Dissertationen zum Thema „Comfort textile“

The main objective of the present study was to determine the relative role and importance of worsted suiting fabric fibre blend vis-à-vis fabric structural parameters, on the comfort related properties of 12 clothing ensembles, each comprising a different man’s suit, but the same wool/nylon underwear and cotton shirt. To achieve the objective, the comfort related properties, namely thermal resistance (Rt) and water vapour resistance (Ret) and water vapour permeability index (Im), of the clothing ensembles, as determined by means of WalterTM, a thermal sweating fabric manikin, were subjected to multi-linear and multi-quadratic analysis, as dependent variables, with the various suiting fabric parameters, namely weight, thickness, density, porosity, air permeability and wool content, as independent variables. It was found that the multi-quadratic regression analysis was able to best explain the observed differences in the clothing ensemble comfort related properties, in terms of the differences in suiting fabric properties. The regression analyses were used to isolate and quantify the effects of the various fabric and fibre content variables on the above mentioned comfort related properties of the various clothing ensembles. This study indicated that the suiting fabric structural properties (notably air permeability), had a more significant influence than either fibre blend or suiting fabric, as measured on WalterTM, a thermal sweating fabric manikin.

This paper describes a practice- based research project in which physical and emotional comfort and discomfort is experienced by the human body. A variety of different Comfort Zones are presented. All of them deal with the relationship between filling material and cover, in which knitted structures and materials play a central role in order to create comfort. The elasticity of the knit is challenged when creating volume and emphasizes the idea that comfort is elastic in material/physical way, as well as well in emotions. The use of filling materials gives a new dimension, sensitivity and offers new opportunities. This form exploration discusses the potential of knit to serve as a cover and decorative element, but most importantly the possibility of a textile to create its own filling. By rolling up a knitted tube, volume is built up layer by layer; a torus appears and captures a void in the center of the form, required by the tube, the fundament. Hints of discomfort are given and emphasized by either surface/structure, volume or garments on the body.

This project investigates the experience of physiological discomfort during travel through an urban environment such as London or New York in winter. The over and underground networks that lace a current metropolis, form vital passages that lead the traveller though a multitude of spaces each defined by unique temperature, humidity and activity level. It is impossible to predict possible eventualities and consequently accommodate in a selection of clothing to ensure physiological comfort. Modular clothing assemblies are currently employed for the management of physiological comfort to adjust the insulation and ventilation properties of a clothing system and rely on combinations of behavioural methods and textile properties. This method is compromised by factors such as limited availability of space and wearer’s ability to detect and respond to the onset of discomfort sensations. Current smart systems rely on temperature as a stimulus for actuation. Experimental work suggests that humidity is a more suitable trigger. Botanical mechanisms that employ hygroscopic expansion/contraction for seed and spore deployment were identified as paradigms for the development of a smart textile system. Biomimetic analysis of these natural mechanisms inspired the design of a textile prototype able to adapt its water vapour resistance in response to humidity changes in the microclimate of the clothing system. The resulting structure decreases its permeability to air by 20% gradually as relative humidity increases from 60% to 90%.

