Bücher: „Concept of causality“

1

1942-, Viennot Laurence, und Debru Claude, Hrsg. Enquête sur le concept de causalité. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2003.

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2

Akādamī, Prākr̥ta Bhāratī, Hrsg. Global philosophical and ecological concepts: Cycles, causality, ecology and evolution in various traditions and their impact on modern biology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2010.

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3

Jansma, Rudi. Global philosophical and ecological concepts: Cycles, causality, ecology and evolution in various traditions and their impact on modern biology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2010.

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4

Bartoli, Roberto, Hrsg. Responsabilità penale e rischio nelle attività mediche e d'impresa (un dialogo con la giurisprudenza). Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-570-2.

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This book presents the proceedings of the conference held in Florence on 7 and 8 May 2009 upon the conclusion of a MUIR study. The inspiration behind it can be summarised in two keywords. The first is "modernity", because it focuses on the sectors of criminal liability of the doctor and the entrepreneur, those that have been most dramatically affected by social change and technological developments, straining to the limit the "classic" configuration of criminal law categories. The second is "case law", in the sense that we have sought to focus on the reality of living law and to investigate the concepts of the causality, blame and complicity of individuals as they are actually illustrated by precedents.

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5

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world. Savage,Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.

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6

The child's conception of the world. London: Routledge, 1997.

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7

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.

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8

Jean, Piaget. The child's conception of the world: By Jean Piaget ; translated by Joan and Andrew Tomlinson. Totowa, N.J: Rowman & Littlefield, 1989.

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9

The child's conception of the world: By Jean Piaget ; translated by Joan and Andrew Tomlinson. Savage, Md: Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks, 1989.

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10

Harré, Rom, und Fathali M. Moghaddam, Hrsg. Questioning Causality. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216003823.

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Covering a topic applicable to fields ranging from education to health care to psychology, this book provides a broad critical analysis of the assumptions that researchers and practitioners have about causation and explains how readers can improve their thinking about causation. In virtually every laboratory, research center, or classroom focused on the social or physical sciences today, the concept of causation is a core issue to be questioned, tested, and determined. Even debates in unrelated areas such as biology, law, and philosophy often focus on causality—"What made that happen?" In this book, experts from across disciplines adopt a reader-friendly approach to reconsider this age-old question in a modern light, defining different kinds of causation and examining how causes and consequences are framed and approached in a particular field. Each chapter uses applied examples to illustrate key points in an accessible manner. The contributors to this work supply a coherent critical analysis of the assumptions researchers and practitioners hold about causation, and explain how such thinking about causation can be improved. Collectively, the coverage is broad, providing readers with a fuller picture of research in social contexts. Beyond providing insightful description and thought-provoking questioning of causation in different research areas, the book applies analysis of data in order to point the way to smarter, more efficient practices. Consequently, both practitioners and researchers will benefit from this book.

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11

Tomazin, Matej. Phenomenon and Concept of Art: A Linguistic Gymnastic with Causality. Independently Published, 2018.

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12

Jadacki, Jacek J., und Edward M. Świderski. Concept of Causality in the Lvov-Warsaw School: The Legacy of Jan Łukasiewicz. BRILL, 2022.

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13

Ng, Karen. From Actuality to Concept in Hegel’s Logic. Herausgegeben von Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.13.

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This chapter examines Hegel’s treatment of the concept of actuality in his Science of Logic. It argues that Hegel’s treatment of actuality serves two functions: first, it provides the argument for the ‘genesis of the Concept’, Hegel’s version of Kant’s transcendental deduction; second, it allows Hegel to determine a specific type of activity characteristic of both life and freedom. The key to understanding the transition from actuality to the Concept (der Begriff) lies in Hegel’s concept of reciprocity (Wechselwirkung), a reciprocal relation between cause and effect that constitutes an inner purposiveness of form. The author develops this argument by examining the key moves of the three chapters that close out the Objective Logic—“The Absolute,” “Actuality,” and “The Absolute Relation”—taking up Hegel’s relation to Aristotle and Spinoza, his treatment of the modal categories, and his critique of mechanistic accounts of causality.

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14

Paus, Tomáš. Combining brain imaging with brain stimulation: causality and connectivity. Herausgegeben von Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann und Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0034.

