Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Collaborative structure“

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2001.<br>Title from title page screen, viewed April 11, 2006. Dissertation Committee: James Palmer (chair), Dianne Ashby, Paul Baker, William Tolone. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-137) and abstract. Also available in print.

This thesis addresses important operational aspects relating to fundamental components of any successfully executed NPD strategy: the processes, incentives and structure of decision rights that should be implemented given the objectives and capabilities of the firm. The first chapter outlines when a firm might prefer to compensate members of a NPD project team either, as individuals (e.g. based on their functional contribution to overall value) or as a team (e.g. based on the overall profit generated). We find that neither team nor individual based compensation is preferred for all types of projects. Specifically, when there is higher uncertainty, the firm can benefit by employing team-based compensation. We discuss the implications of our findings towards the firm's ability to pursue different types of projects. In Chapter 3, we look at the strategic resource allocation processes that are employed by firms in order to decide whether NPD initiatives get funded or not. We find that there is not a "one size fits all" resource allocation process that all firms should employ. Furthermore,we extend this finding by further by providing a rationale explaining why even a single firm could benefit by employing multiple processes internal to the firm. Finally, in Chapter 4, we empirically explore how key managerial levers of the firm (i.e. incentives, tolerance for failure, and project management structure) affect an individual's propensity to invest in a project. Our analysis brings forth several under-explored and novel aspects. We examine how multiple managerial levers work in concert with one another (revealing interactions that, to our knowledge, have not been exposed). We also recognize an important aspect of most (if not all) NPD contexts: the probability of success is strongly tied to the level of resources that are invested.

De nos jours, les villes et territoires sont confrontés aux enjeux de la transition énergétique et écologique dû à la concentration croissante de la population dans les zones urbaines. Pour répondre à ces défis, le concept de smart city repose sur l’utilisation des technologies du numérique pour repenser l’aménagement urbain et optimiser son fonctionnement. La smart city trouve pleinement son potentiel dans l’interconnexion des différentes fonctions de la ville ; mobilité et transport, infrastructures et bâtiments, efficacité énergétique, gestion de l’eau et des déchets ou encore la sécurité par exemple. Par conséquent, les entreprises doivent collaborer et s’organiser sous forme de consortium pour proposer des offres complètes et clés en main de villes et territoires intelligents aux collectivités publiques.Pour les groupes d’entreprises diversifiés, le développement de synergies internes leur permettrait de proposer ces offres de manière plus optimale, grâce à la combinaison des ressources et compétences de leurs filiales opérant dans divers secteurs d’activités. Cependant la littérature manque d’outils et méthodes permettant d’accompagner les groupes d’entreprises dans la mise en place de telles synergies.Ainsi, l’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est d’aider les groupes d’entreprises à initier et gérer des collaborations internes pour développer des offres complètes et innovantes. Cet objectif permet de répondre à la problématique de recherche suivante : comment optimiser les collaborations inter-filiales dans un groupe d’entreprises diversifié ? En se basant sur les contributions existantes sur les collaborations multipartenaires, notre proposition de réponse à cette problématique porte sur la création de structures de collaborations inter-filiales.L’apport principal de cette thèse est la formalisation d’une méthode de conception et de gestion de structures de collaboration inter-filiales pour favoriser l’innovation au sein de groupes d’entreprises diversifiés : la méthode CROSS. Une démarche de recherche-action a été adoptée pour développer cette méthode structurée en 2 grandes phases : la création d’une structure de collaboration inter-filiales, permettant d’aligner les parties prenantes sur des objectifs communs, et la gestion de cette structure, pour piloter les différentes missions de la structure. Les apports de ces travaux de recherche sont démontrés au travers de deux implémentations de la méthode CROSS pour des projets industriels concrets au sein d’un groupe d’entreprises diversifié français<br>Nowadays, due to the densification of population in urban areas, cities and territories are facing energy and environmental challenges. The smart city concept aspires to meet these challenges, relying on the use of digital technologies to improve operations across the city. The smart city concept finds its full potential in the interconnexion and interactivity of urban operations and services: transportation system, utilities and buildings, waste, water and energy management and crime detection for example. Therefore, companies must collaborate, through alliances, to offer complete solutions to public authorities.For diversified business groups – which have multiple subsidiaries operating in various industrial sectors – a better way to offer complete solutions to public authorities would be to develop internal synergies to combine its subsidiaries’ resources and competencies. However, the literature lacks methods and tools to support business groups in the initiation of such synergies.Thus, the objective of this PhD thesis is to help business groups to initiate and manage internal collaborations for the development of complete and innovative solutions for nowadays’ urban challenges. More precisely, this thesis answers the following question: how to optimize cross-subsidiary collaboration in diversified business groups? Based on existing contributions on multi-partner collaborations, we focused our work on the creation of cross-subsidiary collaborative structures.The main contribution of this work is the formalization of a cross-subsidiary collaborative structure’s design and management method: the CROSS method. An action-research approach was used to develop this method, which is structured in two phases: the creation of a cross-subsidiary collaborative structure, through the alignment of the stakeholders on common goals, and the management of this structure. The contributions of this thesis are demonstrated through two experimentations of the CROSS method in a French diversified business group