The relationship between the fabric parameters, as independent variables, and the comfort related properties, as dependent variables, of commercial suiting fabrics, containing both natural and man-made fibres, have been studied. The fabric parameters measured in the study were mass, thickness, density, and air permeability. The comfort related properties, tested on a Permetest instrument, included water vapour permeability, water vapour resistance, and thermal resistance, with the moisture permeability index being derived. A total of 26 commercial suiting fabrics, covering a wide range of mass, as well as different fibre types and blends and fabric structures, was tested. The fibres covered, included wool, polyester, viscose, and cotton, while the fabric structures covered were 1x1 plain weave, 2x1 twill and 2x2 twill weave. The objectives of this study were to determine the empirical relationships between the measured fabric properties and the measured comfort related properties, and to determine the role, if any, of fibre type and fabric structure, since many claims are made in practice concerning the relative advantages, in terms of comfort, of a specific fibre type or blend, or fabric structure, over others, some of which being supported by research results. Since the fabrics covered, were commercial and were not engineered so that the different fabric parameters (independent variables) and fibre type and blend, as well as fabric structure could be varied independently of each other, the effects of the various fabric parameters on the fabric comfort related properties were determined and quantified by multiple regression analyses (multi-linear and multi-quadratic), and the best fit regression equations, and contribution of each parameter to the overall fit established. It was found that fabric thickness and fabric mass had the largest effect on the comfort related properties as measured here, fabric mass determining, to a large extent, water vapour permeability, and fabric thickness, thermal resistance. The rest of the fabric parameters included in the study had only a relatively small effect on the measured comfort related properties. The influence of fabric parameters, with particular reference to mass and thickness, on the measured comfort related properties, were much greater than that of fibre type or blend, or fabric structure. It was, therefore, concluded from this study, that the fabric parameters, as opposed to the intrinsic characteristics of a particular fibre, whether natural or man-made, largely determined those fabric comfort related properties measured here.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a modality of electrotherapy which is aiming to restore and improve muscle function by injecting small levels of current into the muscle using different types of electrodes. Advantages are seen in using textile electrodes which can be integrated into wearables. Previous research has been done for the development of textile stimulation electrodes. However, the focus has not been on the electrode construction itself. Therefore, the influence of electrode construction parameters of knitted electrodes as well as of the electrode condition, i.e. wet or dry, on the skin-electrode impedance and on the perceived stimulation comfort were analysed. Further, the application of pressure to the electrode was investigated. It was found that the electrode condition is the most important parameter for the electrode performance as a wet electrode showed a lower impedance and an improved stimulation comfort with a better skin contact. Followed by this, the pressure was the second most important factor, especially for dry electrodes. A higher pressure reduced the skin-electrode impedance and improved the skin contact in dry condition. Nevertheless, dry electrodes with a high applied pressure still performed worse than wet electrodes. Regarding the electrode design, the most important factor was the electrode size. A bigger size reduced the impedance. Nevertheless, for the application in NMES, a smaller electrode size is to be preferred as it improved the stimulation selectivity and thus, a lower NMES level was required to induce a plantarflexion without affecting the stimulation comfort. The other investigated construction parameters (binding, yarn density, shape) only showed minor influences on the electrode performance. Therefore, the possibilities of applying pressure to the electrode to improve the performance of dry textile electrodes should be further investigated.

