Dissertationen zum Thema „Compréhension de code“
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Moretti, Eric. „Conception et mise en oeuvre d'un système informatique de compréhension de code exécutable“. Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this study is the understanding of machine codes, using a computer system able to work automatically to a large extent. Here, "comprehension" means description of machine codes in another language which is more comprehensible for a human operator : When the choosed target language is a programming language, this transformation is named decompilation. Production of source code from machine code improves the expressiveness of the programs, giving representations that are suited during the verification process of the expected program properties. Decompilation is not only assumed to permit the recovery of information lost during the program compilation process, but it is also intended to extract a kind of information that is exclusively available at the machine level. Fundamentally, the main outcome of this study is a progress in the field of decompilation theory : Concerning the interpretation of machine codes, we present a generic assembly language, potentially suited for the description of machine programs on any target microprocessor or microcontroller. We also present a generalization of the control-flow analysis algorithms, to avoid graph structuring with the usual empirical methods that rely on pattern-matching of specific cases. Furthermore, we have extended the capabilities of the data-flow analysis techniques, by adapting type inference methods derived from the compilation theory and exploiting them within data propagation algorithms. At all significant stage of this study, our theory has been deployed and tested on a decompiler prototype dedicated to the analysis of industrial embedded real-time software
Jarrige, Domitille. „Déchiffrer le "code OPR" pour une meilleure compréhension du rôle physiologique des protéines OPR“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS632.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFollowing endosymbiosis, the chloroplast genome shrunk and became reliant on the host genome for its expression. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Octotricopeptide repeat proteins (OPR), encoded in the nucleus, control the expression of a specific organellar mRNA. The OPR repeat is a degenerate motif of 38 amino-acids, folding into a tandem of antiparallel α-helices which can bind to RNA. An individual OPR repeat is predicted to interact with one given nucleotide thanks to specificity-conferring residues at defined positions within the repeat. OPR proteins contain tracks of successive OPR motifs, thus they can bind to a specific RNA “target” sequence and act on it. I aimed to study this specificity, called the “OPR code”, starting with a draft code based on known OPR protein/mRNA couples. I mutated in vivo the chloroplast targets of some OPR factors to disrupt the OPR/RNA interaction, and then tried to restore it by mutating the specificity-conferring residues in the corresponding repeats. Surprisingly, OPR/RNA interactions seem very resilient, challenging our view of how the specificity is established in vivo. Complementary functional studies that I performed on the OPR factors MDB1 and MTHI1 revealed that chloroplast gene expression might rely on complex networks of nuclear factors. By cooperating those putative systems would be both more specific and more resilient
Duruisseau, Mickaël. „Améliorer la compréhension d’un programme à l’aide de diagrammes dynamiques et interactifs“. Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I042/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDevelopers dominate in software development. In this context, they must perform a succession of elementary tasks (analysis, coding, linking with existing code ...), but in order to perform these tasks, a developer must regularly change his context of work (search information, read code ...) and analyze code that is not his. These actions require a high adaptation time and reduce the efficiency of the developer. Software modeling is a solution to this type of problem. It offers an abstract view of a software, links between its entities as well as algorithms used. However, Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is still underutilized in business. In this thesis, we propose a tool to improve the understanding of a program using dynamic and interactive diagrams. This tool is called VisUML and focuses on the main coding activity of the developer. VisUML provides views (on web pages or modeling tools) synchronized with the code.The generated UML diagrams are interactive and allow fast navigation with and in the code. This navigation reduces the loss of time and context due to activity changes by providing at any time an abstract diagram view of the elements currently open in the developer’s coding tool. In the end, VisUML was evaluated by twenty developers as part of a qualitative experimentation of the tool to estimate the usefulness of such a tool
