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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Complex wire diagnosis“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 25. Mai 2024

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1

Tatebe, Masahiro, Hitoshi Hirata, Shukuki Koh und Takaaki Shinohara. „APPARENT VISI DEFORMITY: PERISCAPHOID PERILUNATE DISSOCIATION — A CASE REPORT“. Hand Surgery 14, Nr. 02n03 (Januar 2009): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810409004402.

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We report a case of carpal instability complex, which presented apparent volar intercalated segmental instability (VISI) caused by acute injury. Proper diagnosis and treatment by ligament repair and Kirschner wire fixation yielded good clinical results.

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Mei, Mingming. „A data-driven approach to fault modeling and diagnosis of brake-by-wire system“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2492, Nr. 1 (01.05.2023): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2492/1/012016.

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Abstract E-Booster plays an important role in braking safety as the pressure source for vehicle hydraulic systems. According to the design feature of its series controller, the signals on key nodes, which can be directly measured, can be used as the data source for fault diagnosis. In this paper, a deep learning technique of residual 1-D CNN equipped with parallel structure is proposed for fault recognition and classification in a dynamic process. With the help of wavelet transform and probabilistic heat map, it is found that the phase current fault feature is distinct in the frequency domain. In contrast, the uniform demagnetization fault and pressure recession fault are more obvious in the time domain. Therefore, the parallel network structure with a wide and narrow convolutional kernel is used, which can handle multiple complex fault features simultaneously. Simulation models based on both data-driven and mathematical formulations are also established to better fit the actual nonlinear conditions. Finally, the proposed network structure can reach 92.1% classification accuracy compared with the commonly used lightweight 2-D CNN model. It can be concluded that 1-D CNN achieves similar classification results as 2-D CNN with less computational resource consumption.

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Zhang, Jing Kai, Peng Hui Li, Xiao Xiong Liu und Wei Guo Zhang. „An Autopilot Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Hybrid Case and Fault Trees“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 373-375 (August 2013): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.373-375.829.

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Targeted at the faults of autopilot in fly-by-wire flight control system, a method based on integration of case and fault tree is proposed to quickly diagnose faults and provide the maintenance of autopilot system. In the process of diagnosis, according to the characteristics of fault information about autopilot system, the Build-in-test data was used to quickly search similar fault in the case base and accurately point out the fault location. For complex fault, the fault tree method is used to traverse to complete the reasoning and diagnosis procedure, and simultaneously add the results to the case base. The simulation results show the method is achieved.

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Xu, Ping, Jian Gang Yi und Li Zhao. „Development of On-Line Monitoring System for Large Rotating Machinery under Complex Circumstance“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 670-671 (Oktober 2014): 1238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.670-671.1238.

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Large rotating machinery is widely used in industrial production process. With the computer network technology, system testing technology, signal analysis and fault diagnosis technology, large motor based on high speed wire rod production line as the object, the online monitoring method of large motor is present. Based on it, the signal processing approach of large motor under complex circumstance is proposed, and the software of on-line monitoring system for large motor is developed. Through monitoring the key parameters of the distributed signals of temperature, pressure, current and so on, the developed system can accurately analyze and locate critical faults of equipments, reduce faults rate, extend the service life and increase productivity of the motor equipment.

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Piven, V. V., E. Yu Moskvina und V. V. Pivdiablyk. „Problems in diagnostics and forecasting for the resource of wire ropes in drilling rigs“. Oil and Gas Studies, Nr. 4 (04.09.2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2020-4-100-109.

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Continuous monitoring of the rig's technical condition is necessary for efficient use of the rig's wire rope resource. A classification of steel ropes used in the industry has been compiled. The characteristics of the pulley-block rope pulley to power drilling rigs are given. The analysis of recommendations for the selection and operation of rope hoists is carried out. The reasons for the occurrence of complex stress-strain states of the rope during its operation are considered. The analysis of methods for calculating the load-bearing capacity of wire rope and determining the fatigue strength is given. Comparative data on the actual standard operating time of wire rope are given. The scientific problem of predicting the residual resource of wire rope is analytically investigated. For operational control of defects in steel ropes, the prospects of using magnetic flaw detection methods are considered. The article draws our attention to the need to implement the following scientific, technical, and technological solutions, such as improving the design of pulley-block system of drilling rigs; accuracy increase of diagnosis of technical condition and forecasting of resource strings; maintenance of wire rope; this will contribute to a more complete use of wire rope in drilling rig.

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Herstik, I., JP Pelletier und IO Kanat. „Pin tract infections. Incidence and management in foot surgery“. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 80, Nr. 3 (01.03.1990): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-80-3-135.

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The development of pin tract reactions and their sequelae is based on a complex series of events. Analysis of pin tract infections directly related to static external wire fixation at Kern Hospital for Special Surgery from 1981 through 1988 showed an incidence of 0.46%; however, the overall incidence is probably higher. A discussion of the pathogenesis and guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are presented. The authors suggest that pin tract infections occur because of postoperative skin contamination, rather than intraoperative implantation.

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Suzuki, Tomo, Ryutaro Matsumura, Hiroshi Kitamura und Yugo Shibagaki. „Rapid and Complete Remission of Class IV Lupus Nephritis with Massive Wire Loop Lesions“. Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis 8, Nr. 1 (22.03.2018): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487920.

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Class IV lupus nephritis (LN) often has a poorer prognosis than other classes. However, class IV LN has various phenotypes, including not only segmental and global types but also others. We present the case of a 29-year-old woman with class IV-G LN who had an early response to glucocorticoid monotherapy. In addition, multiple lung nodules such as miliary tuberculosis (TB) were detected on computed tomography. All cultures of sputum, gastric fluid, and bone marrow were negative. A kidney biopsy revealed diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis with marked subendothelial deposition. Electron microscopy revealed massive electron-dense deposits in the subendothelial area, mesangium area, and peritubular capillaries. The histological diagnosis was class IV-G (A) LN. We administered high-dose glucocorticoid monotherapy. After treatment, the LN and the lung lesions had complete, rapid remission for 1 month. The lung lesions were associated with an immune complex similar to wire loop lesions, not TB. Thus, it is important to consider class IV-G LN with massive wire loop lesions as a new subtype.

