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1
Shulman, Shmuel, und Jennifer Connolly. The Challenge of Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood. Herausgegeben von Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.007.
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Whereas theories of romantic stage development suggest that youth in the period of emerging adulthood are fully capable of commitment to an intimate romantic relationship, recent research suggests that the relationships of many young people are quite different. Marriage and other forms of deep commitment are delayed while many youth engage in short-term casual encounters or in noncommitted relationships. This chapter suggests that these data pose a challenge to stage theories, one that can be reconciled by considering the developmental life tasks that emerging adults must simultaneously resolve. The authors propose a transitional emerging adult romantic stage, coordinating romance and life plans, in which young people strive to integrate career paths and life plans with those of a romantic partner. Resolution of this stage provides the grounding for long-term commitment to a life partner. This proposal is discussed within the perspective of life cycle and evolutionary life history theories.
2
Strauss, Neil. Truth: An Uncomfortable Book about Relationships. Text Publishing Company, 2015.
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3
Müller, Anna. Prison Relationships. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499860.003.0005.
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This chapter concentrates on prison friendships. It begins with an exploration of possibilities for creating new relationships as well as maintaining contact through a wall. Wall relationships helped prisoners extend beyond their own cell and gave them a chance to recreate themselves and some of the social roles that they lost when they entered prison. This chapter tells the story of life in both interrogation cells and cells where women were to spend their sentences. It then zooms in on a particular cell where imprisoned Communists, two Home Army women, and a Ukrainian Insurgent Army member were able to create an atmosphere of mutual support and understanding. Looking at the relationships between women of different ideological commitments and the trust and familiarity they forged also leads to an opportunity to probe the relationships between prisoner spies and their cellmates.
4
Strauss, Neil. The Truth: An Uncomfortable Book About Relationships. HarperCollins Audio and Blackstone Audio, 2015.
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5
Marin, Mara. Modeling Commitment for Structural Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498627.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 extends the concept of commitment from personal to social structural relations and begins the argument that our implication in social structures puts us in relations analogous to those of personal commitments. This analogy has a descriptive and a normative element. Descriptively, this book’s notion of commitment captures the idea that social structures are the accumulated effects of our actions. Normatively, it captures the claim that we owe obligations to each other in virtue of our structural relationships to each other, that is, because our actions, accumulated over time, are responsible for reproducing the structure. It illustrates these claims with the example of a woman who attempts to change the gendered nature of parenting. This view of social structures as commitments is an antidote to the powerlessness we otherwise experience in our relation to unjust structures.
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Chiappori, Pierre-André, und Costas Meghir. Household Labor Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789903546.
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This Research Collection surveys the main contribution to labor supply decisions within the family. It covers both theory, from the initial ‘unitary’ model that postulates that the family behaves as a single decision maker, to modern ‘collective’ approaches that concentrates on differences in preferences and power relationships and empirical applications. Including an original Introduction by the Editors, a special emphasis is placed on dynamic approaches, in particular issues related to intra-household commitment, and on policy implications.
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Helm, Bennett W. Personal Relationships and Blame. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0012.
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Scanlon argues that blame involves revising one’s relationship with a wrongdoer because of the significance for the blamer of that wrongdoing, and he argues that reactive attitude accounts of blame cannot accommodate how blame varies according to that relationship. This chapter argues that a reactive attitude account can nonetheless accommodate this point. To do this, one must turn to broad, interpersonal rational patterns of reactive attitudes in terms of which we can make sense of human communities. The sort of relationship whose impairment is relevant to blame, then, is that of co-membership in such communities, and the significance of the agent's wrongdoing relevant for blame is the significance those actions and attitudes have for us in the community. Examining the connections between one’s personal commitments and one’s communal relationships reveals that revisions to one’s relationship with the wrongdoer are a consequence rather than, as Scanlon claims, a part of blame.
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The truth: An uncomfortable book about relationships. 2015.
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9
Herring, Scott, und Lee Wallace, Hrsg. Long Term. Duke University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478021544.
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The contributors to Long Term use the tension between the popular embrace and legalization of same-sex marriage and the queer critique of homonormativity as an opportunity to examine the myriad forms of queer commitments and their durational aspect. They consider commitment in all its guises, particularly relationships beyond and aside from monogamous partnering. These include chosen and involuntary long-term commitments to families, friends, pets, and coworkers; to the care of others and care of self; and to financial, psychiatric, and carceral institutions. Whether considering the enduring challenges of chronic illnesses and disability, including HIV and chronic fatigue syndrome; theorizing the queer family as a scene of racialized commitment; or relating the grief and loss that comes with caring for pets, the contributors demonstrate that attending to the long term offers a fuller understanding of queer engagements with intimacy, mortality, change, dependence, and care. Contributors. Lisa Adkins, Maryanne Dever, Carla Freccero, Elizabeth Freeman, Scott Herring, Annamarie Jagose, Amy Jamgochian, E. Patrick Johnson, Jaya Keaney, Heather Love, Sally R. Munt, Kane Race, Amy Villarejo, Lee Wallace
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Strauss, Neil. Truth: Sex, Love, Commitment, and the Puzzle of the Male Mind. HarperCollins Publishers, 2015.
