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Sahibzada, Khatera, Leslie B. Hammer, Margaret B. Neal und Daniel C. Kuang. „The Moderating Effects of Work-Family Role Combinations and Work-Family Organizational Culture on the Relationship Between Family-Friendly Workplace Supports and Job Satisfaction“. Journal of Family Issues 26, Nr. 6 (September 2005): 820–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x05277546.
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This study determined whether work-family role combinations (i.e., work and elder care, work and child care, work and elder care and child care) and work-family culture significantly moderate the relationship between availability of workplace supports and job satisfaction. The data were obtained from the Families and Work Institute’s 1997 archival data set, the National Study of the Changing Workforce (NCSW). As predicted, the relationship between availability of workplace supports and job satisfaction varied depending on the type of work-family role combinations and levels of work-family culture. Specifically, the relationship was significant for the elder care work-family role combination, in that higher levels of workplace supports in unsupportive work-family cultures were associated with the greatest levels of job satisfaction. In addition, it was found that a supportive work-family culture and an increase in workplace supports were related to a slight decrease in job satisfaction for the elder care work-family role combination.
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Haar, Jarrod, Chester S. Spell und Michael P. O'Driscoll. „Organisational Justice and Work-Family Policies“. South Pacific Journal of Psychology 16 (2005): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0257543400000055.
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AbstractBased in a local government organisation in New Zealand, this paper links the literature on work-family balance to the literature on organisational justice, by examining the predictors of perceived fairness in work-family polices. The study also expands an earlier study in Grover (1991), by considering work-family policy sets, rather than single policies only. Perceptions of the fairness in work-family policies were partly predicted, positively, by a combination of management seniority, perceived benefits in work-family policies, and own usage of those policies. These findings suggest the influence of both group values and self-interest. In terms of organisational justice, the findings raise a question for future research, namely how fairness attitudes relate to the sustainability of work-family initiatives.
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Blanchard, Céline M., Maxime A. Tremblay, Lisa Mask und Mélanie G. M. Perras. „A combination of work environment factors and individual difference variables in work interfering with family“. International Journal of Workplace Health Management 2, Nr. 1 (27.03.2009): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538350910946018.
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Schoon, Ingrid, Leeni Hansson und Katariina Salmela-Aro. „Combining Work and Family Life“. European Psychologist 10, Nr. 4 (Januar 2005): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.309.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the combination of paid employment and taking care of children promotes or challenges the life satisfaction of married and divorced men and women in the UK, Estonia, and Finland. The UK sample stems from the National Child Development Study, at age 42 (N = 10280; 48% of men, 52% of women). The Estonian data come from a representative sample of 1164 participants (507 men, 657 women; mean age 42). The Finnish data stems from an ongoing longitudinal study on 1390 participants (447 men and 943 women; mean age = 41). The results showed that in all three countries women report higher levels of life satisfaction than men, couples are generally more satisfied than divorcees, and those who are employed are generally more satisfied with their lives than those who are not. Second, for men in general as well as for divorced women higher levels of life satisfaction appear to be associated with full-time work. Third, men and women pursuing a professional career are more satisfied with their lives than men and women in unskilled jobs. Finally, having a child shows no significant association with life satisfaction in any of our three countries, although there were significant interactions between gender, marital status, employment, and parenthood. Divorced women in all three countries appear to be more satisfied with their lives if they do not have children, especially after adjusting life satisfaction by occupational status. Findings are discussed with regard to role stress and role accumulation theories.
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Wesolowski, Katharina, und Tommy Ferrarini. „Family policies and fertility“. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, Nr. 11/12 (08.10.2018): 1057–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2018-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the link between two different family policy dimensions – one supporting the combination of work and parenthood and one supporting stay-at-home mothers – and fertility rates between 1995 and 2011 in 33 industrialized countries. Design/methodology/approach Total fertility rates were regressed on the two policy dimensions, earner–carer support and traditional–family support, using pooled time-series analysis with country fixed effects and stepwise control for female labor force participation, unemployment rates and GDP. Findings The analyses show that earner–carer support is linked to higher fertility, while traditional–family support is not. Also, higher female labor force participation is linked to higher fertility before GDP is included. Conversely, higher unemployment is correlated with lower fertility levels. Sensitivity analyses with and without day care enrollment on a smaller set of countries show no influence of day care on the results for family policy. Originality/value The results give weight to the argument that family policies supporting the combination of work and parenthood could increase fertility in low-fertility countries, probably mediated in part by female labor force participation. Earnings-related earner–carer support incentivizes women to enter the labor force before parenthood and to return to work after time off with their newborn child, thus supporting a combination of work and parenthood.
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Van Gasse, Dries, und Dimitri Mortelmans. „Single Mothers’ Perspectives on the Combination of Motherhood and Work“. Social Sciences 9, Nr. 5 (15.05.2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9050085.
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This study aims to define the perspectives taken by single mothers when combining work and motherhood in a stressful work–life constellation. One of the challenges for single mothers after divorce is to find a work–life balance in their single-parent family system. Regarding work-life balance, we take a General Strain Perspective, describing the work-life conflict as a combination of financial strain and role strain. We argue that both strains are the most problematic for single mothers in comparison to their married and/or male counterparts, as both finances and parenthood ideologies are more under pressure. For this reason, we explore how single mothers coped with this strain, answering the question: ‘Which perspectives on the combination motherhood and work do single mothers take in their attempt to balance role strain and financial strain after divorce?’ To answer this research question, we used a qualitative approach, based on 202 in-depth interviews with single mothers in Belgium. These interviews involved two groups: A primary research population of 13 single mothers and an elaborative research population of 189 single mothers. Timelines were used to structure the single mothers’ narratives. The analysis resulted in the contruction of a typology of four different perspectives based on how single mothers dealt with maternal role strain and financial strain: the re-invented motherhood perspective, the work-family symbiosis perspective, the work-centered motherhood perspective and the work-family conflicted perspective. We found that perspective of single mothers in their work-life strain can be described by the flexibility and/or strictness in either their motherhood ideology and/or their work context. These results point at the needs for policymakers, employers, and practitioners to focus on initiatives improving the work–life balance of single mothers by reducing financial and role strains.
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Prakash, Vineetha. „Work-life Balance: Perceptions of the Non-work Domain“. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review 7, Nr. 2 (23.05.2018): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277975218769505.
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Work-life balance research suffers from a lack of consistency in defining the scope of non-work (life outside work). Considering the evolving life preferences of modern workforce, work-life balance researchers should have a broader view of life which expands beyond work-family, and includes other non-work domains of life. This study is an attempt to establish that for today’s employees, work-life balance means balancing work not only with family life; but also with other non-work domains. Several non-work domains were identified from previous literature and a survey was conducted to identify the different non-work aspects important for respondents to have work-life balance. Based on results from 214 Indians working in various Indian cities and abroad, it was established that in the context of work-life balance, non-work includes not just family, but a combination of life domains, which varies from person-to-person. Although family remained the topmost priority, other non-work aspects were also chosen by varying proportions of respondents. Non-work preferences and related experiences of employees varied based on gender, marital status and child-care responsibilities. Satisfaction with organization’s work-life balance facilities differed when employees chose family, from when they chose other non-work domains. Findings indicate that various non-work preferences of employees should be considered during work-life balance research, and while designing work-life balance practices. This would help to address the non-work demands of different types of employees, and hence give more acceptance to such initiatives.
