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1
Citizenship, nationality, and ethnicity: Reconciling competing identities. Cambridge, Mass: Polity Press, 1997.
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2
Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: Evolving identities, competing loyalties, and shifting boundaries. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
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3
Özoglu, Hakan. Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: Evolving identities, competing loyalties, and shifting boundaries. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2004.
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4
Bilingual pre-teens: Competing ideologies and multiple identities in the U.S. and Germany. New York: Routledge, 2012.
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5
Beach, Richard. High school students' competing worlds: Negotiating identities and allegiances in response to multicultural literature. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2008.
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6
Ehlers, Nadine. Identities. Herausgegeben von Lisa Disch und Mary Hawkesworth. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.18.
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This chapter explores how the concept of “identity” has been formulated within feminist theory. Looking specifically to the ongoing contestations to how identity has been imagined, it explores the ontological and epistemological assumptions of these imaginings. Additionally, the chapter addresses recent moves away from focusing on identity in some contemporary feminist thought and the implications of such a move. In considering how feminism has thought about identity, it becomes clear that there is no linear or teleological trajectory; there are competing theories within—and links across—each of the broad time periods and rubrics of thought traced out, and all feminist theories of identity are themselves marked by contradictory possibilities and imaginings for/of the self.
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Lassner, Jacob. The Middle East Remembered: Forged Identities, Competing Narratives, Contested Spaces. University of Michigan Press, 2000.
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8
Hintz, Lisel. National Identities in Turkey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655976.003.0003.
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This chapter presents the empirical data collected and analyzed through intertextual analysis to extract competing proposals for Turkish national identity among the country’s population. The analysis includes examination of social and news media sources, interviews, surveys, and archives. The empirical data are also collected from popular culture sources such as novels, television shows, and films to capture vernacular discourse otherwise inaccessible to the researcher. The chapter employs a framework of identity content to parse out the constitutive norms, social purposes, relational meanings, and cognitive worldviews of citizens of Turkey. The four composite proposals that emerge are Republican Nationalism, Pan-Turkic Nationalism, Ottoman Islamism, and Western Liberalism. This process of identity extraction through intertextual analysis lays the groundwork for examining the red lines, or points of intolerability, across competing proposals for Turkey’s national identity.
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Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities. Berg Publishers, 1996.
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10
1948-, Mar-Molinero Clare, und Smith Angel 1958-, Hrsg. Nationalism and the nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and conflicting identities. Oxford [England]: Berg, 1996.
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11
Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities. Berg Publishers, 1996.
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12
Zoglu, Hakan Ozoglu Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. State University of New York Press, 2007.
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13
Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. State University of New York Press, 2004.
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14
Fuller, Janet M. Bilingual Pre-Teens: Competing Ideologies and Multiple Identities in the U. S. and Germany. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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15
Thein, Amanda Haertling, Daryl L. Parks und Richard Beach. High School Students' Competing Social Worlds: Negotiating Identities and Allegiances in Response to Multicultural Literature. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Thein, Amanda Haertling, Daryl L. Parks und Richard Beach. High School Students' Competing Social Worlds: Negotiating Identities and Allegiances in Response to Multicultural Literature. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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17
Beach, Richard W., Amanda Thein, Amanda Haertling Thein, Daryl L. Parks und Richard Beach. High School Students' Competing Social Worlds: Negotiating Identities and Allegiances in Response to Multicultural Literature. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.
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18
High School Students' Competing Social Worlds: Negotiating Identities and Allegiances in Response to Multicultural Literature. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007.
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19
Competing Identities: The Athlete And the Gladiator in Early Christian Literature (Library of New Testament Studies). T. & T. Clark Publishers, 2006.
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20
Howlett, David J. Reforming Identities, Reframing Pilgrimage, 1900–1965. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038488.003.0004.
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This chapter narrates Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints' and Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' interactions at the sacred shrine from 1900 to 1964. The sometimes awkward early twentieth-century meetings between these two groups set the patterns for later interactions at the temple. A rich folklore about the temple was generated by the two competing denominations, and they shared in disseminating tales to one another. In the process, they reconstructed the Kirtland Temple's history to meet their present denomination's needs. In many ways, the Kirtland Temple proved to be a mirror for these groups, reflecting the image of the beholder. That the other group could not see the same image proved an obvious point of contention. At the same time, the temple began to be more physically accessible to members of both churches as an American tourist industry arose that would transform pilgrimage to the temple.
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Ozoglu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries (SUNY series in Middle Eastern Studies). SUNY Press, 2012.
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22
Herzog, Tamar. Identities and Processes of Identification in the Atlantic World. Herausgegeben von Nicholas Canny und Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0028.
