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Rahman, Rahnuma, und Supriyo Bandyopadhyay. „The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 12 (17.06.2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125590.
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Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.
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Gohil, S. „POS0626 MONEY MATTERS: ASSESSING THE VALUE OF THE ADALIMUMAB BIOSIMILAR SWITCH FOR RHEUMATOLOGY PATIENTS“. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19.05.2021): 551.2–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2566.
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Background:The adalimumab biosimilar switch plan, actioned 2018-19 was one of the most complex of all biologic switches across several specialties. Non-medical switches are considered to ensure the best value medicines are prescribed for patients in line with NICE Technology Appraisals.Objectives:This 2 year follow up review explores the value of the switch for Rheumatology (R) patients in comparison to two other major specialisms; Dermatology (R) and Gastroenterology (G).Methods:403 homecare (HC) patients had been identified as eligible for switch to a citrate containing biosimilar (R;189, G;176, D;38) between April-December 2019. 35 hospital FP10 patients receiving the citrate-free originator biologic were also identified for switch to the citrate containing biosimilar and prescription processing via HC (R; 24, G; 9, D;2). Biosimilar switch information was communicated via patient letters/clinic reviews. FP10 patients also received remote pharmacist telephone support, as part of a PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality improvement pilot. Data in regard to switch refusal, treatment cessation, withheld treatment and patient satisfaction ratings for pharmacist phonecalls (1 = unsatisfactory, 5=very satisfied) was documented.Results:235/403 HC patients successfully switched (R;99, G;107, D;29). 64/403 HC patients switched back to the originator (R;47, G;12; D;5). Of the 64 switch back HC patients; 52% = reported lack of efficacy; 27% = injection site pain and 21% = various other factors such as blepharitis, insomnia and hair loss. 38/403 HC patients refused the switch and remained on the originator biologic (R;11, G;27, D;0). 31/403 HC patients switched to an alternative biologic (R;19, G;9, D;3). 32/403 HC patients stopped treatment (R;13, G;19, D;0). Treatment was withheld for 3/403 HC patients (R;0, G;2, D;1). 100% of FP10 patients switched to HC. 31/35 FP10 patients switched to the biosimilar (R; 22, G; 7, D; 2). 3/31 patients switched back to the originator due to lack of efficacy or side effects. 4 patients refused the switch to biosimilar (R;3, G;1, D;0). 89% of patients were very satisfied with the pharmacist telephone support.Conclusion:In summary, 58% of all eligible HC patients switched in comparison to 89% of FP10 patients who received pharmacist telephone support; total cost saving following HC and FP10 switch = £270,000. Rheumatology demonstrated the least success in HC switching (52%) and the highest HC switch back figure (25%). Injection site pain and subjective lack of efficacy appear to be the main reasons for ongoing switch backs. The PDSA project demonstrates that a thorough pharmacist assessment of patient concerns in rationalising the use of a biologic agent versus biosimilar can be valuable for patients. Further cost effective adalimumab biosimilars have recently been launched. This seminal review emphasises the ongoing need for robust critical appraisals of biosimilars, with consideration for both clinical and cost effective parameters, before establishing their placement in treatment pathways.Acknowledgements:Mark Easter, UHCW and Interim Integrated Care System Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team and UHCW Specialist Rheumatology, Gastroenterology and Dermatology Clinical Teams.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Gadzhanova, Svetla, Elizabeth E. Roughead und Lisa G. Pont. „Antidepressant switching patterns in the elderly“. International Psychogeriatrics 30, Nr. 9 (30.01.2018): 1365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002964.
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ABSTRACTBackground:Switching between antidepressants is complex due to potential adverse outcomes such as serotonin syndrome and antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, yet switching is often required due to non-response to initial treatment. This study aimed to examine the patterns and extent of antidepressant switching in a cohort of older adults in long-term residential care.Methods:A cohort study of medication supply data from 6011 aged care residents in 60 long-term care facilities was conducted. Incident antidepressant users were followed for 12 months and their patterns of antidepressant use determined. The type of switching from and to different antidepressant classes was determined according to National and International recommendations for antidepressant switching.Results:In total, 11% (n = 44) of the residents were initiated on an antidepressant medication (n = 402) switched to a different antidepressant agent within 12 months. Residents commenced on a SNRI or TCA were most likely to switch antidepressants (17% in each group). Almost half of the switches (n = 21, 48% of all switches) were not implemented according to guideline recommendations. Direct switch and taper followed by wash out and switch, accounted for all of the inappropriate switching (29% and 71%, respectfully), with half occurring to mirtazapine (N = 7) or from mirtazapine (N = 3).Conclusions:Over one in 10 long-term aged care residents who commence an antidepressant will switch to a different antidepressant within 12 months. Current antidepressant switching practices in long-term residential aged care may be increasing the risk of harm associated with antidepressant switching, with around half of all switches not following current guideline recommendations.
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Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky und V. S. Podlazov. „The method for constructing fault-tolerant photonic switches for high-performance computing systems“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012032.
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Abstract In this paper the new type of fault-tolerant non-blocking photonic switch is presented for the first time. The proposed switch architecture is based on quasi-complete graph topology which use provides non-blocking and fault-tolerant switching process. The new two-stage switch architecture uses the stage of dual photonic switches and pairs of photonic demultiplexers and multiplexers which have been described in detail by authors in their previous works. Depending on the number of different backup connections, the two types of fault-tolerant pho-tonic switches are considered in this paper: single-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch and dual-channel fault-tolerant photonic switch. The mathematical expressions for calculating the switching and fiber complexities of these two types of fault-tolerant photonic switches are also presented here for the first time. The numerical calculations shown that the increasing the reliability of the fault-tolerant photonic switches twice leads to an increasing their switching complexity in 1.4 times and fiber complexity in 1.8 times.
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Zhen, Qihui, und Qingyun Di. „Soft-Switching Technology of Three-Phase Six-Switch PFC Rectifier“. Energies 13, Nr. 19 (02.10.2020): 5130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195130.
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An active clamp, three-phase, six-switch power factor correction rectifier with a one-cycle controller is proposed, which can effectively suppress the reverse recovery of the reverse parallel diode of the bridge arm switch and reduce the reverse recovery loss. The main switches and auxiliary switch are both zero-voltage switches. It works in a fixed switching frequency and low power stress during the switching period. The specific working process and control circuit are analyzed in detail, and the model simulation is carried out. The experimental platform of a 2.5 KW prototype, with a complete test and verification of the soft switch technology proposed in this paper, was set up in the laboratory.
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Harrell, Morgan, Daniel Fabbri und Mia Levy. „Analysis of Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Practice From Electronic Health Record Data of Patients With Breast Cancer“. JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics, Nr. 1 (November 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/cci.16.00044.
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Purpose Adjuvant endocrine therapy is a long-term drug therapy prescribed to prevent recurrence of hormone receptor–positive breast cancer. Data on adjuvant endocrine therapy are reported though clinical trials, which may differ from treatment practice and outcomes in the general population of patients with breast cancer. With secondary use of electronic health record (EHR) data, we summarize adjuvant endocrine treatment practice and outcomes in real-world settings. Methods We analyzed treatment data derived from EHR data on 1,587 patients with stage I to III breast cancer at a National Cancer Institute–designated comprehensive cancer center to learn the frequencies of real-world adjuvant endocrine drug switches and discontinuation and to explore the potential cause for drug switches and discontinuation from medical records. We measured rates of drug use, drug switches, early drug discontinuation, adverse events, recurrence, and death. We also measured adverse events and change in menopause status as potential causes for drug switch and discontinuation. Results Within the study population, approximately 49% of patients were lost to follow-up or did not complete adjuvant treatment through 5 years. Fifty-two percent of patients switched to a different endocrine therapy drug during their treatment. We found that age is correlated with drug switches and that adverse events are correlated with drug switches and discontinuation. We also found that patients who switched to an alternative endocrine therapy during treatment were more likely to complete 5 years of treatment. Conclusion This study describes long-term adjuvant endocrine treatment in real-world settings and demonstrates the ability to leverage longitudinal EHR data to characterize oral medication treatment patterns in patients with cancer.