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen Interreg entre la Haute de France et la Belgique. Le projet s'appelle Photonitex.L'objectif de ce projet est de développer un textile intelligent de régulation thermique personnelle qui contrôle dynamiquement la température de la peau. Ce travail a été réalisé en collaboration entre le Centre Européen des Textiles Innovants (CETI) et l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT).L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une fibre bi-composant pour un textile de confort thermique. La revue de la littérature a été faite pour sélectionner les matériaux polymères les plus appropriés qui sont couramment utilisés dans l'industrie textile. De plus, sur la base de la revue de la littérature, la conception des fibres trilobées bicomposantes a été finalisée pour réaliser le textile de confort thermique dynamique. De plus, les matériaux polymères utilisés doivent présenter une différence hydrophile pour obtenir les propriétés thermiques dynamiques des tissus. Le matériau intérieur de cette fibre trilobée bicomposant doit être plus hydrophile que le matériau extérieur. PA6 et PA6-6 ont été sélectionnés comme noyau hydrophile et matériau extérieur hydrophobe en PET pour les filaments bicomposants trilobés. Cependant, PA6 et PA6-6 sont incompatibles et non miscibles au PET. L'enjeu majeur pour obtenir les fibres bicomposants recherchées est d'acquérir une adhérence suffisante à l'interface pour éviter le pré-clivage ou la séparation entre ces deux matériaux polymères. Afin d'améliorer leur miscibilité à l'interface, PA12 a été ajouté dans PA6 et PA6-6 à 5, 10, 15 % en poids via un procédé de mélange de polymères. les matériaux polymères jouent un rôle important. Afin de sélectionner les matériaux les plus appropriés pour la fibre bicomposant trilobée, des études rhéologiques ont été menées sur des mélanges purs et polymères à l'aide d'un rhéomètre capillaire. De plus, les propriétés hydrophiles de chaque polymère et de leurs mélanges ont également été testées sur des tissus tricotés avec des mesures d'angle de contact et de mèche. Pour évaluer l'effet du PA12 sur l'adhérence interfaciale du PET et du PA6, des fibres bicomposants PET/PA6 gaine/cœur ont été produites via un procédé de filage à l'état fondu et l'adhérence interfaciale a été étudiée par des techniques (test de traction, analyse thermique mécanique dynamique (DMTA), diffraction des rayons X à grand angle (WAXD), calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) et microscope électronique à balayage (SEM)). Sur la base des résultats obtenus à partir des techniques mentionnées ci-dessus, la composition la plus appropriée a été produite en fibres bicomposantes trilobées pour les tissus de confort thermique. Des études de simulation ont également été réalisées à l'aide du logiciel Compuplast 3D FEM pour optimiser les paramètres du processus de filage à l'état fondu et produire des fibres bicomposantes trilobées.Le textile fabriqué à partir de ces fibres bicomposantes innovantes montrera un phénomène d'auto-actionnement autonome, auto-responsabilisé et adaptatif à l'environnement. Cela contribuera à atténuer les consommations d'énergie plus élevées des systèmes de chauffage, de refroidissement et de ventilation intérieurs conventionnels et, à terme, à minimiser les consommations d'énergie globales et les problèmes climatiques
This study is part of Interreg European Project between Haute de France and Belgium. The project is called Photonitex. The aim of this project is to develop a personal thermal regulation intelligent textile that dynamically controls skin temperature. This work was done in collaboration between Centre Européen des Textiles Innovants (CETI) and School National Superior of Textile Arts and Industries (ENSAIT).The objective of this thesis is to develop a bicomponent fibers for thermal comfort textile. The literature review was done to select the most suitable polymer materials that are commonly used in textile industry. In addition, based on the literature review, the design of the trilobal bicomponent fibers was finalized to realize the dynamic thermal comfort textile. Moreover, used polymer materials must exhibit hydrophilic difference to achieve the dynamic thermal properties in fabrics. The inner material of this bicomponent trilobal fiber must be more hydrophilic than the outer material. PA6 and PA6-6 were selected as hydrophilic core and PET hydrophobic outer material for trilobal bicomponent filaments. However, PA6 and PA6-6 are incompatible and immiscible to PET. The major challenge to achieve the desired bicomponent fibers is to acquire a sufficient adhesion at the interface to avoid the pre-splitting or separation between these two polymer materials. In order to improve their miscibility at the interface PA12 was added in PA6 and PA6-6 at 5, 10, 15% wt % via polymer compounding process. In order to produce trilobal bicomponent filament via coextrusion melt spinning process, rheological behavior of the used polymer materials play an important role. To select the most suitable materials for trilobal bicomponent fiber, rheological studies were conducted on pure and polymer blends using capillary rheometer. In addition, hydrophilic properties of each polymer and their blends were also tested on knitted fabrics with contact angle and wicking measurements. To evaluate the effect of PA12 on PET and PA6 interfacial adhesion, bicomponent PET/PA6 sheath/core fibers were produced via melt spinning process and interfacial adhesion was investigated through techniques (tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Wide Angle Xray Diffraction (WAXD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)). Based on the obtained results from the above mentioned techniques, the most suitable composition was produced in trilobal bicomponent fibers for thermal comfort fabrics. Simulation studies were also performed using Compuplast 3D FEM software to optimize the melt spinning process settings and produce trilobal bicomponent fibers.The textile made out of such innovative bicomponent fibers will show a self-actuation phenomenon are autonomous, self-empowered, and adaptive to the environment. This will help to mitigate the higher energy consumptions by conventional indoor heating, cooling, and ventilation systems and eventually minimizes the global energy consumptions and climate issues