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Comolli, C. L., L. Bernardi und M. Voorpostel. „Joint Family and Work Trajectories and Multidimensional Wellbeing“. European Journal of Population 37, Nr. 3 (14.04.2021): 643–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10680-021-09583-3.
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AbstractInformed by the life course perspective, this paper investigates whether and how employment and family trajectories are jointly associated with subjective, relational and financial wellbeing later in life. We draw on data from the Swiss Household Panel which combines biographical retrospective information on work, partnership and childbearing trajectories with 19 annual waves containing a number of wellbeing indicators as well as detailed socio-demographic and social origin information. We use sequence analysis to identify the main family and work trajectories for men and women aged 20–50 years old. We use OLS regression models to assess the association between those trajectories and their interdependency with wellbeing. Results reveal a joint association between work and family trajectories and wellbeing at older age, even net of social origin and pre-trajectory resources. For women, but not for men, the association is also not fully explained by proximate (current family and work status) determinants of wellbeing. Women’s stable full-time employment combined with traditional family trajectories yields a subjective wellbeing premium, whereas childlessness and absence of a stable partnership over the life course is associated with lower levels of financial and subjective wellbeing after 50 especially in combination with a trajectory of weak labour market involvement. Relational wellbeing is not associated with employment trajectories, and only weakly linked to family trajectories among men.
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Ackers, Peter. „The Work–Life Balance from the Perspective of Economic Policy Actors“. Social Policy and Society 2, Nr. 3 (25.06.2003): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746403001295.
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This article reviews the burgeoning literature on work–life balance and family-friendly policies in European countries, noting the new interdisciplinary dialogue between traditional ‘work’ and ‘family’ disciplines. It examines the findings from interviews with economic actors, suggesting that, while work–life balance and family-friendly policies are an issue everywhere, progress is very uneven. Overall, strong traditional family policies have not contributed to work–life balance, since they are predicated on a traditional male breadwinner model. A combination of strong demand for female labour in the service sector and equal opportunities policies is, however, causing employers and government to address the issue.
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Kang, Ji-won, und Soong-nang Jang. „Effects of Women’s Work-Family Multiple Role and Role Combination on Depressive Symptoms in Korea“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 4 (15.02.2020): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041249.
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This study set out to investigate the effects of multiple roles on depressive symptoms in women. The role of women was divided into worker, household worker, spouse, parent, and caregiver roles to identify the differences in depressive symptoms according to the number of roles, role-fulfillment, and role-combination. Using the sixth raw data of the 2016 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families for analysis, the data had 6198 respondents who did not have missing values in the major variables. There are three main findings of this study: (1) as the number of roles increased, depressive symptoms of women was decreased. In addition, role-combination was a more meaningful element; (2) women who did not have any roles tended to be more depressed; (3) the caregiver role showed a negative effect on depressive symptoms of women. This study was to include the various aspects of women’s roles and to determine the effects of multi-roles on depressive symptoms in women.
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Charbaji El-Kassem, Rima. „Antecedents and Consequences of Work-Family Conflict in Qatar“. Journal of Social Sciences Research, Nr. 55 (15.05.2019): 1010–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.56.1010.1019.
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Purpose This paper examines the effect of causal factors, such as work-life harmony, work- family conflict, co-worker and supervisor support, as well as spouse support, on workload and job stress and employee psychological ill-being (depression/anxiety). Design/methodology/approach A large convenience sample of 807 families from Qatar was surveyed. Using SPSS, the researchers used factor analysis to establish construct validity, based on two suitability tests: the Kaisers-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartless test of sphericity. The dimensions were found to be reliable and valid. Findings Findings from regression analysis show that five independent variables, as well as gender, are significant in predicting staff members’ perceived employee psychological ill-being in Qatar. In addition, results of the recursive model reveal that work-life harmony, supervisor’s and spouse’s support lead to less perceived employee psychological ill-being. However, workload, job stress and work-family conflict lead to more perceived employee psychological ill-being in Qatar. Practical implications Findings of this investigation provide strategic insights and practical thinking that have important implications for understanding and overcoming employee psychological ill-being. What’s more, this paper contributes to the limited knowledge about the effects of stressful working conditions in combination with low levels of spouse support and co-worker and supervisor support on work-life conflict and higher levels of depression and anxiety. Originality This article empirically correlates three fields of management research: Managerial Psychology, Employee Well-Being and Work-Life Balance.
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Ahmad Fuat, Mohd Shahriman, Faridah Mohd Zin und Zainab Mat Yudin. „Type 2 diabetes remission: How does it work?“ Malaysian Family Physician 16, Nr. 1 (31.01.2021): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51866/cr1026.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a chronic disease which rise is closely linked to the obesity epidemic and which requires long-term medical attention to limit the development of its wide-ranged complications. Many of these complications arise from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. The increasing evidence of its remission state has been discussed in the literature. Here we report on a patient with metabolic syndrome who underwent a structured therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) therapy which eventually led to remission of Type 2 DM.
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Wierda-Boer, Hilde, Jan Gerris, Ad Vermulst, Kaisa Malinen und Karen Anderson. „Combination strategies and work–family interference among dual-earner couples in Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands“. Community, Work & Family 12, Nr. 2 (Mai 2009): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668800902778991.
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Ongaki, Jacob. „An examination of the relationship between flexible work arrangements, work-family conflict, organizational commitment, and job performance“. Management 23, Nr. 2 (01.12.2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2019-0025.
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Summary Many employees are often faced with an inter-role conflict between work and that of a family in the U.S. However, business leaders and Human Resource Management (HRM) may not recognize the problem affecting white-collar employees. The purpose of this non-experimental quantitative study was to determine whether or not a relationship existed between employees’ use of flexible working arrangements as predictor variables (such as flexible work schedules and telecommuting) and work-family conflict and family-work conflict as covariate variables, and organizational outcomes (such as organizational commitment and job performance outcome variables). The self-reported survey data included 237 employees who have utilized flexible work arrangements in service organizations in the state of Texas. The inconclusive ANCOVA parametric data assumption resulted in further employ Kruskal-Wallis statistical analysis with less restrictive normality assumption The ANCOVA and Kruskal-Wallis analyses tests revealed a statistically significant result for employees’ use of flexible work options (a combination of flexible work schedules and telecommuting) to alleviate family-work conflict. The use of a single option (flexible work schedules or telecommuting) was statistically insignificant to employees. Despite the rigorous study, limitations are inevitable particularly for self-reported data and non-experimental study. The difficulty to determine the participants’ honesty unintentional misrepresentations reflected in the validity of the study (Hunter, 2012; Matsui et al., 2005). Nevertheless, the study provided insight information to organizational management not to overlook the use of flexible work arrangement practices to mitigate employees’ family-work conflict (Gözükara & Çolakoğlu, 2015) to achieve organizational outcomes. Future researchers should replicate this study to include flexible work arrangement users vs. non-flexible work arrangement employees in other states, regions, and industries.