Noureddine, Adel. „Vers une meilleure compréhension de la consommation énergétique des systèmes logiciels“. Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961346.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIeva, Carlo. „Révéler le contenu latent du code source : à la découverte des topoi de programme“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the development of long lifespan software systems, specification documents can become outdated or can even disappear due to the turnover of software developers. Implementing new software releases or checking whether some user requirements are still valid thus becomes challenging. The only reliable development artifact in this context is source code but understanding source code of large projects is a time- and effort- consuming activity. This challenging problem can be addressed by extracting high-level (observable) capabilities of software systems. By automatically mining the source code and the available source-level documentation, it becomes possible to provide a significant help to the software developer in his/her program understanding task.This thesis proposes a new method and a tool, called FEAT (FEature As Topoi), to address this problem. Our approach automatically extracts program topoi from source code analysis by using a three steps process: First, FEAT creates a model of a software system capturing both structural and semantic elements of the source code, augmented with code-level comments; Second, it creates groups of closely related functions through hierarchical agglomerative clustering; Third, within the context of every cluster, functions are ranked and selected, according to some structural properties, in order to form program topoi.The contributions of the thesis is three-fold:1) The notion of program topoi is introduced and discussed from a theoretical standpoint with respect to other notions used in program understanding ;2) At the core of the clustering method used in FEAT, we propose a new hybrid distance combining both semantic and structural elements automatically extracted from source code and comments. This distance is parametrized and the impact of the parameter is strongly assessed through a deep experimental evaluation ;3) Our tool FEAT has been assessed in collaboration with Software Heritage (SH), a large-scale ambitious initiative whose aim is to collect, preserve and, share all publicly available source code on earth. We performed a large experimental evaluation of FEAT on 600 open source projects of SH, coming from various domains and amounting to more than 25 MLOC (million lines of code).Our results show that FEAT can handle projects of size up to 4,000 functions and several hundreds of files, which opens the door for its large-scale adoption for program understanding
Caserta, Pierre. „Analyse statique et dynamique de code et visualisation des logiciels via la métaphore de la ville : contribution à l'aide à la compréhension des programmes“. Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790056.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMenguy, Grégoire. „Black-box code analysis for reverse engineering through constraint acquisition and program synthesis“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSoftware always becomes larger and more complex, making crucial tasks like code testing, verification, or code understanding highly difficult for humans. Hence the need for methods to reason about code automatically. These are usually white-box, and use the code syntax to deduce its properties. While they have proven very powerful, they also show limitations: they need the source code, the code size and the data structures' complexity degrade their efficiency, they are highly impacted by syntactic code complexity amplified by optimizations obfuscations. This thesis explores how black-box code analysis can infer valuable properties for reverse engineering through data-driven learning. First, we consider the function contracts inference problem, which aims to infer over which inputs a code function can be executed to get good behaviors only. We extend the constraint acquisition learning framework, notably solving one of its major flaws: the dependency on a human user. It leads to PreCA, the first black-box approach enjoying clear theoretical guarantees. It makes PreCA especially suitable for development uses. Second, we consider the deobfuscation problem, which aims to simplify obfuscated code. Our proposal, Xyntia, synthesizes code block semantics through S-metaheuristics to offer an understandable version of the code. Xyntia significantly improves the state-of-the-art in terms of robustness and speed. In addition, we propose the two first protections efficient against black-box deobfuscation
Furgeaud, Clarisse. „Effets cinétique et chimique lors des premiers stades de croissance de films minces métalliques : compréhension multi-échelle par une approche expérimentale et modélisation numérique“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2298.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis deals with the growth dynamics of thin metal films by magnetron sputtering and their correlation with film properties, such as residual stress, microstructure and surface morphology. Various in situ and real-time diagnostic tools (substrate curvature-MOSS, Optical surface reflectivity spectroscopy-SDRS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and electrical resistivity) were implemented. Coupling these investigations with ex situ characterization (HRTEM, STEM, DRX, XRR, EBSD) allows to understand the influence of kinetic and chemical effects (interfacial reactivity, alloying effect) on the early stages of growth (percolation and continuity) but also on the structural and morphological evolutions of high (Cu, Ag) and low (W) mobility metal films. A modeling approach was used for the case of Cu growth, where kinetic Monte Carlo atomistic simulations (kMC) give access to elementary growth mechanisms. This code, developed in-house to model the growth of thin films by magnetron sputtering, takes into account the specificities of this technique: angular and energetic distribution of the incident flux, energy deposition in (sub-)surface and evolution of the stress at grain boundaries. This coupling of experiments and modelling has demonstrated a complex interdependence of the deposition rate and energy deposition on the growth morphology and the intrinsic stress of Cu and Ag films. The stress level in these systems results from the competition of different atomic mechanisms. The kMC code shows that, in the absence of energetic particles, the compressive stress due to the diffusion of adatoms in the grain boundaries decreases with the deposition rate.In addition, the chemical effects studied comparatively in the Cu/Ge and Ag/Ge systems revealed a competition between interface energy, chemical reactivity and Ge segregation during growth. The growth mechanisms are different for both metals however, the presence of Ge (co-deposited or sublayer) leads to the same microstructural consequences, namely an improvement of the texture (111) and a decrease of grain size and surface roughness.Finally, this methodology applied to the growth of W-Si alloys showed that the critical thickness of the amorphous / crystal transition and the nucleation of either the or the phase strongly depends on the Si content