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Arnaya, Agung K., Made B. Karna, Anak A. G. Y. Asmara und Putu F. Meregawa. „Irreducible second and third metatarsophalangeal dislocation: a rare case report“. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 9, Nr. 2 (29.01.2021): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20210448.

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Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) articulations are complex structures that are prone to sprains, subluxations, and dislocations. MTP dislocations are an uncommon but well documented and problematic orthopaedic injury. Once the diagnosis is certain, the dislocation should be reduced as soon as possible. Immediate reduction of the dislocation can limit numerous complications. A 24-year-old male patients came to emergency department of Sanglah Hospital with 2nd and 3rd MTP joint dislocation. Patient treated with open reduction and immobilization with pinning for 2nd and 3rd metatarsal. After several attempt of closed reduction, the dislocation can be reduce with open reduction and immobilization with k wire, after 4 weeks k wire was removed without any complication and patient can walk normally. Irreducible metatarsophalangeal dislocation of the lesser toes is unusual with third toe was the most commonly affected, followed by the second, fourth, and fifth toes. Radiographs are very useful for diagnose. Multiple procedures have been created to attempt to reduce and stabilize the MP joint. According to other studies, Kirschner wires were also only used in unstable dislocations. In this case, dorsal surgical approach is the most commonly chosen method to reduce the irreducible metatarsophalangeal joint dislocations of the lesser toes. When irreducible dislocation found and closed reduction is initially unsuccessful, we recommend a dorsal surgical approach to open reduction and using Kirschner wires for unstable dislocations.

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Thakur, Anita, und Seema Thakur. „Management of a Complex Dentoalveolar Traumatic Injury with Multiple Avulsions“. Case Reports in Dentistry 2021 (28.06.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2373785.

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Background. Dentoalveolar trauma is a major cause of tooth loss in children. Avulsion, luxation, crown, and root fracture are the injuries to primary and permanent dentition. The incidence of trauma for maxillary anterior teeth ranges for 4%-91%. Many case reports have been published regarding the treatment of trauma to anterior teeth; however, case reports comprising multiple avulsions including canines and premolars are rare in literature. Method. After mouth rinsing was done with 2% betadine solution, the luxated teeth numbers 31 and 42 were repositioned into the tooth socket and were secured with the composite resin-wire splint. Tooth number 32 was extracted because it was disarticulated from the socket, and the socket was disrupted because of the alveolar fracture. The maxillary avulsed teeth could not be reimplanted because of the alveolar socket damage which was due to the alveolar bone fracture. Results. The patient was reevaluated for the removable prosthesis in recall visits; the patient was well adapted to the appliance with no complaints regarding mastication and speech. The patient was advised to report periodically for further adjustments in the prosthesis and for radiographic evaluation. Conclusions. This case report includes proper history taking, diagnosis, and treatment of a complex dentoalveolar trauma along with short-term prosthetic rehabilitation for improvement of aesthetics, phonetics, and mastication of growing child.

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Chen, Wei, Riquan Zhang, Xuan Wu, Zuwei Yang, Ziyuan Chen und Houyi Wu. „Internal fixation treatment of multiple fractures in a dog“. Agrobiological Records 3 (November 2020): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.020.

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In order to learn the diagnosis and treatment of canine fractures, we treated a stray dog in a traffic accident. We observed and recorded the treatment process in detail with the purpose of providing reference for the treatment of fractures in dogs. The doctors conducted general examination, X-ray and a complete blood count (CBC) on the dog at a pet hospital at Nanchang, Jiangxi, China, and then immediately performed surgery on the site of the severe fractures. Intramedullary nail and bone plate, and intramedullary nail and steel wire were respectively used for internal fixation of transverse fracture of femur of left hind-limb and oblique fracture of tibia of right hind-limb. Subsequently, suitable splint was used for external fixation, and the rest of the fractures healed on their own. After three months of postoperative nursing and massage, the internal fixation material was removed. The results showed that the dog had a good recovery. This paper has provided case study and a clinical practical reference for the diagnosis and treatment of complex multiple fractures.

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Bakos, M., T. Jankovic, V. Krcmery und M. Dubovcova. „Social Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-palpable Breast Lesions. Important Factor affecting Quality of Life in Cancer Patients undergoing Surgery“. Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 12, Nr. 2 (30.06.2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_12_2_04.

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Introduction: The social aspect of breast cancer presents a serious problem all the time. Quality of women´s life after surgery must be compared to life before it. Breast cancer treatments today are likely to cause less physical deformity from surgery than two decades ago but are more complex and extend over a longer period of time. Non-palpable breast lesions are findings with non-biologically specified importance, which can be responsible for development of cancer. The authors present the diagnosis and the results of the treatment of patients with non-palpable breast lesions. They were hospitalized at the Department of Surgery in Nitra from Jan uary 2014 untilJuly 2017 and we used the SNOLLmethod or wire guided excision under ultrasound control or digital stereotaxic. Results: From January 2014 until July 2017 there were 122 patients diagnosed with non-palpable breast lesions at the Department of Surgery at our hospital. 76 (62.3%) of these patients were diagnosed with carcinoma. Wire Guided Localization was performed in 99 (81.1%) patients; sentinel node was found in 41 (33.6%) patients using the SNOLL method. From all the patients a reoperation was conducted in 4 cases (3.3%) for close or positive margin status and in 3 cases (2.5%) for false negative perioperative sentinel biopsy. Conclusion: The technique combining 99mTc-MAA (albuminmacro aggregate marked by 99Technecium) and nanocoloid is a reliable localization method for non-palpable lesions and sentinel nodes. SNOLL is a practical and oncological safe technique of excision of a subclinical lesion in combination with sentinel biopsy. This technique brings new visions for the future, especially for quality of life after surgery, changes in body image and sexuality.