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Kazanoğlu, Nazlı. „Work and Family Life Reconciliation Policies in Turkey: Europeanisation or Ottomanisation?“ Social Sciences 8, Nr. 2 (28.01.2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8020036.
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This paper is an endeavour to explore and explain the Europeanisation patterns of gender equality in a longstanding candidate country, Turkey, with regard to the specific policy areas of work and family life reconciliation over the last two decades. To achieve this goal, this paper has utilised a combination of literature review, document analysis and 43 semi-structured in-depth interviews with European Union (EU) officials, representatives of social partners and international women’s organisations, as well as Turkish political elites and representatives of civil society organisations. The collected data have been analysed through the thematic analysis research method. Relying on an extensive review of the related literature and policy documents together with the data collected, this paper contends that the process of Europeanising Turkish work and family life reconciliation policies has remained contradictory, incomplete and patchy. Although the Turkish government has made various legislative changes in response to the adaptational pressure coming from the EU, a closer examination of those legislative amendments indicates a continued disconnect between Turkey and the EU in the specific policy area of work and family life reconciliation.
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Uusiautti, Satu, und Kaarina Määttä. „The Successful Combination of Work and Family in Finland: The Ability to Compromise as a Key Factor“. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 43, Nr. 2 (März 2012): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.43.2.151.
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Vercruyssen, Anina, und Bart Van de Putte. „Work–family conflict and stress: indications of the distinctiveness of role combination stress for Belgian working mothers“. Community, Work & Family 16, Nr. 4 (21.03.2013): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2013.776515.
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Padmasiri, M. K. Dinithi, Pavithra Kailasapathy und A. K. L. Jayawardana. „Development of the Person–Family Fit Construct: An Extension of Person–Environment Fit into the Family Domain“. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 6, Nr. 2 (28.03.2019): 156–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093719830807.
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This article defines a person’s environment as a combination of work and family environments by extending the person–environment fit theory to include the family domain. The study extends the person–environment fit construct by including person–job fit, person–organization fit, person–group fit, person–supervisor fit (all in work environment) and person–family fit (family environment). In the two studies that were carried using operational-level employees from various industries, we empirically develop a scale for the new concept person–family fit, validated person–family fit scale and the person–environment fit construct. This study makes several theoretical contributions including defining person–family fit construct, developing a scale to measure the same and confirming its inclusion into the person–environment fit construct. Managerial implications are provided to ensure person–job fit, person–group fit, person–supervisor fit and person–family fit in the working environment.
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Perrone, Kristin M., L. Kay Webb, Stephen L. Wright, Z. Vance Jackson und Tracy M. Ksiazak. „Relationship of Spirituality to Work and Family Roles and Life Satisfaction Among Gifted Adults“. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 28, Nr. 3 (21.06.2006): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.28.3.81a1dlhwelblce0v.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of spirituality to work and family roles and life satisfaction among gifted adults. Satisfaction with work and family roles was examined in combination with spiritual well-being in order to study the contribution each makes to variance in life satisfaction. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in order to gain a greater depth of understanding of these complex issues. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that existential well-being and marital satisfaction contributed significantly to life satisfaction. In response to open-ended questions, participants articulated many ways in which their spirituality impacted their work, marriage, parenting, and life satisfaction. Results are discussed in relation to the literature. Implications for mental health counseling and future research are provided.
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Benda, Brent B., und Frederick A. Diblasio. „Clergy Marriages: A Multivariate Model of Marital Adjustment“. Journal of Psychology and Theology 20, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1992): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719202000404.
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This was a study of marital adjustment among clergy who had attended a Presbyterian seminary and their spouses (N= 247). The proposed explanatory model that was tested was composed of earner status (dual or single earner families), role orientation, perceived stress related to work, perceived stress from family, perceived stress from the combination of work and family, and gender. Hierarchical regression procedures revealed that the model explained 15% of the total variance in marital adjustment (control variables explained 2% of this variance). In order of predictiveness, the relevant factors were: (a) perceived stress from work and family, (b) number of children age 5 and younger, (c) perceived stress from family, and (d) earner status. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Avdic, Daniel, und Arizo Karimi. „Modern Family? Paternity Leave and Marital Stability“. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, Nr. 4 (01.10.2018): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160426.
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We study how relationship stability of couples is affected by an increase in fathers’ involvement in staying home from work with young children. We make use of a parental leave reform in Sweden that earmarked one month of paid leave to each parent in a regression discontinuity difference-in-differences (RD-DD) framework. Couples who were affected by the reform increased the take-up of fathers’ leave but also increased their probability of separation compared to unaffected couples. We argue that the separation effect can be explained by the degree of restrictiveness of the policy in combination with role conflicts in traditional family constellations. (JEL D13, J12, J13, J16, J32)
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Lo Presti, Alessandro, Fulvia D’Aloisio und Sara Pluviano. „With a little help from my family: A mixed-method study on the outcomes of family support and workload“. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 12, Nr. 4 (18.11.2016): 584–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1159.
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Our aim was to investigate some predictors and outcomes of family-to-work enrichment (FWE) via a mixed-method approach. We sampled 447 married employees of an Italian factory. Survey results from Study 1 showed that emotional support from family positively predicted FWE, while this latter mediated the associations between the former on one side, and work engagement and life satisfaction on the other. Moreover, extra-household support directly associated positively with life satisfaction. Evidence from 20 anthropological in-depth interviews (Study 2) returned a more complex picture, highlighting the gendered role of partners inside couples, the importance of kinship support, the sense and the value of filiation and parenthood in their connection with job roles, the complex and continuous interplay between family and life domains. In combination, results from both studies stressed the importance of family support; additionally, evidences from Study 2 suggested that FWE could be better understood taking into account crossover dynamics and the compresence of work-to-family enrichment and conflict. In sum, these studies contributed to shed light on FWE dynamics, an under-researched topic in Italy, whose knowledge could be of great empirical and practical value.
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Scott, Ellen K. „Mother-Ready Jobs: Employment That Works for Mothers of Children With Disabilities“. Journal of Family Issues 39, Nr. 9 (27.02.2018): 2659–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18756927.
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Feminist researchers focus on work–family conflict and the impact on maternal employment. They find jobs are not structured to allow for work–family fit. Using qualitative data, I examine those unusual circumstances in which work does work in the challenging case of mothers of children with disabilities. Their experiences make clear the problem for all caregivers when employment is based on a male model, and the importance of workplace norms that diminish work–family conflict. I find that with flexibility, paid leave, job security, and health insurance, that is, with jobs that policy analysts refer to as “good jobs,” and Randy Albelda calls “mother-ready” jobs, caregivers can manage work and family. I argue that through a combination of mandatory workplace restructuring and social supports, the state could facilitate the reorganization of jobs so that they are mother-ready and therefore make possible the performance of daily required tasks as care givers and employees.