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Painchaud, M., S. Singh und R. M. Penner. „A147 SIMILAR OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS SWITCHED TO INFLIXIMAB BIOSIMILARS COMPARED TO THOSE REMAINING ON REMICADE IN A BRITISH COLUMBIA INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE PRACTICE“. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 5, Supplement_1 (21.02.2022): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwab049.146.
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Abstract Background In 2019 the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) launched an initiative to switch inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients on the infliximab originator, Remicade, to biosimilars Inflectra or Renflexis. Evidence shows that such switches can be made without compromising efficacy or safety of treatment. Aims We examined results in a large IBD practice, with the hypothesis that patients required to switch to a biosimilar would have similar remission rates to those who remained on Remicade. Methods A total of 113 patients were included in this retrospective chart study. 80 of these were switched to biosimilars and were compared with 33 who remained on Remicade based on availability of private or compassionate coverage. Individual patient timelines were created, the start set as when the mandated switch was discussed. Data was collected retrospectively for 6 months. Outcomes included remission status, occurrence of flares, adverse events, hospitalizations, and necessity of dosage or drug change. Results Pre-switch, 49 of the 113 patients were in complete remission on Remicade (43.4%). 27% of the Remicade patients and 28.8% of the biosimilar patients remained in complete remission throughout follow up (p=0.87). Of the patients who began the study in complete remission, similar numbers of patients in the Remicade and biosimilar groups experienced flares (11.1% vs 27.5%; p=0.3); adverse events (33.3% vs 25%; p=0.61) and hospitalizations (0% vs 5.0%; p=0.49) respectively. 6.1% of patients beginning the trial in complete remission required a change in medication after the switch, all of which were in the biosimilar group (0% vs 7.5%; p=0.39). Among all 113 patients in the study, there was a numerical difference between the Remicade group and biosimilar group of patients who required a change in medication to another biologic. While clinically important, this was not statistically significant (0% vs 8.8%; p=0.08). Other clinical outcomes were similar between Remicade and biosimilar patients in the full group of 113 patients. Conclusions IBD patients remaining on Remicade or switching to biosimilars demonstrated similar patient outcomes after a 6-month period. Funding Agencies None
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Szurek, P., J. Petrini und W. Dunnick. „Complete nucleotide sequence of the murine gamma 3 switch region and analysis of switch recombination sites in two gamma 3-expressing hybridomas.“ Journal of Immunology 135, Nr. 1 (01.07.1985): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.135.1.620.
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Abstract The heavy chain isotype switch is mediated by a DNA rearrangement between a donor switch region (usually mu) and a recipient switch region (gamma, epsilon, or alpha). Switch regions lie upstream of the appropriate heavy chain constant region gene and are composed of simple sequences repeated in tandem. It is not known to what extent the tandemly repeated sequences are important to the heavy chain switch recombination, and to what extent other features of switch region sequences might contribute to the switch process. We studied switches to the gamma 3 isotype by sequencing the entire gamma 3 switch region. This switch region is composed of forty-four 49 base pair units repeated in tandem. These repeated units share modest homology with the mu switch region repeated elements. Evolution of the gamma 3 switch region seems to involve insertions and deletions of the 49mer elements. We also molecularly cloned rearranged switch regions from two gamma 3-expressing hybridomas and determined the DNA sequences at the mu-gamma 3 recombination sites. We located these switch recombination sites within the germ-line gamma 3 switch region, as well as switch recombination sites from two myelomas. All four sites are found in the 5' one-third of the gamma 3 switch region. We discuss some additional trends in the sequence data near these four recombination sites.
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Benavides-Córdoba, Santiago, Anamaría Romero-Carvajal, Nicolas Muñoz-Galeano, Juan Bernardo Cano-Quintero und Jesús María López-Lezama. „Deduction and Application of the Average Switch Model in Power Electronic Devices for Simulation Time Reduction“. Ingeniería 29, Nr. 1 (17.01.2024): e21303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/23448393.21303.
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Context: Time is a crucial issue in the simulation of power electronics (PE) devices, even more when these elements are integrated into microgrids.Method: This paper deals with the deduction of the average switch model for PE devices with the purpose of reducing simulation times. For doing this, the average model is only applied over the power switches of PE devices, not being applied over the complete topology as traditionally done. The proposed average model switch permits eliminating the ripple of voltage and currents but keeping the transient of the signals. The average model switch is derived for Boost and Buck converter switches and then generalized to power inverter switches. The proposed approach is validated using OpenModelica software.Results: A system featuring a battery, a DC/DC converter, and an inverter connected to the power grid was simulated. A comparison was performed between a simulation that considers the power switches and a simulation that uses the proposed average model switch, the time simulation was reduced up to 99.788 %, which validates the proposed approach.Conclusions: The proposed average switch model significantly reduces simulation times. This method offers a promising way to streamline power electronics device simulations, particularly in the context of microgrids and other applications where time efficiency is critical.
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Su, Yinsheng, Qian Ma, Haicheng Yao, Lei Shao und Shujun Yao. „Research on simultaneous switch and multiple switch processing methods“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2728, Nr. 1 (01.03.2024): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2728/1/012055.
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Abstract In the simulation of complex power electronic equipment containing multiple power electronic switches, it is often encountered that the same switch occurs several times in one step, or there are multiple switch actions in one step, that is, multiple switches. When the switching event occurs between two moments, because the voltage value can only be updated at the end of the simulation step, there is a cumulative error in the current obtained by the integration. In traditional electromagnetic transient simulation, the interpolation algorithm and its deformation are commonly used to solve this problem. However, due to the complexity of the conventional interpolation algorithm, it will seriously affect the efficiency in large-scale power grid simulation, and can only be applied to offline simulation, which cannot meet the needs of real-time simulation. In this paper, a method is presented to deal with synchronous switches and multiple switches, which can reliably solve the problem of synchronous switches and multiple switches encountered in real-time simulation of complex power electronic systems.
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Gillies, C. B., J. Kuspira und R. N. Bhambhani. „Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. IV. Synaptonemal complex formation in autotetraploids“. Genome 29, Nr. 2 (01.04.1987): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-051.
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Electron microscopy of synaptonemal complex spreads from autotetraploid Triticum monococcum (2n = 4x = 28) revealed a minimum mean of 3.59 multivalents per zygotene–pachytene nucleus. The range of values was from 1 to 6 multivalents per nucleus. Most of the multivalents were quadrivalents with single, medially located pairing partner switch points. Lateral element pairing switches, particularly the few multiple switches, were often accompanied by extensive asynapsis around the switch point. The synaptonemal complex multivalent frequency is considerably higher than the metaphase I quadrivalent frequency previously reported for the same material. Calculations of expected pachytene quadrivalent frequency from metaphase I data, using several published theoretical models, gave values that did not agree with the results obtained here. The difference between the multivalent frequencies at pachytene and metaphase I does not appear to be the result of a correction process. Instead, it could be caused by a combination of preferential pairing or crossing-over and the effects of the position of partner switches and asynapsis associated with switches. Key words: autotetraploid, multivalents, synaptonemal complex, pairing effects.
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Ritter, T. E., S. A. Mehta und L. J. Van Anglen. „P483 Patient-reported quality of life, anxiety, and depression associated with switching originator infliximab to biosimilar“. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (01.01.2022): i450—i451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.610.