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11
Ó Donghaile, Deaglán. Oscar Wilde and the Radical Politics of the Fin de Siécle. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459433.001.0001.
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Oscar Wilde’s political identity informed his literary writings, which were motivated by his revolutionary outlook as much as they were driven by his Paterian “passion for sensations”. Addressing his radical engagements with anarchism, socialism and anticolonial thought, this monograph provides a new interpretation of Oscar Wilde’s aestheticism and of his major works by emphasising the importance of progressive politics to his positioning and self-identification within late Victorian literary culture. Consisting of previously unpublished material, it provides a politicised and historicised account of Wilde’s key works by situating them within the framework of his very pronounced – but to date critically under-recognised and as yet untheorised - ideological commitment to these radical political causes. This book interprets Wilde’s better-known works against the important political contexts addressed in his correspondence, reviews, lectures and journalism, and through his personal relationships with contemporary radicals.
12
Gray, Barbara, und Jill Purdy. Conflict in Multistakeholder Partnerships. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.003.0006.
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Despite a strong commitment to collaborate, partners may encounter conflict as they work together. Even when partners agree on goals and a common agenda, conflicts still may arise over the process they will use to search for agreements, over their relationships and threats to identity, over values or because of power differences or over how agreements will be implemented. In this chapter, partnership level factors that generate conflict are explored, including why some conflicts have long histories and are deeply rooted within fields. Several actions that partners can take to address conflicts are suggested such as acknowledging critical identities, reframing, de-escalation techniques, mediation, and shuttle diplomacy. The role of conflict and how it was handled in each of our three main cases is explored.
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Strauss, Neil. The Truth: An Eye-Opening Odyssey Through Love Addiction, Sex Addiction, and Extraordinary Relationships. Dey Street Books, 2018.
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14
Rushton, Cynda Hylton. Integrity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0005.
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Integrity or moral wholeness is the foundation of moral resilience. Integrity arises when intentions, words, thoughts, and actions align and there is fidelity in adherence to ethical commitments, norms, and conscience. It includes a robust notion of moral agency that includes considerations of the congruence of intentions, character, choices, behavior, and actions as well as responsibility for them. It requires a well-honed conscience; moral sensitivity, perception, and imagination; self-regulatory capacities; ongoing reflection to evaluate one’s intentions, motivations, and actions; cognitive judgment; the ability to devise reasonable solutions to internal conflicts; and steadfast commitment to responsibly enact considered decisions. Clinicians have dual obligations to those they serve and to themselves. Personal and relational integrity are fundamental considerations for clinicians. This dynamic interplay requires attunement to the issues of personal and relational integrity that are at play in clinical practice, including relationships with patients, families, colleagues, leaders, organizations, and the broader society.
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Malagaris, George. Biruni. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124021.001.0001.
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This book places Biruni in his historical and cultural context within the long-term history of medieval Eurasia. It outlines the course of Biruni’s life, clarifying key questions about his associations, travels, and patrons. Following an overview of Biruni’s chief interests, it details his major works to illustrate the breadth of Biruni’s output and his intellectual approach, especially his attention to language, esteem for knowledge, and commitment to objective truth. An account of his institutional context and relationships elucidates his friendships and rivalries, notably with Avicenna. The book also shows how varied paths of transmission affected the legacy of Biruni and its reception in global scientific and literary traditions. Finally, a timeline, list of key works, and detailed bibliographic essay will guide readers into further study of Biruni and his thought. This comprehensive overview of Biruni is based on the Arabic and Persian primary sources in the original languages using the best editions. The author has consulted scholarship in French, German, and Russian to draw conclusions and present up-to-date bibliographic references in a manner accessible to specialists and the general reader alike.
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Omaswa, Francis. Health leadership in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 describes the challenge facing African health leaders in stark terms: ‘Until and unless we Africans, individually and collectively, feel the pain and the shame of our condition, we will not have the commitment to take the actions needed to right the situation.’ It describes developments in Africa from the author’s experience over the last 40 years and, in particular, the way in which relationships between donors and African countries has simultaneously helped improve health and slowed down the development of national capacity and systems. This account sets the scene for the following chapters in which individual leaders describe the way they have struggled with this complex relationship as they have worked to improve health in their own countries.
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Yadlapati, Madhuri M. What Is Our Sacred Responsibility in the World? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037948.003.0003.
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This chapter examines four particular ways in which faith has been expressed as a commitment to one's responsibilities vis-à-vis one's community and God. It discusses Hindu epic illustrations of dharma, or sacred duty; an allegorical extrapolation of Christian responsibility in C. S. Lewis's Narnia series as well as his discussion of the relationship between faith and works; Islamic understanding of human beings as God's caliphs (khalifa) and the responsibility for jihad; and Jewish articulations of human responsibility in a covenantal relationship with God. These examples concern a specific interface of religious ethics and the commitment to faith, by which one embraces a tremendous sense of responsibility for the very fate of the human world.