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Ice, Erin, Shannon Ang, Karra Greenberg und Sarah Burgard. „Women’s Work-Family Histories and Cognitive Performance in Later Life“. American Journal of Epidemiology 189, Nr. 9 (27.03.2020): 922–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa042.
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Abstract Long-term exposures to the stress and stimulation of different work, parenting, and partnership combinations might influence later life cognition. We investigated the relationship between women’s work-family life histories and cognitive functioning in later life. Analyses were based on data from women born between 1930 and 1957 in 14 European countries, from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (2004–2009) (n = 11,908). Multichannel sequence analysis identified 5 distinct work-family typologies based on women’s work, partnership, and childrearing statuses between ages 12 and 50 years. Multilevel regressions were used to test the association between work-family histories and later-life cognition. Partnered mothers who mainly worked part-time had the best cognitive function in later life, scoring approximately 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 1.07) points higher than mothers who worked full-time on a 19-point scale. Partnered mothers who were mainly unpaid caregivers or who did other unpaid activities had cognitive scores that were 1.19 (95% CI: 0.49, 1.89) and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.20, 1.66) points lower than full-time working mothers. The findings are robust to adjustment for childhood advantage and educational credentials. This study provides new evidence that long-term exposures to certain social role combinations after childhood and schooling are linked to later-life cognition.
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van der Lippe, Tanja, und Zoltán Lippényi. „Beyond Formal Access: Organizational Context, Working From Home, and Work–Family Conflict of Men and Women in European Workplaces“. Social Indicators Research 151, Nr. 2 (05.10.2018): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1993-1.
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AbstractWorking from home has become engraved in modern working life. Although advocated as a solution to combine work with family life, surprisingly little empirical evidence supports that it decreases work–family conflict. In this paper we examine the role of a supportive organizational context in making working from home facilitate the combination of work and family. Specifically, we address to what extent perceptions of managerial support, ideal worker culture, as well as the number of colleagues working from home influence how working from home relates to work–family conflict. By providing insight in the role of the organizational context, we move beyond existing research in its individualistic focus on the experience of the work–family interface. We explicitly address gender differences since women experience more work–family conflict than men. We use a unique, multilevel organizational survey, the European Sustainable Workforce Survey conducted in 259 organizations, 869 teams and 11,011 employees in nine countries (Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom). Results show that an ideal worker culture amplifies the increase in work family conflict due to working from home, but equally for men and women. On the other hand, women are more sensitive to the proportion of colleagues working from home, and the more colleagues are working from home the less conflict they experience.
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van den Berg, Arda, und Anne-Rigt Poortman. „De werk-privé balans van gescheiden ouders : De rol van werkeisen, privé-eisen en hun combinatie“. Mens en maatschappij 96, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/mem2021.1.004.vand.
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Abstract The work-family balance of divorced parents: The role of work demands, family demands and their interplayAfter a divorce, parents may face difficulties in combining work with the care for children. Few studies have examined the work-life balance of this particular group. Using data from 1.577 employed divorced fathers and 2.059 employed divorced mothers, we examined how work demands (long work hours, commuting times) and family demands (number and age of children, postdivorce residence arrangements) affected the work-family balance of divorced parents. High work demands lowered the work-life balance among both fathers and mothers. Greater family demands had a smaller impact than work demands and led to a worse work-life balance only for mothers. Family demands, however, became more important for fathers’ work-family balance when combined with high work demands. Such an interplay of work and family demands was also found for mothers: work demands had stronger effects in case of high family demands and vice versa.
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Håpnes, Tove, und Bente Rasmussen. „Policies and Practices of Family Friendliness. Time and Employment Relations in Knowledge Work“. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 1, Nr. 2 (18.11.2011): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v1i2.2344.
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In Norway an ideology of gender equality and the universal welfare state has created generous leave arrangements for parents, both mothers and fathers, to make the combination of work and family possible.To recruit competent women and men, knowledge work organisations have to accommodate to working hours that are compatible with the responsibility for a family. In the knowledge economy in Norway we therefore find women and men with higher education trying to act out the ideals of gen- der equality at work and at home. In this paper we explore how family-friendly policies in knowledge work organisations result in family-friendly practices.We do this by analysing two R&D departments belonging to large Norwegian companies in the international market. Both had policies of gender equality and family friendly working time arrangements and career opportunities for women with reduced hours.We show how different employment relations and forms of organisation influenced the work and time practices of the research scientists. Using the concept of social contracts in em- ployment and a relational concept of time, we found that it was more difficult to realise the reduced hours in the organisation that took responsibility for the career and welfare of their employees in a long-term perspective because of the mutual trust and obligations in this relationship.The women in the organisation with more transactional relations where their employment was dependent upon the market and their short-term economic performance, were able to use their accounting system to reduce their hours.The young fathers in the same organisation who were not yet established as experts, could not use the accounting system to limit their hours like the senior women.They needed to work long hours on scientific publications to qualify as researchers to secure their employment. In Norway an ideology of gender equality and the universal welfare state has created generous leave arrangements for parents, both mothers and fathers, to make the combination of work and family possible.To recruit competent women and men, knowledge work organisations have to accommodate to working hours that are compatible with the responsibility for a family. In the knowledge economy in Norway we therefore find women and men with higher education trying to act out the ideals of gen- der equality at work and at home. In this paper we explore how family-friendly policies in knowledge work organisations result in family-friendly practices. We do this by analysing two R&D departments belonging to large Norwegian companies in the international market. Both had policies of gender equality and family friendly working time arrangements and career opportunities for women with reduced hours.We show how different employment relations and forms of organisation influenced the work and time practices of the research scientists. Using the concept of social contracts in em- ployment and a relational concept of time, we found that it was more difficult to realise the reduced hours in the organisation that took responsibility for the career and welfare of their employees in a long-term perspective because of the mutual trust and obligations in this relationship.The women in the organisation with more transactional relations where their employment was dependent upon the market and their short-term economic performance, were able to use their accounting system to reduce their hours.The young fathers in the same organisation who were not yet established as experts, could not use the accounting system to limit their hours like the senior women.They needed to work long hours on scientific publications to qualify as researchers to secure their employment.
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Koh, Grace Shimin, Nan Jiang, Di Feng Dong, Joshua Yew Suang Lim, Shirley Kow Yin Kham, Fook Tim Chew, Lim Soon Wong und Allen Yeoh. „BH3-Mimetics, ABT-737 and Obatoclax, Work Synergistically to Induce Cell Death In Leukemic Cell Lines“. Blood 116, Nr. 21 (19.11.2010): 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1850.1850.