Au cours des dix dernières années, les nanostructures photoniques ont représenté un paradigme pour le contrôle des radiations thermiques, offrant un panel de propriétés passionnantes pour les applications énergétiques. En raison de leurs capacités à contrôler et à gérer les ondes électromagnétiques à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde dans l’infrarouge moyen (Mid-IR), les nanostructures photoniques ont démontré leur capacité à gérer les propriétés des radiations thermiques d'une manière radicalement différente des émetteurs thermiques conventionnels. Les progrès fondamentaux du contrôle du rayonnement thermique ont conduit à différentes applications dans le domaine de l'énergie, comme les dispositifs thermophotovoltaïques ou à travers le concept de refroidissement radiatif diurne pour diminuer passivement la température des installations terrestres. Récemment, un autre domaine d'application est apparu dans le contrôle du rayonnement thermique, avec l'introduction de nanostructures photoniques dans les textiles. Le but de la thèse est d’étudier différentes membranes photoniques passives qui modulent le rayonnement optique du corps humain dans l’IR moyen pour assurer la thermorégulation individuelle. Pour cela, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de membranes polymères, en fonction de leur structuration. Nous avons montré que la membrane photonique est capable de moduler l'amplitude de transmission de 28% au profit ou au dépend de l'absorption et de la réflexion. Nous avons déterminé le bilan thermique entre le corps humain et le milieu environnant à travers la membrane photonique, en tenant compte des mécanismes de rayonnement, de convection et de conduction. Nous avons trouvé que la température de la peau est supérieure de presque 2 °C lorsque le corps humain est revêtu d'une membrane photonique structurée. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir de calculs analytiques et de codes de simulation numérique par la méthode des éléments finis (FEM). L’étude numérique a été accompagnée par des expériences de fabrication en salle blanche à l’IEMN et de caractérisation par spectroscopie infra rouge (FTIR) à l’école d’ingénieur HEI
For the past ten years, photonic nanostructures have represented a paradigm for the control of thermal radiations, offering a panel of exciting properties for energy applications. Because of their abilities to control and manage electromagnetic waves at the Mid-Infrared (Mid-IR) wavelength scale, photonic nanostructures demonstrate their ability to manage thermal radiations properties in a way drastically different from conventional thermal emitters. The fundamental advances in controlling thermal radiation led to different applications in the energy domain, as thermo photovoltaic devices or through the concept of daytime radiative cooling to passively decrease the temperature of terrestrial structures. Recently, another field of application has appeared in the thermal radiation control, with the introduction of photonic nanostructures in textiles for personal thermoregulation. The goal of the thesis is to study different passive photonic membranes that modulate the human body optical radiations in the Mid-IR for personal thermoregulation. We have investigated the optical properties of different polymer membranes, considering the effect of their structuration. We showed that a photonic crystal membrane is able to modulate the transmission coefficient by 28% in benefit or deficit of both the absorption and reflection. We analyzed the thermal balance between the human body and the indoor environment through the photonic membrane, considering the radiation, convection and conduction mechanisms. We found that the temperature of the skin is almost 2°C higher when the human body is clothed with a structured membrane. The study was carried out on analytical calculations and numerical simulation with the help of the finite element method (FEM). The numerical study was supported by experiments in fabrication in the IEMN cleaning room and in characterization by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at the HEI engineering school

Woven barrier fabrics for filtration and operating room textiles feature permeable pore channels between yarn interlocking points (mesopores), which create an increased risk of penetration by contaminated fluids and particles. These pore channels can be reduced in size by high-density weaving. This, however, results in deteriorated drapability and performance characteristics. To meet the requirements made on the barrier effect without impairing the physiological properties of the textile, fluid-tight and particle-tight woven fabrics with adjustable porosity are being developed. This research aim could be realized by the targeted and partial application of microparticles into the mesopores. There, they form a meshed structure in the pores, whose size is thus reduced without them being entirely obstructed. The simultaneous retention of the micropores (pores between the individual filaments) in the woven fabric guarantees preservation of the physiological characteristics of the textile. The efficiency of the finishing was examined by an extensive physiological and physical characterization of the woven fabrics before and after particle application. Regarding the test method used to monitor the barrier effect and the channel paths, a test device was modified to simulate the demands of later, practical use.

Unseen, unheard and unconsidered, Qatar’s migrant worker population is building one of the richest countries in the world. They labor in Qatar’s high heat index1 climate, which is coincidentally comparable to an Oriental sauna, wearing the most rudimentary of clothes. Working up to 60 hours a week, migrant workers fall victim to heat stress and dozens are hospitalized daily, starting as early as March and increasing in numbers during the peak months of June to August. Since clothes are essentially a “second skin,” affecting the rate and efficiency with which heat is exchanged between the body and its surroundings, a concept garment was designed to improve thermal comfort. Low-tech, indigenous heat-management systems are combined with new technologies and knowledge of human physiology to design a two-layer suit that aims to optimize heat exchange mechanisms. The suit enhances radiation, convection and evaporation by having a snug-fitting inner wicking layer and a loose-cut outer shell, and by using strategically placed vents, perforations, and Phase Change Material (PCM) packs. Using fiction as a medium of social commentary and critical design, the concept suit borrows from the superhero aesthetic to present the migrant worker in a new light. The suit denotes power, symbolizing the superhuman feat these workers perform and their true worth to the economy. Its aesthetic and function aim to improve worker morale and performance. Mapping, scoping and primary and secondary qualitative and quantitative research have been used throughout the design process. This is in addition to an ethnographic study, field observations, material explorations, body storming and experimentation.

This degree project is about designing sustainable, comfortable and aesthetically pleasingunderwear. The market does not currently offer many options for those who want to feelattractive and comfortable at the same time. Users have a hard time finding the perfect fit,since sizing systems are problematic. In addition, most panties are made of non sustainabletextiles, which does not live up to users wishes. In this essay we investigate which factorsinfluence panty fit, as well as an exploration of materials to find a suitable proposal forunderwear. The process is based upon a user-focused approach. We worked closely togetherwith a focus group and arranged a large quantitative study of users needs and preferences. This resulted in the thong Venusa, in sizes XS-XL, made out of ribbed Tencel™ fabric. Thethong has a differently designed crotch to better fit women’s genitals. The seams aresewn on the outside of the fabric, to avoid chafing against skin and placed for the bestcomfort possible. While developing the concept and making decisions we have relied onour requirement specification as well as the goal to create sustainable, comfortable andaesthetically pleasing underwear.