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We tend to think about the inhabitants of the Atlantic world as members of discrete groups. We thus argue that ‘Spaniards’ had encountered ‘Indians’, ‘Europeans’ competed with one another, and ‘Africans’ were imported as slaves. Although these categories may be meaningful to us, like all identities and processes of identification, they were dynamic constructions in constant flux. Having gradually emerged during the early modern period and to a great extent because of the engagement with the Atlantic world, their creation involved both confrontation and dialogue and it allowed for competing interpretations. Not only were these identities and processes of identification highly complex, other group solidarities that were just as important — such as the division between people of different religions, nobles and commoners, local citizens and foreigners — mediated between them, on occasions breaking them apart. This article discusses identities and processes of identification in the Atlantic world. It also examines how people inhabiting the Atlantic world are differentiated according to religion.
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Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg. Confessionalism and Mobility in Early Modern Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870913.001.0001.
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This is a book about the intersection between processes of mobility and religious identity and practice in Early Modern Ireland. The period between c.1580 and c.1685 was one of momentous importance in terms of the establishment of different confessional identities in the island, and various typesof mobility played a key role in the development, articulation, and maintenance of separate religious communities. Part I examines the dialectic between migration and religious adherence, paying particular attention to the transnational dimension of clerical formation which played a vital role in shaping the competing Catholic, Church of Ireland, and non-conformist clergies. Part II investigates how more quotidian practices of mobility such as pilgrimage and interparochial communions helped to elaborate religious identities and the central role of figurative images of movement in structuring Christians’ understanding of their lives. The final chapters of the book analyze the extraordinary importance of migratory experience in shaping the lives and writings of the authors of key confessional identity texts. Hitherto underestimated or taken for granted, the book argues that migrants and exiles were of crucial significance in forging the self-understanding of the different religious communities of the island.
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Labrador, Roderick N. “The Center is not just for Filipinos, but for all of Hawai‘i nei”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038808.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that the Filipino Community Center represents a “class project” that not only reveals a repertoire of Filipino identities but also an active confrontation with the group's ethnoracially assigned identity and its political, economic, and social consequences. It analyzes the grand opening ceremonies of the Filipino Community Center and suggests that as a middle class project (with the Filipino Chamber of Commerce a central stakeholder), it emphasizes self-help entrepreneurship and the elevation of business-related “ethnic heroes” as part of the never-ending pursuit of the “American Dream” in a “Land of Immigrants.” The chapter investigates several interrelated issues, namely how those in the middle class shape subjectivity in a community that has been defined and defined itself as impoverished and subaltern, and the various ways Filipinos think about and perform class (via the images, symbols, and ideologies they use) to construct competing visions of “Filipino.”
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Wipplinger, Jonathan O. Performing Race in Ernst Krenek’s Jonny spielt auf. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036781.003.0012.
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This chapter examines the role of race and racial representation in Ernst Krenek's 1927 opera Jonny spielt auf (“Jonny Strikes Up”) in order to determine whether it can be considered a work that is deeply concerned with jazz, African Americans, and their image within European culture. Jonny spielt auf is a combination of European modernism, American popular music, and what Krenek took to be jazz. However, Krenek resisted the notion that his was a “jazz opera,” a term often applied to the opera during the Weimar Republic. This chapter explores how Jonny's musical, cultural, and racial identities are constructed in the opera by focusing on race and racial stereotypes embedded within the score and libretto. It shows how contradictory and competing ideas about African Americans and their music converge in Jonny spielt auf. It also highlights multiple strands of Jonny's identity, between blackface and blackness, that it argues are never entirely reconciled in the opera.
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Smith, Jennifer J. Resisting Identity. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0006.
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Chapter five argues that the best way to grasp William Faulkner’s oeuvre is through the paradigm of the short story cycle because of his use of limited localities, interstitial temporalities, and formative kinships; this approach pushes against a mountain of criticism that expects and measures the unity of his work. The form, with its privileging of multiple, competing narratives, is ideally suited to articulating the crises of history and subjectivity that Faulkner dramatizes. Faulkner’s achievements in the cycle reach an apex in Go Down, Moses (1942), which is his most sustained treatment of black-white relations. Go Down, Moses explores both continual and heightened moments of interracial intimacies. The stories most sharply narrate the crises that the white McCaslin line faces when grappling with their unacknowledged kinship with the black Beauchamp line. This chapter demonstrate that the cycle dramatizes the production of provisional racial identities, because they do not depend upon rigid distinctions, essential characteristics, or defined origins.
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Dorronsoro, Gilles, und Olivier Grojean, Hrsg. Identity, Conflict and Politics in Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190845780.001.0001.