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Abstract Abstract 1850 Introduction: Resistance to treatment remains the most important cause of relapse in contemporary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy which calls for novel drugs to improve treatment outcome. We have shown previously that single agent treatment of BH3-mimetics like ABT-737 and obatoclax (GX15-070) resulted in a dose dependent apoptotic cell death and synergistic with prednisolone. However, little is known about the mechanisms and genomic responses underlying these BH3-mimetics. Since ABT-737 is a Bad-like mimetic while obatoclax is a Bim-like mimetic, we hypothesized that combination of these two different BH3-mimetics will increase the efficacy of cell death and enable reduced doses. Methods: Seven ALL cell lines and a chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) were used in this study. The 8 cells lines were exposed to ABT-737 or obatoclax as well as a combination of both and then subjected to whole genome gene expression analysis using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 microarrays. The sets of differentially expressed genes were subsequently used for pathway analyses to identify the associated network functions using Ingenuity software. Cell viability was determined by MTS assay (Promega) and synergism was calculated using CalcuSyn software version 2.1. Western blot was used to detect protein expression level changes of the BCL-2 family members and cleaved PARP. Caspase-3,-8 and -9 activities were measured using Caspase-Glo™ Assay kits (Promega). Results: Treatment of both ABT-737 and obatoclax resulted in a dose dependent cell death in all 8 cell lines at 24h time point. All 7 ALL cell lines were sensitive to ABT-737 treatment with IC50 ranging between 0.05μM and 1.6μM, while K562 was less sensitive, with an IC50 of 31μM. All the 8 cell lines were sensitive to obatoclax treatment with similar IC50 ranging between 0.6μM and 5.7μM. Simultaneous in vitro exposure of ABT-737 and obatoclax to all cell lines in a 1:10 ratio resulted in synergistic levels of cell death with combination index (CI) values that are distinctly less than one. The levels of cleaved PARP and caspases -3, -8 and -9 activities increased significantly after combination treatment compared to individual treatment of each chemical. Interestingly, we did not observe any change in protein levels of Bcl-2 family members (including Bid, Bim, Bax, PUMA, Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-w) after individual or combination treatment, indicating that the mechanism of synergism may be independent of the regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Groups of differentially regulated probe sets (p<0.05) after ABT-737 (75 probe sets), obatoclax (123 probe sets) or combination (156 probe sets) treatment were determined by global gene microarray analysis. Probe sets that were common between individual and combination treatments are represented in the figure 1below, indicating that the mechanisms of ABT-737 and obatoclax-induced cell deaths are different. Relative fold change analysis (genes that changed significantly (p<0.05) after combination treatment relative to single agent treatment) suggests that obatoclax contribute more towards synergism between these two BH3-mimetics. Furthermore, enriched GO terms of differentially expressed genes and the top five network functions associated with the respective treatments also reflect the same trend. The well-known genes that involved in many critical pathways of cell death were evaluated. We found that most genes that were differentially expressed after treatment are associated with the apoptotic pathway. Conclusion: In this study, we reported that synergism of ABT-737 and obatoclax could be achieved in all 8 leukemia cell lines. Gene microarray analysis suggests that leukemia cells differ in their genomic response to the two drugs, and combination gains over single treatment. Although ABT-737 exhibits higher potency, its sensitivity seems to be cell-type dependent. The administration of BH3-mimetics in the clinic, alone or in combination, may overcome the limitations of single agent treatment and improve the treatment outcome of leukemia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Martens, Christine Thokle. „Eldercare policies in Scandinavia between 1993 and 2014: increased facilitation of family caregiving?“ Nordic Journal of Social Research 9 (10.05.2018): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/njsr.2145.
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Abstract
This article asks whether legal rights provided through national legislation on services provision in Scandinavia have become, over time, more accommodating to the role of family caregiving to elderly relatives. The study is based on a comparison and analysis of changes in legislation between 1993 and 2014 in the three Scandinavian countries. It is limited to legislation on the right to eldercare services and on work-family facilitating policies in relation to the provision of care to an elderly relative. Work-family facilitating policies are those policies that enable the combining of employment in the formal economy with caring for family members without large prohibitive costs for the caregiver. The main findings in this article are that the Scandinavian countries strengthened the legal right to public care services between 1993 and 2014, but that there are few, if any, truly work-family facilitating policies. The existing schemes do not facilitate a combination of employment and care, but rather force the family caregiver to choose between them. The dilemma is whether to continue passively with a high, but declining, level of public service provision of eldercare, leaving unmet care needs to unpaid family carers, or to introduce work-family facilitating policies enabling remunerated family care in addition to extensive public services provision.
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Kim, Joeun, und Nancy Luke. „Lowest-Low Fertility in South Korea: Policy and Domestic Labor Supports and the Transition to Second Birth“. Social Forces 99, Nr. 2 (30.04.2020): 700–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz159.
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Abstract Scholars and policymakers contend that severe work-family constraints for women are a key contributor to lowest-low fertility in industrialized countries. Two separate areas of research have examined supports that could alleviate these constraints and potentially increase fertility: institutional support in the form of public policies and domestic labor support from male partners. There are few studies considering the influence of both policy and domestic labor supports and no investigations of the interplay between these two support mechanisms. We develop and test a theoretical framework that considers how the combination of these supports could alleviate women’s work-family constraints and increase fertility. Using the case of South Korea, a country with one of the most sustained lowest-low fertility rates in history, we examined the relationship between women’s eligibility for parental leave and husbands’ share of domestic labor and the transition to a second birth. Our analyses revealed that both supports, independently, had positive effects on the likelihood of a second birth. More importantly, we found that husbands’ domestic labor had a positive influence on fertility only when women’s access to parental leave was limited, suggesting that policy and domestic labor supports are substitutes and alleviate the same underlying work-family constraint in the Korean context. Our study underscores the importance of understanding the nature of work-family conflict across countries and how various supports―alone or in combination―could relieve women’s constraints on childbearing and upturn lowest-low fertility.
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KALTCHENKO, ALEXEI, NINA TIMOFEEVA und EUGENIY A. TIMOFEEV. „BIAS REDUCTION OF THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR ENTROPY ESTIMATOR“. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2008): 3781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408022731.
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A new family of entropy estimators, constructed as a linear combination (weighted average) of nearest neighbor estimators with slightly different individual properties, is proposed. It is shown that a special suboptimal selection of the coefficients in the linear combination results in a polynomial reduction of the estimator's bias, which continues the line of work of P. Grassberger on entropy estimation. Computer simulation results are provided.
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Lomazzi, Vera, Sabine Israel und Isabella Crespi. „Gender Equality in Europe and the Effect of Work-Family Balance Policies on Gender-Role Attitudes“. Social Sciences 8, Nr. 1 (30.12.2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010005.
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This study starts from the assumption that the context of opportunities for work-family balance affects individual attitudes toward gender roles, a main indicator of support for gender equality. Compared with extant research, the present study adopts a more articulated definition of “opportunity structure” that includes national income level and social norms on gender attitudes, measures of gender-mainstreaming policies implemented at the company level (flextime), and different work-family balance policies in support of the dual-earner/dual-caregiver family model (e.g., parental-leave schemes and childcare provisions). The effects of these factors are estimated by performing a cross-sectional multilevel analysis for the year 2014. Gender-role attitudes and micro-level controls are taken from the Eurobarometer for all 28 European Union (EU) members, while macro-indicators stem from Eurostat, European Quality of Work Survey, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Our results show that both institutional and workplace arrangements supporting the dual-earner/dual-caregiver family model are associated with more egalitarian gender-role attitudes This is particularly true concerning availability of formal childcare for 0- to 3-year-olds among institutional factors, as well as work-schedule flexibility among workplace factors, probably as they enable a combination of care and paid work for both men and women.