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Kampmann, Christoph, Julian Katz und Christian Wenzel, Hrsg. Recht zur Intervention – Pflicht zur Intervention? Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748926764.
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The responsibility to protect and intervention possessed a central political importance in the early modern period. This volume asks whether there was also a duty to intervene alongside the right to do so. This draws attention to the relationship between the responsibility to protect, security and reputation, which is the focus of the contributions the book contains. Chronologically, they range from the 15th to the 18th centuries and discuss monarchical duties to protect, alliance commitments, confessional legitimation and motives, as well as those based on patronage, contractual relationships and electoral processes. One of the book’s important findings is a deeper understanding of reputation, which is comprehensively examined here as a political guiding factor with reference to changing understandings of security for the first time.
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Wouters, Jan, Manfred Nowak, Anna-Luise Chané und Nicolas Hachez, Hrsg. The European Union and Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814191.001.0001.
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With the Treaty of Lisbon, the profile of human rights issues has greatly risen in relation to European Union (EU) policies, whether internal or external. The EU has made the commitment to ensure that all its actions are compliant with human rights, and to seek to promote them. Yet, the Union’s commitment has come under close scrutiny, not only for its groundbreaking character, but also because recent events have put it to the test. The EU has been faced with a number of crises such as the financial-economic crisis and the imposition of austerity measures, the migration crisis, and terrorist attacks. At the same time, the EU has made significant steps to implement its human rights commitment, such as through the binding character of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the adoption of the Strategic Framework and Action Plan on human rights and democracy, and the adoption of human rights country strategies for a large number of third countries. This volume takes stock of these developments. It comprehensively discusses the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the EU’s commitment to human rights throughout its actions, legislative activities, policies, and relationships, and critically assesses them.
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Hardy, Duncan. Documentary Culture and Ritual. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0002.
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Political actors in Upper Germany interacted with one another through a shared repertoire of formats. Princes, prelates, nobles, and urban and communal governments all employed a similar array of documentary forms and ritualized transactions. The use of writing was characterized by ‘pragmatic literacy’: although by no means all elites could read, their interactions relied heavily on documents and records as means of communicating and supporting their governmental, financial, and judicial claims. In particular, the sealed charter, treaty, or contract (Siegelurkunde) had both symbolic and practical currency as proof of any kind of political or legal status, transaction, or relationship. Transactions and relationships were also legitimized by shared rituals performed during face-to-face encounters. The most important of these was the swearing of oaths, which formalized commitments through a quasi-sacred and universally recognized ceremony.
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Waldau, Paul. Buddhism and Animal Rights. Herausgegeben von Daniel Cozort und James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.32.
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The Buddhist tradition is justifiably known for its commitment to the primacy of ethical reflection. On the issue of nonhuman animals, the tradition-wide commitment to an undertaking to refrain from killing, known as the First Precept, offers a moving example of humans’ abilities to apply ethics to nonhuman animals on questions about animal protection for companion animals, food animals, entertainment animals, wildlife, and captive animals. Buddhist reflections on humans’ relationship to nonhuman animals, including questions of non-lethal harms, also have features that are illuminated, as is the First Precept, by a comparison with contemporary animal rights and animal protection debates.
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Pereboom, Derk. Responsibility, Regret, and Protest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805601.003.0007.
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Is morality viable without the notions of desert, moral demand, and moral obligation, notions threatened by possible limitations in human abilities? This essay contends that it may well be. Instead of invoking desert, blame can be largely forward-looking, recast as appropriate moral protest, and aiming at protection, moral formation, and reconciliation. Moral demands in relationships can be re-envisioned as commitments deriving from care, and failure to act in accord with one’s commitments can be conceived as wrong in the sense that they are appropriately protested. Moral obligations can be reconfigured as axiological recommendations. Revision of morality poses risks, but it is argued that the changes envisioned are practically viable.
23
Reed, Baron. Practical Interests and Reasons for Belief. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758709.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the relationship between the practical and the epistemic. It rejects two broad ways of thinking about that relationship—pragmatic encroachment and an epistemology centered on the truth norm—before offering a new approach, which explains epistemic normativity as arising from our practical commitment to a social practice that has arisen from our need to share information with one another. The chapter discusses the way in which the social practice view captures the importance of knowledge and epistemic reasons to action, while preventing our practical interests from playing a disruptive role in how we arrive at our beliefs.
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Brown, Andrew, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. The Broken Contract. Herausgegeben von Andrew Brown, Christopher T. Flinton, Josh Gibson, Brian Grant, Barrie Greiff, Duane Hagen, Stephen Heidel et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.003.0003.
