nicolic. „Concessions for Early Development of International Tourism“. Annals of Tourism Research 29, Nr. 3 (Juli 2002): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00089-5.
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Livesey, Alastair. „Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic“. World Trade Review 17, Nr. 1 (Januar 2018): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745617000556.
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On 8 December 2016, an International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunal chaired by Professor Andreas Bucher, with co-arbitrators Professor Pedro J. Martinez-Fraga (Claimants' appointee) and Professor Campbell McLachlan QC (Respondent's appointee), issued its award in Urbaser and CAAB v. Argentina (Award). The dispute related to a Concession Contract granted to Aguas Del Gran Buenos Aires S.A. (AGBA), a company in which Claimants were shareholders, for the provision of water and sewerage services in the Province of Greater Buenos Aires (Province). Claimants alleged that they had faced numerous obstacles created by the Province's authorities, which precluded the efficient and profitable operation of their Concession. Respondent counterclaimed that Claimants had failed to make the necessary investment in the Concession, thereby violating their obligation under international law based on the human right to water.
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Khatchadourian, Minas. „Legal Safeguards in Egypt's Petroleum Concession Agreements“. Arab Law Quarterly 22, Nr. 4 (2008): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302508x374410.
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This article deals with the concession contracts for the exploration and the production of oil and gas in Egypt. Such tripartite contracts are concluded between the Government of Egypt (GOE) as the host country, a National Oil Company (NOC) as the concession holder and an international oil company (IOC) as the foreign contractor who receives a part of the oil or gas production on a production sharing agreement (PSA). From an Egyptian legal perspective, this contract is qualified as a State contract which is supposed to give the Government some exorbitant powers towards its counterparts. However, in order to attract foreign investors into this kind of agreement and encourage international oil companies to explore natural resources, several legal safeguards are incorporated in the concession agreement. Examples of this include placing the contract in the framework of a legislative act, granting the contract a supremacy on any contrary legislation, stabilization clause, adaptation of the contract through renegotiation, arbitration clause, etc.
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Aribarg, Anocha, Neeraj Arora und H. Onur Bodur. „Understanding the Role of Preference Revision and Concession in Group Decisions“. Journal of Marketing Research 39, Nr. 3 (August 2002): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.39.3.336.19105.
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In this article, the authors contend that member influence in a group's decision could be decomposed into two distinct elements of preference revision and concession. Using a hierarchical Bayes model of dyadic decision making, the authors show that the degree of preference revision and concession varies across product attributes, individuals, and product categories. The authors demonstrate that converging preferences affect a member's concession, which in turn affects members’ satisfaction with the joint decision. More important, a member's satisfaction is higher when his or her concession is reciprocated.
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Vaubel, Roland. „International Collusion or Competition for Macroeconomic Policy Coordination? A Restatement“. Recherches économiques de Louvain 51, Nr. 3-4 (Dezember 1985): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800082609.
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Ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods System, there has been a chorus of economists calling for internationally negotiated coordination of macroeconomic policies. Most of them work for international organisations or have developed a special interest in discretionary macro-policy or optimal-control theory.At the same time, very little centralised coordination has actually taken place. Exchange rate surveillance by the International Monetary Fund does not seem to have played a major role. The economic summit meetings are not used to coordinate macro-policy any longer. Even the first Bonn Summit (1978), the apparent showpiece of centralised coordination, does not seem to have yielded internationally negotiated macroeconomic policy concessions from national governments, but rather enabled their leaders to pursue their domestic objectives against strong internal opposition.
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Choy, Christine Hiu Ying, und Fang Wu. „Comparative case study: when brands handle online confrontations“. International Journal of Conflict Management 29, Nr. 5 (08.10.2018): 640–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-10-2017-0120.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the theoretical links among three important variables by empirically testing the cases of two international brands. Design/methodology/approach By using a comparative case study design, this study conducts a content analysis of a total of 490 Facebook comments regarding online confrontational crises: Dolce & Gabbana’s photo fiasco and Laneige’s discriminative sales incident. Findings The findings suggest that when evaluating whether or not a company has shouldered responsibility in online confrontational crises, social media users tend to be more influenced by how timely, active and consistent the organization’s reaction is than by the organization’s mere use of concession crisis communication strategies (CCSs). The individual-level perception (perceived degree of organizational crisis responsibility-taking) is a stronger predictor of social media users’ reaction than organization strategies. The earlier that social media user has a perceived improvement in the organization, the more effective is the organization’s strategy to minimize the effects of social media as crisis mobilizer. Originality/value This study confirms theories formulated in a Western context with actual cases from Eastern cultures. Theoretically, this study sheds light on the importance of the individual-level perception for effective use of organization strategy in crisis. This study also suggests the relative significance of positive forms of crisis response, concessions CCSs and their relationship with the perceived degree of crisis responsibility-taking.
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Studenets, I. S. „Concession in Cybersecurity“. Прикарпатський юридичний вісник, Nr. 4 (2023): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/pyuv.v4.2023.6.
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Petitet, Sylvain, Denis Varaschin, Paul Schwach und Bernard Tardieu. „La concession, levier de développement ?“ Entreprises et histoire 31, Nr. 4 (2002): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.031.0120.
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Shafiee, Katayoun. „TECHNOPOLITICS OF A CONCESSIONARY CONTRACT: HOW INTERNATIONAL LAW WAS TRANSFORMED BY ITS ENCOUNTER WITH ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL“. International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, Nr. 4 (November 2018): 627–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000909.
