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1
Jarosz, Lucy A. „Agents of Power, Landscapes of Fear: The Vampires and Heart Thieves of Madagascar“. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, Nr. 4 (August 1994): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120421.
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Vampires and heart thieves have, it is said, inhabited the island of Madagascar for the last century. These mythic figures signify relations of identity tied to the global processes of colonial capitalism, modernism, and imperialism as they relate to a colonized Africa, and more specifically, to the island of Madagascar. The vampire and heart thief express the array of extractive processes rooted in the social relations between colonizer and colonized, political subjects, empire, church, and state. These mythic figures are manipulated by various groups to fulfil specific local political agendas and invoke difference based upon race and class. Rumors and sightings of vampires and heart thieves create a landscape of fear which enables or constrains complicity with, or rebellion against, agents of the state and the church.
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Lauck, B. „The impact of recent logging and pond isolation on pond colonization by the frog Crinia signifera“. Pacific Conservation Biology 11, Nr. 1 (2005): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050050.
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A colonization experiment was used to investigate landscape use of a commercially managed wet forest in southern Tasmania by the ground-dwelling frog, Crinia signifera. Replicated artificial ponds were placed at increasing distances (20, 100, 250 and 500 m) from nine permanent breeding sites to investigate the effect of pond isolation on colonization. Four of these permanent breeding sites were surrounded by coupes that had been logged within the previous five years and five permanent breeding sites were surrounded by unlogged forest to investigate the effect of recent logging on colonization. The rate of colonization, the frequency of colonization, male size and female size (inferred from clutch size) were monitored over two breeding seasons. No pond isolation effects were found, indicating that G. signifera is randomly distributed throughout the forest landscape for up to 500 m around each permanent breeding site. Such patterns of forest habitat use indicate that management prescriptions should not only take into account the habitat characteristics of breeding sites but should also consider the surrounding terrestrial landscape. Ponds surrounded by unlogged forest were colonized almost two times faster than ponds surrounded by logged forest indicatlng that landscape modtfication can significantly alter amphibian mobility. These findings have consequences for total reproductive output especially in landscapes where breeding sites are highly variable and for species that are slow to colonize new breeding sites.
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Adhikary, Dr Ramesh Prasad. „Identity Crisis of Lyndall in Schreiner’s The Story of an African Farm“. IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 6, Nr. 3 (03.06.2020): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v6i3.182.
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In this research paper, the researcher explores how the female identity was in crisis in the colonized Africa. Olive Schreiner’s The Story of an African Farm is taken as a primary text to explore the exploitation of colonizers by interpreting it with the tool of postcolonial literary theory. African farm owners were displaced from their farm landscape by the colonizers. As a result, the farm workers have to face the problem of identity crisis. Englishmen were responsible for bringing Africans identity crisis. They struggle to establish their identity on the Karoo farmland. The main victims were women whose identity is determined in relation to the place. Their placelessness represents their identity crisis in the Karoo farm landscape. Women’s identity is connecting with the place. As a qualitative research, the researcher has extensively presents the crisis of identity of female in their own land when the colonizers seized their land.
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Herrera Malatesta, Eduardo. „The Transformation of Indigenous Landscape in the First Colonized Region of the Caribbean“. Land 11, Nr. 4 (31.03.2022): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11040509.
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This paper presents an archaeological reconstruction of indigenous landscape transformations in the first colonized region of the Caribbean. The arrival of Columbus in 1492 in the northern region of the island of Haytí (the current Dominican Republic and Haiti) signified a profound change in the lives of the island’s communities, transforming their everyday actions and their perceptions of landscape. To address this complex topic, this research tackled a key problem in landscape archaeology: while the “landscape” concept has been extensively debated, there is a growing tendency to use the concept without clear definitions and to obscure important methodological aspects of how scholars bridge the divide between their conceptual definitions and the archaeological record. This paper approaches this problem by applying the concepts of ‘sites as tendencies’ and ‘contested taskscapes’. This theoretical and methodological framework allows for the reconstruction of the indigenous landscape and, more importantly, highlights how the colonization process impacted the everyday tasks and perceptions of Hayti’s indigenous people through the profound transformation of their landscape.
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Seeley, Joseph, und Aaron Skabelund. „“Bite, Bite against the Iron Cage”: The Ambivalent Dreamscape of Zoos in Colonial Seoul and Taipei“. Journal of Asian Studies 79, Nr. 2 (19.12.2019): 429–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911819001165.
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This article examines the zoological gardens established by Japanese imperialists in colonial Seoul (1908) and Taipei (1914). Drawing on multilingual sources, it argues that zoos explicitly exposed the unequal interethnic and interspecies hierarchies that undergirded the colonial project. The colonial zoo was an ambivalent “dreamscape”: a carefully constructed landscape of iron cages and manicured pathways wherein colonizers’ dreams of ordering the natural world and colonized populations existed in uneasy tension with the actual experiences of zoo visitors and encaged zoo animals. Intellectuals sometimes criticized zoo excesses or identified the bondage of caged animals with the colonized experience. Yet these zoos also enjoyed immense popularity as Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese visitors alike participated in the physical and discursive subjugation of zoo animals. Sensitivity to these contradictions, this essay contends, is essential for understanding both the broader significance of these institutions and their contested legacies today.
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Coelho, Rui Gomes. „An archaeology of decolonization: Imperial intimacies in contemporary Lisbon“. Journal of Social Archaeology 19, Nr. 2 (30.05.2019): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605319845971.
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The fall of the European empires over the course of the 20th century forced massive migratory flows from the former colonies to the old metropolis and between colonized regions. The experiences that came with the loss of colonies were traumatic for the erstwhile colonials, who carried their imperial nostalgia to the old metropolises. The social and political consequences of these longings are still unfolding in former colonizing societies. This article critically engages the materialization of lusotropical sensibilities, focusing on contemporary Portuguese decolonization as it is experienced in Lisbon’s urban landscape. I argue that cafés, restaurants, and pastry shops frequented by retornados are not only places of memory but spaces where imperial longings are ingested and internalized.
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Morrison, Sean J., Peter A. Nicholl und Peter R. Hicklenton. „VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Landscape Trees and Shrubs Growing under High Fertility Conditions2“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 11, Nr. 2 (01.06.1993): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-11.2.64.
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Abstract This study investigated the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on the growth of landscape trees and shrubs under high-fertility nursery growing conditions. Four species of 1 year old trees, and rooted cuttings of nine species of shrubs, were inoculated with Glomus intraradices, or Glomus fasiculatum, or served as non-inoculated controls. The trees were transplanted to two high fertility, non-sterile field locations. Inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Acer platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Malus, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, but did not enhance growth. The shrubs were containerized in a peat and bark medium with two levels of controlled release fertilizer. VAM inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Spiraea × bumalda, Syringa × chinensis, Prunus × cistena, and Cornus alba, while Weigela, Cotoneaster dammeri, and Potentilla parvifolia became well colonized without inoculation. Forsythia ovata and Viburnum opulus did not become significantly colonized. The growth of Syringa was stimulated by VAM inoculation during consecutive seasons, irrespective of fertilizer level. The growth of Prunus at the lower fertilizer level was significantly stimulated by inoculation even though control plants became highly colonized without VAM inoculation. Two years after inoculation, five species were transplanted to a second, non-sterile, field site to monitor the effect of inoculation on post transplant growth. G. intraradices significantly enhanced S. aucuparia caliper growth in the second year post-transplant.
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Huang, Yuwei, und Yun Wu. „Cybernetics & Postcolonial Landscape: Exploring a New way to Understand the Power and International Governance in Contemporary Era“. Journal of Theory and Practice of Management Science 3, Nr. 10 (31.10.2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jtpms.2023.03(10).06.