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Broken relationships develop over time and with repetition and have a corroding effect on loyalty and commitment, which are the glue that holds people together enough to accomplish mutual goals. Managers need to know if someone important to their work is feeling that way, particularly if the person feels that way about them. A key part of understanding such ruptures is to understand the implicit interpersonal promises, better known as the psychological contract. The psychological contract has five essential components: predictability versus confusion, dependence versus independence, distance versus intimacy, change versus stability, and danger versus safety. This chapters explores these elements in cases about business performance and relationships between supervisors and employees.
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Wilson, Keeley. A Shooting Star. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777199.003.0001.
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No large industrial company has ever grown as fast as Nokia did in the 1990s and few have fallen quite as rapidly: Nokia’s mobile phone business went from posting record results in 2007 to almost dragging the whole company into bankruptcy in 2012. The opening chapter sets the scene with a brief history of Nokia’s journey. Three different lines of theoretical reasoning which could explain Nokia’s decline are discussed: unavoidable Schumpeterian creative destruction, organizational evolution gone astray, and a failure of managerial volition. The CORE dimensions used in the analysis of each chapter are introduced: Cognition (what leaders saw, how they interpreted it, conclusions they drew, and decisions made); Organization (operational actions, managers’ responsibilities, and relationships in the firm); Relationships (interpersonal element of how leaders complement each other, how well they work together, and the ambitions they harbor); and Emotions (critical to the quality of strategic sense-making and collective commitment).
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Kahn, Andrew, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman und Stephanie Sandler. National narratives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0017.
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Within the context of the Enlightenment’s broader commitment to progress, the chapter considers the treatment of absolutism and the debate about the legacy of Peter the Great, an important theme in Russian writing in the Catherine period. Eighteenth-century writers also used literature (including works about travel) to explore the question of cultural progress and civilization. In the eighteenth century, progress and Enlightenment framed the idea of nation, and questions of national identity were evaluated with reference to Europe. New forms of writing developed to keep pace with these enquiries, and the chapter contains a case study on Nikolai Karamzin’s The Letters of a Russian Traveler, while another case study explores the relationship between literature, biography, and the idea of a philosophical life as examined by Aleksandr Radishchev.
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Stewart-Kroeker, Sarah. The Plotinian Heritage of Augustine’s Peregrinatio Image. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804994.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 examines Augustine’s use of the pilgrimage image, which has a Plotinian heritage, to describe his relationship to the Platonists. This also offers a window into his Christological commitments as they develop over time. The varying iterations of the peregrinatio image over the course of his life illustrate the maturation of Augustine’s Christology as well as his shifting purposes in deploying the image. Augustine demonstrates a growing awareness of what his Christology implies for his description of the Platonist and Christian relationship to the final end: the homeland. He also, however, maintains a complex tension between a conception of the final end to some extent shared with the Platonists and a “final end conception” that is necessarily distinct due to his Christology. This chapter traces the maturation of the image’s Christology and Augustine’s self-described relationship to the Platonists.
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Henderson, Andrea. Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0004.
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This chapter argues that British photography of the 1850s and 60s wedded realism—understood as a commitment to descriptive truthfulness—with formalism, or a belief in the defining power of structural relationships. Photographers at mid-century understood the realistic character of photography to be grounded in more than fidelity to detail; the technical properties of the medium accorded perfectly with the claims of contemporary physicists that reality itself was constituted by spatial arrangements and polar forces rather than essential categorical distinctions. The photographs of Clementina, Lady Hawarden exemplify this formalist realism, dramatizing the power of the formal logic of photography not only to represent the real but to reveal its fundamentally formal nature.
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Clark, David. The Saunders of Hadley Hurst (1918 – 1938). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190637934.003.0002.
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This opening chapter sets out the family origins, the culture, and life into which Cicely Saunders was born, and her childhood and teenage years during the inter-war period. How did this privileged upbringing, based on her father’s growing business success, lead to her subsequent caring role and long-term religious commitment? The character and personality of her parents are examined, as are the nature of their marriage, Cicely’s relationships with her two younger brothers, the domestic arrangements – and tensions — of an increasingly prosperous household, and Cicely’s conflicted ideas about faith, service, and vocation. Her schooling is explored, particularly Cicely’s time at Roedean, along with the circumstances which eventually enabled her to gain entry to Oxford for undergraduate study.
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Konstam, Varda. The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190639778.001.0001.
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The romantic lives of emerging adults are often baffling and contradictory: they prize committed and authentic relationships, yet they appear to be reluctant participants, and they prefer to foster ambiguity in their romantic relationships, even as they value honesty and clarity. This book grapples with these perplexing questions and considers the challenging economic conditions in which today’s emerging adults find themselves. With an emphasis on the constructs of commitment and sacrifice and their centrality to emerging adults’ readiness for long-term relationships, the main milestones in transitioning from an I identity to a we identity are reviewed. The concepts of choice and risk are discussed and structures such as asymmetrically committed relationships, cohabitation, marriage, and divorce are examined through the lens of risk and risk avoidance. The book probes extensively into the romantic lives of emerging adults—their attitudes, values, and expectations. In doing so, this text examines some of the developmental and contextual realities against which romantic attachment must be viewed. Critical topics such as casual and sexual experiences and relationships, going solo, breakups, the integration of work and love, and social media and its influence are considered. Original qualitative data about the topic is presented. The chapters conclude with a “close-up look” at one or more emerging adults so that their romantic lives are brought to life more vividly. The commonality and the individuality of the emerging adults that are presented throughout this text contribute to a rich understanding of emerging adults and how they live and love.