This study examined the dynamics of an inter-organizational national disaster management organization (NDO) in the Caribbean. It sought to provide a better understanding of network structure, functions, and member relations, which provided a foundation for understanding member roles and leadership styles. This dissertation's primary research question was: How do members participate in the national disaster management network in the Caribbean? In personal interviews, network members identified the NDO as a semi-open network system, incorporating both hierarchical and collaborative characteristics. This analysis argued the network constitutes a dynamic system that shifts its governance structure to adapt to circumstances confronted during the disaster management cycle. This study also found network structure affects member positions and those views reciprocally affect how the NDO is organized. One participant clearly claimed a central network position and served as "network broker," while several other members formed two high density groups within the NDO. Network members played a range of formal and informal roles in the collaboration, including coach and coordinator. The central NDO member played several primary roles: fundraiser, change agent, manager, and informer. This analysis also suggested leadership styles shaped the network's hybrid governance structure: some members employed a directive or delegative style, while others relied upon a participatory approach. This mix of styles underscored the importance of shared leadership in a disaster context. The Saint Lucia government has endeavored to engage citizens in disaster management planning through an extensive NDO committee structure. This study yielded insights into that decentralized decision-making structure and process. The NDO, as a public policy network, has served as a "new governance" form of government action. At the national level, non-governmental organizations have used the structure to work to frame disaster management issues, while citizens active at the grassroots levels have participated in the nation's disaster preparedness and response planning processes. This new governance mechanism may be deemed participatory but not yet representative democracy. Overall, however, Saint Lucia's networked and engaged approach to disaster response and mitigation has encouraged deeper mutual awareness of shared challenges among government units, participating third sector organizations, for-profit entities, and the nation's citizens.<br>Ph. D.