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This article establishes the concept of a methodological approach to combine brain imaging with brain stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a tool that allows perturbing neural activity, in time and space, in a noninvasive manner. This approach allows the study of the brain-behaviour relationship. Under certain circumstances, the influence of one region on other, called the effective connectivity, can be measured. Functional connectivity is the extent of correlation in brain activity measured across a number of spatially distinct brain regions. This tool of connectivity can be applied to any dataset acquired with brain-mapping tools. However, its interpretation is complex. Also, the technical complexity of the combined studies needs to be resolved. Future studies may benefit from focusing on neurochemical transmission in specific neural circuits and on temporal dynamics of cortico-cortical interactions.

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15

Coseru, Christian. Consciousness and Causal Emergence. Herausgegeben von Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.24.

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In challenging the physicalist conception of consciousness advanced by Cārvāka materialists such as Bṛhaspati, the Buddhist philosopher Śāntarakṣita addresses a series of key issues about the nature of causality and the basis of cognition. This chapter considers whether causal accounts of generation for material bodies are adequate in explaining how conscious awareness comes to have the structural features and phenomenal properties that it does. Arguments against reductive physicalism, it is claimed, can benefit from an understanding of the structure of phenomenal consciousness that does not eschew causal-explanatory reasoning. Against causal models that rely on the concept of potentiality, the Buddhist principle of “dependent arising” underscores a dynamic conception of efficient causality, which allows for elements defined primarily in terms of their capacity for sentience and agency to be causally efficacious.

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16

Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium concepts and critiques. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0006.

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This chapter explores the equilibrium concept by examining the views of two cultures: those who began talking about equilibrium models in the decades before World War II and those formal model builders promoting mathematics after that war. For the older culture, the concept of an equilibrium refers to the real properties of an actual economy in a state of equilibrium. For the newer culture, an equilibrium refers only to a property of a formal mathematical model. The main discussion of the chapter is about the various critiques provided by both sides of the cultural divide. The chapter also discusses the extent to which the distinction between a model’s exogenous vs. endogenous variables involves causality. The older culture would view causality as a necessary part of understanding an equilibrium but the newer culture would view it only as an interpretation of the mathematics of the model.

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17

Wendling, Fabrice, Marco Congendo und Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. EEG Analysis. Herausgegeben von Donald L. Schomer und Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0044.

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This chapter addresses the analysis and quantification of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. Topics include characteristics of these signals and practical issues such as sampling, filtering, and artifact rejection. Basic concepts of analysis in time and frequency domains are presented, with attention to non-stationary signals focusing on time-frequency signal decomposition, analytic signal and Hilbert transform, wavelet transform, matching pursuit, blind source separation and independent component analysis, canonical correlation analysis, and empirical model decomposition. The behavior of these methods in denoising EEG signals is illustrated. Concepts of functional and effective connectivity are developed with emphasis on methods to estimate causality and phase and time delays using linear and nonlinear methods. Attention is given to Granger causality and methods inspired by this concept. A concrete example is provided to show how information processing methods can be combined in the detection and classification of transient events in EEG/MEG signals.

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18

Ferraro, Kenneth F. Causality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190665340.003.0002.

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Gerontologists are often skeptical of age as a presumed cause of the aging process. Although age is an indispensable marker of life experiences, it is a rather crude indicator of the many factors that actually shape the aging experience, including senescence. To address the multiple meanings associated with age, some gerontologists have advanced concepts such as biological age or functional age. These are useful concepts, isolating one domain or facet of aging, but even these concepts must be applied with a skepticism for age effects. Gullible gerontology ensues when well-meaning persons accept age as an explanatory variable and disregard or minimize other factors or processes that are associated with age differences. Gerontologists prioritize longitudinal research designs and urge caution when one attempts to generalize from age differences. Concepts such as terminal drop and the age-period-cohort are used to illustrate this axiom.

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19

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts. Geneva, Switzerland: Avi Sion, 2004.

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20

Volition and Allied Causal Concepts. Geneva, Switzerland: Avi Sion, 2004.

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21

Mahoney, James, Khairunnisa Mohamedali und Christoph Nguyen. Causality and Time in Historical Institutionalism. Herausgegeben von Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti und Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.4.

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This chapter explores the dual concern with causality and time in historical-institutionalism using a graphical approach. Conceptualizing causes as filters, the chapter analyses three concepts that are central to this field: critical junctures, gradual change, and path dependence. The analysis makes explicit and formal the logic underlying studies that use these “causal-temporal” concepts. The chapter shows visually how causality and temporality are linked to one another in varying ways depending on the particular pattern of change. Through this unifying visual grammar, the chapter also outlines an approach that can accommodate and reconcile both models of critical junctures and gradual change. The chapter provides new tools for describing and understanding change in historical institutional analyses.