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In posthumanism, the cybernetics serves as the striking feature as it acts as the fundamental technology to support the operation of machine. The postcolonial landscape as the modern technology-based world, somewhat, features the key elements cybernetics such as circularity, complexity, and self-regulation etc. The technology in postcolonial time brings the voice of grassroots (including the colonized nations) into the social system of international governance which constitutes an unprecedented power in postcolonial landscape. The colonial period has been brought into an end; however, comprehending the postcolonial landscape proves to be considerably more challenging. International governance is no longer solely a tool for military conquest, but rather an intricate and multifaceted network characterized by circularity, complexity, and self-regulation. In line with these attributes, cybernetics illuminates our understanding of power and international governance in the contemporary era while offering a fresh perspective that rejects linearity and unidirectional patterns. The role of technology at this key period of time has transcended its mere function of convenience and societal facilitation, now reshaping the dynamics of human interaction as well as the power dynamics between colonizing and colonized states. This paper aims to delve into the contemporary relationship among various post-colonial powers and their governance strategies through a cybernetic lens.
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Sylvia, David, Abid Alagely, Donald Kent und Roy Mecklenburg. „Mycorrhizae of Landscape Trees Produced in Raised Beds and Containers“. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 24, Nr. 6 (01.11.1998): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1998.039.
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Mycorrhizal associations provide a linkage between tree roots and the soil, thereby contributing to the tolerance of trees to environmental stresses. Little, however, is known about the mycorrhizal status or dependency of many landscape trees. The objective of this study was to quantify mycorrhizal root colonization and spore formation on a diverse collection of ornamental tree species grown in raised beds or containers at an established tree farm in central Florida. In addition, root diameters were measured to determine if there was a relationship between this parameter and mycorrhizal formation. A total of 23 tree species were sampled; 9 were present both in containers and raised beds, 6 species were present in containers only, and 8 species were present as embedded plants only. The proportion of root length colonized by mycorrhizal fungi ranged from 0% to 83%. Mean arbuscular mycorrhizal spore numbers ranged from <20 to nearly 500 spores 100 g~1 (3.5 oz~1). Mean root diameters ranged from < 500 to > 1,000 \im (0.0197 to 0.0394 in.). No relationship was found between root coarseness and mycorrhizal root colonization or sporulation. The majority of trees formed mycorrhizae of the arbuscular type. Five species in the family Pinaceae or Fagaceae had the potential to form ectomycorrhizae; however, they were poorly colonized. Future research should be directed toward understanding the importance of mycorrhizae to landscape trees, including effects on tree survival and growth and the effect of fertilizer and pesticide applications on mycorrhizal development.
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Ribeiro, Daniela, Nika Razpotnik Visković und Andraž Čarni. „Landscape dynamics at borderlands: analysing land use changes from Southern Slovenia“. Open Geosciences 12, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 1725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0212.
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Abstract This study presents the results of an in-depth study on landscape changes over the last two centuries in the region of Bela krajina, south-eastern Slovenia. Since this region is situated along the Slovenian–Croatian border, immigration and emigration are permanent fixtures in the region. Due to historical reasons, population structure and land use changes occurred. With regard to these processes, two case studies were selected: settlements of Adlešiči and Bojanci. Adlešiči is a village mainly inhabited by farmers of catholic religion. Bojanci was colonized by Orthodox Uskoki, i.e. refugees from Ottoman Empire who become Habsburg soldiers who lived a military life and had different attitude towards land cultivation. Landscapes in these two settlements have its own distinctive patterns contrasting to each other in the land use, showing historically distinctive cultural landscapes. The study aimed to interpret the development of cultural landscapes in these settlements by analysing the land use changes and identifying the factors that influenced it. Even though these sites have different management regimes, they are both affected by difficult karst terrain and isolation. The results confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however, at different rates.
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Wick, Robert L. „Occurrence of Thielaviopsis basicola and Phytopathogenic Nematodes on Healthy and Declining Landscape-Grown Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5, Nr. 3 (01.09.1987): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.3.131.
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Examination of the soil and root systems of 34 landscape-grown Japanese holly, (17 rated as healthy/17 as declining) was undertaken to determine the role of Thielaviopsis basicola and phytopathogenic nematodes in plant decline. One hundred roots per plant were cultured on carrot discs and the recovery of T. basicola was recorded. Soil was assayed for phytopathogenic nematodes and tested for P, K, Ca, Mg, soluble salts and pH. Thielaviopsis basicola was found to have colonized 33 of the 34 plants and the extent of occurrence was positively correlated with the presence of decline symptoms. Declining plants had a total of 34% of intact roots colonized while healthy plants had 17%. Only one plant had a significantly high number of nematodes. Nematodes, soil pH, soluble salts, P, K, Ca, and Mg were not correlated with decline.
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Greig, Emma I., Eric M. Wood und David N. Bonter. „Winter range expansion of a hummingbird is associated with urbanization and supplementary feeding“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, Nr. 1852 (05.04.2017): 20170256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0256.
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Anthropogenic changes to the landscape and climate cause novel ecological and evolutionary pressures, leading to potentially dramatic changes in the distribution of biodiversity. Warm winter temperatures can shift species' distributions to regions that were previously uninhabitable. Further, urbanization and supplementary feeding may facilitate range expansions and potentially reduce migration tendency. Here we explore how these factors interact to cause non-uniform effects across a species's range. Using 17 years of data from the citizen science programme Project FeederWatch, we examined the relationships between urbanization, winter temperatures and the availability of supplementary food (i.e. artificial nectar) on the winter range expansion (more than 700 km northward in the past two decades) of Anna's hummingbirds ( Calypte anna ). We found that Anna's hummingbirds have colonized colder locations over time, were more likely to colonize sites with higher housing density and were more likely to visit feeders in the expanded range compared to the historical range. Additionally, their range expansion mirrored a corresponding increase over time in the tendency of people to provide nectar feeders in the expanded range. This work illustrates how humans may alter the distribution and potentially the migratory behaviour of species through landscape and resource modification.
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Fall, Patricia L., Peter J. van Hengstum, Lisa Lavold-Foote, Jeffrey P. Donnelly, Nancy A. Albury und Anne E. Tamalavage. „Human arrival and landscape dynamics in the northern Bahamas“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 10 (01.03.2021): e2015764118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015764118.
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The first Caribbean settlers were Amerindians from South America. Great Abaco and Grand Bahama, the final islands colonized in the northernmost Bahamas, were inhabited by the Lucayans when Europeans arrived. The timing of Lucayan arrival in the northern Bahamas has been uncertain because direct archaeological evidence is limited. We document Lucayan arrival on Great Abaco Island through a detailed record of vegetation, fire, and landscape dynamics based on proxy data from Blackwood Sinkhole. From about 3,000 to 1,000 y ago, forests dominated by hardwoods and palms were resilient to the effects of hurricanes and cooling sea surface temperatures. The arrival of Lucayans by about 830 CE (2σ range: 720 to 920 CE) is demarcated by increased burning and followed by landscape disturbance and a time-transgressive shift from hardwoods and palms to the modern pine forest. Considering that Lucayan settlements in the southern Bahamian archipelago are dated to about 750 CE (2σ range: 600 to 900 CE), these results demonstrate that Lucayans spread rapidly through the archipelago in less than 100 y. Although precontact landscapes would have been influenced by storms and climatic trends, the most pronounced changes follow more directly from landscape burning and ecosystem shifts after Lucayan arrival. The pine forests of Abaco declined substantially between 1500 and 1670 CE, a period of increased regional hurricane activity, coupled with fires on an already human-impacted landscape. Any future intensification of hurricane activity in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean threatens the sustainability of modern pine forests in the northern Bahamas.