Cette thèse propose une méthodologie de pilotage d'organisations complexes, ens'intéressant à de nouvelles méthodes de planification collaborative et d'optimisation d'interventions en environnements soumis à des rayonnements ionisants. En nous basant sur l'étude d'installations scientifiques et technologiques complexes tels que celles du CERN à Genève (Suisse) et de la GSI à Darmstadt (Allemagne), nous y analysons les besoins et contraintes de planification imposés par les environnements à risques en général, et par lesrayonnements ionisants en particulier. Les implications liées à la collaboration sont ensuite détaillées, et un modèle ontologique d'intervention est proposé afin de sélectionner les méthodes les plus adaptées au problème étudié. La méthode proposée dans cette thèse repose sur des techniques éprouvées en planification de projets ainsi qu'en conception de produits comme la Design Structure Matrix (DSM). Elle introduit en revanche dans ces domaines des méthodes habituellement rencontrées en intelligence artificielle : les algèbres temporelles qualitatives et la propagation des contraintes temporelles, ainsi que la recherche de compromis en cas de conflit. Cette « DSM Collaborative » a été implémentée dans une application prototype testée sur des cas pratiques au CERN et à la GSI, dont le premier est décrit dans l'ultime chapitre de cette thèse. C'est une approche qui place la ressource(essentiellement humaine) et les contraintes temporelles au coeur du processus de planification. Elle met l'accent sur la collaboration entre les différents participants, ainsi que sur la simulation et la comparaison multicritère de multiples scenarii plutôt que sur la recherche d'un unique optimum souvent irréalisable sur le plan pratique<br>This work proposes a methodology to handle complexity in organizations byfocusing on innovative and collaborative planning and scheduling methods dedicated to the optimization of interventions in environments emitting ionizing radiations. By taking as work environment highly complex and technological scientific facilities such as the ones of CERN in Geneva (Switzerland) and GSI in Darmstadt (Germany), we analyze the needs and requirements induced in intervention planning and scheduling by hazardous environments in general, and then more specifically by ionizing radiations. The implications of collaborative work are then scrutinized, and an ontological model for interventions is designed in order to select the methods best suited to our problem. The framework we present in this work relies on methods sucessfully used in project planning and scheduling and innovative product design like the Design Structure Matrix (DSM). It also introduces in these fields methods borrowed to artificial intelligence planning and scheduling such as the temporal qualitative algebras, constraint propagation, and the search of compromises in case of conflicts. This so called “Collaborative DSM” has been implemented in a prototype software application tested at CERN and GSI on practical applications. The very first one and its results are presented in the final chapter of this thesis. This framework aims at placing resources (mostly human resources) and temporal constraints at the heart of the planning and scheduling process. It focuses on collaboration between the different actors involved, from coordinators to technicians, and on simulation and multiple-criteria comparison of several scenarios, rather than searching for a unique optimum, which often tends to be non-practical, should one even be found

Department structure and leadership functions can influence work climate. In one healthcare system, advanced practice providers (APPs) worked in a decentralized structure with multiple leaders. This project explored the impact of the change to centralized leadership for APPs working in an academic healthcare system in which employee turnover was high and satisfaction was low. An ad hoc committee led by the chief medical officer created a centralized department with a designated leader. Surveys and interviews were used to identify the benefits of the strategies implemented and understand whether the change in organizational structure resulted in an improved work climate for APPs in the large multicampus academic healthcare system,. Data were collected from departmental reports, 12 APP interviews, and 2 online surveys with a total of 73 responses. Results showed that centralization improved leadership support and communication with APPs within the system by 11.4%. Feedback from APPs indicated the physicians maximized APPs' expertise and licensure, thus creating a supportive work climate and environment, professional growth, and job satisfaction. With the implementation of the centralized department in 2014, the turnover rate dropped from 20.47% in 2013 to 6.1% in 2016 resulting in positive social change for APPs, providers, and patients.

Since multimedia data, such as images and videos, are way more expressive and informative than ordinary text-based data, people find it more attractive to communicate and express with them. Additionally, with the rising popularity of social networking tools such as Facebook and Twitter, multimedia information retrieval can no longer be considered a solitary task. Rather, people constantly collaborate with one another while searching and retrieving information. But the very cause of the popularity of multimedia data, the huge and different types of information a single data object can carry, makes their management a challenging task. Multimedia data is commonly represented as multidimensional feature vectors and carry high-level semantic information. These two characteristics make them very different from traditional alpha-numeric data. Thus, to try to manage them with frameworks and rationales designed for primitive alpha-numeric data, will be inefficient. An index structure is the backbone of any database management system. It has been seen that index structures present in existing relational database management frameworks cannot handle multimedia data effectively. Thus, in this dissertation, a generalized multidimensional index structure is proposed which accommodates the atypical multidimensional representation and the semantic information carried by different multimedia data seamlessly from within one single framework. Additionally, the dissertation investigates the evolving relationships among multimedia data in a collaborative environment and how such information can help to customize the design of the proposed index structure, when it is used to manage multimedia data in a shared environment. Extensive experiments were conducted to present the usability and better performance of the proposed framework over current state-of-art approaches.