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22

Marenbon, John. The Medievals. Herausgegeben von Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock und Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0003.

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Medieval philosophers used the language of cause and effect as frequently as philosophers do now. Viewed very, very broadly, they had in mind a similar notion, at least when they were speaking of efficient causality (and even the three other types of Aristotelian cause — material, formal, and final — can be brought loosely under this concept): causes are in some sense prior to their effects, which they produce and the existence of which they explain. Viewed more closely, medieval notions of causality are sharply different from contemporary ones, and these differences are especially evident in explicit discussions of causation. This article discusses the idea of essential causation. It looks at the aspect of medieval thought about causation that seems to come closest to the modern debates instigated by Hume, the supposed medieval occasionalists such as the Islamic thinker al-Ghazali (1058–1111) and the Parisian Arts Master and student of theology, Nicholas of Autrecourt (d. 1369), and the critiques of occasionalism offered by Averroes (c.1126–98), who wrote in Muslim Spain, and Aquinas.

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23

Stanghellini, Giovanni. What is a symptom? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198792062.003.0021.

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This chapter explains that the concept of symptom covers a vast array of indexicalities, focusing on the bio-medical concept of ‘symptom’. In biological medicine, a symptom is an index for diagnosis and the epiphenomenon of an underlying pathology. In the biomedical paradigm, symptoms have causes, rather than meanings. In general, causality goes from aetiology (e.g. a virus), to symptom(s) (breathing difficulties), to dysfunction (poor physical performance due to blood hypo-oxygenation, and thus reduced adaptation of the person to his or her environment). Another important assumption is that symptoms are considered accidental, i.e. non-essential to the living organism. Many of these assumptions—if we apply this paradigm to the field of psychic pathology— are at least controversial, or even counterfactual.

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24

Sytsma, David S. A Commotion over Motion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274870.003.0005.

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This chapter addresses Baxter’s response to Copernicanism, substantial forms, Descartes’s laws of motion, and Henry More’s variant of mechanical philosophy. Baxter was far more concerned about changing notions of substance and causality than he was about Copernicanism. His objections to mechanical philosophy stemmed from a desire to affirm secondary causes as intrinsic sources of motion, which he regarded as important to a correct understanding of God and creation. He defended a concept of substantial form and objected to the theological foundation of Descartes’s first law of motion. Baxter also argued for the plausibility of various kinds of nonliving principles of motion against Henry More’s restriction of motion to spiritual beings.

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25

Bayer, Stefan, Kirsten Dickhaut und Irene Herzog, Hrsg. Lenkung der Dinge. Klostermann, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783465145585.

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In the course of the humanistic examination of his position in the cosmos, man in the early modern period also reformulates his radius of action: the causality model of the 'steering of things', which is rooted in a hierarchical structure at the top of which magicians, political rulers or princes, and artists appear as sovereigns of action, describes the possibilities of successful and effective action in magic, politics, and art. The question discussed in literary texts, in the arts, and in treatises on statecraft in the early modern period is the possibility and nature of the controllability of external as well as internal nature. The contributions to this volume discuss the concept of the "steering of things" against the backdrop of its historical, cultural and epistemological context.

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26

Holtom, Brooks C., und Tomoki Sekiguchi. Exploring the Relationship Between Job Embeddedness and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Herausgegeben von Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie und Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.28.

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As we developed the concept of job embeddedness, we were determined to create a construct that explained as comprehensively as possible the reasons why people stay in organizations. Later, scholars theorized and found that on-the-job embeddedness also increased the probability of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and better job performance. More recently, Kiazad and colleagues (2015) have argued that conservation of resources theory offers a parsimonious explanation for the growing nomological network around job embeddedness. Building on this work, we explore promising directions that may contribute to the theoretical enrichment of the job embeddedness–OCB relationship including the different motives of OCBs as mediators, the relationship between job embeddedness and different types of OCBs, a closer look at the causality between job embeddedness and OCBs, theoretical integration with the social network perspective, and factors interacting with job embeddedness in influencing OCBs.

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27

Bender, Andrea, Sieghard Beller und Douglas L. Medin. Causal Cognition and Culture. Herausgegeben von Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.34.