Il y aujourd'hui a un intérêt croissant pour la relation entre les matériaux textiles et les êtres humains, et le confort est devenu beaucoup plus important pour les consommateurs au cours des dernières années.Pour cette raison notre travail est basé sur l’optimisation de la caractérisation du confort (confort au porter) pour des étoffes utilisées principalement pour fabriquer des chemises d’homme.A cet effet, plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées :- Analyse instrumentale : nous avons utilisé des méthodes instrumentales habituelles afin de mesurer les propriétés : - mécaniques en (cisaillement, flexion, compression, frottement et état de surface) ainsi - thermique (sensation chaud-froid)Physique (perméabilité à l'air, absorption capillaire...etc.).- Analyse sensorielle: nous avons utilisé à cet effet, le panel sensoriel développé au sein du LPMT depuis 2001. Elle a permis de réaliser l'évaluation quantitative descriptive des produits sélectionnés et fournis par notre partenaire industriel. - Analyse hédonique: Evaluation du confort ressenti de la chemise confectionnée grâce à une enquête « consommateurs ».- Etude marketing Evaluation de l’influence de la notion de « marque » ou une mention « traitement innovant » sur l’évaluation du confort des étoffes utilisée en comparaison avec l’évaluation du confort par le toucher et le touche-vue. - Etude patronage : Optimisation du processus de « développement produit » en prenant en compte la satisfaction attendue du consommateur en particulier en termes de confort. Elle consiste en l’étude des relations entre les paramètres physique du patron et les caractéristiques mécaniques des tissus utilisés obtenues dans la première partie de cette recherche.Cette combinaison d’analyse nous a permet de proposer une nouvelle procédure de conception de produit confectionné prenant en compte le confort et les attentes du consommateur et en particulier dans le cas du développement de « chemise d’homme »
Nowadays there is a growing interest in the relation between the textile materials and human being, and the comfort has become much more important to consumers. For this reason our work is based on optimization of the characterization of the comfort (wearing comfort) in relation with the fabrics used to produce men’s shirts. To achieve this study, several methods of analysis have been used:- Instrumental analysis: To measure mechanical properties, classical characterization tools have been used to measure:Mechanical properties (shear, bending, compression, friction and surface) Thermal comfort (warm-cool sensation)Physical properties (air permeability, capillary absorption ... etc. . .). - Sensory analysis: Thanks to the trained panel that has been developed and used since 2001 at LPMT, the quantitative descriptive evaluation of the selected product using has been carried out.- Hedonic Analysis: Evaluation of comfort by consumer surveys.- Marketing study: To investigate the influence of the brand or some innovative mention like “anti-sweat ring” on the comfort evaluation of fabrics, in comparison with the evaluation realized by touching or by touching-seeing.- Blocks analysis: it aims to optimize the processes of product development, taking in consideration the requested consumer’s satisfactions especially in term of comfort. It consists of studying the relation between the block parameters and the mechanical properties of the fabric used to produce the product.This combination of analysis allows us to have a new conception procedure for the development of clothing product taking in account the comfort and the consumer’s expectation particularly in the men shirt development