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Kriukova, Nataliya, Vladyslav Markov, Yevgen Honcharov und Igor Polyakov. „Comparison of methods for monitoring icing of high-voltage power lines and an overview of measuring equipment used to diagnose such lines“. Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, Nr. 1 (9) (16.06.2023): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2023.1.10.

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The low structural reliability of overhead lines, due to continuous climatic influence, becomes the cause of electrical network accidents and unreliable power supply. Ensuring the trouble-free operation of overhead lines is a complex task, the solution of which is of the utmost importance for the normal functioning of the entire infrastructure. In the autumn-winter period, difficult weather conditions almost completely exclude the quick completion of repair works. A fairly large share of accidents occurs during the formation of icy deposits on wires and lightning protection cables. Today, visual inspections of high-voltage power lines remain the main way of diagnosing icy deposits. In practice, it is necessary to equip overhead lines with ice load telemetry devices, which will allow monitoring the formation of ice deposits on wires in real time. The following diagnostic methods are used in modern ice monitoring devices: strainometric, fiber-optic, aerodynamic, locational, and instrumental-parametric. The tensiometric method of diagnosis is implemented by means of direct measurement of the icy load on the wire with subsequent comparison of the measured values with predetermined values of the threshold loads. To implement this diagnostic method, magnetoelastic force measuring sensors are used. Such a sensor is connected between the traverse of the U-shaped support and the upper end of the corresponding garland of insulators with a phase wire. Ice, wind and ice-wind loads are measured separately. This method has a limited scope of application, namely for diagnosing the formation of ice on the phase wires of intermediate spans of single-circuit lines with two-post U-shaped resistances. The fiber-optic method of strain gauge measurements is implemented in object control systems under difficult operating conditions, at nuclear power plants. The mechanical effort sensor (fiber-optic strain sensor) implements the fiber-optic method of strain measurement. Fiber-optic strain sensors are characterized by high accuracy due to resistance to interference and complexity of execution.

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Sehrawat, Sonam, M. S. Sidhu, Seema Grover und Mona Prabhakar. „“A Century of Orthodontic Progress” – Innovations in Orthodontics“. Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 11, Nr. 1 (16.08.2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v11i1.39091.

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Innovation is the roadmap towards improvement .Creation, implementation and execution of new ideas, methods and technology aiming at efficiency and improvement is known as innovation. Innovation is the roadmap towards improvement. The speciality of orthodontics has obtained new dimensions due to innovations such as holistic orthodontic approach, Laser assisted orthodontics, digitization in diagnosis and treatment planning, nanotechnology, genetically driven orthodontic treatment plans with gene therapy, interactive self ligating bracket and flash free adhesive coated appliance system, robotic wire bending, 3D bioprinted scaffolds to treat osseous defects of the craniofacial complex, forensic orthodontics, mobile apps in orthodontics and dentoalveolar distraction modalities. These innovations have lead to an accurate treatment with reduced clinician efforts, enhanced treatment precision and better patient compliance. The future of orthodontic speciality with these adjunts is bright and progressive. With reduced clinician’s efforts and improved patient’s compliance these advancement are certainly a boon to our orthodontic speciality

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Liu, Jinping, Baoping Xu, Yingchao Feng, Peng Chen, Cancan Yan, Zhuyuan Li, Kaisong Yang, Kun She und Yiming Huang. „Study on Porosity Defect Detection in Narrow Gap Laser Welding Based on Spectral Diagnosis“. Materials 16, Nr. 14 (13.07.2023): 4989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16144989.

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As an advanced connection technology for large thick-walled components, narrow gap laser welding has the advantages of small heat input and high efficiency and quality. However, porosity defects are prone to occur inside the weld due to the complex welding environment. In this study, the influence of the process parameters and pollutants such as water and oil on the porosity defect were explored. The action mechanism of water on the electron temperature and spectral intensity of the laser-induced plasma was analyzed. The results showed that the spectral intensity during narrow gap laser welding was weaker than that of flat plate butt welding. Under the optimal welding process conditions, the electron temperature during narrow gap laser self-fusion welding was calculated as 7413.3 K by the Boltzmann plot method. The electron density was 5.6714 × 1015 cm−3, conforming to the thermodynamic equilibrium state. With six groups of self-fusion welding parameters, only sporadic porosity defects were observed according to the X-ray detection. When there was water on the base metal surface, a large number of dense pores were observed on the weld surface and in the weld through X-ray inspection. Compared with the spectral data obtained under the normal process, the relative light intensity of the spectrometer in the whole band was reduced. The electron temperature decreased to the range of 6900 to 7200 K, while the electron density increased. The spectrum variation during narrow gap laser wire filling welding was basically the same as that of laser self-fusion welding. The porosity defects caused by water and oil pollutants in the laser welding could be effectively identified based on the intensity of the Fe I spectral lines.

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Davidov, M. I., V. M. Subbotin und O. E. Nikonova. „Symptomatology of gastrointestinal tract foreign bodies“. Perm Medical Journal 35, Nr. 4 (15.12.2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/pmj35420-25.

