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1
Olive, Kenneth E. „Numismedica: Health Problems Caused by Coins“. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 337, Nr. 6 (Juni 2009): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/maj.0b013e31819e8791.
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Tsai, Loh Seng. „Overt vs Covert Problem Solving, Transfer Effects, and Programming Sequence: I: Inverted Triangles“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, Nr. 1 (August 1987): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.1.313.
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129 college students were individually requested to successively turn 2 of 3 upright triangles upside-down. Triangle A consists of 3 rows of coins: 1 on top, 2 in the middle, and 3 at the bottom. Only 2 coins may be relocated. Triangle B has 4 rows with 4 coins at the bottom. Only 3 coins may be moved. Triangle C is arranged in 5 rows with 5 coins at the bottom. Only 5 coins are allowed to change places. Analysis shows (a) Problem A is the easiest, B in between, and C the hardest. (b) Overt manipulation is more efficient than a covert method. (c) Transfer in all cases is positive, the amount increasing with difficulty of the preceding problem. (d) From easy to difficult problems is more economical than the opposite sequence as measured by the total time required to solve both problems. The advantage is a little greater under the overt than the covert condition.
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Shiu, Peter. „Can our coinage system be improved?“ Mathematical Gazette 102, Nr. 554 (18.06.2018): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mag.2018.53.
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Some forty years ago my wife Christine and I considered the problems in this article, which involves a fair amount of computation. Computing facilities were not good then, so we considered instead the problems in [1] in which we showed, without using computers, that there were 64703 ways to make up £1 using coins; this was before the introduction of the 20p and £1 coins, and the ½p coin was in circulation. If Christine were still with us, this would have been another piece of joint work. I therefore dedicate this article to her memory.The design of a coinage system depends on considerations we give to various criteria: for example, the number of denominations for the coins, the maximum number of coins required to deliver any given amount in a range, or the required number of coins averaged over the range; see also §3.
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Im, SeongSoo. „Claim to Abolish Coin Use and Resumption of Coin Issuance In the first half of the 18th century“. Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 83 (31.08.2022): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2022.83.79.
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The Choson Dynasty stopped issuing coins for a while after issuing large-scale coins during the great famine from 1695 to 1697. The suspension of coin issuance caused various problems, including a shortage of coins, over time. The biggest problem was the loan shark using coins. Farmers paid taxes by buying coins at high prices. Poor farmers borrowed coins and suffered heavy losses from excessive interest. The solution was largely divided into two. One was to eliminate all coins and not use them, and the other was to reduce the value of coins by supplying them in large quantities on the market. King Yeongjo was consistent in his position to get rid of coins. Coins were goods that should be lost that only caused great damage to the people. However, as the national finances became difficult due to poor harvests and infectious diseases, and the cost of relieving farmers was insufficient, the issuance of coins resumed. He changed his position for the sake of the people. From this period, King Yeongjo used coins for each major national policy and financial crisis. This became an important turning point for the use of coins to spread throughout the country after the late 18th century and to firmly establish itself as Choson's currency.
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Andre, John. „Using Cryptocurrency to Increase Student Motivation and Agency: Thoughts from Vietnam“. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, Nr. 12 (21.06.2022): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i12.30475.
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This paper will argue that cryptocurrency can be used as a tool to motivate and increase the agency of students in higher education. Although just a few cryptocurrencies, or coins, dominate the headlines (bitcoin, ether, etc.), more than 10,000 different coins currently exist. Each coin targets specific problems (inter-user payments, unlocking specific services, etc.) and two key problems in Vietnamese higher education are student motivation and student agency. The argument is that by rewarding particular behaviors (good grades, attendance, etc.) with a grant of coins to each student, the coin can bring the benefits of badging but can go even further because coins, unlike badges, can be spent. One major weakness of cryptocurrencies is that they are like money but with less utility. This paper argues that this weakness can be turned into a strength by making a new coin that is targeted specifically to education. Students with better academic performance would receive more coins than other students. These coins can then be used to purchase exclusive options such as entry to watch or even meet a guest speaker or the student could buy time from the teacher to help them improve their study plan. While teachers do offer office hours, some students are hesitant to attend as they feel they do not deserve to consume the teacher’s time, because it was their parents, not the students, who paid the tuition. However, by earning the coins to buy the teacher’s time, it is anticipated that students would become more agentic and more willing to take advantage of those resources that have been available yet remain underutilized. Students without coins may be able to buy them from other students at a market price. This can provide even greater motivation for students, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, to perform well because their reward (the coins) can be exchanged for real world money.
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Navlani, Drishti, Aditi Maheshwari, Vidhatri Thakkar, Roheel Taunk, Naitik Chaudhary und Arun Arya. „Fungal flora associated with indian and foreign coins and their potential health risks“. South Florida Journal of Environmental and Animal Science 3, Nr. 4 (09.01.2024): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53499/sfjeasv3n4-003.
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Potential role of spread of pathogenic microflora on coins and currency notes has been evaluated in different countries. Notes and currency coins may serve as universal vehicles for transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms among persons either directly, through hand to hand contact, or indirectly, through water and food. The Purpose of study was to do qualitative and quantitative analysis of microflora associated with new and old Indian and foreign coins.