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Ghaderi, Farah, und Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya. „EXOTICISM IN GERTRUDE BELL'SPERSIAN PICTURES“. Victorian Literature and Culture 42, Nr. 1 (19.02.2014): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150313000247.
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Victorian travelers in colonial contextsencountered differences in landscape, mores and manners, society, politics and culture, among other things, and registered their responses to the places visited in their published travel books for the home audience. Postcolonial critics contend that exoticism, i.e., a Western traveler's response to and description of the differences encountered in the context of travel, was deeply informed by the asymmetrical power relation between the representer/colonizer and the represented/colonized. As a result, these critics argue, exoticism in colonial travel writing was appropriative since it tended to construct the dichotomy of self/other in such a way as to justify imperial interventions in other countries (Forsdick, “Sa(L)Vaging Exoticism” 30–34; Said 1–28). As Graham Huggan rightly argues, difference of the colonial other in its various aspects was denigrated and dismissed as exotic when “translated into the master code of empire,” since it superimposed “a dominant way of seeing, speaking and thinking onto marginalised peoples” (24).
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Kashian, Daniel M., Burton V. Barnes und Wayne S. Walker. „Landscape Ecosystems of Northern Lower Michigan and the Occurrence and Management of the Kirtland's Warbler“. Forest Science 49, Nr. 1 (01.02.2003): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/49.1.140.
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Abstract The Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) is an endangered songbird that nests in northern Lower Michigan in ecosystems dominated by young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). An ecological, multifactor approach was used to determine the range and characteristics of landform-level ecosystems supporting the warbler and to compare the spatial and temporal patterns of warbler occupation among these ecosystems. Using an ecosystem rather than a strictly biological approach, the landforms occupied by the warbler are very diverse. Twelve landforms were identified based on 61 sites currently or formerly occupied by the warbler. Average annual jack pine height growth, an indicator of stand structural features that influences initial warbler colonization and duration of occupancy, differed significantly among landforms, resulting in marked differences in warbler occurrence in time and space across the breeding range. Landforms with favorable growing conditions for jack pine were colonized earliest and were occupied for the shortest duration, whereas landforms with unfavorable growing conditions were colonized relatively late but were occupied longest. Different ecological factors, such as the spatial position of landforms, microclimate, soil texture, or a combination of these factors, may account for favorable or unfavorable growing conditions for jack pine, which in turn affects the timing and duration of warbler occupancy. The classification and description of ecosystems occupied by the warbler provides an ecological framework for warbler management, especially when plantations rather than wildfire are the primary source of warbler habitat. FOR. SCI. 49(1):140–159.
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Barney, J. N., und A. DiTommaso. „The biology of Canadian weeds. 118. Artemisia vulgaris L.“ Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, Nr. 1 (01.01.2003): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-098.
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Artemisia vulgaris L. (mugwort) is an introduced rhizomatous perennial found primarily along roadsides, in waste areas, and in non-containerized nursery crops in eastern regions of Canada and the United States. Artemisia vulgaris is rapidly spreading throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and is currently found in nine Canadian provinces, as well as half of the states in the United States. Historically, A. vulgaris has been used as an herbal remedy and for flavouring beer, but recently has been identified as a primary pest of nurseries and urban landscapes, largely because of its ability to propagate easily from small rhizome fragments, and because of ineffective control strategies. The recent expansion of the nursery/landscape sector has accelerated the spread of A. vulgaris into turfgrass and landscape settings throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but especially westward towards the Pacific Coast. With few effective strategies for control, this aggressive weed has rapidly colonized new areas, often forming dense monospecific stands. Not surprisingly, species diversity of native flora in these habitats has declined following A. vulgaris colonization. The mechanisms of interference (e.g., allelopathy and competition) and current strategies for the control of A. vulgaris are discussed. Key words: Mugwort, ARTVU, Artemisia vulgaris, Asteraceae, Compositae, weed biology
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Eric Wiseman, P., Kristen H. Colvin und Christina E. Wells. „Performance of Mycorrhizal Products Marketed for Woody Landscape Plants“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, Nr. 1 (01.03.2009): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.1.41.
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Abstract Commercial products containing propagules of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely marketed to improve woody plant performance in the landscape. However, the infectivity of these products has rarely been subjected to independent testing. We evaluated commercial AMF inoculants in a series of greenhouse experiments using corn (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), trident maple (Acer buergerianum), and sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) as host plants. In corn and sorghum, colonization rarely exceeded 5% when plants were treated with commercial inoculants. In contrast, viable lab-cultured inoculant of similar species composition yielded mean colonization percentages of 38 to 61%. Despite the near absence of colonization, commercial inoculants generally improved shoot growth and increased soil nutrient concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Commercial inoculants had no effect on mycorrhizal colonization or shoot growth of trident maple or sweetbay magnolia liners. Product-treated magnolias grown from seed also developed little or no mycorrhizal colonization, whereas plants treated with a lab-cultured inoculant were 74% colonized. If commercial AMF inoculants are to receive broad acceptance as landscape soil amendments, manufacturers must demonstrate that their products can promote mycorrhizal colonization under the conditions of their intended distribution and use.
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Šafránková, Ivana, und Jiří Müller. „The occurence of Peronospora radii de Bary on Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Schultz-Bip. in the Czech Republic“. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, Nr. 1 (2007): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755010205.
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Marguerite daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) is an ornamental plant, that is used as a potted and landscape plant. In 2006, disease symptoms were observed on marguerite daisy (A. frutescens cv. ‘Butterfly’) in greenhouses in Brno-Tuřany. The pathogen primarily affected newly expanded young leaves and shoot tips. They were chlorotic, twisted and stunted. The affected leaf tips were necrotic. Bud flowers and flowers were deformed and get dry. The extensive purplish brown growth of downy mildew colonized the lower surface of infected leaves. Older leaves were unaffected.
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Kashian, Daniel M., und Burton V. Barnes. „Landscape influence on the spatial and temporal distribution of the Kirtland's warbler at the Bald Hill burn, northern Lower Michigan, U.S.A.“ Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, Nr. 12 (01.12.2000): 1895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-125.
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The Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) is an endangered songbird that nests in northern Lower Michigan in ecosystems dominated by young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). We used the landscape ecosystem approach to identify two adjacent landform-level ecosystems located at different elevations within the area burned by the 1975 Bald Hill fire in Crawford County, Michigan. Eighty-five percent of the warblers occupied the high-elevation landform from 1982 to 1987 compared with only 25% from 1992 to 1997, indicating a shift in warbler occupancy of the burn from the high- to the low-elevation landform by 1991. Although similar in soil, the landforms have significantly different microclimates as mediated by physiography. Because of a warmer microclimate, jack pines in the high-elevation landform exhibited faster growth and were colonized first by the warbler; the trees in the cooler low-elevation landform grew more slowly and were colonized later. We suggest that the presence of two adjacent landform-level ecosystems within a single burned area prolonged the warbler occupancy of the burn. Thus, a broad-scale ecosystem approach that considers physical site factors as well as vegetative characteristics is useful for understanding the complex interactions that affect spatial and temporal species distributions across the landscape. Such an approach may benefit the management of particular endangered species, especially when the size of management areas is considered to be a crucial element of species preservation.
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Veresoglou, Stavros D., Leonie Grünfeld und Magkdi Mola. „Micro-Landscape Dependent Changes in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Community Structure“. Applied Sciences 11, Nr. 11 (07.06.2021): 5297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115297.