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Wildman, Nathan. On Shaky Ground? Exploring the Contingent Fundamentality Thesis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755630.003.0015.
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The relationship between fundamentality and modality remains criminally underexplored. In particular, there are several significant questions about fundamentality’s modal strength that remain unanswered. For example, if something is fundamental is it necessarily so? That is, could something be fundamental in one possible world and derivative in another? And how would the acceptance of contingent fundamentality square with commitments to contingentism (or, for that matter, necessitism) about the existence of the fundamentalia? Chapter 14 makes some headway towards addressing these questions. It does so by exploring the contingent fundamentality thesis, according to which it is possible that something is possibly fundamental and possibly derivative. In this way, the chapter represents a starting point for examining broader issues about the relationship between fundamentality and modality.
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Conway, Rebecca, Hrsg. Djalkiri. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327272.
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Djalkiri are “footprints" – ancestral imprints on the landscape that provide the Yolŋu people of eastern Arnhem Land with their philosophical foundations. This book describes how Yolŋu artists and communities keep these foundations strong, and how they have worked with museums to develop a collaborative, community-led approach to the collection and display of their artwork. It includes contributions from Yolŋu elders and artists as well as Indigenous and non-Indigenous historians and curators. Together they explore how the relationship between communities and museums has changed over time. From the early 20th century, anthropologists and other collectors acquired artworks and objects and took photographs in Arnhem Land that became part of collections at the University of Sydney. Later generations of Yolŋu have sought out these materials and, with museum curators, proposed a new type of relationship, based on a deeper respect for Yolŋu intellectual frameworks and a commitment to their central role in curation. This book tells some of their stories.
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Bellamy, Alex J., und Tim Dunne, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.001.0001.
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In 2005, world leaders made a unanimous commitment to the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle. This Handbook provides a comprehensive assessment of the theory, politics, and practice of R2P, which interrogates its place in world politics and key international institutions, its impact and relationship with the most significant contemporary crises and its future trajectories. In so doing, this book provides a one-stop ‘shop’ for R2P focused around seven themes: ‘history’—examining the evolution of sovereignty, responsibility, and humanitarian intervention; ‘theory’—evaluating the key normative and conceptual puzzles provoked by R2P; ‘institutions’—examining the implementation of R2P through global institutions, especially the UN; ‘regional perspectives’—charting how different parts of the world relate to R2P; ‘cross-cutting themes’—focusing on its relationship with peacebuilding, peacekeeping, gender, protection, and other thematic issues; ‘cases’—exploring how R2P relates to the most pressing international problems; and ‘future trajectories’—where leading thinkers and practitioners reflect on the norm’s future.
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Mason, Emma. Christina Rossetti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723691.001.0001.
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Christina Rossetti: Poetry, Ecology, Faith suggests that the life and works of Christina Rossetti offer a commentary on the relationship between Christianity and ecology. It counters readings of her as a withdrawn or apolitical poet by reading her Anglo-Catholic faith in the context of her commitment to the nonhuman. Rossetti considered the doctrines and ideas associated with the Catholic Revival to be revelatory of an ecology of creation in which all things, material and immaterial, human and nonhuman, divine and embodied, are interconnected. The book focuses on her close attention to the Bible, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi to show how her poetry, prose, and letters refused the nineteenth-century commodification of creation and declared it as a new and shared reality kept in eternal flux by the nondual love of the Trinity. In chapters on her early involvement in the Oxford Movement, her relationship to the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Franciscan commitment to the diversity of plant and animal life through her anti-vivisection activism, and green reading of the apocalypse as transformative rather than destructive, the book traces an ecological love command in her writing, one she considered it a Christian duty to fulfil. It illuminates Rossetti’s at once sensitive and keenly ethical readings of the place of flora and fauna, stars and planets, humans and angels in creation, and is also the first study of its kind to argue for the centrality of spiritual materialism in her work, one driven by a prevenient and green grace.
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Zahavi, Dan. Internalism, externalism, and transcendental idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199684830.003.0005.
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Whereas a certain popular (Fregean) interpretation of Husserl’s theory of intentionality makes Husserl into an internalist and methodological solipsist, the aim of Chapter 4 is to show that Husserl’s commitment to transcendental idealism prevents his theory from being either. I first discuss competing interpretations of Husserl’s concept of the noema, and argue that the Fregean interpretation misreads the transcendental character of Husserl’s phenomenology. I next present an interpretation of Husserl’s transcendental idealism that highlights its difference from metaphysical idealism and shows why Husserl’s conception of the mind–world relationship cannot be adequately captured within the internalism–externalism framework. In the final part of the chapter, I discuss how the claim that Husserl is a methodological solipsist fails to engage properly with his account of transcendental intersubjectivity, and how that latter account eventually transforms the very character of the transcendental project.