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Marsh, Elizabeth J. „Family Matters: Measuring Impact Through One’s Academic Descendants“. Perspectives on Psychological Science 12, Nr. 6 (November 2017): 1130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691617719759.
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Scientific contributions take many forms, not all of which result in fame or are captured in traditional metrics of success (e.g., h factor). My focus is on one of the most lasting and important contributions a scientist can make: training scientists who go on to train scientists, who in turn train more scientists, etc. Academic genealogies provide many examples of scientists whose names might not be recognizable today but who trained psychologists that went on to publish very influential work. Of course success results from a combination of many factors (including but not limited to the student’s abilities and motivation, luck, institutional resources, mentoring, etc.), but the field should find more ways to acknowledge the role that mentoring does play.
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Foot, John. „The Family and the ‘Economic Miracle’: Social Transformation, Work, Leisure and Development at Bovisa and Comasina (Milan), 1950–70“. Contemporary European History 4, Nr. 3 (November 1995): 315–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003507.
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Traditional histories of the Italian ‘Economic Miracle’ have concentrated on two phenomena: the factory and migration. The family has occupied a position of secondary importance, being treated as of lesser interest than ‘other’ arenas of everyday life, in particular the workplace. Those who have eulogised the miracle have underlined the massive effort and sacrifice of millions of workers in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Those who oppose the ‘ideology’ behind the boom have looked to the latent conflicts (and problems) produced by unplanned economic development – frictions which were to explode in 1968. The reality was a complicated combination of both these interpretations. Some took the road of opposition to the system, many millions lapped up the values of the boom, most were affected in some way by both ‘world-views’. The relationship between the family and the boom was a two-way one. The Italian family had as much effect on the ‘miracle’ as the ‘miracle’ did on the family (in much the same way that mass internal migration was both a cause and a consequence of the boom). Each shaped and moulded the other in various and crucial ways. The family was Janus-faced, ‘both a custodian of tradition and an agent of change’.2
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Batychenko, Svitlana. „FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE“. GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, Nr. 60 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.
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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Walker, Alexis J., Linda Thompson und Carolyn Stout Morgan. „Two Generations of Mothers and Daughters: Role Position and Interdependence“. Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, Nr. 2 (Juni 1987): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00783.x.
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Using both partners as informants and three interdependence measures (contact, aid, and attachment) as criterion variables, we address the assumption that women's orientation to and dependence on other generations differ because of unique roles. In 135 pairs of student women and their mothers and 119 pairs of middle-aged women and their mothers, we ask how a woman's role position interacts with her partner's role position in regard to interdependence. Both dyadic and individual role combinations are examined. In younger pairs, we examine the combination of daughter's marital status and both mother's launching and work statuses; in older pairs, we examine the combination of mother's marital status and both daughter's launching and marital statuses. Regression analyses demonstrate that, except for younger pairs where married daughters and their mothers are less interdependent than single daughters and their mothers, interdependence is remarkably unrelated to role positions, singly or in combination. Results suggest normative pressures toward new conjugal bonds and stability in women's family roles.
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EVANDROU, MARIA, und KAREN GLASER. „Family, work and quality of life: changing economic and social roles through the lifecourse“. Ageing and Society 24, Nr. 5 (24.08.2004): 771–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x04002545.
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This article reports research funded as part of the recent ESRC Growing Older initiative. The project ‘Family, Work and Quality of Life’ explored changes in economic and social roles across four birth cohorts passing through mid-life (45–59/64 years) in Britain. The relationship between multiple role responsibilities and a range of indicators of quality of life, including material resources, health and engagement in social activities were investigated. The research was based upon secondary analysis of four different surveys: the 2000 British Household Panel Study, the 1994–95 Family and Working Lives Survey, the 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 General Household Surveys, and the longitudinal Retirement Survey (1988/89 and 1994). A particularly interesting finding is that being ‘caught in the middle’, in terms of having simultaneous care-giving responsibilities to dependent children and frail parents whilst in paid work, has been atypical. Only one-in-nine British women, and one-in-ten British men, aged 45–49 years (born in 1941–45) occupy all three roles concurrently, but multiple role occupancy is increasing across cohorts, particularly the combination of caring and paid work. Role occupancy significantly affects the accumulation of pension entitlements (particularly second-tier pensions), with the effect that many women who have fulfilled the important social roles of carer and parent will face a low income in old age. Where adverse health outcomes were found, parental role in mid-life was most frequently associated with such poor health, suggesting that continued parental demands in mid-life may have negative health consequences.
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Glucksmann, Miriam, und Dawn Lyon. „Configurations of Care Work: Paid and Unpaid Elder Care in Italy and the Netherlands“. Sociological Research Online 11, Nr. 2 (Juli 2006): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1398.
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Most current sociological approaches to work recognise that the same activity may be undertaken within a variety of socio-economic forms - formal or informal, linked with the private market, public state or not-for-profit sectors. This article takes care of the elderly as an exemplary case for probing some of the linkages between paid and unpaid work. We attempt to unravel the interconnections between forms of care work undertaken in different socio-economic conditions in two settings, the Netherlands and Italy. The research is part of a broader programme concerned with differing interconnections and overlaps between work activities. In this article, we are concerned with: 1) how paid and unpaid care work map on to four ‘institutional’ modes of provision - by the state, family, market, and voluntary sector; and 2) with the configurations that emerge from the combination of different forms of paid and unpaid work undertaken through the different institutions. Despite the centrality of family-based informal care by women in both countries, we argue that the overall configurations of care are in fact quite distinct. In the Netherlands, state-funded care services operate to shape and anchor the centrality of family as the main provider. In this configuration, unpaid familial labour is sustained by voluntary sector state-funded provision. In Italy, by contrast, there is significant recourse to informal market-based services in the form of individual migrant carers, in a context of limited public provision. In this configuration, the state indirectly supports market solutions, sustaining the continuity of family care as an ideal and as a practice.
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MILLER, JEREMY A., CHARLES E. GRISWOLD und CHARLES R. HADDAD. „Taxonomic revision of the spider family Penestomidae (Araneae, Entelegynae)“. Zootaxa 2534, Nr. 1 (13.07.2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2534.1.1.
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Conflicting character evidence and a scarcity of male specimens has historically made placement of the spider subfamily Penestominae Simon problematic. The Penestominae was recently removed from the family Eresidae and promoted to family rank based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study; a complementary taxonomic revision of the Penestomidae is presented here. Penestomidae contains a single genus, Penestomus Simon, 1902. The genus Wajane Lehtinen, 1967 was previously included in the Penestominae, and distinguished from Penestomus based on the lack of a cribellum. Wajane is, in fact, cribellate, and is here synonymized with Penestomus New synonymy. Nine Penestomus species are recognized: four species are redescribed (P. planus Simon, 1902, P. croeseri Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1989, P. stilleri (Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1989), new combination, and P. armatus (Lehtinen, 1967)) new combination, and five species are newly described (P. egazini sp. nov., P. kruger sp. nov., P. montanus sp. nov., P. prendinii sp. nov., and P. zulu sp. nov.). Male specimens are rare in collections; only P. egazini, P. montanus, and P. armatus are known from males, and only P. armatus is unknown from females. A dichotomous key to the species is provided. Data elements in this work have been disseminated across multiple electronic venues, including images on Morphbank, distribution data exposed through GBIF and explorable using Google Earth, new nomenclatural acts registered with ZooBank, and species pages on the Encyclopedia of Life. Where available, species descriptions include links to molecular sequence data on GenBank.