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The roots of most plants host diverse assemblages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which benefit the plant hosts in diverse ways. Even though we understand that such AMF assemblages are non-random, we do not fully appreciate whether and how environmental settings can make them more or less predictable in time and space. Here we present results from three controlled experiments, where we manipulated two environmental parameters, habitat connectance and habitat quality, to address the degree to which plant roots in archipelagos of high connectance and invariable habitats are colonized with (i) less diverse and (ii) easier to predict AMF assemblages. We observed no differences in diversity across our manipulations. We show, however, that mixing habitats and varying connectance render AMF assemblages less predictable, which we could only detect within and not between our experimental units. We also demonstrate that none of our manipulations favoured any specific AMF taxa. We present here evidence that the community structure of AMF is less responsive to spatio-temporal manipulations than root colonization rates which is a facet of the symbiosis which we currently poorly understand.
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Wright, Lucy J., Ron A. Hoblyn, William J. Sutherland und Paul M. Dolman. „Reproductive success of WoodlarksLullula arboreain traditional and recently colonized habitats“. Bird Study 54, Nr. 3 (November 2007): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063650709461491.
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Lavoie, Claude, und Annie Saint-Louis. „The spread of gray birch (Betula populifolia) in eastern Quebec: landscape and historical considerations“. Canadian Journal of Botany 77, Nr. 6 (30.10.1999): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-045.
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The understanding of recent changes of the spatial distribution of tree species occurring in agricultural landscapes is essential to realistically predict future positions of the range limit of tree species. In Quebec (Canada), it has recently been suggested that gray birch (Betula populifolia Marsh.) is spreading rapidly eastward. We tested the hypothesis that this tree migration is strongly facilitated by human activities. Herbarium specimens, historical landscape reconstructions, botanical surveys in mined peatlands and old fields, and dendrochronological data were used to reconstruct past and recent distribution limits of gray birch in the study area (Bas-Saint-Laurent region). Gray birch has been present in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region since at least 1945. However, herbarium specimens and botanical surveys indicate that gray birch individuals were scarce before 1970. The introduction of gray birch in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region seems to be associated with peat mining activities. All mined peatlands located between Rivière-Ouelle and Isle-Verte were colonized by gray birch, but only 11% of old fields surveyed contained at least one gray birch individual. This suggests that the spread of an early successional tree species in an agricultural landscape is facilitated more by the presence of a few large patches favorable to the growth of the species (mined peatlands) than by numerous small patches (old fields). The recent expansion of gray birch populations in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region could be a major concern for peat mining companies because massive invasions of gray birch in abandoned mined bogs may impede successful restoration of these ecosystems.Key words: Betula populifolia, gray birch, Quebec, peatland, old field, landscape ecology.
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Chazdon, Robin L., Laury Cullen, Suzana M. Padua und Claudio Valladares Padua. „People, primates and predators in the Pontal: from endangered species conservation to forest and landscape restoration in Brazil's Atlantic Forest“. Royal Society Open Science 7, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 200939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200939.
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This study describes the 35-year progression of activities in the Pontal do Paranapanema region of São Paulo State, Brazil. These activities began as a research project on the conservation ecology of the highly endangered Black Lion Tamarin and broadened into a landscape-scale restoration and conservation project involving the active participation of hundreds of landless families that colonized the region. Rather than viewing these colonists as a threat, a non-governmental organization arose to address their needs, providing training and support livelihoods. Local communities were engaged in conservation and restoration activities focused on studying the movement patterns of endangered species, environmental education programmes, planting native trees along riparian corridors, establishing coffee agroforestry plantings and initiating community-managed nurseries for the production of local native seedlings and non-native fruit trees. Farmers gained knowledge, income and food security, and developed a sense of ownership and shared responsibility for protecting wildlife, conserving forest fragments and restoring forests. Land sharing and restoring forest functions within an agricultural landscape matrix created new opportunities for people and endangered wildlife. We explore how key factors and partnerships critically influenced the landscape trajectory and conclude with lessons learned that may be relevant to sustainable landscape initiatives in other contexts.
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Wołkowycki, Dan, und Paweł Próchnicki. „Spatial expansion pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. in suburban zone of Białystok (NE Poland)“. Biodiversity Research and Conservation 40, Nr. 1 (01.12.2015): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biorc-2015-0030.
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Abstract The object of the study is the distribution and spatial pattern of black cherry Padus serotina Ehrh. population and the impact of landscape structure on the expansion of this alien species in the suburban zone of the city, where the land-use has rapidly been transforming recently. The population of black cherry expands centrifugally, spreading from fringes of the city to outer zones of the agglomeration with more agricultural character. Individuals of P. serotina are distributed in clusters in this area. The maximum observed population density reaches 371/ha (mean 11.3/ha for colonized plots). The main factor influencing the landscape invasibility is cessation of agriculture. Although the first sources of spread of P. serotina are localities in forests, where 46% of the total number of individuals are concentrated, nevertheless, the largest group of juveniles (48%) was found on abandoned farmlands. Over 90% of all youngest individuals were recorded at a distance of up to 100 m from older ones. Chances of isolated occurrence are small and the probability of the colonization is strongly dependent on the occupation of adjacent areas by the species. Black cherry disperses, primarily, according to a spatial pattern of phalanxes, by occupying areas immediately adjacent to places previously colonized and then filling the available habitats. Long-distance dispersal seems to play a minor role for its expansion. Autocorrelation and diffusion models of spread should be taken into account in preventing further expansion of black cherry and planning conservation measures in natural protected areas.
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Barton, Loukas, Scott Shirar und James W. Jordan. „Holocene Human Occupation of the Central Alaska Peninsula“. Radiocarbon 60, Nr. 2 (04.03.2018): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2018.2.
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ABSTRACTThe Alaska Peninsula is a landscape defined by volcanic, tectonic, and glacial processes, and life throughout is conditioned on the interactions among them. During the middle Holocene (ca. 4100–3600 yr ago), intense caldera-forming eruptions of the Aniakchak and Veniaminof volcanoes changed the shape of the central portion of the Peninsula dramatically, and had significant and perhaps devastating impacts on both terrestrial and marine biota. Here we evaluate the severity of these impacts by tracking human settlement patterns using 75 unique radiocarbon (14C) age determinations on buried cultural features from the central Alaska Peninsula. Coastal regions were re-colonized within a few hundred years while river systems most proximate to the volcanoes were uninhabited for up to 1500 years following the most severe eruptions. Patterns of human settlement may also document previously unrecorded landscape change throughout the region, and further contribute to our understanding of post-volcanic ecological succession.
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Pagaldai, Nerea, Juan Arizaga, María V. Jiménez-Franco und Iñigo Zuberogoitia. „Colonization of Urban Habitats: Tawny Owl Abundance Is Conditioned by Urbanization Structure“. Animals 11, Nr. 10 (13.10.2021): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102954.
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Natural habitats are being altered and destroyed worldwide due to urbanization, leading to a decrease in species abundance and richness. Nevertheless, some species, including tawny owls, have successfully colonized this novel habitat. Consequences at the population level have not been described; thus, our main objective was to describe the effects that urban structure have on the tawny owl population at local and landscape levels. Data were obtained from 527 survey points over 7 months in a large-scale owl survey in the Basque Country (northern Spain) in 2018. At the local scale, the interaction between forest and urban cover affected tawny owl abundance, the optimum being in medium forested areas. The interaction between urban cover and clumpiness index (urban patch distribution) showed a generally negative effect. At the landscape scale, its abundance decreased in complex-shaped urban patches and when distance between them was greater. In conclusion, at the local scale, when a minimal forest structure is present in urbanized areas, the species can exploit it. At the landscape scale, it prefers smaller urban towns to cities. Thinking ahead, the current tendency toward “green capitals” should benefit tawny owl populations.