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AbstractThe Iranian government's decision to nationalize its British-controlled oil industry in 1951 was a landmark case in international law. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the Iranian government clashed over whether international authorities had the right to arbitrate for them in disputes over the terms of the oil concession. Scholarship in Middle East studies has overlooked the role of concession terms in shaping political disputes in the 20th century. Rather than seeing legal studies of the oil industry on one side and power struggles and resources on the other, this article examines international court proceedings at The Hague to argue that Anglo-Iranian oil transformed international law. Novel mechanisms of economic and legal governance, set up to deal with an expanded community of nation-states, worked as techniques of political power that equipped the oil corporation with the power to associate Iran's oil with foreign control while generating new forms of law and contract that undermined resource nationalism.
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Encarnation, Dennis J., und Mark Mason. „Neither MITI nor America: the political economy of capital liberalization in Japan“. International Organization 44, Nr. 1 (1990): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081830000463x.
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Compared with Japan, no other industrialized country has so adamantly denied foreign investors direct access to its domestic markets. Japan continued to deny such market access until domestic constituencies finally championed foreign demands and successfully pressured a reluctant state for concessions. The initiative for these concessions came neither from Japan's principal government negotiators in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) nor from public policymakers in America. Rather, it came from American and other multinational corporations (MNCs) seeking to exploit imperfect markets for the technology and related assets which they alone controlled and which a few Japanese oligopolists demanded. These local oligopolists served as manipulative intermediaries between MNCs and the nationstate and in that position determined both the timing and the substance of their country's long march toward capital liberalization. Between the legislation of capital controls in 1950 and the de jure elimination of those controls in 1980, what began as an extension of limited concessions to individual MNCs, eventually aided by small regulatory loopholes, gradually encompassed all foreigners supplying broad product groups. During the intervening thirty years, the MNCs examined in this article— including Coca-Cola, IBM, Texas Instruments, and the “big three” U.S. automakers —finally gained limited access to the Japanese market. For them, the formal liberalizations of the late 1960s and early 1970s proved significant, but not always decisive, as Japanese oligopolists moved both to replace public regulations with private restrictions and to mesh their ongoing political influence domestically with their emerging economic power internationally. Thus, de facto liberalization proceeded slowly and unevenly, at least through 1980, and foreign direct investment in Japan continued to languish. What capital liberalization did occur had little to do with the pressures exerted on MITI and the Japanese state by the U.S. government and the international organizations that America then controlled. Rather, American diplomacy proved successful in forcing concessions from Japan only when it was backed up both by the economic power of American MNCs and by the active support of Japanese business.
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PÉREZ, MANUEL RUIZ, DRISS EZZINE DE BLAS, ROBERT NASI, JEFFREY A. SAYER, ALAIN KARSENTY, MARIEKE SASSEN, CLAUDINE ANGOUÉ et al. „Socioeconomic constraints, environmental impacts and drivers of change in the Congo Basin as perceived by logging companies“. Environmental Conservation 33, Nr. 4 (12.10.2006): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003365.
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The external factors that influence the environmental, social and economic performance of logging companies were studied using a questionnaire submitted to 30 logging concessions in five countries of the Congo Basin. This paper analyses socioeconomic constraints and environmental impacts experienced by these concessions, as well as their response to major external drivers of change. Concessionaires considered investment and operating finance their main constraint, followed by insufficient technical and human capacities, and inconsistent application of official regulations. Environmental problems directly produced by concessions' operations represented around one-third of the total score for environmental problems reported. Damage caused by construction of logging roads and erosion were identified as the main issues. Induced problems (two-thirds of the total score) were dominated by hunting, with encroachment and illegal logging perceived as much less significant. Policies, infrastructure, markets and technology are key external drivers of change in concessions' practices, while regional and international forestry institutions reportedly have the least influence, reflecting an emerging scepticism about the proliferation of international institutions and initiatives promoting sustainable forestry.
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Piterska, Varvara, Valentina Samoilovska, Valentin Shakhov und Hiroshi Tanaka. „RISK-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF PORTS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCESSION PROJECTS“. Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, Nr. 2 (24) (05.08.2023): 200–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2023.24.200.
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The subject matter of research in the article is the models and methods of risk management in the process of implementing concession projects within the port activities. The goal of the work is to develop a risk management model for the implementation of concession projects in the port to improve the efficiency of port activities and ensure the competitiveness of port services. The following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of international and national experience in reforming the port industry, consideration of the essence of the project-oriented approach in port management, determination of the relevance of the implementation of public-private partnership projects on the example of concession projects in the port, analysis of risks arising from the project management of ports within the concession, identification of concession project stakeholders, proposal of a classification model for risk distribution among project stakeholders, prioritization of risks based on the probability of their occurrence, identification and significance of negative consequences, development of a risk assessment model for port production in concession projects. The following methods are used: project management methods, failure mode and effects analysis method, risk management theory, quality management methods. The following results were obtained: based on analytical research of the world and Ukrainian experience in the operation of transport hubs, it was proved that an effective mechanism for increasing the competitiveness of ports is the implementation of reform principles based on project management methodology. It has been established that the most common type of port activity improvement is the implementation of concession projects. It is noted that in the process of managing a concession project, certain risks arise that require assessment. The stakeholders of the concession project are identified and a classification model for the distribution of risks between them is proposed. A model of risk-based port management in concession projects has been developed based on the failure mode and effects analysis method taking into account the determination of the risk priority rank. Conclusions. To increase the competitiveness of ports, it is proposed to develop and implement concession projects in port activities based on the project management methodology, the implementation of which can increase the efficiency of port services. There are risks in the management of port activities within a concession project. It is proposed to distribute them among stakeholders and determine the probabilities of occurrence, identifying risks, assessing the significance of their impact on the quality of port services. Based on the proposed risk assessment model, taking into account the determination of the priority rank, it is shown that the greatest risk is associated with the implementation of customs formalities and the danger of the port water area.