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Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.

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28

Quality of Democracy in the 21st Century: Concepts, Methods, Causality and Territorial Dimensions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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29

Tomini, Luca, und Giulia Sandri. Challenges of Democracy in the 21st Century: Concepts, Methods, Causality and the Quality of Democracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.

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30

Tomini, Luca, und Giulia Sandri. Challenges of Democracy in the 21st Century: Concepts, Methods, Causality and the Quality of Democracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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31

Tomini, Luca, und Giulia Sandri. Challenges of Democracy in the 21st Century: Concepts, Methods, Causality and the Quality of Democracy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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32

Lagiou, Pagona, Dimitrios Trichopoulos und Hans-Olov Adami. Concepts in Cancer Epidemiology and Etiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0006.

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This chapter reviews central concepts in epidemiology, which apply also to cancer epidemiology. It examines cohort and case-control studies, with reference also to studies of genetic epidemiology, it considers the impact of chance and systematic errors, and it traces the process of causal reasoning. It attempts to convey that the sometimes esoteric theory of modern epidemiology can be condensed to a few central issues, namely (1) how to quantify and understand the impact of chance; (2) how to best harvest information on exposures and outcomes from a source population by using a cohort design, a case–control design, or variants thereof; (3) how to achieve valid results by minimizing the impact of confounding and bias, and; (4) how to address the central issue of causality in a structured way. A glossary at the end of the chapter provides a summary of definitions.

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33

Ernst, Wolfgang. Justinian's Digest 9. 2. 51 in the Western Legal Canon: Contemporary Causality Concepts in Historical Perspective. Intersentia Limited, 2019.

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34

Global philosophical and ecological concepts: Cycles, causality, ecology and evolution in various traditions and their impact on modern biology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2010.

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35

Global philosophical and ecological concepts: Cycles, causality, ecology and evolution in various traditions and their impact on modern biology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2010.

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36

Okasha, Samir. Causation in Biology. Herausgegeben von Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock und Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0036.

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This article is organized into four sections. The first section gives a brief historical survey of the contributions made by biologists to the understanding of causality. The second section looks at the role of causal concepts in the theory of evolution. The third section discusses Mayr's distinction between proximate and ultimate causation, and the related issue of teleological explanation. The fourth section looks at causation in genetics, with special reference to the nature–nurture problem.

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37

Langbein, Laura, und Stephen Knack. The Worldwide Governance Indicators And Tautology: Causally Related Separable Concepts, Indicators Of A Common Cause, Or Both? The World Bank, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4669.

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38

Tooley, Michael. Causes, Laws, and Ontology. Herausgegeben von Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock und Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0019.

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Different approaches to causation often diverge very significantly on ontological issues, in the case of both causal laws, and causal relations between states of affairs. This article sets out the main alternatives with regard to each. Causal concepts have surely been present from the time that language began, since the vast majority of action verbs involve the idea of causally affecting something. Thus, in the case of transitive verbs describing physical actions, there is the idea of causally affecting something external to one — one finds food, builds a shelter, sows seed, catches fish, and so on — while in the case of intransitive verbs describing physical actions, it is very plausible that they involve the idea of causally affecting one's own body — as one walks, runs, jumps, hunts, and so on.

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39

Gallagher, Shaun. Pragmatic Resources for Enactive and Extended Minds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794325.003.0003.

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This chapter situates the embodied cognition (EC) approaches of extended mind and enactivism in relation to pragmatism. Despite some disagreements, highlighted in Chapter 2, enactivism and extended mind share some common ground in their pragmatist roots. The argument here is not only that pragmatism (especially as found in the work of John Dewey) offers the possibility of rapprochement between these versions of EC, but also that it offers resources for responding to some of the common objections raised against them, involving concepts of causality, constitution, and the ‘mark of the mental’. Responding to these concerns points in the direction of reconceiving the notion of intentionality.

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40

Okasha, Samir. 3. Explanation in science. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192802835.003.0003.

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What exactly is scientific explanation? ‘Explanation in science’ begins with Carl Hempel's covering law model of explanation, which says that to explain a phenomenon is to show that its occurrence follows deductively from a general law, perhaps supplemented by other laws and/or particular facts, all of which must be true. This model does not deal with symmetry or irrelevance. The covering law model implies that explanation should be a symmetric relation, but in fact it is asymmetric. Also, a good explanation of a phenomenon should contain information that is relevant to the phenomenon's occurrence. Causality-based accounts of scientific explanation and the concepts of reduction and multiple realization are also explained.