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Borgmann, Lea-Sophie, Petra Rattay und Thomas Lampert. „Longitudinal Analysis of Work-to-Family Conflict and Self-Reported General Health among Working Parents in Germany“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 11 (03.06.2020): 3966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113966.
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The combination of work and family roles can lead to work-to-family conflict (WTFC), which may have consequences for the parents’ health. We examined the association between WTFC and self-reported general health among working parents in Germany over time. Data were drawn from wave 6 (2013) and wave 8 (2015) of the German family and relationship panel. It included working persons living together with at least one child in the household (791 mothers and 723 fathers). Using logistic regressions, we estimated the longitudinal effects of WTFC in wave 6 and 8 on self-reported general health in wave 8. Moderating effects of education were also considered. The odds ratio for poor self-reported general health for mothers who developed WTFC in wave 8 compared to mothers who never reported conflicts was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.54–3.68). For fathers with newly emerged WTFC in wave 8, the odds ratio was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.03–3.04). Interactions of WTFC with low education showed no significant effects on self-reported general health, although tendencies show that fathers with lower education are more affected. It remains to be discussed how health-related consequences of WTFC can be reduced e.g., through workplace interventions and reconciliation policies.
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Lippert, Adam M., und Sarah Damaske. „Finding Jobs, Forming Families, and Stressing Out? Work, Family, and Stress among Young Adult Women in the United States“. Social Forces 98, Nr. 2 (19.12.2018): 885–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy117.
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AbstractThe transition to adulthood is increasingly characterized by complex paths into the world of work and family, especially for young women. Yet how work and family combine to influence stress among young adult women is not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we leverage new extensions to latent class analysis (LCA) to identify common combinations of work and family circumstances among young adult women, their earlier life and contemporaneous correlates, and associations with two stress measures: a multi-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Epstein–Barr Viral (EBV) antibody titers, a well-validated biomarker of stress-related immunity impairments. We identify seven different common combinations of latent work–family combinations among young adult women ranging from well-compensated professional workers with and without children, mothers without paid employment, and delayed transitions to work and family. Completing a college degree was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in classes marked by professional work irrespective of motherhood, while being raised in a community with greater female labor opportunities was generally associated with membership in child-free classes. Mothers and child-free women in “pink-collar” work with low wages and decision-marking freedom reported higher stress compared to women in “white-collar” work with higher wages and decision-making freedom. These differences are mostly attenuated following adjustments for poverty-related stressors and work–family conflict. While prior work has emphasized the health benefits for women of combining work and family, our research suggests these benefits may be limited to women of higher socioeconomic status with flexible, well-compensated jobs.
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Remery, Chantal, und Joop Schippers. „Work-Family Conflict in the European Union: The Impact of Organizational and Public Facilities“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, Nr. 22 (12.11.2019): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224419.
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Today, as an increasing share of women and men is involved in both paid tasks at work and unpaid care tasks for children and other relatives, more people are at risk of work-family conflict, which can be a major threat to well-being and mental, but also physical health. Both organizations and governments invest in arrangements that are meant to support individuals in finding a balance between work and family life. The twofold goal of our article was to establish the level of work-family conflict in the member states of the European Union by gender and to analyze to what extent different arrangements at the organizational level as well the public level help to reduce this. Using the European Working Conditions Survey supplemented with macro-data on work-family facilities and the economic and emancipation climate in a country, we performed multilevel analyses. Our findings show that the intensity of work-family conflict does not vary widely in EU28. In most countries, men experience less work-family conflict than women, although the difference is small. Caring for children and providing informal care increases perceived work-life conflict. The relatively small country differences in work-family conflict show that different combinations of national facilities and organizational arrangements together can have the same impact on individuals; apparently, there are several ways to realize the same goal of work-family conflict reduction.
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Windebank, Jan. „Change in work-family reconciliation policy in France and the UK since 2008: the influence of economic crisis and austerity“. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 33, Nr. 1 (Februar 2017): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2017.1288160.
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This article compares work-family reconciliation policy since 2008 in two contrasting case-study countries, namely France and the UK, and investigates how post-2008 economic circumstances and austerity measures have interacted with other policy drivers to influence the extent and shape of change in this policy area in these countries. The article demonstrates that work-family reconciliation policy in both countries has been resilient in the face of economic and budgetary problems and progress has been made albeit from different starting points and in path-dependent ways to “degender” parental leave and to improve the affordability of and access to childcare particularly for those on lower incomes. However, it also reveals that in both countries, despite partisan consensus on the need to further develop policy, a combination of economic constraints and the opposition to reform of key social and political actors has put a brake on change.
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Määttä, Kaarina, und Taina Kyronlampi-Kylmanen. „CHILDREN’S AND PARENTS’ EXPERIENCES ON EVERYDAY LIFE AND THE HOME/WORK BALANCE IN FINLAND“. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 3, Nr. 1 (17.01.2012): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs31201210473.
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Paid work and the high-pressure working life are reflected in the everyday life of Finnish families with children. This article introduces a research project where 29 children aged between ages 5 and 7 and their 13 wage-earner parents were interviewed in order to discover to what degree they are able to achieve a home/work balance in their family lives. There is a lack of such research that examines children’s and parents’ experiences simultaneously and comprehensively, as this study does. The children’s experiences were analyzed with an existential-phenomenological method, while the parents’ experiences of how their work affects everyday life were interpreted within a hermeneutically advancing interpretation process. This research describes the challenging combination of work and family, the demanding relationship between children and parents, and the ways in which parents approach balancing work and everyday life when parents’ paid work, stress, and fatigue follows them home. Parents’ working life moulds the rhythm of their children’s everyday lives, which are structured by the departures and arrivals at home and at their daycare centers. This article makes visible Finnish families’ daily worries and how they cope with everyday life. The research highlights the question of how to secure both children’s and parents’ rights to a safe and anxiety-free everyday life.
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Goebel, Erich J., Kaitlin N. Hart, Jason C. McCoy und Thomas B. Thompson. „Structural biology of the TGFβ family“. Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, Nr. 17 (09.10.2019): 1530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219880894.