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Aim. To study the clinical problems and develop the symptomatology of the foreign bodies (FB) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Materials and methods. Ninety patients with GIT foreign bodies were observed over the period from 1997 to 2017. To diagnose, a complex of endoscopic and radial methods was used. Localization, size and type of the detected foreign bodies were compared with the symptoms revealed. Results. Fifty patients intentionally swallowed foreign bodies, 40 – accidentally. Altogether, 90 patients swallowed 193 items (nails, needles, pieces of wire etc.). On the basis of the study, three forms of clinical course regarding the swallowed GIT FB were singled out: latent, manifest and complicated. The pathognomonic symptoms of GIT FB are “migrant” abdominal pains associated with migration of FB along the GIT lumen, intensification of pains while moving, exercise stress and palpation, feeling of “heaviness” in epigastric region. Multiple gastric FB cause the auscultative symptom of “ringing”. Pains, available with GIT FB, are not connected with taking food and are not ceased after taking antacids. Conclusions. Introduction of the developed GIT FB symptomatology into healthcare practice and training of physicians will contribute to earlier and more accurate diagnosis.

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Miller, John M., und Anil V. Yadav. „Wide Complex Tachycardias – The Differential Diagnosis Remains Wide and Complex“. European Cardiology Review 3, Nr. 2 (2007): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2007.0.2.30.

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Miller, John M., und Anil V. Yadav. „Wide Complex Tachycardias—The Differential Diagnosis Remains Wide and Complex“. US Cardiology Review 4, Nr. 1 (01.06.2007): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/usc.2007.4.1.48.

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Prathik, Jain S., H. V. Ravindra, G. V. Naveen Prakash und G. Ugrasen. „Estimation and Comparison of Electrode Wear and Ae Parameters of Titanium Material in Wire Electric Discharge Machining Using ANN“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 895 (November 2019): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.895.144.

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Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes, which have sharp edges that are very difficult to be machined by the main stream machining processes. Selection of process parameters for obtaining higher cutting efficiency or accuracy in WEDM is still not fully solved, even with most up-to-date CNC wire EDM machine. It is widely recognised that Acoustic Emission (AE) is gaining ground as a monitoring method for health diagnosis on rotating machinery. The advantage of AE monitoring over vibration monitoring is that the AE monitoring can detect the growth of subsurface cracks whereas the vibration monitoring can detect defects only when they appear on the surface. This study outlines the optimization of titanium material using L16 design of experiment. Each experiment has been performed varying the process parameters like pulse-on time, pulse-off time, current and bed speed. Among different process parameters voltage and flush rate were kept constant. Molybdenum wire having diameter of 0.18 mm was used as an electrode. Simple functional relationships between the parameters were plotted to arrive at possible information on Electrode Wear (EW) and AE signals. But these simpler methods of analysis did not provide any information about the status of the electrode. Thus, there is a requirement for more sophisticated methods that are capable of integrating information from the multiple sensors. Hence, method like Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been applied for the estimation of EW, AE signal strength, AE count and AE RMS. The ANN algorithm is designed to learn the process by training the algorithm with the experimental data. The experimental observations are divided into three sets: the training set, validation set and testing set. The training set is used to make the ANN learn the process and the testing set will check the performance of ANN. Different models can be obtained by varying the percentage of data in the training set and the best model can be selected from these, viz., 50%, 60% and 70%. The best model is selected from the said percentages of data. Estimation of the EW and AE signals parameters by ANN at 70% of data training set showed the best correlation with the measured value.

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Santoso, Adantio Rashid, und Hendra Gunawan. „AOFAS Functional Scoring After Antegrade K Wires Fixation of Multiple Metatarsal Neck Fracture: A Case Report“. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, Nr. 11_suppl6 (01.11.2019): 2325967119S0046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00467.

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Introduction & Objectives: Metatarsal Bone fractures contribute 3-7% of all fractures of the body, 35% of all fractures from the foot and also contribute 75 new cases per 10.000 persons per year. Another study evaluated the incidence involvement of multiple metatarsal fractures is higher than isolated metatarsal fractures. Metatarsal bone fractures mostly caused by low energy trauma, and also high energy trauma makes the incidence higher. The previous study said, that 43% of metatarsal fractures are the neck of the second and third metatarsal bones. Intramedullary fixation using Kirschner (K) wires has been chosen as a method of operative treatment for metatarsal bone. There are several outcome evaluation instruments for those who sustained a complex ankle or hindfoot injury. Among them, The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Score is commonly chosen by orthopedics for a quantitative and objective measurement. This study wants to evaluate the results obtained through AOFAS Scoring for fractures of the metatarsal neck, represent the clinical and functional results after K-wire management in surgery. Case Report: A 35-year-old man has admitted to the ER with a chief complain of a painful right hindfoot. Previously, a brick fell upon his hind foot while he was working to repair a wall with nothing to protect his hind foot. In our case, direct trauma due to falling object upon of his dorsal hindfoot caused neck fractures of 2nd - 4thmetatarsal bones, which had confirmed by X-Ray photos. His hind foot had been swelling and his fingers were barely able to do flexion and extension. We waited until the edema regresses for the surgery, in order to reduce the risk of developing compartment syndrome. In our case, we delayed surgery for 2 days. An antegrade K wires fixation is achieved by using antegrade wire insertion at the fracture site followed by retrograde fixation of the proximal fragment with the same wire. We have been following the patient from the beginning until 6 months after the K Wires fixation surgery in an outpatient clinic, and also the patient was kept no-weight-bearing within 2 months. Results & Discussion: In 2 months after the surgery, we did the X-Ray and it showed a callus formation. Then we expelled the K wires. We prospectively evaluated the outcome trough the AOFAS score and the score was 95 in the 6th month of the evaluation. We chose antegrade introduction of the K Wires for the best outcome, prevent a high rate of complications related to this type of treatment, minimize soft tissue insult to avoid the unsatisfactory outcome. When metatarsal bone fracture happened and did more than 10 degrees of angulation, it could make a disturbance of load distribution under metatarsal head that leads to mechanical metatarsalgia. Besides, it can also produce painful calluses and traumatic neuroma formation lead to painful trauma and then disturb a function of the lower limb. The antegrade approach prevents plantar displacement of the distal metatarsal fragment during K-wire insertion continues with an exteriorization by the retrograde manner of the wire in the plantar region. The study said that no complications were identified related to using the type of treatment. Another study said that a patient treated by a percutaneous antegrade surgical approach, had higher AOFAS scores, averaging more than 95 points within the 6th-month postoperative period. Inadequate fracture reduction, failure of fixation and pin-site infection could lower the AOFAS Score. Thus Percutaneous antegrade surgical treatment is an effective treatment for metatarsal fractures, with a lower incidence of complications. Conclusions: A metatarsal bone fracture that not treated properly can lead to changes in gait and foot load distribution, as it would decrease the point of AOFAS Score evaluation. We expect that the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Score could give an objective quantitative scoring for the patients’ foot function, not only after the trauma but also after the surgery. A proper diagnosis and management of this fracture result in a good prognosis and low complication rates, presented by higher AOFAS Score.