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Abstract Background Non-medical switching from biologics to biosimilars is becoming increasingly common. Previous studies have demonstrated efficacy and safety of switching originator to biosimilar infliximab in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Limited data exist on patient-reported quality of life (QOL) and possible emotional duress associated with these switches. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of non-medical switches to infliximab biosimilars on QOL, anxiety, and depression. Methods This was a retrospective review of all IBD patients switched from originator to infliximab biosimilar at a large multicenter gastroenterology private practise in Texas. Patients were asked to complete standardised questionnaires on a quarterly basis beginning 3/2021, concurrent with large US payor policy changes mandating non-medical biosimilar switches. The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ) was used to assess disease-specific QOL. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to determine anxiety and depression. All questionnaires through 10/2021 were collected and designated as “pre” or “post” based on the date of the patient’s non-medical switch to infliximab biosimilar. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare scores. We also performed subset analyses on patients with both “pre” and “post” questionnaires with paired t-test. Results From 3/2021 to 10/2021, a total of 81 questionnaires were submitted by 54 patients who underwent non-medical switches to an infliximab biosimilar. 30 questionnaires were submitted prior to (“pre”) and 51 questionnaires were submitted after (“post”) the non-medical switch. Median “pre” SIBDQ score was 58 (IQR 53–63). Median “pre” HADS-Anxiety and HADS-Depression score were 3.5 (IQR 1–6) and 1 (IQR 0–5), respectively. As shown in Figure 1, “post” scores were unchanged [SIBDQ 59 (IQR 54–63); HADS-Anxiety 3 (IQR 1–7); HADS-Depression 2 (IQR 1–4)]. Subset analyses included 14 patients who submitted both “pre” and “post” questionnaires. Similarly, no significant changes were observed [Figure 2]. Conclusion Non-medical switches to infliximab biosimilar did not affect QOL or mental health. To our knowledge, this is the first biosimilar switch study to incorporate anxiety and depression measures. These relationships should continue to be assessed.
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Agarwal, Rupali, Neelam Srivastava und Himanshu Katiyar. „Theoretical Investigation of Different Diversity Combining Techniques in Cognitive Radio“. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 3 (28.09.2018): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.124618.
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In this paper, the performance of an energy detector in cognitive radio, using different diversity combining techniques, is evaluated. Among many diversity combining techniques, maximal ratio combining (MRC) gives the best results but at the cost of the highest complexity. To design a simpler receiver, it is suggested to use less complex combining techniques, i.e. switched diversity, which provides one of the least complex solutions to combat fading. The paper analyzes two switched diversity schemes, switch examine combining (SEC), and switch examine combining with post examining selection (SECp). A closed form expression determining the probability of detection using MRC, SEC and SECp is derived for various numbers of branches. Detection performance with different diversity combining techniques is compared and the complexity trade-off is observed.
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Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky und V. S. Podlazov. „High-capacity strictly non-blocking optical switches based on new dual principle“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012040.
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Abstract In this paper the new dual principle of designing high-capacity strictly non-blocking optical switches is presented for the first time. The new type of switches with decentralized control based on the dual principle has been developed for the first time too. In accordance with the scheme topology this type of switching system was called as the quasi-complete dual switch. It also is analysed the optical signals minimal transmission time that provide the non-blocking property of the new schemes. For the circuit and link complexity calculations the accurate analytical expressions are obtained for the first time. The numerical investigation shows that the proposed schemes significantly benefit in comparison with the well-known switches, for example, the crossbar and Clos schemes. The results of comparing of the dual switch and other types of self-routing switches throughput show an obvious advantage of the proposed scheme. It also is shown that the offered switch type can be considered as a perspective for high-capacity strictly non-blocking optical systems. Indeed, the strictly non-blocking property, the scalability, high throughput, and the decentralized control are the main advantages of offered switches.
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Mao, Jianbin, Micheal Johnson, Jeffrey Mcpheeters, Girish Prajapati und Andrew Beyer. „Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs Associated with Switching First-line Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-infected Patients in the United States“. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S435—S436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1101.
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Abstract Background Initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) is modified for non-virologic failure reasons in many patients, and the healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs associated with these switches in the real world is not well understood. Methods Administrative claims data from the Optum Research and Impact National Benchmark Databases were utilized. Adult patients (≥18 years) with HIV-1 diagnosis code, and claim for an anchor agent of the protease inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class in first-line ART between July 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015 were identified (see Figure 1 for addl. criteria). Patients with a claim for an anchor agent (PI or NNRTI) different from that in first-line ART were defined as switchers, with index date as date of first claim for new anchor agent. Switchers were matched to patients who did not switch (non-switchers) at 1:3 ratio using propensity score matching on patient and first-line ART characteristics. For non-switchers, date following corresponding duration of first-line ART in matched switcher was assigned as index date. Per-patient-per-month (PPPM) all-cause HRU and costs (US$) during switch period (±15 days of index date) were compared descriptively. Results 11,302 patients met study criteria. After matching, switcher (1,204) and non-switcher (3,612) groups were comparable on mean age (41.9 vs. 41.7 years), percent male (85.8% vs. 82.6%), percent commercial enrollee (96.0% vs. 95.8%), mean Quan-Charlson comorbidity index score (both 0.4), and mean ART pill burden (both 2.2) with standard difference less than absolute value of 10%. During switch period, switchers had higher mean PPPM ambulatory visits (2.30 vs. 1.26), emergency room visits (0.12 vs. 0.06), inpatient stays (0.04 vs. 0.01), and pharmacy fills (4.52 vs. 3.01) than non-switchers (all P < 0.001). Switchers also incurred greater mean PPPM costs during switch than non-switchers, with an additional $2,261/month total cost, and $1,031/month pharmacy cost (Figure 2). Conclusion The study gives a more complete view of the burden of switching initial ART with pharmacy costs driving this burden. Assuming some patients will switch regardless of the regimen selected, less expensive initial ART could reduce this burden further. Disclosures M. Johnson, Merk & Co: Research Contractor, research funded by Merk; J. Mcpheeters, Merck & Co.: Research Contractor, Sarary from Optum; G. Prajapati, Merck & Co., Inc.: Employee, Salary; A. Beyer, Merck & Co., Inc: Employee and Shareholder, Salary
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Fu, Wenwen, Tao Li und Zhigang Sun. „FAS: Using FPGA to Accelerate and Secure SDN Software Switches“. Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5650205.
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Software-Defined Networking (SDN) promises the vision of more flexible and manageable networks but requires certain level of programmability in the data plane to accommodate different forwarding abstractions. SDN software switches running on commodity multicore platforms are programmable and are with low deployment cost. However, the performance of SDN software switches is not satisfactory due to the complex forwarding operations on packets. Moreover, this may hinder the performance of real-time security on software switch. In this paper, we analyze the forwarding procedure and identify the performance bottleneck of SDN software switches. An FPGA-based mechanism for accelerating and securing SDN switches, named FAS (FPGA-Accelerated SDN software switch), is proposed to take advantage of the reconfigurability and high-performance advantages of FPGA. FAS improves the performance as well as the capacity against malicious traffic attacks of SDN software switches by offloading some functional modules. We validate FAS on an FPGA-based network processing platform. Experiment results demonstrate that the forwarding rate of FAS can be 44% higher than the original SDN software switch. In addition, FAS provides new opportunity to enhance the security of SDN software switches by allowing the deployment of bump-in-the-wire security modules (such as packet detectors and filters) in FPGA.
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Zhan, Zhuozhao, Geertruida H. de Bock und Edwin R. van den Heuvel. „Statistical methods for unidirectional switch designs: Past, present, and future“. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27, Nr. 9 (26.01.2017): 2872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280216689280.