In a variety of text document editing and processing applications, it is necessary to keep track of the revision history of text documents by recording changes and the metadata of those changes (e.g., user names and modification timestamps). The recent Web 2.0 document editing and processing applications, such as real-time collaborative note taking and wikis, require fine-grained shared access to collaborative text documents as well as efficient retrieval of metadata associated with different parts of collaborative text documents. Current revision control techniques only support coarse-grained shared access and are inefficient to retrieve metadata of changes at the sub-document granularity. In this dissertation, we design and implement partial persistent sequences (PPSs) to support real-time collaborations and manage metadata of changes at fine granularities for collaborative text document editing and processing applications. As a persistent data structure, PPSs have two important features. First, items in the data structure are never removed. We maintain necessary timestamp information to keep track of both inserted and deleted items and use the timestamp information to reconstruct the state of a document at any point in time. Second, PPSs create unique, persistent, and ordered identifiers for items of a document at fine granularities (e.g., a word or a sentence). As a result, we are able to support consistent and fine-grained shared access to collaborative text documents by detecting and resolving editing conflicts based on the revision history as well as to efficiently index and retrieve metadata associated with different parts of collaborative text documents. We demonstrate the capabilities of PPSs through two important problems in collaborative text document editing and processing applications: data consistency control and fine-grained document provenance management. The first problem studies how to detect and resolve editing conflicts in collaborative text document editing systems. We approach this problem in two steps. In the first step, we use PPSs to capture data dependencies between different editing operations and define a consistency model more suitable for real-time collaborative editing systems. In the second step, we extend our work to the entire spectrum of collaborations and adapt transactional techniques to build a flexible framework for the development of various collaborative editing systems. The generality of this framework is demonstrated by its capabilities to specify three different types of collaborations as exemplified in the systems of RCS, MediaWiki, and Google Docs respectively. We precisely specify the programming interfaces of this framework and describe a prototype implementation over Oracle Berkeley DB High Availability, a replicated database management engine. The second problem of fine-grained document provenance management studies how to efficiently index and retrieve fine-grained metadata for different parts of collaborative text documents. We use PPSs to design both disk-economic and computation-efficient techniques to index provenance data for millions of Wikipedia articles. Our approach is disk economic because we only save a few full versions of a document and only keep delta changes between those full versions. Our approach is also computation-efficient because we avoid the necessity of parsing the revision history of collaborative documents to retrieve fine-grained metadata. Compared to MediaWiki, the revision control system for Wikipedia, our system uses less than 10% of disk space and achieves at least an order of magnitude speed-up to retrieve fine-grained metadata for documents with thousands of revisions.