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Vallier, Kevin, und Michael Weber. Conscience, Religion, and Exemptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190666187.003.0002.
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There is widespread agreement about the necessity of legally protecting the freedom to determine one’s own stance toward religion and to act on the basis of one’s deeply held beliefs. But the agreement stops there. The question of the meaning and extension of religious freedom and of its relationship with arguably broader notions of freedom of conscience is vexed and controversial. Moreover, as a consequence of the indeterminacy about the meaning and scope of religious freedom, the normative status of religious exemptions and other forms of accommodation remains contested. Do religious accommodations have a role to play in a fair system of social cooperation? Is there something special about religion that makes it acceptable to exempt religiously committed citizens from otherwise legitimate rules of general application? Political and legal theorists are divided on this issue. This chapter argues that there is something special about religion that warrants, under specific circumstances, reasonable accommodation measures. It also argues that religious and spiritual commitments can and should be analogized with a certain category of secular commitments that can be called “meaning-giving beliefs and commitments.” Both religious and secular meaning-giving beliefs and commitments will be presented as legitimate grounds for accommodations claims. The chapter first summarizes why the author thinks that religious exemptions are morally justified, and then addresses some of the criticisms put forward by those who argue that something crucial is lost when religious freedom is collapsed into an allegedly broader category such as freedom of conscience or ethical independence. This chapter mainly focuses on Cécile Laborde’s challenge to what she calls “egalitarian theories of religious freedom.”
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Ezzerelli, Kaïs. The Publicist and his Newspaper in Syria in the Era of the Young Turk Revolution, between Reformist Commitment and Political Pressures: Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali and al-Muqtabas (1908–17). Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430616.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the career of Muhammad Kurd ‘Ali (1876–1953) and his daily newspaper al-Muqtabas, founded in Damascus in December 1908 following the Young Turk Revolution. Close to the Syrian reformists, who comprised his readers and editorial team, Kurd ‘Ali contrived to make al-Muqtabas one of the most widely read and influential Arabic dailies in the region. During World War I Kurd ‘Ali and his newspaper faced the dilemma: either to be condemned by or to participate in Ottoman propaganda. Based on a close reading of al-Muqtabas, public archives and contemporary testimonies related to this family enterprise, this chapter focuses on the relationships between Kurd ‘Ali and his newspaper, his readers and collaborators, as well as his ties with the political powers of that time.
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Grare, Frédéric. India Turns East. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190859336.001.0001.
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India Turns East tells the story of India’s long and difficult journey to reclaim its status in a rapidly changed environment increasingly shaped by the US-China rivalry and the uncertainties of US commitment to Asia’s security. The so-called Look East Policy initially aimed at reconnecting India with Asia’s economic globalization. As China becomes more assertive, Look East has rapidly evolved into a comprehensive strategy with political and military dimensions which, together with favourable circumstances, have gradually allowed for a closer relationship with the United States. But the book argues that despite this rapprochement, the congruence of Indian and US objectives regarding China is not absolute. The two countries share similar concerns, but differ about the role China should play in the emerging regional architecture. Moreover, though bilateral US policies are usually perceived positively in New Delhi, paradoxically, the multilateral dimension of the US Rebalance to Asia policy sometimes pushes New Delhi closer to Beijing’s positions than to Washington’s. The asymmetry of power between the United States and India and their geographic separation make the persistence of significant divergences inevitable. The challenge for India is to reinvent the concept of strategic autonomy — defined as a position allowing India to leverage US capacities while avoiding being drawn into a zero-sum game between the US and China — but it will ultimately be able to do so only if it does make itself more attractive. Economic reforms are a key to India relationships with both the US and China.
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Resnik, Michael D. Quine and the Web of Belief. Herausgegeben von Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0012.
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This article focuses on Quine's positive views and their bearing on the philosophy of mathematics. It begins with his views concerning the relationship between scientific theories and experiential evidence (his holism), and relate these to his views on the evidence for the existence of objects (his criterion of ontological commitment, his naturalism, and his indispensability arguments). This sets the stage for discussing his theories concerning the genesis of our beliefs about objects (his postulationalism) and the nature of reference to objects (his ontological relativity). Quine's writings usually concerned theories and their objects generally, but they contain a powerful and systematic philosophy of mathematics, and the article aims to bring this into focus.
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Cohen, Richard I., Hrsg. Yakir Englander and Avi Sagi, Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse, trans. Batya Stein. Boston: Academic Press, 2015. 298 pp. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0056.