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Clinical trials may apply or use a sequential introduction of a new treatment to determine its efficacy or effectiveness with respect to a control treatment. The reasons for choosing a particular switch design have different origins. For instance, they may be implemented for ethical or logistic reasons or for studying disease-modifying effects. Large-scale pragmatic trials with complex interventions often use stepped wedge designs (SWDs), where all participants start at the control group, and during the trial, the control treatment is switched to the new intervention at different moments. They typically use cross-sectional data and cluster randomization. On the other hand, new drugs for inhibition of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease typically use delayed start designs (DSDs). Here, participants start in a parallel group design and at a certain moment in the trial, (part of) the control group switches to the new treatment. The studies are longitudinal in nature, and individuals are being randomized. Statistical methods for these unidirectional switch designs (USD) are quite complex and incomparable, and they have been developed by various authors under different terminologies, model specifications, and assumptions. This imposes unnecessary barriers for researchers to compare results or choose the most appropriate method for their own needs. This paper provides an overview of past and current statistical developments for the USDs (SWD and DSD). All designs are formulated in a unified framework of treatment patterns to make comparisons between switch designs easier. The focus is primarily on statistical models, methods of estimation, sample size calculation, and optimal designs for estimation of the treatment effect. Other relevant open issues are being discussed as well to provide suggestions for future research in USDs.
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Reising, John M., und David C. Hartsock. „Advanced Warning/Caution/Advisory Displays for Fighter Aircraft“. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, Nr. 2 (Oktober 1989): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903300214.
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The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using color cathode ray tube (CRT) checklists and programmable multifunction switches to display warning/caution/advisory (W/C/A) information. This study compared three different display formats on speed and accuracy of recognition and execution of emergency procedures. The following three different W/C/A formats were tested: 1) Abbreviated title of the emergency written on a CRT [e.g., ELEC SYS/MAIN GEN], with the pilot using his knee pad checklist to complete the required steps, 2) Complete title with the checklist shown on a CRT, [e.g., MAIN GENERATOR FAILURE/ELEC RESET SWITCH- DEPRESS], and 3) Complete title with the checklist plus the pictorial switch layout, [i.e., CRT showing location of switch to be pressed.] Results showed that there is a definite advantage in using a CRT W/C/A checklist. Event time for the Abbreviated Title/Manual Checklist was significantly longer than either the Complete Title/CRT Checklist or the Complete Title/CRT Checklist with pictorials. However, there was no difference in event time between the latter two.
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Li, Wenjie, Yiping Gong und Bin Liu. „Performance Evaluation of Crossbar Switch Fabrics in Core Routers“. Journal of Interconnection Networks 04, Nr. 02 (Juni 2003): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265903000805.
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Many researchers have pointed out that using complex scheduling algorithms in input queuing switches with virtual output queuing (VOQ) scheme can achieve 100% throughput. But these algorithms are too complex to be implemented in hardware. In this paper, based on combined input/output queuing (CIOQ) switch fabrics, we propose a simple scheduling algorithm named outlet priority round robin (OPRR). For synthetic workloads we consider, including uniform and bursty traffic models, the performance of OPRR in VOQ mode and single queue mode is evaluated respectively. Through the simulation results we show that 1) OPRR algorithm, coupled with the speedup of 2, can lead to performance very close to output queuing switches, and 2) under the same condition, OPRR algorithm in single queue mode behaves almost identically to VOQ mode. These results are very useful to direct the design and implementation of switch fabrics in core routers.
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Hagan, Iain M., und Agnes Grallert. „Spatial control of mitotic commitment in fission yeast“. Biochemical Society Transactions 41, Nr. 6 (20.11.2013): 1766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20130190.
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The activation of the Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)–cyclin B complex to promote commitment to mitosis is controlled by the phosphorylation status of the Cdk1 catalytic subunit. Cdk1 phosphorylation by Wee1 kinases blocks activation until Cdc25 (cell division cycle 25) phosphatases remove this phosphate to drive division. Feedback inhibition of Wee1 and promotion of Cdc25 activities by the newly activated Cdk1–cyclin B complexes ensure that the transition from interphase to mitosis is a rapid and complete bi-stable switch. Although this level of molecular understanding of the mitotic commitment switch has been clear for over two decades, it is still unclear how the switch is engaged to promote division at the right time for a particular context. We discuss recent work in fission yeast that shows how the spatial organization of signalling networks, in particular events on the centrosome equivalent, the spindle pole body, plays a key role in ensuring that the timing of cell division is coupled to environmental cues.
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Promponas, Panagiotis, V´ctor Valls und Leandros Tassiulas. „Quantum Switch Scheduling for Information Qubits“. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 51, Nr. 2 (28.09.2023): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3626570.3626598.
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This paper studies the problem of designing a scheduling policy for a quantum switch that teleports information qubits. The problem is analogous to scheduling photons in highspeed optical switches, with the difference that an optical switch is modeled as a bipartite graph instead of a complete graph. The paper's contributions are to model the problem of designing a scheduling policy as decomposing a symmetric doubly stochastic matrix, and to show that we can use Birkhoff's algorithm to obtain such a decomposition.
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Amelin, Sergey, Marina Arkad'evna Amelina, Sergey Vladimirovich Drozdetsky und Igor Vladimirovich Yakimenko. „MODEL OF SWITCH-CONTROLLED PWM STRUCTURE FOR ANALYSIS OF PULSE VOLTAGE CONVERTERS WITH ARBITRARY TOPOLOGY“. Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2021, Nr. 4 (29.10.2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2021-4-45-57.
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The article considers the problems of analyzing DC-DC voltage converters and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, as well as the scope of full switched and averaged continuous models of the converters. The feasibility of using the complex of two models (full switch model and averaged continuous model) for analyzing their operation is proved. The general approach to the construction of continuous models of DC-DC voltage converters based on state-space averaging method is considered. Disadvantages of the averaged models using a classic approach are shown. The relevance of the development of universal continuous models of DC-DC converters is substantiated. The possibility of creating such models using averaged models of PWM switching structure included in the DC-DC voltage converter is shown. Analyzed the typical structure of the switch-mode power supply with feedback. An averaged model of the switching structure is proposed, basing on which continuous models of DC-DC converters with any topology can be built. The processes occurring in this switching structure in the mode of continuous and discontinuous choke current are analyzed. A method for constructing continuous models of the main types of DC-DC voltage converters based on switching structure averaged model is proposed. The adequacy of continuous models obtained by this method has been proven. The results of modeling transients on the continuous and full switch models for inverting voltage regulator are demonstrated. The possibility of accounting in the model of active resistances of switches and cumulative choke is shown. The possibility of using the proposed model to obtain the open loop transfer functions is demonstrated, in particular, the characteristics of the duty factor - output voltage. These transfer functions can be used to synthesize control system compensating circuits of the switch-mode power supply. The possibility of using a single generalized averaged model of the switching structure to build continuous models of converters with complex topology using both the Voltage Mode and Current Mode is shown. This creates prerequisites for developing a universal averaged continuous model for DC-DC converter based on this principle
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Hashemi, Babak, Teresa Crisci, Mohamed Mameri, Stefano Vergari, Fabrizio Gradassi, Maurizio Casalino und Francesco Giuseppe Della Corte. „Design and Simulation of a silicon electro-optic microring switch with a graphene modulating layer“. EPJ Web of Conferences 309 (2024): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430901005.
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This paper presents a comprehensive simulation study on the design and simulation of an electro-optic ring switch utilizing graphene material. The switch employs the electrically Tunable Refractive Index by graphene to modulate the transmission characteristics within a ring resonator structure. By applying an electrical voltage ranging from -6 to -10V, significant changes are noticed in the output ports' transmission characteristics. In particular, the transmission through the output ports varies between 81% to 18% for output port n.1 and 21% to 83%for output port no.2, proving that signal propagation can be effectively controlled and manipulated. In addition to demonstrating the electro-absorption capabilities of graphene, this study explores the complex mechanics involved in the switching process. The relationship between the applied voltage and the optical characteristics of graphene is clarified by thorough simulations, providing insight into the switch's dynamic behavior. Furthermore, the efficiency, response time, and Electrical bandwidth of the device are discussed, offering a glimpse into its possible use in photonic integrated circuits and telecommunications. Overall, this study not only unveils the promising prospects of graphene-based electro-optic ring switches but also contributes to advancing the understanding of novel materials for next-generation photonic devices.