Saturnino, David. „Compréhension de la relation entre la structure physico-chimique et l’activité des catalyseurs d’HDS vieillis“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a major process of petroleum refining for sulphur removal, where CoMoS/Al2O3 is the typical catalyst. During the cycle of a HDS process, deactivation of the catalyst is attributed to three main causes: coke deposition (with loss of pore volume), metals deposition and segregation of the active phase. The aim of this work was to study the effect of coking and active phase changes on the deactivation of the HDS catalyst (of CoMoS/Al2O3 type) applied to the HDS of a diesel feed and find the key operating conditions to obtain a spent catalyst comparable to the industrial one. Accelerated aging tests have been performed with different feedstocks (different amounts of aromatics), hydrogen to oil ratio, duration and a pre-reduction treatment. After each test, catalysts have been characterized in terms of texture (BET and BJH methods), coke (Raman, IR, TPO, EPR, ToF-SIMS) and active phase (TEM/EDX, XPS, TPR). In terms of texture and coke, a high amount of aromatics on the feedstock and low hydrogen to oil ratio favor the formation of coke. In order to increase the organization of graphitic coke, we have proposed a longer test. In terms of active phase, a long duration, high hydrogen to oil ratio and a pre-reduction treatment favor loss of dispersion of sulphur and cobalt contents of the active phase and formation of cobalt sulfide agglomerates. Pre-reduction seems to be an effective treatment to simulate the exposure to high temperatures during a HDS cycle which results in segregation of the active phase, a fingerprint of an industrial spent HDS catalyst
Al-Msie'Deen, Ra'Fat. „Construction de lignes de produits logiciels par rétro-ingénierie de modèles de caractéristiques à partir de variantes de logiciels: l'approche REVPLINE“. Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015102.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLesieur, Vincent. „Invasion de la punaise américaine Leptoglossus occidentalis en Europe : une contribution à la compréhension des invasions fulgurantes“. Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2045/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring the last decades, biological invasions were observed to increase exponentially, at an unprecedented rate and magnitude, in direct relation with the human activities, especially globalization. In this context, some invasive species spread very quickly in the area of introduction. The European invasion of Leptoglossus occidentalis is a good example of this phenomenon. This study aimed at testing some hypotheses to explain the rapidity of this invasion. To reach this goal, we used a multidisciplinary approach combining population genetics (analyzing samples from native and invaded areas) with a study of biological and ecological characteristics of the invasive populations. Through the use of molecular markers and Bayesian methods (ABC), we confirmed previous suspicions and demonstrated that the European invasion proceeded from multiple introductions in distant geographic areas. Our results also indicated that a primarily invaded area of Eastern North America acted as a bridgehead for the invasion in Europe. Moreover, population genetics, combined with an experimental measurement of the bug flight capabilities using flight mills, revealed that the intrinsic capacities of dispersion of this species are particularly high. The environmental conditions of the newly invaded areas in Europe did not constitute a barrier to the invasion of L. occidentalis. Its high degree of polyphagy was confirmed on European conifers, quite all species being susceptible to be exploited, thus favoring population establishment. . Furthermore, this study highlights the ecological threat represented by this insect which can affect the native flora in Europe. Actually, bug damage which can be important, seems to be additive to those of native insects exploiting cone and seed resources, thus decreasing the potential of natural regeneration. This work contributes to improve knowledge on biological invasions, especially to understand the reasons underlying the rapid spread observed in some invasive species, and highlights phenomenon underestimated until recently such as the Bridgehead scenario