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This chapter reviews the book Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse (2015), by Yakir Englander and Avi Sagi, translated by Batya Stein. Sexuality and the Body in New Religious Zionist Discourse examines the positions and debates about “sexuality” in one area of the Jewish public sphere in Israel—religious Jewry—and specifically that of the Israeli religious Zionists who, following the notion of “Torah ’im Derech Eretz” first formulated by Samson Raphael Hirsch as an answer to the Enlightenment, are now struggling in a Jewish state to combine halakhic commitment with the values of modernity. Englander and Sagi focus on questions of sexuality as defined by rabbinic notions of gender attraction and bodily integrity/autonomy: those dealing with homosexuality, lesbianism, masturbation, and the relationships between the sexes.
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Webber, David M. Morals and Medicines. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423564.003.0006.
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The second case study, explored here in chapter 6, addresses the commitment of the New Labour government to increase the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs needed to combat HIV and AIDS in the developing world. This chapter extends the analysis that appears in chapter 3 concerning New Labour’s claim to be the ‘party of business’ and its special relationship with the UK pharmaceutical industry. In doing so, it reveals a clear tension between the priority that New Labour afforded to these drug companies, and the commitment that Brown and other government officials made concerning the delivery of ARV medicines. Despite the urgent need to roll-out these drugs to stem the rising tide of AIDS-related deaths in the global South, New Labour’s policies – again designed principally by Brown – appeared to prioritise the preferences of these firms and their shareholders. Although Brown was amongst a number of government officials concerned at the prohibitively high price of these drugs, this chapter finds that he was also instrumental in introducing a number of measures that incentivised rather than forced the industry into meeting its wider obligations towards addressing HIV and AIDS, and the other so-called ‘diseases of poverty’ in the global South.
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Watson-Gegeo, Karen Ann, und Matthew C. Bronson. The Intersections of Language Socialization and Sociolinguistics. Herausgegeben von Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron und Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0006.
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First- and second-language-acquisition researchers have increasingly adopted language socialization (LS) as a productive and realistic strategy for examining the intertwined relationships among language, culture, and learning. This chapter reviews recent developments in LS in relation to sociolinguistics, with an emphasis on work in bilingual and multilingual situations cross-culturally. It argues for the value of accelerating the current shift in sociolinguistics from interdisciplinary toward transdisciplinary inquiry. Interdisciplinary work is interactive, combining theory, methods, and practices to address questions difficult to tackle with the tools of a single discipline. It adapts but does not challenge existing boundaries. In contrast, transdisciplinary inquiry problematizes disciplinary compartmentalization as imposing limits in creating useful knowledge to address complex issues. The discussion suggests a framework for evaluating sociolinguistic LS research, concluding that the best LS research always involves a commitment to benefit the communities studied.
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MacDonald, Martha. Organizing Site Visits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862268.003.0004.
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Organizing Site Visits: Methodological Considerations considers the practical challenges of team ethnography fieldwork. The selection of sites and organization of the site visit are central to the success of the rapid site-switching methodology. The method relies heavily on the commitment of team members to take a turn organizing site visits in their jurisdictions and on both their local knowledge and skills. Issues around site selection and site visit organization are discussed from the perspective of a team member responsible for organizing site visits in one Canadian jurisdiction. The chapter reviews the process from the initial selection of sites to follow-up with the host facilities. Decentralized, collaborative decision-making is essential when planning fieldwork in multiple jurisdictions with widely dispersed team members. Relationships are key to a successful site visit and all aspects of local arrangements must be considered through this lens.
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Eikelboom, Lexi. Rhythm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828839.001.0001.
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This book argues that, as a pervasive dimension of human existence with theological implications, rhythm ought to be considered a category of theological significance. Philosophers and theologians have drawn on rhythm—patterned movements of repetition and variation—to describe reality, however, the ways in which rhythm is used and understood differ based on a variety of metaphysical commitments with varying theological implications. This book brings those implications into the open, using resources from phenomenology, prosody, and the social sciences to analyse and evaluate uses of rhythm in metaphysical and theological accounts of reality. The analysis relies on a distinction from prosody between a synchronic approach to rhythm—observing the whole at once and considering how various dimensions of a rhythm hold together harmoniously—and a diachronic approach—focusing on the ways in which time unfolds as the subject experiences it. The text engages with the twentieth-century Jesuit theologian Erich Przywara alongside thinkers as diverse as Augustine and the contemporary philosopher Giorgio Agamben, and proposes an approach to rhythm that serves the concerns of theological conversation. It demonstrates the difference that including rhythm in theological conversation makes to how we think about questions such as “what is creation?” and “what is the nature of the God–creature relationship?” from the perspective of rhythm. As a theoretical category, capable of expressing metaphysical commitments, yet shaped by the cultural rhythms in which those expressing such commitments are embedded, rhythm is particularly significant for theology as a phenomenon through which culture and embodied experience influence doctrine.
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Nisenbaum, Karin. The Unconditioned in Human Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680640.003.0005.