Le niveau d'exigence minimum pour tout système 3D (images stéréoscopiques) est de garantir le confort visuel des utilisateurs. Le confort visuel est un des trois axes perceptuels de la qualité d'expérience (QoE) 3D qui peut être directement lié aux paramètres techniques du système 3D. Par conséquent, le but de cette thèse est de caractériser objectivement l'impact de ces paramètres sur la perception humaine afin de contrôler la qualité stéréoscopique. La première partie de la thèse examine l'intérêt de prendre en compte l'attention visuelle des spectateurs dans la conception d'une mesure objective de qualité 3D. Premièrement, l'attention visuelle en 2D et 3D sont comparées en utilisant des stimuli simples. Les conclusions de cette première expérience sont validées en utilisant des scènes complexes avec des disparités croisées et décroisées. De plus, nous explorons l'impact de l'inconfort visuel causé par des disparités excessives sur l'attention visuelle. La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à la conception d'un modèle objectif de QoE pour des vidéos 3D, basé sur les seuils perceptuels humains et le niveau d'acceptabilité. De plus nous explorons la possibilité d'utiliser la modèle proposé comme une nouvelle échelle subjective. Pour la validation de ce modèle, des expériences subjectives sont conduites présentant aux sujets des images stéréoscopiques fixes et animées avec différents niveaux d'asymétrie. La performance est évaluée en comparant des prédictions objectives avec des notes subjectives pour différents niveaux d'asymétrie qui pourraient provoquer un inconfort visuel
The minimum requirement for any 3D (stereoscopic images) system is to guarantee visual comfort of viewers. Visual comfort is one of the three primary perceptual attributes of 3D QoE, which can be linked directly with technical parameters of a 3D system. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to characterize objectively the impact of these parameters on human perception for stereoscopic quality monitoring. The first part of the thesis investigates whether visual attention of the viewers should be considered when designing an objective 3D quality metrics. First, the visual attention in 2D and 3D is compared using simple test patterns. The conclusions of this first experiment are validated using complex stimuli with crossed and uncrossed disparities. In addition, we explore the impact of visual discomfort caused by excessive disparities on visual attention. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the design of an objective model of 3D video QoE, which is based on human perceptual thresholds and acceptability level. Additionally we explore the possibility to use the proposed model as a new subjective scale. For the validation of proposed model, subjective experiments with fully controlled still and moving stereoscopic images with different types of view asymmetries are conducted. The performance is evaluated by comparing objective predictions with subjective scores for various levels of view discrepancies which might provoke visual discomfort

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial
Thermal comfort is a state of mind, which makes it a subjective sensation that is affected by personal differences. Thereby, the same environment will not satisfy everyone. But the main goal is to turn a work environment as comfortable as possible, to avoid work accidents and/or health problems. The objectives of this work were experimental measurements and calculation of the thermal environmental parameters (air temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and radiant heat), the characterization of the thermal environmental, according to the obtained data and the simulation of the human thermal response to the thermal environment, using a human thermal model. This way, the assessment of the thermal environment of an industrial plant in an experimental way, was achieved and the sensitivity of the human thermal model was tested. The measures of the environmental variables were made in 29 points in the plant, through appropriate instruments like globe thermometer, thermo anemometer and Data Logger. In order to assess the workers’ sensation, a thermal sensation questionnaire was developed. The calculation of the indexes Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) and Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) was performed with the resource of the Malchaire’s model and an Excel sheet. Regarding the tests to evaluate sensitivity of a human thermal model to environmental variables changes, three points of measures were used; the chosen points had similar environmental variables and different metabolic rate, and vice-versa. Results showed that the shift with the highest WBGT is the shift from 14h00 to 22h00 which confirms the answers given by workers in the questionnaire. All the workers are uncomfortable with the thermal environmental. The tests in human thermal model indicated that this can differentiate the thermal behavior of the different body parts, according to their adaptability. It was also possible to conclude that the temperature of the parts that can adapt tend to stabilization.
O conforto térmico é um estado da mente, o que o torna uma sensação subjectiva que é afetada pelas diferenças pessoais. Portanto, o mesmo ambiente não consegue satisfazer toda a gente. Mas o objetivo principal é tornar um ambiente de trabalho o mais confortável possivel, de modo a evitar acidentes e/ou problemas de saúde. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a medição experimental e cálculo dos parametros térmicos ambientais (temperatura do ar, velocidade do ar, humidade relativa e temperatura radiante), a caracterização do ambiente térmico, de acordo com os dados obtidos e a simulação da resposta térmica humana ao ambinente térmico, com o uso de um modelo térmico humano. Deste modo, a avaliação do ambiente térmico de uma planta industrial de um modo experimental, foi alcançada e a sensibilidade do modelo térmico humano foi testada. As medições das variavéis ambientais foram feitas em 29 pontos da planta, através de equipamentos apropriados como o termómetro de globo, o termoanemómetro e o Data Logger. De modo a avaliar a sensação dos trabalhadores, um questionário de sensação térmica foi desenvolvido. O cálculo dos indíces Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) e Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PMV/PPD) foi realizado com recurso ao modelo de Malchaire e a uma folha de Excel. No que concerne aos testes para avaliar a sensibilidade do modelo térmico humano às mudanças das variáveis ambientais, três pointos de medição foram usados; os pontos escolhidos tinham valores similares de variáveis ambientais e diferente metabolismo; e vice-versa. Os resultados indicam que o turno com maior valor de WBGT é o turno das 14h00 às 22h00, o que confirma as respostas dadas pelos trabalhadores no questionários. Todos os trabalhadores sentiam-se desconfortáveis com o ambiente térmico. Os testes ao modelo térmico humano indicaram que o mesmo consegue diferenciar o comportamento térmico das diferentes partes do corpo, de acordo com a sua adaptabilidade. Foi possível concluir que a temperatura das partes que se adaptam, tendem à estabilização.