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Taylor, Zachary S., und Susan M. G. Hoffman. „Mitochondrial DNA genetic structure transcends natural boundaries in Great Lakes populations of woodland deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis)“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, Nr. 4 (April 2010): 404–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-010.
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The landscape of the Great Lakes region has been fragmented since the lakes formed starting about 20 000 years ago. Small mammals, such as deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner, 1845)), inhabiting the region therefore face barriers to migration and gene flow, which could complicate ongoing range shifts related to climate change. We analyzed DNA sequences for 481 base pairs of the mitochondrial D-loop to compare mouse genetic structure with the fragmented landscape and geological history of the region. Phylogenetic analyses reveal two distinct lineages of mice in the Great Lakes region. The spatial distribution of these two groups is not congruent with the fragmentation of the landscape; rather, a western group is found from Minnesota through the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, whereas an eastern group spans southern Ontario and the rest of northern Michigan. The genetic data suggest that the eastern clade colonized Michigan through Ontario from a source shared with southern Appalachian mice, but are less informative for the western clade. Together, these findings suggest that the Great Lakes are relatively porous barriers in the long term but may still have implications for the response of small-mammal communities to climate change.
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Santiago-Valles, Kelvin A. „The Unruly City and the Mental Landscape of Colonized Identities: Internally Contested Nationality in Puerto Rico, 1945-1985“. Social Text, Nr. 38 (1994): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/466511.
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Gilbert, M., N. Fielding, H. F. Evans und J. C. Grégoire. „Spatial pattern of invading Dendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) populations in the United Kingdom“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, Nr. 4 (01.04.2003): 712–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-208.
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The spatial pattern of Dendroctonus micans (Kug.) attacks on individual spruce stands was analysed at the regional scale in Britain using data collected between 1982 and 1984 by the British Forestry Commission. These survey data reflect at least 10 years of D. micans spread, in the absence of natural enemies and of pest management control measures. A large-scale spatial gradient in the attack density at the stand level was identified and modelled. The large-scale spatial trend model explained 31.3% of the variability, and divided the study area in three separate areas: a zone where the insect was well established and where attack density presented low variations, a transition zone where attack density sharply decreased, and a zone not yet colonized. Attack density was related to site and stand factors, and to landscape neighbourhood in a linear spatial regression model. The factors correlated to attack density and the spatial autocorrelation structure of remaining variability were found to vary according to the zones, reflecting the predominance of different ecological processes occurring in colonized and uncolonized areas. The shape and orientation of the large-scale spatial model was shown to be mostly influenced by the spatial distribution of early attacks.
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Solonen, Tapio, Heikki Lokki und Seppo Sulkava. „Diet and brood size in rural and urban Northern Goshawks Accipiter gentilis in southern Finland“. Avian Biology Research 12, Nr. 1 (Februar 2019): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758155919826754.
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The brood size in the Finnish Northern Goshawks seems to be associated with the breeding habitat and the availability of suitable prey. In this study, we examined these relationships in three study areas of different landscape structure in southern Finland, including a recently colonized urban area. The most abundant prey categories found in the food remains of the goshawk included corvids, turdids, columbids, gallinaceous birds, and squirrels. Corvids dominated in the diet samples of all the study areas. The number of turdids and columbids in the samples was significantly higher in both the rural and the urban habitats than in the wilderness area. The number of gallinaceous birds was significantly higher in the wilderness area than in other habitats. Gallinaceous birds, particularly tetraonids, the traditional staple food of the Northern Goshawk in Finland, seemed to be largely compensated by corvids in the wilderness area and by corvids and columbids in the rural and urban areas. The amount of corvids in prey showed a positive relationship with brood size, suggesting some particular importance of this prey in the goshawk diet. In all, diet seemed to explain partly between-landscape variations in the brood size of the goshawk. The brood size was significantly higher in the urban landscape than elsewhere.
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Neumüller, Ulrich, Hannah Burger, Antonia V. Mayr, Sebastian Hopfenmüller, Sabrina Krausch, Nadine Herwig, Ronald Burger et al. „Artificial Nesting Hills Promote Wild Bees in Agricultural Landscapes“. Insects 13, Nr. 8 (14.08.2022): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13080726.
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The availability of nesting resources influences the persistence and survival of bee communities. Although a positive effect of artificial nesting structures has frequently been shown for aboveground cavity-nesting wild bees, studies on below ground-nesting bees are rare. Artificial nesting hills designed to provide nesting habitats for ground-nesting bees were therefore established within the BienABest project in 20 regions across Germany. Wild bee communities were monitored for two consecutive years, accompanied by recordings of landscape and abiotic nest site variables. Bee activity and species richness increased from the first to the second year after establishment; this was particularly pronounced in landscapes with a low cover of semi-natural habitat. The nesting hills were successively colonized, indicating that they should exist for many years, thereby promoting a species-rich bee community. We recommend the construction of nesting hills on sun-exposed sites with a high thermal gain of the substrate because the bees prefer south-facing sites with high soil temperatures. Although the soil composition of the nesting hills plays a minor role, we suggest using local soil to match the needs of the local bee community. We conclude that artificial nesting structures for ground-nesting bees act as a valuable nesting resource for various bee species, particularly in highly degraded landscapes. We offer a construction and maintenance guide for the successful establishment of nesting hills for bee conservation.
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Muñoz-Adalia, EJ, D. Rodríguez, M. Casado, J. Diez und M. Fernández. „Fungal community of necrotic and healthy galls in chestnut trees colonized by Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)“. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 12, Nr. 4 (31.08.2019): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor3014-012.
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Masci, Lucrezia, Cristiano Vignola, Georgios C. Liakopoulos, Katerina Kouli, Olga Koukousioura, Elina Aidona, Matthias Moros, Konstantinos Vouvalidis, Adam Izdebski und Alessia Masi. „Landscape Response to Dynamic Human Pressure in the Paliouras Lagoon, Halkidiki Peninsula, Macedonia, Greece“. Quaternary 5, Nr. 4 (16.12.2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat5040054.
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High-resolution pollen analysis of a sediment core recovered from Paliouras lagoon (Greece) allowed us to reconstruct the environmental dynamics of the Halkidiki peninsula during the last 4000 years. Palynological results have been interpreted and compared with detailed historical data, showing distinct phases of human-landscape interactions from the Bronze Age until recent times. Pollen spectra revealed an environment characterized by Mediterranean vegetation, mixed deciduous forest, and pine stands from the Late Bronze Age until the 11th century CE. The first signs of human impact were attested during the Archaic period with the cultivation of Olea, Castanea, and Vitis in the inland of the study area. An intensive land management was highlighted by arboriculture and cereal cultivation (Secale and Hordeum group) in Roman times. Late Antique-Early Medieval times coincided with less human pressure due to warfare-related crises, leading to the expansion of the forest and the abandonment of fields colonized by Amaranthaceae. A massive increase in pastoral activities, suggested by the high percentages of Cichorieae during the Ottoman period, is possibly linked to the significant demographic growth of the nearby city of Thessaloniki in the 16th century CE.
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Samnegård, Ulrika, Peter A. Hambäck, Sileshi Nemomissa und Kristoffer Hylander. „Dominance of the semi-wild honeybee as coffee pollinator across a gradient of shade-tree structure in Ethiopia“. Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, Nr. 5 (03.07.2014): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000327.