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Sarkar, Mukul, und Maher Assaad. „Noninvasive Non-Contact SpO2 Monitoring Using an Integrated Polarization-Sensing CMOS Imaging Sensor“. Sensors 22, Nr. 20 (14.10.2022): 7796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207796.

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Background:In the diagnosis and primary health care of an individual, estimation of the pulse rate and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) is critical. The pulse rate and SpO2 are determined by methods including photoplethysmography (iPPG), light spectroscopy, and pulse oximetry. These devices need to be compact, non-contact, and noninvasive for real-time health monitoring. Reflection-based iPPG is becoming popular as it allows non-contact estimation of the heart rate and SpO2. Most iPPG methods capture temporal data and form complex computations, and thus real-time measurements and spatial visualization are difficult. Method:In this research work, reflective mode polarized imaging-based iPPG is proposed. For polarization imaging, a custom image sensor with wire grid polarizers on each pixel is designed. Each pixel has a wire grid of varying transmission axes, allowing phase detection of the incoming light. The phase information of the backscattered light from the fingertips of 12 healthy volunteers was recorded in both the resting as well as the excited states. These data were then processed using MATLAB 2021b software. Results: The phase information provides quantitative information on the reflection from the superficial and deep layers of skin. The ratio of deep to superficial layer backscattered phase information is shown to be directly correlated and linearly increasing with an increase in the SpO2 and heart rate. Conclusions: The phase-based measurements help to monitor the changes in the resting and excited state heart rate and SpO2 in real time. Furthermore, the use of the ratio of phase information helps to make the measurements independent of the individual skin traits and thus increases the accuracy of the measurements. The proposed iPPG works in ambient light, relaxing the instrumentation requirement and helping the system to be compact and portable.

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BADHWAR, NITISH, und MELVIN M. SCHEINMAN. „Electrophysiological Diagnosis of Wide Complex Tachycardia“. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 32, Nr. 4 (April 2009): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2009.02307.x.

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Gruionu, Lucian Gheorghe, Catalin Constantinescu, Andreea Iacob und Gabriel Gruionu. „Robotic System for Catheter Navigation during Medical Procedures“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (Februar 2020): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.211.

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Lung cancer is the most common cancer globally with over 2 million new cases diagnosed every year. Fortunately, if caught early, the likelihood of survival is greatly improved. If diagnosed in Stage I, survival rates are >75% over 5 years, vs. just 1% if diagnosed in Stage IV. Early diagnosis requires finding and sampling (biopsy) small, peripheral nodules that are located in the parenchima of the lung and predominately outside small airways. Currently, for early diagnosis a bronchoscope is inserted into the lung airway but due to large size it cannot reach the small airways. Therefore, the doctor has to advance a sharp biopsy needle blindly from the tip of the bronchoscope and into the lung tissue in the approximate direction of the nodule. This blind procedure has low accuracy and carries a high risk of misdiagnosis. Currently, to improve the accuracy, real time x-ray (fluoroscopy) is use which causes exposure of the patient and physician to harmful radiation. Computer and image assisted surgery and medical robotics present viable solutions but are not optimal at present. The scope of our research was to develop a robotic solution for increased precision and accuracy of early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, to increase procedure success rate, decrease patient radiation and stress exposure, and reduce the procedure cost. For this purpose, we developed an advanced prototype of a robotic system which is small in size, easy to use and effective. To demonstrate its effectiveness in navigating to peripheral small size lung cancer lesions, we performed laboratory tests or a realistic lung airway model. The preliminary tests of a novel medical robot using a complex lung airway model proved that our catheter driving robotic system is working as designed and allows navigation, through a complex 3D channels structure like the bronchial tree, in both manipulator and robotic modes without fluoroscopy scanning. The robotic system is more precise and stable, and can avoid patient injury and instrument damage due to accidental impact with the airway wall. Because it could be controlled from a different room via the software platform, using this robotic system can drastically reduce radiation exposure of the patient and totally avoid the exposure of the doctor. Another benefit of the proposed robotic system is that it uses currently available catheters in which a reusable electromagnetic guide wire is temporarily inserted to guide the tip of the catheter towards hard to reach targets. After the target is confirmed, the sensor can be retracted and the catheter can be used for its routine function such as biopsy collection. Future development will include placement of a force sensor at the tip of the catheter to “feel” the wall and adapt the speed of insertion in order to avoid wall damage and an improved algorithm to increase the speed in the automatic mode.

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Drew, Barbara J. „Bedside diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia“. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 14, Nr. 2 (August 1991): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002727-199108000-00005.

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Sager, Philip T., und Anil K. Bhandari. „Wide Complex Tachycardias: Differential Diagnosis and Management“. Cardiology Clinics 9, Nr. 4 (November 1991): 595–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(18)30267-4.