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Zhang, Hanting. „CAD-Assisted 3D Assembly of Automobile Electrical Switch considering PSO-BP Neural Network Algorithm“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2022 (05.05.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6454942.
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The installation of automotive electrical switches is a complex three-dimensional space assembly project which has high requirements for installation accuracy. In order to improve the installation effect of automotive electrical switches, this paper applies the PSO-BP neural network algorithm to automotive electrical switches and integrates PSO and ELM algorithms. The training speed of the ELM model is fast, the model generalizes the data well, and the noise data have little effect on the model. Moreover, this article combines simulation research to evaluate the effect of this algorithm. After confirming the performance of the effect, this paper uses a case study to study the effect of the application of the PSO-BP neural network algorithm to the automotive electrical switch. The research results show that the CAD-assisted 3D assembly system of automobile electrical switch considering PSO-BP neural network algorithm has a good effect.
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Feng, Jiacheng, Jun Ma, ZaiYan Gong, Di Kang und Chao Wang. „Design of Multi-threshold Acceleration Switch Based on Matlab“. MATEC Web of Conferences 232 (2018): 04026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823204026.
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Acceleration switch can trigger switches according to the variation of external acceleration without complex control system and circuit. With the excellent characteristics of integration of sensor and actuator, zero power consumption and high reliability, multi-threshold acceleration switch has great application value in the fields of vehicle safety, aerospace and industrial equipment. In order to reduce the complexity of the measurement system and improve the reliability, we realized the design of a multi-threshold and anti-overloading acceleration switch which can distinguish specific pulse width. Additionally, the magnetic elastic contact is designed to prevent the rebound phenomenon when switch is overloaded. Considering the coupling force of spring, magnetic elastic contact and magnetic, we built the dynamic model and analysed the influence of the acceleration threshold and the pulse width on the switch actuation. The numerical simulation shows that the proposed switch has accurate sensitivity of acceleration excitation with specific threshold and certain pulse width, and it also has the ability of anti-overload. Consequently, the proposed method provides a new method for designing acceleration switch.
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He, Bo, Yong Yuan, Jie Ren, Wenzhong Lou, Hengzhen Feng, Mingrong Zhang, Sining Lv und Wenting Su. „A High-Functional-Density Integrated Inertial Switch for Super-Quick Initiation and Reliable Self-Destruction of a Small-Caliber Projectile Fuze“. Micromachines 14, Nr. 7 (05.07.2023): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071377.
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With the aim of achieving the combat technical requirements of super-quick (SQ) initiation and reliable self-destruction (SD) of a small-caliber projectile fuze, this paper describes a high-functional-density integrated (HFDI) inertial switch based on the “ON-OFF” state transition (i.e., almost no terminal ballistic motion). The reliable state switching of the HFDI inertial switch is studied via elastic–plastic mechanics and verified via both simulations and experiments. The theoretical and simulation results indicate that the designed switch can achieve the “OFF-ON” state transition in the internal ballistic system, and the switch can achieve the “ON-OFF” state transition in the simulated terminal ballistic system within 8 μs or complete the “ON-OFF” state transition as the rotary speed sharply decreases. The experimental results based on the anti-target method show the switch achieves the “ON-OFF” state transition on the μs scale, which is consistent with the simulation results. Compared with the switches currently used in small-caliber projectile fuzes, the HFDI inertial switch integrates more functions and reduces the height by about 44%.
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Suppadungsuk, Supawadee, Purim Janepiriyaprayoon und Somnuek Sungkanuparph. „Recovery of renal function after early versus late switching of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in people living with HIV with renal insufficiency“. International Journal of STD & AIDS 33, Nr. 4 (10.02.2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624221076632.
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Background Although many guidelines recommend switching tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to other antiretroviral agents if there is a progressive decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) not explained by other causes, a definite cut-point of the eGFR for TDF switching is not known. Methods A cohort study was conducted among people living with HIV (PLHIV) who switched from TDF to other agents due to declined eGFR. Participants were categorized according to the eGFR at TDF switching: early-switch (eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and late-switch (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) groups. Binary logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with complete recovery of renal function. Results Of 141 participants, mean age was 54.2 ± 12.2 years and 74.5% were male. Median duration of TDF use was 5.2 years. Mean eGFR at the time of TDF switching was 72.4 ± 13.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the early-switch group and 47.0 ± 14.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the late-switch group. Six months after TDF switching, mean eGFR significantly increased to 84.2 ± 13.5 ( p = .001) and 58.5 ± 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 ( p < .001) in early-switch and late-switch groups, respectively. At 12 months after TDF switching, 44.4% of participants in early-switch group and 2.3% of participants in late-switch group had eGFR recovery to ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 ( p < .001). Multivariate analysis showed that only early switching (vs late switching) of TDF was associated with complete recovery of renal function at 12 months after TDF switching [OR, 7.542; 95% CI, 2.441–11.119; p = .028]. Conclusions In PLHIV with TDF-associated renal insufficiency, eGFR significantly recovers after switching TDF to other agents. Early TDF switching has a higher chance of complete recovery of renal function.
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Santos, Raqueline A. M. „Quantum state transfer on the complete bipartite graph“. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 55, Nr. 12 (24.02.2022): 125301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac5217.
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Abstract Previously it was shown that (almost) perfect state transfer can be achieved on the complete bipartite graph by a discrete-time coined quantum walk based algorithm when both the sender and receiver vertices are in the same partition of the graph and when the sender and receiver are in opposite partitions of the same size. By changing the coin operator, we analyze the state transfer problem and we show that it is still possible to achieve state transfer with high fidelity even when the sender and receiver are in different partitions with different sizes. Moreover, it is also possible to use an active switch approach using lackadaisical quantum walks where the marked vertex is switched between the sender and receiver during the algorithm.
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Hu, M. H., Y. L. Lv und Na Wang. „The Analysis of an Accident in Coal Mine which Caused by Short-Circuit of 6kv High-Pressure Explosion-Proof Switch“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (Dezember 2011): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.27.
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To describe 6kv high-pressure explosion-proof switches, the main device of ensuring the safe operation of in coal mine power supply system, are widely used in coal mine, which can complete the mission of underground high-voltage power supply and distribution and the controlling of high-pressure water pump motor. The short-circuit of high-pressure explosion-proof switch is not a common fault, but the event usually cause a large area power outage, especially at high gas underground mine, which is a serious threat to production safety. In this paper, the analysis of switch short-circuit accident triggered by the isolating switch shows the reason of the accident, and we can summarize the relevant experiences and lessons learned.
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Xie, Si Zhe, Jin Sha Yuan und Zhi Yuan Xie. „Design of Power Supply System for 10kV Smart Switch Based on PV Technologies“. Advanced Materials Research 744 (August 2013): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.744.547.
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With the rapid development of the smart grid in our country, we need many 10kV smart switches which can protect the safety of the line and complete the reasonable scheduling of the electricity load. In order to realize the reliable power supply for 10kV smart switch, power supply system based on photovoltaic cell technology is designed. In this paper, firstly, we have a brief introduction about the 10kV smart switch. Secondly, composing and principle of the power supply system is introduced. And then, principle of the energy harvesting converter main circuit is analyzed in detail. Then, the MPPT method of the photovoltaic cell based on impedance matching is studied. Test show, the power supply system is suitable for 10kV smart switch measurement and control.
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Singh, Rajendra, Anjana Singh und Sharmila Pandey. „Ability of the Aphid Parasitoid Species Binodoxys indicus to Switch over to Alternative Host-complexes“. Entomologia Generalis 25, Nr. 1 (01.10.2000): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/entom.gen/25/2000/53.