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Ethnic and religious identity-markers compete with class and gender as principles shaping the organization and classification of everyday life. But how are an individual's identity-based conflicts transformed and redefined? Identity is a specific form of social capital, hence contexts where multiple identities necessarily come with a hierarchy, with differences, and hence with a certain degree of hostility. It examines the rapid transformation of identity hierarchies affecting Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey, a symptom of political fractures, social-economic transformation, and new regimes of subjectification. They focus on the state's role in organizing access to resources, with its institutions often being the main target of demands, rather than competing social groups. Such contexts enable entrepreneurs of collective action to exploit identity differences, which in turn help them to expand the scale of their mobilization and to align local and national conflicts. The authors also examine how identity-based violence may be autonomous in certain contexts, and serve to prime collective action and transform the relations between communities.
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Wheeler, Nicholas J. USA–Soviet Union, 1985–1989. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199696475.003.0007.
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Chapter 6 focuses on US–Soviet interactions 1985–90. The end of the cold war is hotly debated, with competing explanations in IR, including trust-based ones. However, none of these explanations adequately explains the transformation in superpower relations in the later 1980s. The chapter posits the importance of the theory of bonding trust in explaining how Reagan and Gorbachev came to interpret each other’s signals accurately, and the subsequent ending of the cold war. It argues that what changed Reagan’s perceptions of Gorbachev’s signals was the process of bonding and trust emergence that led to a transformation of their identities, made possible by their face-to-face diplomacy at four summits, especially Reykjavik. Reagan’s successor, George H. W. Bush, did not initially trust Gorbachev. Only after Bush and Gorbachev had developed a relationship of trust did the President, and especially his Secretary of State, James Baker, trust the Soviet leader’s intentions.
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Graber, Kathryn E. Mixed Messages. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750502.001.0001.
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Focusing on language and media in Asian Russia, particularly in Buryat territories, this book engages debates about the role of minority media in society, alternative visions of modernity, and the impact of media on everyday language use. The book demonstrates that language and the production, circulation, and consumption of media are practices by which residents of the region perform and negotiate competing possible identities. What languages should be used in newspapers, magazines, or radio and television broadcasts? Who should produce them? What kinds of publics are and are not possible through media? How exactly do discourses move into, out of, and through the media to affect everyday social practices? The book addresses these questions through a rich ethnography of the Russian Federation's Buryat territories, a multilingual and multiethnic region on the Mongolian border with a complex relationship to both Europe and Asia. The book shows that belonging in Asian Russia is a dynamic process that one cannot capture analytically by using straightforward categories of ethnolinguistic identity.
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Flower, Richard, und Morwenna Ludlow, Hrsg. Rhetoric and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813194.001.0001.
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The topic of religious identity in late antiquity is highly contentious. How did individuals and groups come to ascribe identities based on what would now be known as ‘religion’, categorizing themselves and others with regard to Judaism, Manichaeism, traditional Greek and Roman practices, and numerous competing conceptions of Christianity? How and why did examples of self-identification become established, activated, or transformed in response to circumstances? To what extent do labels (ancient and modern) for religious categories reflect a sense of a unified and enduring social or group identity for those included within them? How does religious identity relate to other forms of ancient identity politics (for example, ethnic discourse concerning ‘barbarians’)? This book responds to the recent upsurge of interest in this issue by developing interdisciplinary research between classics, ancient and medieval history, philosophy, religion, patristics, and Byzantine studies, expanding the range of evidence standardly used to explore these questions. In exploring the malleability and potential overlapping of religious identities in late antiquity, as well as their variable expressions in response to different public and private contexts, it challenges some prominent scholarly paradigms through a combination of methodological discussions and case studies of specific texts, authors, genres, themes, and artistic corpora. In particular, rhetoric and religious identity are here brought together and simultaneously interrogated to provide mutual illumination: in what way does a better understanding of rhetoric (its rules, forms, practices) enrich our understanding of the expression of late-antique religious identity? How does an understanding of how religious identity was ascribed, constructed, and contested provide us with a new perspective on rhetoric at work in late antiquity?
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Anzalone, Christopher. In the Shadow of the Islamic State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650292.003.0010.