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25

Brady, William J., und Jeff Skiles. „Wide QRS complex tachycardia: ECG differential diagnosis“. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 17, Nr. 4 (Juli 1999): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-6757(99)90091-8.

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Namboodiri, Narayanan. „Wide-complex tachycardia: What is the diagnosis?“ Indian Heart Journal 64, Nr. 4 (Juli 2012): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2012.06.021.

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Brady, William J., Amal Mattu, Jeffrey Tabas und John D. Ferguson. „The differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia“. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 35, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2017): 1525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.056.

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Brzozowski, Loraine A. „Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia“. AACN Advanced Critical Care 3, Nr. 1 (01.02.1992): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1992-1022.

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Electrocardiographic monitoring for dysrhythmias is a major responsibility of critical care nurses, and patients with wide QRS complex tachycardias present a challenge. Criteria for differentiating the impulse origin as ventricular or supraventricular are well documented: QRS duration, QRS morphology, QRS axis, and presence of atrioventricular dissociation. However, definitive diagnosis can only be made by invasive electrophysiologic studies. Knowledge of treatment protocols is important to prevent hemodynamic deterioration. Procainamide is effective for treating ventricular and supraventricular dysrhythmias and is the drug of choice unless certainty of impulse origin exists

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Chen, Andrew Y., Takuro Nishimura und Roderick Tung. „Narrowing the Differential Diagnosis for a Wide Complex Tachycardia“. Circulation 143, Nr. 5 (02.02.2021): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.052373.

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Solovyan, G. M., und Т. V. Mikhalieva. „Wide QRS complex tachycardia: differential diagnosis and emergency therapy“. Ukrainian Journal of Cardiology, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2018): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31928/1608-635x-2018.5.8094.

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31

Auzanneau, Fabrice. „TRANSFEROMETRY: A NEW TOOL FOR COMPLEX WIRED NETWORKS DIAGNOSIS“. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 70 (2016): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb16070607.

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Chang, Qinghua, und Yuanzhe Jin. „An Unusual Wide Complex Rhythm—What Is the Diagnosis?“ JAMA Internal Medicine 182, Nr. 1 (01.01.2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6778.

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Rohit, Manojkumar, Darshan Krishnappa und Raja J. Selvaraj. „Wide to narrow complex tachycardia: What is the diagnosis?“ Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 29, Nr. 3 (23.01.2018): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jce.13417.

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OZIN, Bulent. „Differential Diagnosis of Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias by ECG“. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi-Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 40, Nr. 6 (2012): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5543/tkda.2012.19488.

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GULA, LORNE J., ALLAN SKANES, ANDREW D. KRAHN und GEORGE J. KLEIN. „Novel Approach to Diagnosis of a Wide-Complex Tachycardia“. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology 15, Nr. 4 (April 2004): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-8167.2004.03240.x.

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36

Pollak, A., und R. H. Falk. „New criteria for diagnosis of regular, wide-complex tachycardias.“ Circulation 85, Nr. 5 (Mai 1992): 1955–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.85.5.1955.

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Sychov, O. S., A. M. Solovyan, T. V. Mikhalieva, L. O. Androsova und S. V. Lyzogub. „Wide QRS complex tachycardia: differential diagnosis and acute treatment“. Medicine of Ukraine, Nr. 8(274) (14.11.2023): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37987/1997-9894.2023.8(274).294172.

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The methodical guidelines are devoted to the pressing problem of clinical cardiology – the diagnosis and treatment of wide QRS complex tachycardia, requiring an individualized approach to patients’ management. The basic principles of determination of wide QRS complex tachycardias and their electrophysiological mechanisms are reviewed. The etiology of wide QRS complex tachycardias, their clinical picture and ECG criteria for differential diagnosis, particularly between ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant ventricular conduction, are outlined. The basic principles of wide QRS complex tachycardias diagnosis are discussed, and the ECG signs of the certain «wide» are presented. The results of the studies, aimed at the development of the diagnostic criteria and algorithms for differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias, are analyzed. The acute treatment of narrow and wide QRS complex tachycardias are presented. The antiarrhythmic drugs and their use are given, and the principles of catheter treatment of tachycardia are stated. The guidelines are addressed to cardiologists, internists, the functional diagnostics physicians, general practitioners (family physicians), interns.

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Wu, Mark, Daniel J. Scott, Adam P. Schiff, Manuel J. Pellegrini, James K. DeOrio, James A. Nunley und Samuel B. Adams. „Does a Fibula-Sparing Approach Improve Outcomes in Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis?“ Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, Nr. 4 (01.10.2020): 2473011420S0049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420s00497.