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Grass, Jeffrey A., Huie Jing, Shin-Il Kim, Melissa L. Martowicz, Saumen Pal, Gerd A. Blobel und Emery H. Bresnick. „Distinct Functions of Dispersed GATA Factor Complexes at an Endogenous Gene Locus“. Molecular and Cellular Biology 26, Nr. 19 (01.10.2006): 7056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01033-06.
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ABSTRACT The reciprocal expression of GATA-1 and GATA-2 during hematopoiesis is an important determinant of red blood cell development. Whereas Gata2 is preferentially transcribed early in hematopoiesis, elevated GATA-1 levels result in GATA-1 occupancy at sites upstream of the Gata2 locus and transcriptional repression. GATA-2 occupies these sites in the transcriptionally active locus, suggesting that a “GATA switch” abrogates GATA-2-mediated positive autoregulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with genomic microarray analysis and quantitative ChIP analysis with GATA-1-null cells expressing an estrogen receptor ligand binding domain fusion to GATA-1 revealed additional GATA switches 77 kb upstream of Gata2 and within intron 4 at +9.5 kb. Despite indistinguishable GATA-1 occupancy at −77 kb and +9.5 kb versus other GATA switch sites, GATA-1 functioned uniquely at the different regions. GATA-1 induced histone deacetylation at and near Gata2 but not at the −77 kb region. The −77 kb region, which was DNase I hypersensitive in both active and inactive states, conferred equivalent enhancer activities in GATA-1- and GATA-2-expressing cells. By contrast, the +9.5 kb region exhibited considerably stronger enhancer activity in GATA-2- than in GATA-1-expressing cells, and other GATA switch sites were active only in GATA-1- or GATA-2-expressing cells. Chromosome conformation capture analysis demonstrated higher-order interactions between the −77 kb region and Gata2 in the active and repressed states. These results indicate that dispersed GATA factor complexes function via long-range chromatin interactions and qualitatively distinct activities to regulate Gata2 transcription.
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Veselý, Vojtech. „Robust decentralized switched controller design for linear continuous-time systems“. Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, Nr. 4 (01.08.2020): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0033.
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AbstractThe paper is devoted to obtain original equivalent subsystem method to design of decentralized controller for linear large scale systems. On the theoretical example a new robust decentralized PID switched controller design procedure is obtained for linear time-varying (gain scheduled plant model) uncertain complex system with decentralized output and input structure. Controller design procedure to decentralized controller design performs on the subsystem level. The designed decentralized switched controller ensures the robust stability of closed-loop complex polytopic system with performance H2 quadratic cost function (QSR). The proposed practical examples with ideal or non-ideal switch of switching parameters show the effectiveness of equivalent subsystem approach.
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Boates, J. Sherman, und John D. Goss-Custard. „Foraging behaviour of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus during a diet switch from worms Nereis diversicolor to clams Scrobicularia plana“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, Nr. 9 (01.09.1989): 2225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-314.
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On the mudflats of the Exe Estuary in southwest England, oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus switched from eating worms Nereis diversicolor to clams Scrobicularia plana during autumn. A decline in the profitability of worms (from 17 to 4 mg/s handling time) and the food intake of oystercatchers eating worms (from 1300 to < 200 mg/15 min) occurred prior to and during the switch to clams. Declines in profitability and food intake rate were due to seasonal changes in the size and food value of worms available to oystercatchers. Capture rate on worms varied little prior to, or during, the switch. Oystercatchers appeared to switch diets in response to changes in the reward offered by worms rather than in response to relative changes in the reward offered by the two prey species. This is because individual oystercatchers were never observed eating a mixed diet of worms and clams, and may explain why it took 6 weeks (11 October to 25 November) for the population to complete the switch.
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Grossoni, Ilaria, Louis M. Le Pen, Pedro Jorge, Yann Bezin, Geoff VR Watson, Dimitrios Kostovasilis und William Powrie. „The role of stiffness variation in switches and crossings: Comparison of vehicle–track interaction models with field measurements“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, Nr. 10 (12.12.2019): 1184–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719892146.
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The performance of switches and crossings compared with plain line is complicated by the presence of movable parts, changing rail geometry and non-uniformities in the composite and/or trackbed stiffness. These features lead to complex vehicle–track interactions and higher maintenance costs. The trackbed stiffness is the least well-controlled engineering property. A greater variability in trackbed stiffness leads to higher differential trackbed settlement and associated poorer track quality. At switches and crossings, changes in trackbed stiffness are exacerbated by changing rail properties which also contribute to changes in the overall composite track stiffness. This work focuses on the role of variations in stiffness on the performance of switches and crossings. Field measurements of bearer displacement were carried out using geophones at a switch and crossing equipped with under sleeper pads. The vehicle–switch and crossing interaction was modelled using a multi-body system and finite element method. The trackbed stiffness along the whole of the switch and crossing was inferred using the measurements of track deflections in an iterative back-calculation taking account of changing rail properties. It is shown that not including the variation in trackbed/composite stiffness leads to significant under/overestimates of the wheel–rail contact forces. Under sleeper pads are shown to reduce absolute maximum loads, but may increase the variation in deflection.
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Walker, Conor R., Aylwyn Scally, Nicola De Maio und Nick Goldman. „Short-range template switching in great ape genomes explored using pair hidden Markov models“. PLOS Genetics 17, Nr. 3 (02.03.2021): e1009221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009221.
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Many complex genomic rearrangements arise through template switch errors, which occur in DNA replication when there is a transient polymerase switch to an alternate template nearby in three-dimensional space. While typically investigated at kilobase-to-megabase scales, the genomic and evolutionary consequences of this mutational process are not well characterised at smaller scales, where they are often interpreted as clusters of independent substitutions, insertions and deletions. Here we present an improved statistical approach using pair hidden Markov models, and use it to detect and describe short-range template switches underlying clusters of mutations in the multi-way alignment of hominid genomes. Using robust statistics derived from evolutionary genomic simulations, we show that template switch events have been widespread in the evolution of the great apes’ genomes and provide a parsimonious explanation for the presence of many complex mutation clusters in their phylogenetic context. Larger-scale mechanisms of genome rearrangement are typically associated with structural features around breakpoints, and accordingly we show that atypical patterns of secondary structure formation and DNA bending are present at the initial template switch loci. Our methods improve on previous non-probabilistic approaches for computational detection of template switch mutations, allowing the statistical significance of events to be assessed. By specifying realistic evolutionary parameters based on the genomes and taxa involved, our methods can be readily adapted to other intra- or inter-species comparisons.
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Ito, Jun-ichi, Takahiro Ishihara, Takaki Fukuoka, Siti Rokiah Binti Mat Napi, Hajime Kameo und Hisao Nishiyama. „Modulation of the coordination geometries of NCN and NCNC Rh complexes for ambidextrous chiral catalysts“. Chemical Communications 55, Nr. 85 (2019): 12765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc06520b.
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Kroth, Elmar. „Switch – The German process for moving medicines from prescription to non-prescription status“. Gesundheitsökonomie & Qualitätsmanagement 23, Nr. 02 (20.07.2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115561.
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Abstract Background Germany has a long tradition of switch and has long been considered one of the most liberal countries in terms of the release of modern active substances from prescription, the so-called switch. In the period 2000–2016, a total of more than 30 active ingredients – partly in different dosage strengths, dosage forms or indications – were released from prescription status in Germany. Of these, almost half can be described as “innovative” switches. Recently a significant decline of filed switch proposals can be noted, with only a few being successful. Methods Reflecting that the German switch procedure is barely mentioned in the literature it is the aim of this article to describe the German approach. The legal framework in the national and European Legislation are assessed as well as the experience of the author and his predecessor over more than 35 years of membership in the German Switch Committee were described. Results Although the German switch procedure is based on European legislation a successful switch application demands insights in the national particularities. The process is complex and partly intransparent. After a phase of restraint there are positive developments recently particularly the possibility for a scientific advice in pre-submission meetings.