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41

Capoccia, Giovanni. Critical Junctures. Herausgegeben von Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti und Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.5.

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In the analysis of path-dependent institutions, the concept of critical juncture refers to situations of uncertainty in which decisions of important actors are causally decisive for the selection of one path of institutional development over other possible paths. The chapter parses the potentialities and the limitations of the concept in comparative-historical analysis, and proposes analytical tools for the comparative analysis of the smaller-scale and temporally proximate causes that shape decision-making on institutional innovation during critical junctures. In particular, the chapter discusses several patterns of short-term politics of institutional formation --innovative coalition-building for reform; “out-of-winset” outcomes; ideational battles; and near-missed institutional change—that can have a long-term impact on the development of policies and institutions.

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42

Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., Henry E. Brady und David Collier. Political Science Methodology. Herausgegeben von Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady und David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0001.

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Political methodology offers techniques for clarifying the theoretical meaning of concepts such as revolution and for developing definitions of revolutions. It also provides descriptive indicators for comparing the scope of revolutionary change, and sample surveys for gauging the support for revolutions. It then presents an array of methods for making causal inferences that provide insights into the causes and consequences of revolutions. An overview of the book is given. Topics addressed include social theory and approaches to social science methodology; concepts and development measurement; causality and explanation in social research; experiments, quasi-experiments, and natural experiments; general methods of quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; qualitative tools for causal inference; and organizations, institutions, and movements in the field of methodology. In general, the Handbook provides overviews of specific methodologies, but it also emphasizes three things: utility for understanding politics, pluralism of approaches, and cutting across boundaries. This volume discusses interpretive and constructivist methods, along with broader issues of situating alternative analytic tools in relation to an understanding of culture.

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43

Henry, Stuart. Interdisciplinarity in the Fields of Law, Justice, and Criminology. Herausgegeben von Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.32.

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Several models of interdisciplinarity exist in law, justice, and criminology. In law, knowledge integration is by hybridization with other disciplines (e.g., law and sociology); each contextualizes the framework of rules and procedures. Interdisciplinarity challenges law’s effective practice and complicates its penchant for logical simplicity. Criminology’s engagement with interdisciplinarity is grounded in multidisciplinary explanations of crime, integrative attempts to produce comprehensive analytical explanatory frameworks, and attempts to transcend the limits of organized disciplinary knowledge production. Criminology’s thirty-year dalliance with interdisciplinarity raises questions of whether disciplines embody interdisciplinarity, and what precisely should be integrated: concepts, propositions, or theories that address different levels of analysis (e.g., micro-meso-macro). Questions are raised about how integration should occur, in what sequence, and with what effects on causality. Many of these issues are illustrated in Robert Agnew’s Toward a Unified Criminology. Transdisciplinary approaches question what counts as knowledge and focus on multiple “knowledge formations.”

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44

Goodman, Steven N., und Jonathan M. Samet. Causal Inference in Cancer Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0007.

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Judgments about causality are central to the development of interventions intended to reduce exposure to risk factors that cause cancer. Because causation is not directly observable in medicine, scientists and philosophers have had to develop sets of constructs and heuristics that define “cause” operationally. The criteria in this framework, often attributed to the British medical statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill or to the 1964 Report of the US Surgeon General on tobacco, include consistency, strength of association, specificity, temporality, coherence/plausibility/analogy, biological gradient, and experiment. This chapter reviews these criteria in depth and considers the challenges of applying them to population research on cancer. It discusses the concepts of causation in the context of the multistage nature of cancer, the “counterfactual” notion of causation, the component cause model for understanding diseases with multiple causes, and the “weight of the evidence” approach for integrating information from multiple lines of research.

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45

Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. Motivational Dynamics and Regulation of the Passions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199573295.003.0007.

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A study of conflicting passions in Hume’s theory reveals that several psychological principles explain how these passions interact, often making the dominant passion even stronger. Hume’s distinction between violent passions and causally strong ones, and between calm passions and causally weak ones, is essential to his theory of motivation; however, it introduces questions about our ability to moderate emotional upheaval. The person most likely to find true happiness has “strength of mind”: the prevalence of calm passions over violent ones, such as concern for long-term good over intensely-felt interest in short-term good. Several principles emerge from Hume’s discussion of passionate dynamics to explain how a person deficient in this virtue might develop it. Self-moderation of the passions is possible, contrary to the warnings of the early modern rationalists, although within certain limits.