En un ambient competitiu, on la innovació és complexa, arriscada i costosa, les empreses consideren freqüentment la col•laboració com una estratègia d'innovació. Aquestes estratègies poden prendre la forma de research joint ventures (RJVs), fusions i adquisicions, entre d'altres. No obstant això, aquests acords de cooperació poden tenir repercussions indesitjables sobre la competència i, per tant, sobre el benestar del consumidor. És per això que, en aquesta tesi, analitzo les estratègies de col•laboració en innovació, tenint en compte la competència de mercat. El primer capítol, "Domestic and International Research Joint Ventures: The Effect of Collusion" (escrit amb Ricardo Flores-Fillol i Bernd Theilen), analitza teòricament els efectes dels RJVs en el benestar del consumidor en un context internacional, considerant que les empreses poden col•ludir en el mercat de productes. Els nostres resultats suggereixen que les autoritats de competència de distingir entre RJVs nacionals i internacionals. El segon capítol, "Innovation and Horitzontal Mergers in a Vertically Related Industry", analitza teòricament els efectes de les fusions horitzontals en una indústria amb suppliers y retailers, on aquests poden innovar per reduir els seus costos unitaris. Els resultats mostren que les fusions entre suppliers són perjudicials per a la innovació i el benestar del consumidor. Per contra, les fusions entre retailers poden ser beneficioses per a la innovació i els consumidors quan el mercat és petit. El tercer capítol, "The Determinants of Partner Choice for Cooperative Innovation: The Effect of Competition", analitza empíricament com la competència afecta l'elecció de soci per innovar. Demostrem que la competència afecta negativament la propensió de les empreses a cooperar amb clients i empreses del seu mateix grup. Una elasticitat-preu intermèdia o alta afecta positivament la propensió a escollir com a soci a competidors i proveïdors, respectivament. Contràriament, una elasticitat-preu mitjana o alta desincentiva la cooperació amb universitats.<br>En un ambiente competitivo, donde la innovación es compleja, riesgosa y costosa, las empresas consideran frecuentemente la colaboración como una estrategia de innovación. Estas estrategias pueden tomar la forma de research joint ventures (RJVs), fusiones y adquisiciones, entre otras. Sin embargo, estos acuerdos de cooperación pueden tener repercusiones indeseables sobre la competencia y, por lo tanto, sobre el bienestar del consumidor. Por ello, en esta tesis, analizo las estrategias de colaboración en innovación, teniendo en cuenta la competencia de mercado. El primer capítulo, “Domestic and International Research Joint Ventures: The Effect of Collusion” (escrito con Ricardo Flores-Fillol y Bernd Theilen), analiza teóricamente los efectos de los RJVs en el bienestar del consumidor en un contexto internacional, considerando que las empresas pueden coludir en el mercado de productos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las autoridades de competencia deben distinguir entre RJVs nacionales e internacionales. El segundo capítulo, “Innovation and Horizontal Mergers in a Vertically Related Industry”, analiza teóricamente los efectos de las fusiones horizontales en una industria con suppliers y retailers, donde éstos pueden innovar para reducir sus costos unitarios. Los resultados muestran que las fusiones entre suppliers son perjudiciales para la innovación y el bienestar del consumidor. Por el contrario, las fusiones entre retailers pueden ser benéficas para la innovación y los consumidores cuando el mercado es suficientemente pequeño. El tercer capítulo, “The Determinants of Partner Choice for Cooperative Innovation: The Effect of Competition”, analiza empíricamente cómo la competencia de mercado afecta la elección de socio para innovar. Demostramos que la competencia afecta negativamente la propensión de las empresas a cooperar con clientes y empresas de su mismo grupo. Una elasticidad-precio intermedia o alta afecta positivamente la propensión a elegir como socio a competidores y proveedores, respectivamente. Por el contrario, una elasticidad-precio media o alta desincentiva la cooperación con universidades.<br>Given the competitive environment, and growing complexity, risks and costs of innovation, many firms consider cooperation as a key innovation strategy to develop competitive advantages. These collaborative strategies can take different forms, as research joint ventures (RJVs), mergers and acquisitions, among others. Nevertheless, cooperation agreements may have undesirable repercussions on market competition and therefore, on consumer welfare. Hence, in this thesis, I analyse collaborative innovation considering the market competition. The first chapter, entitled “Domestic and International Research Joint Ventures: The Effect of Collusion” (joint with Ricardo Flores-Fillol and Bernd Theilen), analyses theoretically the effect of RJVs on consumer welfare in an international context when collusion can occur in the product market. Our results suggest that antitrust authorities should distinguish between domestic and international RJVs and be more benevolent with international RJVs. The second chapter, “Innovation and Horizontal Mergers in a Vertically Related Industry”, analyses theoretically the effects of horizontal mergers on innovation and consumer welfare in an industry with suppliers and retailers. The retailers can undertake R&D activities to reduce their unit costs. I find that horizontal mergers among suppliers are detrimental to innovation and consumer welfare. Differently, horizontal mergers among retailers can be both innovation and consumer welfare enhancing in sufficiently small markets. The third chapter, “The Determinants of Partner Choice for Cooperative Innovation: The Effect of Competition”, analyses empirically how market competition affects firms’ partner choice for cooperative innovation. I find that competition affects negatively the propensity to cooperate with customers and firms within the same group. High and intermediate levels of price-elasticity affect positively the propensity of cooperation with suppliers and competitors, respectively. By contrast, price elasticity discourages collaboration with universities. The present study provides original evidence of the role of market competition as determinant of partner choice for cooperative innovation.