Lahdhiri, Ameni. „Compréhension des processus biologiques dans les bioréacteurs à membrane : choix d'un outil simplifié de simulation et identification des critères déterminant le contrôle des processus“. Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS109.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMembrane Bioreactors (MBR) as a combination of biological wastewater treatment and a membrane separation step, showed high performances for organic and nitrogen compounds removal. However, this technology has high running costs linked to energy consumption for aeration. The latter has to be provided for the biological activity and for the membrane scouring that reduces membrane fouling phenomena. In order to decrease these expenses, an MBR called autotrophic was set. It is marked by low organic loading rates due to a physicochemical treatment removing more than 60% of the initial organic matter amount. Mainly, the autotrophic MBR is dedicated to nitrogen removal that can be influenced by the shortage of the organic substrate, needed to achieve the denitrification process. The aim of this work is the investigation of the behavior of such system and the identification of most determining parameters. Experimental and modeling studies were carried out. Two steady state experimental campaigns were performed at different organic loading rates and solid retention times. They were followed by an experiment at transient state induced by the nitrogen loading rate rise. Obtained results proved that operation at a COD/N ratio as low as 4.5 did not hamper the denitrification efficiency. Those results were reinforced by a dynamic modeling study based on a model called ASM3s-SMP that was developed and calibrated using the experimental results. Membrane fouling analysis during experimental campaigns showed low fouling propensities compared to MBR operating at more common conditions (COD/N>10). The mechanical cleaning effect due to the addition of a granular material to the membrane module was found insignificant in the case of these operating conditions.A steady state modeling study helped determining mathematical expressions of different variables, yields and rates describing the system operation. After a validation step based on simulations with the use of the GPS-X®Hydromantis software, these expressions associated to different modeling approaches (simple model, ASM1 and ASM3) allowed pointing out the critical operating and kinetic criteria in addition to the minimum COD/N ratio required for a complete denitrification reaction
André, Laura. „Étude de verrous scientifiques et technologiques pour la compréhension et l’optimisation du procédé de méthanisation voie sèche discontinu de sous-produits d’origine agricole“. Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2279/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe dry anaerobic digestion (AD) process is an opportunity to develop the methanization in France. Agricultural waste is abundant in France. However, many scientific and technical locks are complex and must be solved to develop the dry anaerobic digestion process in France. In this work, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) method was adapted for solid waste no implying waste dilution or a high quantity of reagent. This COD method was available to monitor and manage the dry AD process. The study of acidification phase, a major lock of the dry AD process, showed that the storage condition and the origin of inoculum influence the capacity to manage this phase. The inoculum is a major parameter of the dry AD process. But, the inoculum is few studied.On another part of experiments concerned the water transfers studied on agricultural waste with a tracing method. The modeling of the elution curves to determine the diffusion and the convective transfers was made with a model with two Mobile-Immobile regions. The evolution of water transfers was studied during the AD cycle showing a decrease about the permeability of solid phase after the second peak of methane production. Thus, the inoculum passes on the board of solid phase. Two recirculations were tested allowing to obtain an improvement the methane production about 20 % after the AD cycle. The water transfers of these two recirculations modalities were identical after the AD cycle. The improvement of methane production occurred after the second peak of the methane production. Water and mass balances made showing that 36 % of organic matter was find in the digestat. Consequently, the process was not optimized. Others experiments modulating the immerged part of solid phase showed an improvement of the methane production about 13 % with the increasing of immerged part. This methane improvement was induced by the development of Methanosarcinaceae. The methanogens dynamics were studied in the liquid and solid phases during the AD process showing (i) a population transfer between the liquid phase to the solid phase, (ii) a hierarchy of hydrogenotrophs methanogens in the media, and (iii) a strong development of acetotrophs methanogens in the solid phase. In the final part, the electrical tomography was implemented in a dry AD batch at full scale (30 m3). This method was adapted to localize the liquid phase, the zones of methane potential and the degraded zones according to filling and the emptying protocols. This method can detect the “dead” zones of process in dry AD process.Though, experiments carried out at different scales and with different problematic and several methodologies were adapted to understand the dry AD process. Moreover, the optimization of dry AD process was finding to increase the methane production
Jridi, Jamel Eddine. „Formulation interactive des requêtes pour l’analyse et la compréhension du code source“. Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4856.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe propose an interactive querying approach for program analysis and comprehension tasks. In our approach, an analyst uses a set of basic filters (linguistic, structural, quantitative, and user selection) to define complex queries. These queries are built following an interactive and iterative process where basic filters are selected and executed, and their results displayed, changed, and combined using predefined operators. We evaluated our querying approach by implementing recent state-of-the-art contributions on feature location and design defect detection. Our results show that, in addition to be generic; our approach helps improving existing solutions implemented by fully-automated tools.