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Cohen, Aly. Proactive Approaches to Reduce Environmental Exposures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190490911.003.0014.

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This chapter gives healthcare providers recommendations and tools to help patients mitigate exposure to harmful environmental chemicals, radiation, and other stressors; limiting contact and maximizing innate biological detoxification pathways through the safe use of exercise, diet, and appropriate supplements. Of particular concern are the vulnerable periods of biological development, when harmful chemicals can have the most deleterious effects. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the care of young children and pregnant women. Whether chemical exposure comes from food additives and food packaging, water, personal care and cleaning products, air contamination, or radiation, this chapter gives clear, practical, and safe recommendations for chemical reduction and embraces the precautionary principle when there is evidence of harm, but proof of causality, a very high standard, has not been established. The current approach of only regulating products after there is certainty of human harm has failed to protect the public health.

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Carter, Jacoby Adeshei. Between Reconstruction and Elimination. Herausgegeben von Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.9.

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Alain Locke assessed the anthropological theories of race in his day and rejected the idea that race was causally related to culture. Locke argued further that scientific theories of race were not always the best theories for understanding the phenomena of race. His solution was to develop a concept of ethnic/social race, and his account is still relevant to contemporary philosophy of race. Locke distinguishes between three primary conceptions of race: theoretical or anthropological, political, and social. Locke separates conceptually his analysis of the underlying social, political, and economic causes of social differentiation, which produce various social groupings including races, from the socially imbedded and encoded practices, and epistemological standpoints that inform the phenomena of race contacts and interracial relations.

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Auslander, Philip. Sound and Vision. Herausgegeben von John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman und Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.025.

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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Referring to the relationship between visual and audible dimensions of music performance as an “economy” suggests that they may not work hand-in-hand. There can be competition for the audience’s attention and to influence its understanding of the performance. Relationships between sight and sound can be normative or traditional, or challenge norms. The “traditionalist” view emphasizes visible causality: what the audience sees should provide information about how the sound is being produced and perhaps about the musician’s affective state. Visual information that does not contribute to this is interference. The relative value of sound and visual information varies by genre. But even performers operating within traditionalist values sometimes challenge them by manipulating the relationship between the auditory and visual aspects in ways that go against the grain. An example is the use of light shows in both psychedelic rock and classical music concerts in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

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Zachar, Peter, und Richard J. McNally. Vagueness, the sorites paradox, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722373.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the vagueness inherent in the conceptual structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although psychopathologists have developed precise diagnostic criteria for PTSD, concepts such as traumatic, severe, and impaired generate borderline cases. As in the sorites paradox, where difficult to distinguish but successively smaller piles of sand may be called heaps, in PTSD similar but successively milder traumatic events may produce PTSD symptoms. The vagueness that bedevils PTSD is of two sorts: the degree vagueness manifested in gradual transitions between subtraumatic and traumatic stressors; and vagueness between normal and abnormal reactions. Also discussed here is an alternative causal systems approach in which the symptoms of PTSD are causally related parts of PTSD. Such mereological structures produce combinatorial vagueness in which there are borderline cases between PTSD and other psychiatric syndromes.

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Duvernoy, Sophie, Karsten Olson und Ulrich Plass, Hrsg. Representing Social Precarity in German Literature and Film. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501391507.

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Since 2000, much attention has been paid to the increase in social precarity in Europe and the US. Phenomena of precarization (such as underemployment, indebtedness, deaths of despair) tend to be causally linked to the rise of neoliberalism as a strategy of governance that redistributes risk to the already vulnerable. Representing Social Precarity in German Literature and Film broadens the scope beyond this narrow definition of precarity, using Germany as a national case study, to examine the historical genesis of precarity, its evolution from 19th-century industrial modernity to the present, and its reflections and reconfigurations in artistic production, in particular with relation to work, gender, and sexuality. Representing Social Precarity in German Literature and Film probes the concept of “representation” in its full two senses, in the sense of “artistic depiction” and in the sense of “political proxy and advocacy.” In linking economic discourses to cultural production, this volume shows how culture can reveal the gap between a society’s narrative about itself and the ways in which precarity shapes experience and consciousness.

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