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Category: Ankle; Ankle Arthritis; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is generally considered a salvage operation for either complex deformity or arthritis about the hindfoot. Several methods can be used to achieve a TTC arthrodesis, including: intramedullary nail fixation, screws, plates, and a fine wire frame. We hypothesized that fibula sparing TTC arthrodesis would improve the union rate and decrease complications in TTC arthrodeses. To best of our knowledge, this is the largest study of TTCs in current literature and no comparative studies have been performed to investigate whether fibular resection influences union and complication rate. Methods: After obtaining approval from the IRB, a retrospective review of the TTC fusions performed at a single academic institution was performed. Orthopaedic surgeons specializing in foot and ankle surgery performed all operations. Eligible patients included those whom underwent a TTC fusion either with or without fibular resection constructs from 2005 to 2017, were 18 years or older at the time of surgery, and had at least two-year follow-up. Patients were excluded if their clinical or radiographic data were unavailable for review. Preoperative diagnosis and indications, fixation methods, clinical success, and complications were obtained from the patient chart and operative reports. 152 patients (155 ankles) underwent TTC arthrodesis, mean age 57.5 years. 94 ankles comprised the fibula-sparing group and 61 comprised the fibular resection group. Statistical analysis was performed using t-Student and Chi-squared test with a p-value of 0.05 defining significance. Results: Common diagnoses included: arthritis (n=66), prior non-union of the ankle or subtalar joint (42), Charcot neuro- arthropathy (25), failed total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) (21) and avascular necrosis of the talus (36). Pre-operative diagnosis of failed TAA was associated with post-operative nonunion (47.6%, p=0.029). In 108 ankles (70%), hindfoot intramedullary arthrodesis nailing was performed, with supplemental plating or screw augmentation in 39 cases. Plating was used in 46 patients (30%). There was no difference in complications (p=0.62) or nonunion (p=0.11) between plating vs nail arthrodesis. There was no difference in non-union rate (26% fibula-resection vs 29% fibula-sparing, p=0.74) or complication rate (49% in fibula-resection vs 53% fibula-sparing, p=0.63) in the fibula-resection compared to the fibula-sparing groups. Most common complications included: non-unions, hardware irritation/failure (17.4%), infection (16.1%), and tibial stress fractures (8.4%). Conclusion: Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis is used primarily as a salvage operation for severe deformity, arthritis of both the ankle and subtalar joints, and situations in which bone loss necessitates a larger fusion procedure. There appears to be no difference in the union rate or complication rates in fibula-sparing or fibula resection during the approach for these fusion operations.

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Gastaldi Llorens, GM, und E. Gastaldi Orquin. „Fracture of the Medial Sesamoid Bone in a professional soccer player“. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, Nr. 6_suppl3 (01.06.2018): 2325967118S0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00046.

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The incidence of medial sesamoid bone fracture is rare. Clinically they are often misdiagnosed as soft tissue injuries and often missed. Thus generates an important morbidity for the patient. Objectives: We present a case of turf-toe injury: plantar-plate rupture with medial sesamoid bone fracture in a contact athlete. Methods: A 19-year-old professional soccer player injured his left toe when he planted his foot during a sprint. He had an hyperextension and axial overload traumatism in his toe. On physical examination he had pain, swollen, ecchymosis, instability and loss of plantar-flexion strength. Radiographs showed a transverse medial sesamoid bone fracture with retraction > 3 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a subluxation of the proximal phalange and a plantar plate disruption. Because of the completely deficient flexion, the sesamoid retraction, and the articular subluxation, surgery was recommended to restore the MTPJ anatomy. Reduction of the fracture and Repair of the plantar plate was performed using non-absorbable 2-0 Fiber wire sutures through a medial approach. Postoperatively, the patient was placed in a cast, for a total of 2 weeks. After that he began a rehabilitation program. Results: The patient had a complete recovery. He returned to participation in his team at 3 months. At final follow-up, his dorsiflexion ROM was 60 in the involved toe. Conclusion: Turf-toe and disorders of the sesamoid complex is an important injury, often misdiagnosed and usually undertreated. They had an incidence of 25% to 50% of residual pain and limited dorsiflexion in those cases. Despite the incidence of surgical treatment of 2%, we have found hopeful results with the open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. Accurate and timely diagnosis and treatment can allow for full return to activity for these athletes.

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Vereckei, Andras. „Current Algorithms for the Diagnosis of wide QRS Complex Tachycardias“. Current Cardiology Reviews 10, Nr. 3 (31.05.2014): 262–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573403x10666140514103309.

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Chow, Weien, Colin Yeo und Vern Hsen Tan. „Wide complex tachycardias detected by smartwatch: what is the diagnosis?“ Singapore Medical Journal 64, Nr. 11 (November 2023): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2021-302.

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42

Chandramohan, Anuradha, Tameem Ahmed Bhat, Reetu John und Betty Simon. „Multimodality imaging review of complex pelvic lesions in female pelvis“. British Journal of Radiology 93, Nr. 1116 (01.12.2020): 20200489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200489.

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Complex pelvic lesions can originate from various anatomical structures in the pelvis and pose a diagnostic dilemma due to a wide range of possible diagnoses. Accurate characterisation of these lesions would often require an algorithmic approach, which incorporates clinical findings, sequential use of multiple imaging modalities and a multiparametric approach. This approach usually aims at identifying key imaging features, which aid in anatomical localisation, morphology and tissue characterisation. There have been various attempts to standardise the lexicon used for describing adnexal masses in female patients; stratify their risk of cancer and suggest appropriate next steps in the management pathway. Through this review, we extend this approach to complex pelvic masses in female pelvis in general and will focus on optimal use of different imaging modalities to arrive at definitive diagnosis or meaningful differential diagnosis. We will also discuss potential pitfalls of imaging diagnosis and common mimics.