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This chapter examines how the Arab Spring was gradually sectarianized, leading to the emergence of more rigid and puritanical sect-based identities and inter-communal conflicts across the Middle East, extending even further outside of the region and across the Muslim-majority world. Using the social movement theory concept of “framing,” it considers how various political and armed actors involved in the Syrian civil war and the conflict in Iraq, including actors such as the Iranian government, Hizbullah, Sunni and Salafi actors in the Arab Gulf states, and Sunni rebel and other militant jihadi organizations such as Jabhat al-Nusra/Jabhat Fath al-Sham, Islamic State, Jaysh al-Islam, and Ahrar al-Sham, have drawn on competing historical narratives and memory in combination with contemporary events to produce a thoroughly modern but also selectively “historicized” social mobilization narrative meant to encourage activism from their target audiences. The ways in which clashing historical memory and narratives are deployed in regional conflicts, which constitutes a form of re-fighting the past in the present, are analyzed. Specific historical references, such as the invocation of Shi‘i legendary heroes of Karbala such as Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas, which are deployed as rhetorical weapons in geopolitical contests over power and political dominance, are also considered.
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Mertus, Julie. Global Governance and Feminist Activism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.203.
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Competing narratives exist in feminist scholarship about the successes and challenges of women’s activism in a globalized world. Some scholars view globalization as merely another form of imperialism, whereby a particular tradition—white, Eurocentric, and Western—has sought to establish itself as the only legitimate tradition; (re)colonization of the Third World; and/or the continuation of “a process of corporate global economic, ideological, and cultural marginalization across nation-states.” On the other hand, proponents of globalization see opportunity in “the proliferation of transnational spaces for political engagement” and promise in “the related surge in the number and impact of social movements and nongovernmental organizations. Feminist involvement in global governance can be understood by appreciating the context and origins of the chosen for advancing feminist interests in governance, which have changed over time. First wave feminism, describing a long period of feminist activity during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, developed vibrant networks seeking to develop strong coalitions, generate broad public consensus, and improve the status of women in society. Second wave feminist concerns dominated the many international conferences of the 1990s, influencing the dominant agenda, the problems identified and discussed, the advocacy tactics employed, and the controversies generated. Third wave feminism focused more on consciousness raising and coalition building across causes and identities.
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Strang, Cameron B. Frontiers of Science. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640471.001.0001.
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Frontiers of Science takes American scientific thought and discoveries away from the learned societies, museums, and teaching halls of the Northeast and puts the production of knowledge about the natural world in the context of competing empires and an expanding republic in the Gulf South. People often dismissed by starched northeasterners as nonintellectuals--Indian sages, African slaves, Spanish officials, Irishmen on the make, clearers of land and drivers of men--were also scientific observers, gatherers, organizers, and reporters. Skulls and stems, birds and bugs, rocks and maps, tall tales and fertile hypotheses came from them. They collected, described, and sent the objects that scientists gazed on and interpreted in polite Philadelphia. They made knowledge. This book offers a new framework for approaching American intellectual history, one that transcends political and cultural boundaries and reveals persistence across the colonial and national eras. The pursuit of knowledge in the United States did not cohere around democratic politics or the influence of liberty. It was, as in other empires, divided by multiple loyalties and identities, organized through contested hierarchies of ethnicity and place, and reliant on violence. By discovering the lost intellectual history of one region, Strang shows us how to recover a continent for science.
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Rich Dorman, Sara. Understanding Zimbabwe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634889.001.0001.
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This book seeks to understand the state, nation and political identities that are being forged in modern Zimbabwe, and the nature of control that Robert Mugabe’s ZANU exercises over those political institutions. Focusing on the perspective and experiences of societal groups including NGOs, churches, trade unions, students and academics the book explores how the construction of consent, threat of coercion and material resources are used to integrate social groups into the ruling nationalist coalition, but also how they resist and frame competing discourses and institutions. Taking seriously the discursive and institutional legacies of the nationalist struggle and the liberation war in shaping politics, it explores how independent Zimbabwe’s politics were molded by discursive claims to foster national unity that delegitimize autonomous political action outside the ruling party. Building a new societal coalition entailed the "demobilization" of ZANU(PF)’s original nationalist constituency which had backed it during the liberation war, and the "inclusion" of new groups including donors, white farmers and business interests. It also shows how legal practices and institution-building defused and constrained opportunities for contestation, even while the regime used the security forces to suppress those who challenged its political monopoly or who otherwise resisted incorporation. It thus presents a complex picture of how individuals and groups became bound up in the project of state- and nation-building, despite contesting or even rejecting aspects of it.
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Coffey, John, Hrsg. The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702238.001.0001.