Title: Impact textile membranes on the dynamics of changes physiological indicators of workload Goals: Compare measurements of clothing technical parameters and laboratory measurement workload in this outfit. Describe and explain the relationship between the results of the technical and functional measurements and physiological issues associated with the use of different textile membranes during a workout. Method: Laboratory quantitative measurement of selected physiological parameters, clothings technical parameters, skin temperature and subjective perception of thermophysiological comfort. Subsequent comparative analysis of measurement results. Key words: clothes, textile membranes, workload, oxygen consuption (VO2), thermophysiological comfort, sweat, clothing physiology

碩士
中國文化大學
紡織產業碩士專班
107
In recent years, in order to enjoy people's love and habits of sports, we developed running and training suits with athletic functions and wearing comfort, and in various functions, ergonomics, comfortable engineering, and fabrics. The characteristics and application of the design make the clothing not only beautiful and functional, but also the basic element of the clothing - "comfort", enabling the wearer to exercise in a short period of time with high strength and long-term endurance. Exercise, able to stretch freely, and reduce the damage in sports, and in the process to enjoy and enjoy the health benefits of sports. The output of running suits and training suits are divided into clothes and trousers. In the first stage, physical testing is used to test clothing standards such as TORSO and microclimate testing. The pants are tested by gradient differential pressure. The second stage is tested. Real people actually wear performance evaluation and subjective and objective comfort assessment, and let the subjects wear self-made samples and commercial samples Decathlon, Mizuno, Under Armour for exercise performance comparison, running suits use blood lactic acid test, training suits with electromyography And muscle shock test, the evaluation results of self-made samples need to be better than the market sample. Through a series of static and dynamic standard tests, it proves that the running suits and training suits made by this seminar are in compliance with the standard of exercise and comfort, and allow consumers to exercise without losing a lot of sweat. The discomfort can also have the same athletic performance and comfort as a well-known commercial brand.

Clothing is the primary means that wilderness backpackers have to protect themselves from injuries and illnesses that can occur while hiking in the cold. The current method of layering clothing may not meet backpackers' needs for both thermal insulation and heat dissipation, particularly in areas of the body that produce greater sweat, and during times of high physical exertion. No previous studies have addressed backpackers' needs for thermal and moisture comfort in different body areas within a single layer garment. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a single-layer garment of different textiles, to improve the physiological comfort of male backpackers hiking in cold winter weather conditions. The objectives of this study were to identify the physiological comfort needs of male backpackers hiking in the cold, to design a prototype backpacking shirt to improve comfort, and to evaluate the comfort and performance of the prototype over time, in comparison to a control. Male backpackers were recruited from a wilderness therapy company in Bend, Oregon, where subjects' employment duties included regularly backpacking in the cold. Qualitative data was collected by interviewing the subjects about their physiological comfort needs, types of garments and materials worn, dissatisfactions and preferences with hiking clothing, and locations on the body that need better attention to thermal and moisture comfort. Information provided by the qualitative interviews was used to develop design criteria. From the guarded hot plate and moisture management testing, results were used to select one thermal insulation, moisture management, and control fabric for the garment design. Based on the design criteria, a prototype shirt was developed. A prototype garment was constructed using the combination of the thermal, moisture, and control fabrics; while a control garment was constructed in an identical style using only the control fabric. The prototype and control garments were worn and tested by subjects while they backpacked. Additionally, comparisons of thermal insulation data between the prototype and control garment were collected on a thermal manikin. Major findings from the qualitative interviews were that subjects preferred base layer shirts made with synthetic fibers and style features that helped retain body heat. Subjects preferred to have greater thermal insulation in the chest and the arms, and less thermal insulation in the underarms and upper back area. Additionally, subjects were concerned about durability. A polyester fleece pile-knit was selected for the thermal insulation fabric and located in the arms and chest of the prototype. The moisture management fabric selected was a polyester fiber mesh knit fabric and was located in the upper back, underarms, and side seams of the garment. The control fabric was a brushed polyester double knit fabric and was located in all other body areas of the prototype and in the entire control garment. The wear test data indicated that both the control and prototype garments were perceived to be comfortable. The prototype had slightly better overall comfort than the control, and there were significant differences found between the prototype and the control in the areas of overall comfort, combined thermal comfort, and combined moisture comfort. The prototype did not consistently have better comfort performance than the control in each trial and for each subject. It was found that the prototype and control shirts could be worn without additional layers when the temperatures were above 35 ��F and 40 ��F, respectively. Thermal manikin testing results confirmed that the overall thermal insulation of both test shirts was equal, but that the prototype had greater or less thermal insulation than the control in specific body areas, depending on the placement of the thermal insulation or moisture management fabric. In summary, the prototype shirt designed in this study has accomplished the goal of providing backpackers' physiological comfort needs identified in the qualitative interviews.�� The design prototype, when worn alone, is able to keep backpackers comfortable when hiking in cold conditions, particularly in temperatures above 35��F. Although not intended to be worn as part of a layer system, the prototype also keeps backpackers comfortable when they are wearing multiple clothing layers. The use of different fabrics in different body areas satisfies the backpackers' needs of both retaining and dissipating body heat with changes in physical activity. Although both the prototype and the control shirts were found to have good thermal, moisture, and overall comfort, the prototype had slightly higher overall comfort ratings than the control.�� In addition, both the prototype and the control were perceived to be better than the subjects' own base layer shirts, and all subjects were willing to recommend the shirts to other hikers.
Graduation date: 2013