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Abstract:Mass-flowering plant species are often pollinated by social bees that are able to use the abundant resource by recruiting workers from their colonies. In this study we surveyed pollinators on the mass-flowering perennial crop coffee (Coffea arabica) in its native range in Ethiopia. Previous studies in areas where coffee is introduced often find the social honeybee, Apis mellifera, to be the dominant pollinator. In those areas, the bee-species composition visiting coffee varies with a higher bee diversity closer to forest or in less modified habitats. We surveyed pollinators of coffee under different shade-tree structures, by collecting hoverflies and bees landing on coffee flowers in 19 sites in south-west Ethiopia. We found the native honeybee (A. mellifera) to be the dominant visitor of coffee flowers in all sites. Honeybee abundance was not affected by the local shade-tree structure, but was positively affected by the amount of coffee flower resources. Other pollinators were positively affected by complex shade-tree structures. To conclude, the honeybee is clearly the dominant pollinator of coffee in Ethiopia along the whole shade-tree structure gradient. Its high abundance could be a consequence of the provision of traditional bee hives in the landscape, which are colonized by wild swarming honeybees.
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Poon, Angelia. „COMIC ACTS OF (BE)LONGING: PERFORMING ENGLISHNESS INWONDERFUL ADVENTURES OF MRS. SEACOLE IN MANY LANDS“. Victorian Literature and Culture 35, Nr. 2 (29.06.2007): 501–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150307051601.
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THE POWER THAT COMES FROMbeing English in the Victorian period is crucially dependent on a categorizing imperative that establishes and structures a series of distinctions such as those between citizen and foreigner, colonizer and colonized, and metropole and colony. These distinctions have epistemological borders that require policing, as do all cross-border interactions that threaten to muddy the imperial landscape with unsanctioned forms of knowledge and affiliation. It is against such a framework of constraints for understanding the regulation of Englishness that the story of the Jamaican-born Mary Seacole and her self-styled role as “Mother” Seacole to British soldiers during the Crimean War appears particularly pregnant with bothersome possibilities. Seeking self-consciously to identify herself with the “mother” country and the imperial metropole, she constantly tests the waters of reception by English society in the mid-nineteenth century. Seacole deploys the image of her racially different body in various noticeably frontier places, mainly Panama and the Crimea, to induce a recognition of herself, if not as English, then as at least functionally so. In so doing, she disrupts the claim to cultural or national identity that is frequently grounded in racial and geographical specificity. She puts strain on the idea of Englishness as foreclosed essence, demonstrating through performance and reiteration its irreduciblyperformativenature as discourse.
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Mini, Anne E., und Jeffrey M. Black. „Expensive Traditions: Energy Expenditure of Aleutian Geese in Traditional and Recently Colonized Habitats“. Journal of Wildlife Management 73, Nr. 3 (April 2009): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2007-174.
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Gutierrez, M. W., E. van Tilburg Bernardes, K. Kalbfleisch, F. Chleilat und M. C. Arrieta. „A20 EARLY-LIFE FUNGAL COLONIZATION MEDIATES HOST METABOLISM AND WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE INFLAMMATION IN MICE“. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 6, Supplement_1 (01.03.2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcag/gwac036.020.
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Abstract Background The gut microbiome has been linked to metabolic diseases including obesity, however the role of fungi (mycobiome) remains understudied. Recently, fungal taxa have been correlated with obesity in humans, though their causal contribution to obesity development, especially in the context of early life, is unknown. Obesity has been associated with metabolic inflammation, including alterations to the white adipose tissue (WAT) immune landscape, which has been shown to be influenced by the microbiome. Given the potent modulation of host immunity by the mycobiome, it is plausible that it also influences WAT inflammation. Purpose This research aimed to explore the role of early-life colonization by specific fungal taxa in obesity development and WAT inflammation. Method Gnotobiotic mice were colonized from birth with 12 mouse-derived bacteria (Oligo-MM12) alone or in combination with Candida albicans or Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Mice were weaned onto a control or high-fat-high-sugar diet (HFHS) and evaluated at 12 weeks for metabolic and associated inflammatory outcomes. Result(s) C. albicans colonization reduced body weight in mice fed control diet, and induced resistance to weight and adiposity gain in mice fed HFHS. In contrast, R. mucilaginosa colonization was associated with increased adiposity in mice fed control diet, and elevated glycemia and LDL-cholesterol in mice fed HFHS. Fungal colonization had a broad impact on immune cells in white adipose tissue. C. albicans colonization was associated with increased adipose tissue inflammation with elevated Th1, Th17, ɣδT cells, ILC1, NK cells, cDC1 and neutrophils independently of diet. Additionally, vascular associated macrophages (VAM), CX3CR1+ macrophages and DCs, and ILC3 were elevated in mice fed control diet, while mice fed HFHS displayed elevated Th2, CD8+ T cells and eosinophils. In contrast, R. mucilaginosa colonized mice displayed decreased adipose tissue B cells and increased VAMs when fed control diet, and increased CX3CR1+ DCs when fed HFHS. Interestingly, C. albicans colonization was associated with increased relative expression of mPgc1⍺ in white adipose tissue of HFHS fed mice, indicative of enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. Conclusion(s) Elevated adipose tissue inflammation with C. albicans colonization suggests dysfunction of energy storage and may explain the decreased body weight and resistance to diet-induced obesity, while the immune changes in R. mucilaginosa colonized mice may exacerbate obesity development. This work revealed that two common fungal colonizers have distinct and striking influences on obesity and metabolic inflammation and prompts for the inclusion of fungi in microbiome studies on host metabolism. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below CIHR, Other Please indicate your source of funding Cumming School of Medicine Disclosure of Interest None Declared
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Doherty, Kyle D., Henry S. Grover, Matthew A. Bowker, Rebecca A. Durham, Anita J. Antoninka und Philip W. Ramsey. „Producing moss-colonized burlap fabric in a fog chamber for restoration of biocrust“. Ecological Engineering 158 (Dezember 2020): 106019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106019.
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Morel-Journel, Thibaut, Camille Piponiot, Elodie Vercken und Ludovic Mailleret. „Evidence for an optimal level of connectivity for establishment and colonization“. Biology Letters 12, Nr. 11 (November 2016): 20160704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0704.
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Dispersal is usually associated with the spread of invasive species, but it also has two opposing effects, one decreasing and the other increasing the probability of establishment. Indeed, dispersal both slows population growth at the site of introduction and increases the likelihood of surrounding habitat being colonized. The connectivity of the introduction site is likely to affect dispersal, and, thus, establishment, according to the dispersal behaviour of individuals. Using individual-based models and microcosm experiments on minute wasps, we demonstrated the existence of a hump-shaped relationship between connectivity and establishment in situations in which individual dispersal resembled a diffusion process. These results suggest that there is an optimal level of connectivity for the establishment of introduced populations locally at the site of introduction, and regionally over the whole landscape.
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Baitzel, Sarah I. „CULTURAL ENCOUNTER IN THE MORTUARY LANDSCAPE OF A TIWANAKU COLONY, MOQUEGUA, PERU (AD 650–1100)“. Latin American Antiquity 29, Nr. 3 (28.06.2018): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2018.25.