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The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I traces the emergence of Anglophone Protestant Dissent in the post-Reformation era between the Act of Uniformity (1559) and the Act of Toleration (1689). It reassesses the relationship between establishment and dissent, emphasizing that Presbyterians and Congregationalists were serious contenders in the struggle for religious hegemony. Under Elizabeth I and the early Stuarts, dissent was largely contained within the Church of England, as nonconformists sought to reform the national Church from within. During the English Revolution (1640–60), Puritan reformers seized control of the state but splintered into rival factions with competing programmes of ecclesiastical reform. Only after the Restoration, following the ejection of 2,000 Puritan clergy from the Church, did most Puritans become Dissenters, often with great reluctance. Dissent was not the inevitable terminus of Puritanism, but the contingent and unintended consequence of the Puritan drive for further reformation. Nevertheless, in the half-century after 1640, religious pluralism became a fact of English life, as denominations formed and toleration was widely advocated. The volume explores how Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Quakers began to forge distinct identities as the four major denominational traditions of English Dissent. It tracks the proliferation of Anglophone Protestant Dissent beyond England—in Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Dutch Republic, New England, Pennsylvania, and the Caribbean. And it presents the latest research on the culture of Dissenting congregations, including their relations with the parish, their worship, preaching, gender relations, and lay experience.
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Escolar, Marisa. Allied Encounters. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284504.001.0001.
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Allied Encounters: The Gendered Redemption of World War II Italy is the first-ever monograph to analyze cultural representations of Allied-occupied Italy, one of the war’s most unstable spaces. While the U.S. military viewed itself as a redemptive force, competing narratives emerged in the Italian imaginary. Both national paradigms, however, are deeply entangled with the gendering of redemption long operative in Anglo-American and Italian discourse, emerging from a Dantean topos that depicts Italy as a whore in need of redemption. Tracing the formation of these gendered paradigms and pointing to their intersection with sexualized and racialized identities, this book examines literary, cinematic, and military representations of the soldier-civilian encounter, by Anglo-Americans and Italians, set in two major occupied cities, Naples and Rome. Informed by the historical context as well as their respective representational traditions, these texts—produced during and in the immediate aftermath—become more than mirrors of the intercultural encounter or generic allegories about U.S.–Italian relations. Instead, they are sites in which to explore other repressed traumas—including the Holocaust, the American Civil War, and European colonialism, as well as individual traumatic events like the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine and the mass civilian rape near Rome by colonial soldiers— that inform how the occupation unfolded and is remembered. In addition to challenging canonical interpretations of emblematic texts, this book introduces several little-known diaries, novels, and guidebooks.
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Peck, Imogen. Recollection in the Republics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845584.001.0001.
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Following the execution of Charles I in January 1649, England’s fledgling republic was faced with a dilemma: which parts of the nation’s bloody recent past should be remembered, and how, and which were best consigned to oblivion? Across the country, the state’s opponents, local communities, and individual citizens were grappling with many of the same questions, as calls for remembrance vied with the competing goals of reconciliation, security, and the peaceful settlement of the state. Recollection in the Republics provides the first comprehensive study of the ways Britain’s Civil Wars were remembered in the decade between the regicide and the restoration. Drawing on a wide-ranging and innovative source base, it places the national authorities’ attempts to shape the meaning of the recent past alongside evidence of what the English people—lords and labourers, men and women, veterans and civilians—actually were remembering. It demonstrates that memories of the domestic conflicts were central to the politics and society of the republican interval, inflecting national and local discourses, complicating and transforming interpersonal relationships, and infusing and forging individual and collective identities. In so doing, it enhances our understanding of the nature of early modern memory and the experience of post-civil war states more broadly. Described as ‘ground breaking’ and an ‘intellectually brilliant’ work by ‘one of the outstanding talents of her generation’, Recollection in the Republics makes a major contribution to the fields of both early modern history and memory studies.
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Gallagher, John. Learning Languages in Early Modern England. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837909.001.0001.
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In 1578, the author, teacher, translator, and lexicographer John Florio wrote of English that it was ‘a language that wyl do you good in England, but passe Dover, it is woorth nothing’. Florio lived in an age when English was a marginal language on the international stage, and when language-learning was central to the English encounter with the wider world. This book is the first major study of how English-speakers learnt a variety of Continental vernaculars. Moving from language lessons in early modern London to the texts, practices, and ideas that underlay vernacular language education in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, and offering a new and multilingual understanding of early modern travel practices, it explores how early modern people learnt and used foreign languages, and asks what it meant to be competent in another language in this period. Multilingualism was a fact of life in early modern Europe: it animated and shaped travel, commerce, culture, diplomacy, education, warfare, and cultural encounter. This book offers a new and methodologically innovative study of a set of practices that were crucial to England’s encounter with the wider world, and to the fashioning of English linguistic and cultural identities at home. It argues for the importance of a historicized understanding of linguistic competence, and frames new ways of thinking about language, communication, and identity in a polyglot age.