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This chapter explains the Fichtean view that the act of self-positing is the ground of all constraint or necessitation, both in the theoretical and practical domains. The chapter also shows that Fichte developed the notion of the self-positing subject in order to meet reason’s demand for unconditioned explanation, without falling prey to the nihilistic consequences of philosophical reflection that Jacobi had diagnosed. To this end, the chapter explains Jacobi’s nihilism complaint in a manner that is conversant with current debates in metaphysics. In doing so, it shows that Jacobi and Fichte can still help us understand the place of freedom and the role of commitment within philosophical reflection. To bring the relationship between freedom and reason into focus, the chapter clarifies the idea that criticism and dogmatism represent two distinct, theoretically indemonstrable philosophical systems, and it offers two different interpretations of the idea that the German Idealist system is a “philosophy of practical postulates.”
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Speller, Ian. Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0019.
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This chapter explores the evolution of Irish defence policy from the end of the cold war through to 2017. It provides an analysis of national strategy, military doctrine, and force structures and reveals how these have evolved to meet new challenges and opportunities. The chapter explains how successive governments have sought to balance a reluctance to devote significant resources to defence and the desire to maintain the longs-tanding tradition of neutrality with a commitment to international engagement through the UN and active participation in a number of UN peacekeeping missions overseas. It also examines how the relationship with NATO and the EU has evolved. The chapter explores changes to the role and structure of the Defence Forces since the 1990s and concludes with an examination of existing policy and future challenges in the aftermath of the 2015 defence review.
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Moore, Kathleen M. Da‘wa in the United States. Herausgegeben von Jane I. Smith und Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.006.
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Da’wa (literally, "call") refers not only to missionary work (i.e., spreading the message of Islam to nonbelievers). It also means reinforcing greater piety on the part of Muslims, appealing to Muslims to renew their religious commitment. Influenced by Muslim scholar Isma’il al-Faruqi, contemporary da’wa activity in the American context has underscored that the role of the da’i (the one who calls) is to invite "reversion" to one's natural or innate state of being in relationship with the divine. Islam was readopted by many twentieth-century African Americans due to da’wa work of the Ahmadis, the Nation of Islam, and others. Digital da’wa, using new social media and the Internet, and visual da’wa (e.g., satellite television and YouTube videos) add innovative means to propagating the faith and increasing Islamic literacy.
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Beste, Jennifer. Neighbor-Love and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190268503.003.0008.
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According to the author’s reading of Metz, a third aspect of becoming fully human is a form of neighbor-love exemplified by Christ with three interrelated commitments: (1) letting go of one’s false, ego-driven self; (2) becoming vulnerable and authentic in our relationships; and (3) pursuing justice and solidarity for and among our neighbors both near and far. For Metz, an intrinsic unity exists among love of God, love of neighbor, and love of self. When we love others, we open ourselves to the mystery of God’s presence and love. The author explores students’ analyses of the barriers to neighbor-love in college culture—specifically egoism and fear of vulnerability—and the experiences of joy that can emerge when one does risk neighbor-love.
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Postema, Gerald. Bentham and the Common Law Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793052.001.0001.
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This work explores the relationship between Bentham's utilitarian practical philosophy and his positivist jurisprudence. These theories appear to be in tension because his utilitarian commitment to the sovereignty of utility as a practical decision principle seems inconsistent with his positivist insistence on the sovereignty of the will of the lawmaker. Two themes emerge from the attempt in this work to reconcile these two core elements of Bentham's practical thought. First, Bentham's conception of law does not fit the conventional model of legal positivism. Bentham was not just a utilitarian and a positivist; he was a positivist by virtue of his commitment to a utilitarian understanding of the fundamental task of law. Moreover, his emphasis on the necessary publicity and the systemic character of law, led him to insist on an essential role for utilitarian reasons in the regular public functioning of law. Second, Bentham's radical critique of common law theory and practice convinced him of the necessity to reconcile the need for certainty of law with an equally great need for its flexibility. He eventually developed a constitutional framework for adjudication in the shadow of codified law that accorded judges discretion to decide particular cases according to their best judgment of the balance of utilities, guaranteeing the accountability and appropriate motivation of judicial decision-making through institutional incentives. The original text of this work, first published in 1986, remains largely unchanged, but an afterword reconsiders and revises some themes in response to criticism.
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Kornblith, Hilary. Philosophical Naturalism. Herausgegeben von Herman Cappelen, Tamar Szabó Gendler und John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199668779.013.8.
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This article focuses on naturalistic approaches to philosophical methodology. It begins with an overview of naturalism, its relationship with views about the a priori, and the implications of a philosopher’s commitment to naturalism for proper method in philosophy. It then considers the disagreement among naturalists about the tenability of the a priori/a posteriori distinction with respect to naturalism, before turning to a discussion of the use of science to address philosophical questions. It also looks at work in epistemology which draws on results in the cognitive sciences as a way of understanding the nature of knowledge, with particular emphasis on the role of Alvin Goldman in getting epistemologists to pay attention to the import of empirical work for understanding epistemological issues. Finally, it explores experimental philosophy as a methodological approach to philosophical questions and comments on the debate over the legitimacy of armchair methods in philosophy.