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Archaeological studies of culture contact often presuppose culture change. Contact that did not result in culture change is difficult to identify archaeologically, but it merits our attention for understanding how and why change failed to materialize in the wake of cultural encounter. In this paper, I examine the occurrence of contact without change on the frontier of the south-central Andean Tiwanaku state (AD 400–1100). Tiwanaku settlers who colonized the uninhabited middle Moquegua valley in the seventh century AD shared a mortuary landscape with coastal sojourners at the site of Omo M10, even though their interactions were otherwise limited. Complex regional histories and divergent economic interests explain why contact between highland and coastal groups was confined to mortuary rituals during the initial stage of contact, following a Tiwanaku pattern in Moquegua of ritualizing culture contact. Later generations of Tiwanaku colonists may have reinitiated contact with coastal communities for access to marine resources, and accepting foreigners into their community. This case study presents a framework for identifying culture contact without culture change. It demonstrates the utility of regional histories and careful contextual analysis for hypothesizing the nature and consequences of cultural encounters that did not follow expected trajectories of change.
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Martin, Chris A., Sean A. Whitcomb und Jean C. Stutz. „Effects of Frequent Shearing on Root Growth and Mycorrhizal Colonization of Two Landscape Shrubs“. HortScience 45, Nr. 10 (Oktober 2010): 1573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1573.
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Leucophyllum frutescens I. M. Johnst. (Texas sage) and Nerium oleander L. (oleander) shrubs grown for 2 years in the southwest United States under well-watered conditions in outdoor field plots were either sheared every 6 weeks or not pruned (control) to determine if frequent shearing had an effect on root growth and mycorrhizal colonization. During February and June of the second year after transplanting, leaf gas exchange, shoot and root growth, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of shrubs were studied. Shearing reduced shrub volume of Texas sage and oleander by 84% and 82%, respectively. Leaf carbon assimilation (A) and conductance of both shrub taxa were stimulated by frequent shearing, especially during June. Shearing decreased root mass density (RMD) and root length density (RLD) of Texas sage but had no impact on RMD or RLD of oleander. Shearing decreased the length of Texas sage roots colonized by AMF but increased AMF colonization of oleander roots. Soil respiration and temperatures were less under all shrubs that were frequently sheared than those that were not pruned and were higher under all shrubs in June than in February. From these data we conclude that under well-watered conditions, the rejuvenative capacity and resilience of oleander to the practice of frequent shearing is greater than Texas sage and recommend that Texas sage shrubs not be frequently sheared in southwest landscapes.
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Botch, Paul Steven, und Richard M. Houseman. „Landscape Factors Associated with Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Treatments and Colony Structure in Residential Subdivisions“. Sociobiology 65, Nr. 1 (31.03.2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i1.1827.
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Subterranean termites (Isoptera: Reticulitermes) are common structural pests, but it is not well known how landscape factors are associated with urban colonization. This study examined patterns of subterranean termite colonization in 13 mid-Missouri residential subdivisions. Ten- and 20-year-old homes built on historically agricultural and forested landscapes were inspected for treatment by termiticide application or bait stations. Contemporary and historical aerial imagery were analyzed using GIS software, and patterns of colonization were compared among subdivisions. The genetic structure of termite colonies collected in undeveloped landscapes and residential subdivisions was compared using microsatellite DNA. Twenty-year-old subdivisions had significantly higher treatment proportions than 10-year-old subdivisions. At year 10, historically forested subdivisions had a higher treatment proportion than historically agricultural subdivisions. By year 20, there was no significant difference in treatment proportion between historical landscape types, indicating that subdivisions built on agricultural landscapes eventually catch up to subdivisions built on forest landscapes. Although there was not strong statistical support, treated homes in historically agricultural subdivisions tended to be close to forest patches, but there was less of an association in historically forested subdivisions. Colonies in undeveloped landscapes were more inbred compared to colonies in residential subdivisions, indicating that colonies sampled in subdivisions had fewer secondary reproductive and were potentially younger than those sampled in undeveloped landscapes. This study provides some correlative support for the role of dispersing alates as urban colonizers, because treatments were often located at relatively long distances from undisturbed forest patches in historically agricultural subdivisions.
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Francl, K. E., T. C. Glenn, S. B. Castleberry und W. M. Ford. „Genetic relationships of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) populations in central Appalachian wetlands“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, Nr. 5 (Mai 2008): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-140.
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We sequenced and compared variation within a 375-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 323 meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) among 14 populations to determine the influence of past and present landscape connectivity among isolated wetlands in the central Appalachian Mountains. To best explain observed differences among sites, we used genetic and landscape-level (GIS) data to test a null hypothesis (no genetic differences) and three alternate explanations of significant variation owing to founder effects, effective population size, or isolation by distance. Sequencing results revealed 16 distinct haplotypes (1–8 haplotypes/site), with two present in samples from most wetlands, and half of the remaining haplotypes concentrated in specific geographic clusters. Our findings best support the explanation that founder effects have influenced current genetic patterns among sites. These founder effects are likely due to historical land-use activities such as exploitative logging (ca. 1880–1920; creating early successional habitats for voles) and subsequent forest regeneration over the past half century; they were also likely influenced by postglacial colonization patterns. Therefore, current genetic diversity in these populations seems to largely reflect the number and source of voles that successfully colonized these isolated wetlands during the window of opportunity immediately following extensive logging.
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Paiva, Aureliano S. S., Gervásio F. Santos, Caio P. Castro, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Usama Bilal, J. Firmino de Sousa Filho, Anderson Freitas et al. „A scaling investigation of urban form features in Latin America cities“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 12 (18.12.2023): e0293518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293518.
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This paper examines scaling behaviors of urban landscape and street design metrics with respect to city population in Latin America. We used data from the SALURBAL project, which has compiled and harmonized data on health, social, and built environment for 371 Latin American cities above 100,000 inhabitants. These metrics included total urbanized area, effective mesh size, area in km2 and number of streets. We obtained scaling relations by regressing log(metric) on log (city population). The results show an overall sub-linear scaling behavior of most variables, indicating a relatively lower value of each variable in larger cities. We also explored the potential influence of colonization on the current built environment, by analyzing cities colonized by Portuguese (Brazilian cities) or Spaniards (Other cities in Latin America) separately. We found that the scaling behaviors are similar for both sets of cities.
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Cuasay, P. „Borders on the Fantastic: Mimesis, Violence, and Landscape at the Temple of Preah Vihear“. Modern Asian Studies 32, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1998): 849–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x98002893.
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Peace based on a fallacy is not for the living. The living must and shall demand the truth, for such is the way of nations, and such is the way of man.—Seni Pramoj, speaking at the World Court, March 27, 1962 (Pleadings, 564)On 15 June 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) pronounced judgment on a dispute between Cambodia, formerly a colony of France, and Thailand, formerly called Siam, a neighboring kingdom which had never been formally colonized. The dispute regarded territorial sovereignty over the area of an ancient Brahmanic temple named Preah Vihear (following the Khmer language of Cambodia) or Phra Viharn (following Thai language). The Temple is perched high on a spur of the Dangrek mountain chain which roughly forms the boundary between both countries. North of the Dangrek lies the Khorat Plateau of Northeast Thailand, while to the south the Temple affords a magnificent view of the forested Cambodian plain below. The judgment was peculiar in that it relied upon absence to startling effect. Applying the principle qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset (Judgment, 23) [He who keeps silent is held to consent if he must and can speak—ibid., 96], ICJ held that Thailand's failure to protest the inaccuracy of a map purporting to reflect the watershed line between the two states, and thus by the Treaty of 1904 the international boundary between them, constituted tacit acceptance of the map line as the line established by treaty.
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McCabe, Jennifer D., He Yin, Jennyffer Cruz, Volker Radeloff, Anna Pidgeon, David N. Bonter und Benjamin Zuckerberg. „Prey abundance and urbanization influence the establishment of avian predators in a metropolitan landscape“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, Nr. 1890 (07.11.2018): 20182120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2120.