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Yao, Kezi, Gogulan Karunanithy, Alison Howarth, Philip Holdship, Amber L. Thompson, Kirsten E. Christensen, Andrew J. Baldwin, Stephen Faulkner und Nicola J. Farrer. „Cell-permeable lanthanide–platinum(iv) anti-cancer prodrugs“. Dalton Transactions 50, Nr. 25 (2021): 8761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt01688a.
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Cantoni, Silvia, Monica Carpenedo, Maria Gabriella Mazzucconi, Valerio De Stefano, Marco Ruggeri, Nicola Vianelli, Francesco Zaja et al. „Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist (TPO-RA) Switch in Adult Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Patients: A Retrospective Collaborative Survey from 8 Italian Hematology Centers“. Blood 126, Nr. 23 (03.12.2015): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.3462.3462.
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Abstract Introduction. Availability of the 2 TPO-RAs Romiplostim (Rom) and Eltrombopag (El) offers an effective treatment option for primary ITP patients (pts). However, some pts are either not responsive or lose response - i.e. desired platelet (plt) count achieved but not sustained over time, or experience wide fluctuations in plt count with either TPO-RA. Adverse events may cause treatment discontinuation. Finally, ptÕs preference may be an important issue considering the different route and timing of administration of the two agents. Availability of two TPO-RAs for clinical use, with different molecular structure and site of binding within the TPO receptor, makes it appealing to try switching with the aim of overcoming treatment limitations of either agent. The present survey offers insight into outcome of TPO-RA switching in a group of ITP pts treated at 8 Centers representative of the Italian territory. Patients. Charts of ITP pts on treatment who underwent TPO-RA switch were retrospectively reviewed. Results. Between Jan 2009 and Feb 2015, 57 of 249 pts on TPO-RA (22,9%) underwent switch: El ˆ Rom 26/57 (45.6%), Rom ˆEl 31/57 (54.4%). Median age at 1st TPO-RA administration was 55 yrs (range 16-81); M/F = 23/34. Median disease duration prior to 1st TPO: 58 mos (range 2-648). Median lines of previous therapy 3 (range 1-6; splenectomy: 23/57, 40.4%). Overall 42/57 pts (73,7%) had received maximum product dose as per prescribing information prior to switch. Table 1 summarizes reasons for TPO-RA switch and outcome. Overall, 32/57 pts (56.1%) achieved, regained or maintained a response upon switching. The majority of pts (39/57, 68.5%) were switched for efficacy issues, i.e. failure to respond to 1st TPO (27 pts) or response loss (12 pts); among these 39 pts, 48.7% responded to the 2nd TPO-RA. One pt lost response to Rom because of development of neutralizing antibodies; response was regained upon switching to El. In this subgroup of pts, disease duration and lines of previous therapy (but not splenectomy status) seem to have an impact on response to switching. Each one month increase in disease duration determines a 0.7% decrease in the odds of achieving a response (WaldÕs test p=0.065). More than 2 lines of therapy determine a 72% decrease in the odds of achieving a response (WaldÕs test p=0.077). Either TPO-RA switch sequence was equally effective in yielding response (FisherÕs exact test p=0.752) and age at 1st TPO-RA had no impact on response. Of the 18 pts switched for reasons other than efficacy, 13 (72.2%) maintained a response on the 2nd TPO-RA: 5/6 switched for plt count instability (counts stabilized = 2/5 responding pts), 4/7 switched for ptÕs preference, 4/5 switched for side effects. Four pts (1 plt count instability, 3 ptÕs preference) underwent Òdouble switchÓ (i.e. Rom ˆ El ˆ Rom): re-exposure to Rom was not associated with response loss. Discussion. Switching enables approximately 56% of pts to achieve, regain or maintain a plt response; switching for inefficacy yields lower response rates (48.7%) compared to switching for reasons other than efficacy (72.2%) Plt counts fluctuation stabilized in 40% of pts. Re-exposure to R in the 4 pts who underwent Òdouble switchÓ was not associated with response loss, confirming absence of tachyphylaxis with this TPO-RA. Our results are in line with those reported by Khellaf (Haematologica 2013) and Gonzales-Porras (BJH 2014): TPO-RA switch can be a safe and appealing treatment option for ITP pts who experience suboptimal results with either agent. Table 1. REASON for SWITCHING n (%) NR (%) R (%) CR (%) All 57 (100) 25 (43.9) 14 (24.6) 18 (31.5) El->Rom 26 (45.6) 10 (38) 8 (31) 8 (31) Rom->El 31 (54.4) 10 (48.4) 6 (19.4) 10 (32.3) 1st TPO-RA failure 27 (47.4) 16 (59) 4 (15) 7 (26) El->Rom 15 7 (47) 3 (20) 5* (33) Rom->El 12 9 (75) 1 (8) 2 (17) Loss of response 12 (21.1) 4 (33) 2 (17) 6 (50) El->Rom 4 2 (50) 1 (25) 1 (25) Rom->El 8 2 (25) 1 (12.5) 5 (62.5) Plt count fluctuation 6 (10.5) 1 (17) 3 (50) 2 (33) El->Rom 2 0 1 1 Rom->El 4 1 2 1 PtÕs preference 7 (12.3) 3 (42.9) 2 (28.6) 2 (28.6) El->Rom 0 0 0 0 Rom->El 7 3 2 2 Adverse event¡¡ 5 (8.8) 1 (20.0) 3 (60.0) 1 (20.0) El->Rom 5 1 3 1 Rom->El 0 0 0 0 CR: complete response; R: response; NR: no response (Rodeghiero et al, Blood 2009) *1 NR secondary to neutralizing antibodies development ¡¡1 hepatic enzyme increase, 1 CPK increase; 2 skin rash; 1 retinal thrombosis. Disclosures De Stefano: Janssen Cilag: Research Funding; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Speakers Bureau; Bruno Farmaceutici: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Research Funding; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; GlaxoSmithKline: Speakers Bureau.
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Zhao, Chen Xu, Xin Guo, Tao Deng, Ling Li und Ze Wen Liu. „Automated and Optimal Actuation Voltage Waveform Design for Contact Bouncing Mitigation of MEMS Switches“. Key Engineering Materials 609-610 (April 2014): 1248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.609-610.1248.
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This paper presents an efficient methodology for automated optimal tailoring actuation voltage waveform of MEMS switches aiming at eliminating the detrimental contact bouncing effect to speed up the switching process and improve the mechanical reliability. This is a simulation-based approach where genetic algorithm (GA) is used in combination with a dedicated mechanical model of MEMS switch to derive optimal actuation waveform. The proposed technique has been implemented in SystemC-A, which is extremely well suited for complex modeling, implementation of post-processing of simulation results and optimization algorithms. Effectiveness of proposed approach is corroborated by a practical case study of automated actuation waveform design for a prefabricated DC-contact MEMS switch. The experimental results show that the switching time of the switch by employing optimized actuation voltage waveform is dramatically reduced to 60μs from 95μs, while the bouncing effect is successfully eliminated.
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Lysenko, Igor E., Alexey V. Tkachenko, Olga A. Ezhova und Boris G. Konoplev. „The modeling design integral the electrostatic microelectromechanical switch of capacitive type“. ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193006005.
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This article presents the optimization and static modeling of the design an integral microelectromechanical switch of capacitive type based on a parametric 3D model using finite element analysis software complex ANSYS. The values of the pull-down voltage and switching time are determined. The obtained results give a good theoretical help in the development of various high-performance electrostatic microelectromechanical switches.
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GROOTE, JAN FRISO, und BAS PLOEGER. „SWITCHING GRAPHS“. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 20, Nr. 05 (Oktober 2009): 869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054109006930.