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
工業工程與管理系
107
The functional requirements for military textiles are manifold and complex. It should be simultaneously concerted about the physical, environmental, camouflage, specific battlefield threats, flames, heat and flash, and the economic considerations. This study aims to discuss how the textile of air-vapor permeability influences the clothing micro-climate and subjective clothing comfort. Twenty-eight subjects were recruited to participate in this experiment. Two textiles (A and B) made by 50% cotton and 50% nylon with different weave and air-permeability of 35cm3/cm2/s (A) and from 28 to 32 cm3/cm2/s (B) separately were used in this study. Subjects were asked to wear two camouflages, A and B, randomly and running on the treadmill to complete a 3km jogging within 15 minutes. The measurements include the variances of skin temperature, cloth inside temperature, cloth inside humidity and subjective comfort feelings. Sensors were attached on the seven body parts including chest, axillary, upper back, and lower back, hip, inner thigh, and lateral calf and between clothe-inside layers. Subjective comfort rating was assessed by visual analog scales (VAS) before and after exercise. The results of this study indicated that varied air-permeability of textile cause significant differences in skin temperatures, cloth-inside temperature and cloth-inside humidity during running exercise (p<.05). In general, wearing A-textile has remarkably lower skin temperature and lower cloth-inside temperature than B-textile during exercise. It’s reasonable because sweat evaporation would lose heat and decrease skin temperature. A-textile has higher air-permeability than B-textile which leads to lower skin and cloth-inside temperature. For cloth-inside humidity, it didn’t have significant differences between two textiles (p>.05). Moreover, subjective comfort ratings revealed that wearing B textile have higher satisfactions than A (p<.05). The primary findings present that textile physical attributes don’t really relate with subjective wearing comfort feeling. Individuals comfort feeling should be an issue for textile consideration.

碩士
華梵大學
工業設計系碩士班
92
ABSTRACT Over the century, Pen has been standing at the important role for the purpose of sending messages and recording. Therefore, we have to look into seriously on how to design a pen which can feel comfortable when gripping on to avoid hand injuries such as muscle cramp, arthritis and so on. This institution study on the gripping area of a Pen, under various shapes, explores any obvious different on finger comfort level for writing. By changing the parameter of shape and material of the pen, we have conducted the experiments via samples and through reflect their level of hand aches and pains as reference. This study surveyed the discrepancy level of pains and tolerance in comparison with Taiwan and China respectively. The study applied both experiment and questionnaires at the same time, as a result shown: 1) Those samples using ordinary ball point pen written for approx. 10 mins, 90% of them felt pains and tiring, up to 100% when reach 60 mins. 2) Male gripping area is more widely than female. 3) Out of 3 types of finger tip texture, only round and hexagonal shape are obviously feel comfortable and especially the latter, added with medium harden material. 4) 3 types of gripping material, medium harden and soft material can have shown the great different when before and after used. Besides, there are not much affected even though gripping material have been improved. 5) After long duration grips on writting, majority of them will feel uncomfortable neither finger tip texture nor gripping material. 6) From the pained location against the affect of finger tip textue and gripping material, only thumb joint and center finger upper joint affected the most. 7) Different gender on gripping subject to round and hexagonal shape will affect but not gripping material. 8) Base on comfortable gripping issued, the best pen is assigned to hexagonal shape plus medium harden material.