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Urbanization causes the simplification of natural habitats, resulting in animal communities dominated by exotic species with few top predators. In recent years, however, many predators such as hawks, and in the US coyotes and cougars, have become increasingly common in urban environments. Hawks in the Accipiter genus, especially, are recovering from widespread population declines and are increasingly common in urbanizing landscapes. Our goal was to identify factors that determine the occupancy, colonization and persistence of Accipiter hawks in a major metropolitan area. Through a novel combination of citizen science and advanced remote sensing, we quantified how urban features facilitate the dynamics and long-term establishment of Accipiter hawks. Based on data from Project FeederWatch, we quantified 21 years (1996–2016) of changes in the spatio-temporal dynamics of Accipiter hawks in Chicago, IL, USA. Using a multi-season occupancy model, we estimated Cooper's ( Accipiter cooperii ) and sharp-shinned ( A. striatus ) hawk occupancy dynamics as a function of tree canopy cover, impervious surface cover and prey availability. In the late 1990s, hawks occupied 26% of sites around Chicago, but after two decades, their occupancy fluctuated close to 67% of sites and they colonized increasingly urbanized areas. Once established, hawks persisted in areas with high levels of impervious surfaces as long as those areas supported high abundances of prey birds. Urban areas represent increasingly habitable environments for recovering predators, and understanding the precise urban features that drive colonization and persistence is important for wildlife conservation in an urbanizing world.
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MAMCHUR, Zvenyslava, Yuriy DRACH, Marina RAGULINA, Sergii PRYTULA und Halyna ANTONYAK. „SUBSTRATE GROUPS OF BRYOPHYTES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE ZNESINNYA REGIONAL LANDSCAPE PARK (LVIV, UKRAINE)“. Contribuţii Botanice 56 (19.11.2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/contrib.bot.56.7.
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The article presents data on the diversity and substrate groups of bryoflora of the Znesinnya Regional Landscape Park (Znesinnya RLP), located in the city of Lviv (Western Ukraine). Based on field research carried out in the period 2015-2018 and analysis of herbarium collections, an inventory was made of the bryoflora of the Znesinnya RLP. A total of 113 species of bryoflora belonging to 66 genera, 35 families and 2 divisions are presented from the investigated area. Of these, 105 species are members of the division Bryophyta and 8 belong to Marchantiophyta. Six regionally rare species of bryophytes have been recorded, namely Pellia endiviifolia, P. epiphylla, Encalypta streptocarpa, Fissidens exilis, Cirriphyllum crassinervium and Sciurohypnum starkei. With regard to substrate preferences, epigeous species of bryophytes predominated and accounted for 89.0% of the total number of species. The largest proportion of bryophytes occurred on bare soil (46.0%), while 36.3% and 25.7% species were found on soil among herbaceous vegetation and on soil with gravel, respectively. Stony substrates were colonized by 42.5% of bryophyte species, with 19.5% of species occurring on artificial stony substrates. In addition, 24.8% of the species belonged to epixils inhabiting old stumps and logs of varying degrees of decay, and the same proportion was represented by epiphytic species of bryophytes. The smallest proportion (10.7%) of bryophytes was confined to water bodies and swampy ecotopes.
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Searcy, C. A., B. Gilbert, M. Krkošek, L. Rowe und S. J. McCauley. „Positive correlation between dispersal and body size in Green Frogs (Rana clamitans) naturally colonizing an experimental landscape“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2018): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0069.
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Dispersers are often assumed to have the mean phenotype observed across the entire metapopulation, despite growing evidence of dispersal–phenotype correlations. We examined three dispersal–phenotype correlations in Green Frogs (Rana clamitans Latreille, 1801 = Lithobates clamitans (Latreille, 1801)). Two were in traits that have been previously tied to fitness (body size and body condition), while a third (relative hindlimb length) has been linked to movement performance. We constructed a spatially dispersed array of experimental ponds in close proximity to source ponds known to support Green Frog breeding populations. Over the course of two breeding seasons (four sampling periods), we measured phenotypes of all Green Frogs that had colonized the experimental ponds and a sample of individuals from the source ponds. After only 1 month, a positive correlation was detected between dispersal and body size within the population of dispersers occupying the experimental ponds. After a 2nd month, this positive dispersal – body size correlation was also present when comparing the population of dispersers to the population of nondispersers remaining at the source ponds. Even if generated solely by plasticity, a positive correlation between dispersal and body size (a trait tightly linked to fitness) has the ability to alter metapopulation capacity and thus the probability of regional species persistence.
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Dong, Juan Dong, Min Peng und MD Gias Uddin. „Mapping The Linguistic Landscape of the Cultural Heritage Sites and Tourist Spots in Bangladesh“. Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 1, Nr. 2 (30.09.2020): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v1i2.89.
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The Language choices in colonized societies are shaped by a combination of local, national, and global forces as well as historical, political, religious and economic factors. This is particularly true with Dhaka, the economic, political and cultural center of Bangladesh with the most densely population, and Cox’s Bazar, the most famous tourist destination with the longest natural unbroken sea beach in the world. Adopting an ethnography, this study attempts to investigate the intersection of language practices and ideologies by examining the language use and language choices displayed in cultural heritage sites and tourism scenic spots both in public and private multilingual signs. Data were collected through linguistic signs represented at the two places and individual interviews with local people. Findings indicate that multidimensionality marks the linguistic landscape at Dhaka and Cox’s Bazar. The multidimensionality is embedded in the complex socio-political, economic and cultural facets. The sociopolitical dimension signifies the officially laid-down monolingual Bangla-oriented policies, which accentuate compulsory use of the national language Bangla standing for Bangladeshi nationalism and identity. English as a post-colonial reproducer of linguistic hegemony presents in various aspects in Bangladesh. The economic dimension manifests in the prominent use of Chinese as a newly emerging foreign language, is acquiring economic capitals for the local people’s educational and employment opportunities. The cultural dimension symbolizes in the employment of Arabic, which is a symbol of Bangladeshi main religion Islamic. The study provides a new context for understanding Bangladeshi multilingual practices and its language planning and management in the context of globalization.
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Ferguson, A. J., und S. N. Jeffers. „Detecting Multiple Species of Phytophthora in Container Mixes from Ornamental Crop Nurseries“. Plant Disease 83, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1999): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1129.
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A baiting bioassay was developed to detect species of Phytophthora, i.e., those typically associated with ornamental crops, in container mixes that are used routinely in producing container-grown landscape plants. Both fresh and air-dried subsamples of container mixes were baited to improve detection of species that persist as dormant propagules. Leaf disks of Camellia japonica detected Phytophthora spp. most frequently and consistently, but intact needles of shore juniper also were effective baits and less likely to become contaminated. Phytophthora spp. were detected at baiting durations of 24, 48, and 72 h; both detection and contamination were greatest at 72 h. To minimize problems from contamination and maximize detection, camellia leaf disks and shore juniper needles were used simultaneously; half of the baits were removed at 24 h and the other half were removed at 72 h. Baiting at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C did not have a dramatic effect on detection; however, Phytophthora spp. occasionally were detected more frequently at 20 and 25°C than at 15°C. Both camellia leaf disks and shore juniper needles were colonized readily by zoospores of P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae (= P. parasitica), P. cryptogea, and P. citricola but were not colonized as readily by zoospores of P. cactorum. Disks from leaves of C. sasanqua and six cultivars of C. japonica were effective as baits; however, some differences among camellia types occurred. P. cinnamomi, P. nicotianae, P. citricola, P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, and P. cactorum have been detected in naturally infested container mixes using this baiting bioassay.