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Switching graphs are graphs that contain switches. A switch is a pair of edges that start in the same vertex and of which precisely one edge is enabled at any time. By using a Boolean function called a switch setting, the switches in a switching graph can be put in a fixed direction to obtain an ordinary graph. For many problems, switching graphs are a remarkable straightforward and natural model, but they have hardly been studied. We study the complexity of several natural questions in switching graphs of which some are polynomial, and others are NP-complete. We started investigating switching graphs because they turned out to be a natural framework for studying the problem of solving Boolean equation systems, which is equivalent to model checking of the modal µ-calculus and deciding the winner in parity games. We give direct, polynomial encodings of Boolean equation systems in switching graphs and vice versa, and prove correctness of the encodings.
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Mee, Roger B. B. „Results of the arterial switch procedure for complete transposition with an intact ventricular septum“. Cardiology in the Young 1, Nr. 1 (Januar 1991): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100000159.
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With the general acceptance that the arterial switch operation represents the surgical treatment of choice for complex complete transposition, an increasing number of centers are leaning towards favoring this approach for simple transposition as well. As the arterial switch procedure is a more difficult surgical procedure than the Mustard or Senning operation, the learning curve has been longer and more hazardous. Centers with large referral bases have, understandably, enjoyed a more concentrated exposure to the arterial switch operation, and are now achieving early rates of mortality as low as those quoted for atrial repairs.
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Gahley, Ruchi, und Banani Basu. „A Time Modulated Printed Dipole Antenna Array for Beam Steering Application“. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3687293.
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This paper presents time modulated beam steered antenna array without phase shifters. The beam steering is analyzed considering a two-element time modulated antenna array (TMAA) of printed dipoles with microstrip via-hole balun. The proposed array resonates at the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) radio bands, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, and offers wide bandwidth inherited due to modified structure of ground plane. Array elements are excited by complex exponential excitation signal through broadband power divider and radio frequency (RF) switches to achieve amplitude and phase variation without phase shifters. Differential Evolution algorithm is used to modify the time sequences of the RF switches connected to the antennas to generate radiation pattern with optimum dynamic efficiency by suppressing sideband radiations. Also switch-on time instant of RF switch connected to the subsequent element is modulated to steer the beam towards different directions. The proposed prototype is fabricated followed by parametric optimization. The fabrication results agree significantly well with simulated results.
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Cangelosi, Gerard A., Julie S. Do, Robert Freeman, John G. Bennett, Makeda Semret und Marcel A. Behr. „The Two-Component Regulatory System mtrAB Is Required for Morphotypic Multidrug Resistance in Mycobacterium avium“. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, Nr. 2 (Februar 2006): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.2.461-468.2006.
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ABSTRACT Clinical isolates of the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) undergo a reversible switch between red and white colony morphotypes on agar plates containing the lipoprotein stain Congo red. Compared to their isogenic red counterparts, white morphotypic variants are more virulent and more resistant to multiple antibiotics. This report shows that the two-component regulatory system mtrAB is required for the red-to-white switch as well as for other morphotypic switches of MAC. A mutant with a transposon insertion in the histidine protein kinase gene mtrB was isolated from a morphotypically white parent clone. The mutant resembled a naturally occurring red morphotypic variant in that it stained with Congo red, was sensitive to multiple antibiotics, and was permeable by a fluorescent DNA stain. However, it differed from a red variant in that it could not switch to the white or transparent morphotype, and it could not survive intracellularly within macrophage-like cells. Transcomplementation with a cloned wild-type mtrB gene restored to the mutant the ability to form impermeable, drug-resistant white and transparent variants. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR showed that mtrB was required for the normal expression of cell surface Mce proteins, some of which are up-regulated in the red-to-white switch. The results indicate that mtrAB functions in regulating the composition and permeability of mycobacterial cell walls and plays a role in the reversible colony type switches of MAC.
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Li, Longjie, Biao Wang, Chen Yi, Xianfeng Xu, Guimin Xu und Yu Feng. „Factors and Underlying Mechanisms That Influence the Repetitive Breakdown Characteristics of Corona-Stabilized Switches“. Applied Sciences 13, Nr. 17 (22.08.2023): 9518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179518.
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The corona-stabilized switch has the potential to be a high repetition rate pulsed-power switching device, but there has been limited investigation into its repetitive breakdown stability and insulation recovery characteristics. Repetitive breakdowns of gas are characterized by a memory effect, where the subsequent breakdown process is inevitably influenced by the preceding one. However, there are still some issues that require further exploration in the current research on the mechanism of memory effect on repetitive breakdown characteristics. To clarify the factors and mechanisms that affect the repetitive breakdowns of corona-stabilized switches, this paper introduced optical observation methods into the experimental investigation. Through optical–electrical coupled diagnosis, the repetitive breakdown stability and insulation recovery performance of corona-stabilized switches under different working conditions and repetition frequencies were analyzed. The monotonic promoting effect of corona stabilization on switch insulation strength recovery is proposed as well as the non-monotonic and complex regulatory mechanism of corona stabilization on repetitive breakdown stability. The research results provide a theoretical and practical basis for clarifying the mechanism of repetitive corona-stabilized breakdowns and optimizing the design of corona-stabilized switches.
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Laverty, Terence M. „Costs to foraging bumble bees of switching plant species“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, Nr. 1 (01.01.1994): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-007.
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Many pollinators tend to move between flowers of the same species of plant even when flowers of other species are available. Reasons for this behaviour (known as flower constancy) are unclear. One possible explanation (proposed by Darwin) is that flower handling methods learned on one plant species interfere with previously learned handling methods of other plant species. Darwin's hypothesis was tested by measuring the constancy of bumble bees (Bombus fervidus) foraging in the field and looking for evidence of interference (increased handling times and flower handling errors) when bees switched among four species with relatively simple flowers (Prunella vulgaris, Trifolium pratense, T. hybridum, and Vicia cracca) and two species with more complex flowers (Aconitum napellus and Impatiens capensis). Bees foraging on simple flowers showed no tendency towards flower constancy, and switching between species did not increase handling times or handling errors. Foragers displayed strong constancy when visiting the species with more complex flowers and there was also some evidence of increased handling times and error frequencies following switches. However, the time costs of switching were small (about 1 s over the first flower visit after a switch) and are unlikely to account for flower constancy by bumble bees foraging under natural conditions.
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Yu, Kenneth K., Jonathan Tsai, Lili Yang und David Baltimore. „Engineering Immunity against HIV - a Stem Cell Vaccine (132.12)“. Journal of Immunology 182, Nr. 1_Supplement (01.04.2009): 132.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.132.12.
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Abstract An effective vaccine against HIV is urgently needed. We are pursuing a novel gene therapy approach to combat HIV by engineering HSCs to produce human B cells programmed to make anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). We accomplish this by using lentiviral vectors to modify the long-lived HSCs with engineered bNAb genes. We hypothesize the transplantation of the engineered HSCs will confer life-long HIV-specific immunity; in effect, a "Stem Cell Vaccine" for HIV. In nature the soluble Ab and membrane BCR are produced by complex alternative splicing events difficult to implement in the context of a lentiviral vector. We have overcome this obstacle by developing a novel "Synthetic-Switch" antibody gene that mimics the function of the membrane-bound BCR and secretory antibody. Furthermore, the Synthetic-Switch approach enables us to produce "isotype-switched" anti-HIV B cells without the need for complex DNA rearrangement. The Synthetic-Switch approach thus successfully captures the essential functions of the roughly 2-Mbp immunoglobulin loci in a compact 10kb lentiviral vector. Herein we present this successful first step toward an anti-HIV stem cell vaccine.
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Pinacho, Pablo, Susana Blanco und Juan Carlos López. „The complete conformational panorama of formanilide–water complexes: the role of water as a conformational switch“. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, Nr. 4 (2019): 2177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06959j.
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