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The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway orchestrates a wide breadth of biological processes, ranging from bone development to reproduction. Given this, there has been a surge of interest from the drug development industry to modulate the pathway – at several points. This review discusses and provides additional context for several layers of the TGFβ signaling pathway from a structural biology viewpoint. The combination of structural techniques coupled with biophysical studies has provided a foundational knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing this high impact, ubiquitous pathway, underlying many of the current therapeutic pursuits. This work seeks to consolidate TGFβ-related structural knowledge and educate other researchers of the apparent gaps that still prove elusive. We aim to highlight the importance of these structures and provide the contextual information to understand the contribution to the field, with the hope of advancing the discussion and exploration of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Impact statement The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a multifacetted and highly regulated pathway, forming the underpinnings of a large range of biological processes. Here, we review and consolidate the key steps in TGFβ signaling using literature rooted in structural and biophysical techniques, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and gaps in knowledge. From extracellular regulation to ligand–receptor interactions and intracellular activation cascades, we hope to provide an introductory base for understanding the TGFβ pathway as a whole.
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STATHAM, JUNE, JULIA BRANNEN und ANN MOONEY. „Mobility within the Childcare Workforce: Evidence for a New Policy?“ Journal of Social Policy 37, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001754.
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AbstractThis article presents findings from a three-year government-funded study of the work and family lives of four important groups within the childcare workforce in England: residential social workers in children's homes, family support workers, foster carers and community childminders. The study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including biographical narrative interviews. The policy context of the Children's Workforce Strategy is discussed, focusing particularly on the government's aim to develop greater integration between different types of work with children and the creation of a more flexible childcare workforce. The article then draws together findings from the study to argue that although the planned integrated qualifications framework may assist mobility within the childcare workforce, other factors also need to be taken into account. The choice to engage in particular types of childcare work is often linked to factors such as life stage, preferred age of child, preferred working environment and the worker's own background and needs. This suggests the need for more targeted recruitment, matching people to type of work, and for more attention to be paid to the connections between work and family life. The study does provide some evidence of transferable skills and movement over time between types of work with children, and demonstrates the importance of seeing the life-course as presenting opportunities for childcare employment rather than being an obstacle.
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Colodette, Renata Maria, Tiago Ricardo Moreira, Andréia Patrícia Gomes und Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista. „The Oral Health Team in the Family Health Strategy: Trajectories and Challenges“. Open Public Health Journal 11, Nr. 1 (26.10.2018): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501811010438.
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Objectives: The objective of this study was to review literature focused on the introduction of Brazilian oral healthcare service models, incorporation of Oral Health Teams (OHTs) within the Family Health Strategy (FHS), changes occurring in the work process of the professionals that make up OHTs, difficulties for successful implementation of this new healthcare model and impacts on indicators of oral health. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted through an electronic consultation of the Pubmed and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases published between 2001 and 2016, using a combination of descriptors. We selected 44 studies for review. Results: Oral healthcare in Brazil evolved from exclusionary and curative models to those aimed at prevention and promotion of health. The increase in government resources dedicated to oral healthcare in Brazil represented an improvement in access to dental treatment, however, some studies demonstrated that OHTs within the FHS still operate by the traditional curative models. Conclusion: Lack of proper planning for hiring OHTs and precariousness of their work contracts were also reported. The need for better managerial planning for implementation of OHTs within the scope of the FHS was demonstrated.
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Barrowclough, Christine, Nicholas Tarrier, Shôn Lewis, William Sellwood, John Mainwaring, Joanne Quinn und Charlotte Hamlin. „Randomised controlled effectiveness trial of a needs-based psychosocial intervention service for carers of people with schizophrenia“. British Journal of Psychiatry 174, Nr. 6 (Juni 1999): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.174.6.505.
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BackgroundFamily interventions are effective in reducing relapse in patients with schizophrenia, but there is little work demonstrating the effectiveness of the interventions in routine service settings.AimsTo test the effectiveness of a needs-based family intervention service for patients recruited as out-patients and their carers, including those of low expressed emotion status.MethodCarers of out-patient schizophrenia sufferers selected only on illness history factors were randomly allocated to receive either family support alone or in combination with systematic psychosocial interventions based on an assessment of need. Delivery of family interventions attempted to involve the clinical team.ResultsRelapse outcomes were superior for family-treated patients at six-month follow-up, although most of the clinical and symptom patient variables assessed remained stable, as did measures of carer burden.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated the effectiveness of family interventions in routine service settings. Problems with staff, patient and carer engagement and participation were identified.
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Marlow, Elizabeth, und Nina Walker. „Does supported living work for people with severe intellectual disabilities?“ Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 9, Nr. 6 (02.11.2015): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-02-2015-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at whether a move to a supported living model of care from traditional residential group homes could improve the quality of life for those with a severe intellectual disability and other challenging needs. Design/methodology/approach – Six men with severe intellectual disabilities moved from two residential homes into new-build individual flats. Their quality of life was measured using a battery of assessments looking at; environment, relationships, community participation, interactions, mood interest and pleasure, activities, physical health and challenging behaviour. These measures were taken before the move, immediately after and six months after the move. The views of staff and family carers were also assessed at each stage. Findings – The move had a positive effect on the tenants in that it caused an improvement in their mood and a decrease in their challenging behaviours. Further improvements could be made in the tenant’s quality of life by introducing more activities. The initial concerns of family members about the move decreased over time. However staff found the changes to their working practices stressful. Research limitations/implications – The study was a small scale one because of the small number of tenants. The tenants were unable to express their own views because of their limited communication abilities so a combination of direct observation and indirect measures were used. Practical implications – In the light of the Winterbourne view report by Stephen Bubb this study looks at the impact on quality of life of a move to supported living for a group of people with complex and challenging needs who might otherwise be placed in an out of borough placement similar to Winterbourne view. Social implications – The study also looks at the impact of such a move on the family members of the individuals and on the staff who had to change their working practices to adapt to both a new working environment and model of care. Originality/value – This study also looks at the impact of a model of supported living for people with severe intellectual disabilities and complex needs rather than those with mild intellectual disabilities. This is particularly important in the post Winterbourne view climate when the authors need to look carefully at positive alternative models of care for these individuals.
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Kishita, Naoko, Laura Hammond, Celina M. Dietrich und Eneida Mioshi. „Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions“. International Psychogeriatrics 30, Nr. 11 (18.07.2018): 1679–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610218000947.
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ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to update the literature on interventions for carers of people with dementia published between 2006 and 2016 and evaluate the efficacy of psychoeducational programs and psychotherapeutic interventions on key mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, burden, and quality of life).Methods:A meta-analysis was carried out of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions using MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.Results:The majority of studies were conducted in Western and Southern Europe or the United States and recruited carers of people with Alzheimer's disease or dementia grouped as a whole. The most commonly used outcome measures were depression and burden across studies. The updated evidence suggested that psychoeducation-skill building interventions delivered face-to-face can better impact on burden. Psychotherapeutic interventions underpinned by Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) models demonstrated strong empirical support for treating anxiety and depression and these effects were not affected by the mode of delivery (i.e. face-to-face vs. technology). A modern CBT approach, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), seemed to be particularly beneficial for carers experiencing high levels of anxiety.Conclusions:Future research needs to explore the efficacy of interventions on multiple clinical outcomes and which combination of interventions (components) would have the most significant effects when using CBT. The generalization of treatment effects in different countries and carers of different types of dementia also need to be addressed. More research is needed to test the efficacy of modern forms of CBT, such as ACT.