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Ali, Diab, und Jose H. Posas. „A System-wide Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Psychiatric Diagnoses and Persistent Symptoms Following Concussion“. Neurology 98, Nr. 1 Supplement 1 (27.12.2021): S16.2—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000801888.75126.ab.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiologic features of psychiatric comorbidities following mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI, or concussion) in a state-wide hospital system cohort over a 10-year period.BackgroundThe epidemiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms and diagnoses following concussion are poorly understood. Despite the rebirth of post-concussion syndrome (PCS) as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), entailing diverse and complex somatic, cognitive, and emotional components with significant potential overlap or confounding of psychiatric comorbidities, there is scarce characterization of the incidence of such comorbidities following concussion. The study of demographic factors as they relate to psychiatric diagnoses following concussion remains in infancy.Design/MethodsWe conducted an observational retrospective cohort study of all patients who received a diagnosis of concussion within Ochsner Health (OH) over a 10-year period. System-wide electronic medical records were evaluated using ICD-10 codes to collect data on patients with a diagnosis of MTBI or concussion, as compared to patients with no diagnosis of concussion over the same period. Data on subpopulations corresponding to psychiatric diagnostic outcomes following diagnosis of concussion were collected and evaluated to determine timeline-related incidences of outcomes, as well as on demographic and morbid features corresponding to each outcome. These included age, sex, race, ethnicity, household income, neurologic and psychiatric history, cause of concussion, and presence of loss of consciousness.ResultsWe report incidence, demographic, and morbid factor data on patients with a diagnosis of concussion, and as related to outcomes following diagnosis of concussion, including: (1) new diagnosis of PCS, (2) meeting PPCS Berlin Sport Concussion Consensus criteria, (3) new unclassified neuropsychiatric symptoms, (4) any new psychiatric diagnosis, (5) new psychiatric diagnosis excluding PCS, (6) new anxiety, dissociative, stress-related, or somatoform disorder diagnosis, (7) new reaction to severe stress or adjustment disorder diagnosis, and (8) new PTSD diagnosis.ConclusionsWe call for multidisciplinary awareness, screening, and longitudinal research of patients with concussion.

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Strauss, Markus J., Thomas Niederkrotenthaler, Stefan Thurner, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer und Peter Klimek. „Data-driven identification of complex disease phenotypes“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 18, Nr. 180 (Juli 2021): 20201040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.1040.

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Disease interaction in multimorbid patients is relevant to treatment and prognosis, yet poorly understood. In the present work, we combine approaches from network science, machine learning and computational phenotyping to assess interactions between two or more diseases in a transparent way across the full diagnostic spectrum. We demonstrate that health states of hospitalized patients can be better characterized by including higher-order features capturing interactions between more than two diseases. We identify a meaningful set of higher-order diagnosis features that account for synergistic disease interactions in a population-wide ( N = 9 M) medical claims dataset. We construct a generalized disease network where (higher-order) diagnosis features are linked if they predict similar diagnoses across the whole diagnostic spectrum. The fact that specific diagnoses are generally represented multiple times in the network allows for the identification of putatively different disease phenotypes that may reflect different disease aetiologies. At the example of obesity, we demonstrate the purely data-driven detection of two complex phenotypes of obesity. As indicated by a matched comparison between patients having these phenotypes, we show that these phenotypes show specific characteristics of what has been controversially discussed in the medical literature as metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity, respectively. The findings also suggest that metabolically healthy patients show some progression towards more unhealthy obesity over time, a finding that is consistent with longitudinal studies indicating a transient nature of metabolically healthy obesity. The disease network is available for exploration at https://disease.network/.

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Lee, Shawn, Gregory P. Siroky und Ranjit Suri. „Home Diagnosis of Wide Complex Tachycardia—The Value for Remote Monitoring“. JAMA Internal Medicine 181, Nr. 9 (01.09.2021): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3194.

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Linton, James-Jules, Debra Eagles, Martin S. Green, Steven Alchi, Marie-Joe Nemnom und Ian G. Stiell. „Diagnosis and management of wide complex tachycardia in the emergency department“. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 24, Nr. 2 (23.01.2022): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43678-021-00243-3.

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Dendi, R., und M. E. Josephson. „A new algorithm in the differential diagnosis of wide complex tachycardia“. European Heart Journal 28, Nr. 5 (28.11.2006): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl557.

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Dinneen, Kate, Ciara Ryan, Cliona Grant, Barbara Dunne, Larry Bacon, Elisabeth Vandenberghe, Michael Jeffers und Richard Flavin. „Impact and importance of a centralised review panel for lymphoma diagnostics in the WHO era: a single-centre experience“. Journal of Clinical Pathology 72, Nr. 7 (25.03.2019): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205691.

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Lymphoma diagnosis is complex, requiring a wide array of adjunctive tests to reach accurate diagnoses. We retrospectively examined the rates of concordance between referral and review lymphoma diagnoses on cases referred to St James’s Hospital, Dublin for multidisciplinary team review between 2013 and 2016. Frequency and cost of adjunctive diagnostic tests performed were also analysed. The overall discordance rate was 7.8% (14/179), compared with rates of 6%–48% in the published literature. 13 discordant cases required a change in clinical management following review of the referred diagnosis. Of all referred cases, 33.5% (60/179) required extra analyses to reach a final diagnosis, costing the reference laboratory €35463.40. We conclude that establishment of centralised haematopathology diagnostic networks would help reduce the rate of revision made to lymphoma diagnoses by providing specialist haematopathologist input and access to ancillary testing.

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Solovyan, A. М., und Т. V. Міkhalieva. „Wide QRS complex tachycardia: the underlying mechanisms, differential diagnosis and acute treatment“. Medicine of Ukraine, Nr. 8(264) (22.11.2022): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37987/1997-9894.2022.8(264).271836.

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The lecture is devoted to the pressing problem of clinical cardiology – the diagnosis and treatment of wide QRS complex tachycardia, requiring an individualized approach to patients` management. The basic principles of determination of wide QRS complex tachycardias and their electrophysiological mechanisms are reviewed. The etiology of wide QRS complex tachicardias, their clinical picture and ECG criteria for differential diagnosis, particularly between ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant ventricular conduction, are outlined. The basic principles of wide QRS complex tachycardias diagnosis are discussed, and the ECG signs of the certain «wide» are presented. The results of the studies, aimed at the development of the diagnostic criteria and algorithms for differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias, are analyzed. The acute treatment of narrow and wide QRS complex tachycardias are presented. The antiarrhythmic drugs and their use are given, and the principles of catheter treatment of tachycardia are stated.

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Auzanneau, F. „Chaos time‐domain reflectometry for distributed diagnosis of complex topology wired networks“. Electronics Letters 52, Nr. 4 (Februar 2016): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.3456.

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