Abbes, Marwen. „An empirical study of the impact of two antipatterns on program comprehension“. Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4636.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAntipatterns are “poor” solutions to recurring design problems which are conjectured in the literature to make object-oriented systems harder to maintain. However, little quantitative evidence exists to support this conjecture. We performed an empirical study to investigate whether the occurrence of antipatterns does indeed affect the understandability of systems by developers during comprehension and maintenance tasks. We designed and conducted three experiments, each with 24 subjects, to collect data on the performance of these subjects on basic tasks related to program comprehension and assess the impact of two antipatterns and their combinations: Blob and Spaghetti Code. We measured the subjects’ performance with: (1) TLX (NASA task load index) for their effort; (2) the time that they spent performing their tasks; and, (3) their percentages of correct answers. The collected data shows that the occurrence of one antipattern does not significantly decrease developers’ performance while the combination of two antipatterns impedes developers significantly. We conclude that developers can cope with one antipattern but that combinations thereof should be avoided possibly through detection and refactorings.
Maiga, Abdou. „Impacts and Detection of Design Smells“. Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8878.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChanges are continuously made in the source code to take into account the needs of the customers and fix the faults. Continuous change can lead to antipatterns and code smells, collectively called “design smells” to occur in the source code. Design smells are poor solutions to recurring design or implementation problems, typically in object-oriented development. During comprehension and changes activities and due to the time-to-market, lack of understanding, and the developers’ experience, developers cannot always follow standard designing and coding techniques, i.e., design patterns. Consequently, they introduce design smells in their systems. In the literature, several authors claimed that design smells make object-oriented software systems more difficult to understand, more fault-prone, and harder to change than systems without such design smells. Yet, few of these authors empirically investigate the impact of design smells on software understandability and none of them authors studied the impact of design smells on developers’ effort. In this thesis, we propose three principal contributions. The first contribution is an empirical study to bring evidence of the impact of design smells on comprehension and change. We design and conduct two experiments with 59 subjects, to assess the impact of the composition of two Blob or two Spaghetti Code on the performance of developers performing comprehension and change tasks. We measure developers’ performance using: (1) the NASA task load index for their effort; (2) the time that they spent performing their tasks; and, (3) their percentages of correct answers. The results of the two experiments showed that two occurrences of Blob or Spaghetti Code design smells impedes significantly developers performance during comprehension and change tasks. The obtained results justify a posteriori previous researches on the specification and detection of design smells. Software development teams should warn developers against high number of occurrences of design smells and recommend refactorings at each step of the development to remove them when possible. In the second contribution, we investigate the relation between design smells and faults in classes from the point of view of developers who must fix faults. We study the impact of the presence of design smells on the effort required to fix faults, which we measure using three metrics: (1) the duration of the fixing period; (2) the number of fields and methods impacted by fault-fixes; and, (3) the entropy of the fault-fixes in the source code. We conduct an empirical study with 12 design smells detected in 54 releases of four systems: ArgoUML, Eclipse, Mylyn, and Rhino. Our results showed that the duration of the fixing period is longer for faults involving classes with design smells. Also, fixing faults in classes with design smells impacts more files, more fields, and more methods. We also observed that after a fault is fixed, the number of occurrences of design smells in the classes involved in the fault decreases. Understanding the impact of design smells on development effort is important to help development teams better assess and forecast the impact of their design decisions and therefore lead their effort to improve the quality of their software systems. Development teams should monitor and remove design smells from their software systems because they are likely to increase the change efforts. The third contribution concerns design smells detection. During maintenance and evolution tasks, it is important to have a tool able to detect design smells incrementally and iteratively. This incremental and iterative detection process could reduce costs, effort, and resources by allowing practitioners to identify and take into account occurrences of design smells as they find them during comprehension and change. Researchers have proposed approaches to detect occurrences of design smells but these approaches have currently four limitations: (1) they require extensive knowledge of design smells; (2) they have limited precision and recall; (3) they are not incremental; and (4) they cannot be applied on subsets of systems. To overcome these limitations, we introduce SMURF, a novel approach to detect design smells, based on a machine learning technique—support vector machines—and taking into account practitioners’ feedback. Through an empirical study involving three systems and four design smells, we showed that the accuracy of SMURF is greater than that of DETEX and BDTEX when detecting design smells occurrences. We also showed that SMURF can be applied in both intra-system and inter-system configurations. Finally, we reported that SMURF accuracy improves when using practitioners’ feedback.
Beaudry, Marie-Christine. „Recherche théorique sur le rôle de l'interprétation dans la lecture littéraire en contexte scolaire“. Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18267.
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