Results of the study revealed that bacteria were present in most of the coins, more than 40% coins showed presence of fungi like Aspergillus niger, Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium roseum and Trichoderma viride. Fungal species like Aspergillus niger and Fusarium roseum can cause bronchial diseases and may act as potential allergens and few of these are reported to cause skin problems. The use of digital transaction will reduce such harmful transmission of pathogenic microbes. Cleaning the coins with water or UV treatment may reduce the fungal load. But it has to be practised at regular intervals. Total 100 coins were screened of which 20 were foreign coins. Isolation from these coins resulted into 20 cultures and 6 non-sporulating mycelial forms. Oldest coins was 141 years and new coin was of the year 2015. Uncirculated Indian coin of 2003 was also tested for fungal occurrence.
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Khovanova, Tanya, und Joshua Lee. „The 5-Way Scale“. Recreational Mathematics Magazine 6, Nr. 11 (01.09.2019): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmm-2019-0001.
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Abstract In this paper, we discuss coin-weighing problems that use a 5-way scale which has five different possible outcomes: MUCH LESS, LESS, EQUAL, MORE, and MUCH MORE. The 5-way scale provides more information than the regular 3-way scale. We study the problem of finding two fake coins from a pile of identically looking coins in a minimal number of weighings using a 5-way scale. We discuss similarities and differences between the 5-way and 3-way scale. We introduce a strategy for a 5-way scale that can find both counterfeit coins among 2k coins in k + 1 weighings, which is better than any strategy for a 3-way scale.
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Rutter, Keith. „Peter van Alfen and Ute Wartenberg (eds) (with Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert, Haim Gitler, Koray Konuk, and Catharine C. Lorber), White Gold: Studies in Early Electrum Coinage“. Journal of Greek Archaeology 6 (09.12.2021): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v6i.1057.
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The title of this book, White Gold, derives from the phrase used once by Herodotus (λευκοῦ χρυσοῦ, 1.50.2) and more frequently in inscriptions to describe electrum, an alloy of gold and silver from which the first coins in the western tradition were made. The alloy was mostly referred to as electrum (ἤλεκτρον), which could also mean ‘amber’ – the application of the word to coins derived from their colour. The origin of the book goes back to a spectacular exhibition held in 2011 at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, in which five hundred such coins were displayed. Two conferences, held in Jerusalem (2011) and New York (2013), were convened to address the many problems presented by these coins.
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Baskara Puruhita Wija, D. M., I. G. A. P. Raka Agung und Pratolo Rahardjo. „RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM KONVERSI UANG LOGAM MENJADI E-MONEY BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER DAN APLIKASI ANDROID“. Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, Nr. 1 (28.03.2021): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i01.p23.
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Money is a medium that is used as a means of buying/selling. Indonesia uses theRupiah currency with 2 types of money used, one of which is coins. Coins are generally used intransactions of small amounts, but in some cases, coins are used in transactions of largeamounts. This caused problems in counting and sorting coins in terms of time and energy.Through this problem, a coin sorting and the counter system was developed that could beconverted into E-Money and integrated with an Android-based smartphone. The system isdesigned with 2 parts, namely hardware and software. The sorting system is created using thedifferent diameters of each coin. The counting system uses IR Sensor to detect coins andcounts on the ESP32. Testing on the system is carried out in 3 stages, namely testing the toolsystem, testing the Android application system, and testing the whole system. The system forconverting coins to e-money is made using the ESP32 as the main microcontroller withBluetooth as a medium of communication with smartphones. The coin sorting board is madeinto 4 strips and has holes the same size as the diameter of the coins. In the coin countingsystem, the tool has been able to count up to 250 coins in 8 minutes 21 seconds with anaccuracy percentage above 80%.
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Horsnæs, Helle W., und Michael Märcher. „Mønttyper og møntsteder, datering og distribution – Potentiale og problemstillinger ved studiet af danske mønter fra midten af 1200-tallet“. Kuml 66, Nr. 66 (13.11.2017): 91–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v66i66.98805.
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Coin types and mints, dating and distribution Problems and potential in studies of Danish coins from the mid-13th centurySo-called civil-war coins constitute the largest group of coins found archaeologically in Denmark. They have always been common, but today’s widespread use of metal detectors, combined with the current treasure trove administration, means that civil-war coins now comprise almost 80% of the total coin record (Horsnæs 2017). These many new finds give cause for reassessment, not only of the coins themselves, but also of the methods and traditional interpretations that have been employed and applied for more than a century.In common parlance, the term civil-war coins refers to all coins minted in Denmark between 1241 and the second half of the 14th century. The name is problematic, but it is so widely used by metal detectorists, historians and archaeologists that it should probably be retained as the conventional term.Civil-war coins usually appear in finds reports and lists with a brief description comprising their number according to Mansfell-Bûllner’s illustrations, together with their place of minting and date, which either follow Peter Hauberg’s attributions (1884) or Keld Grinder-Hansen’s adjustments to these (2000).It is, however, important to be clear that, with respect to both geographical and chronological attributions of civil-war coins, these are not absolute truths but interpretations based on a combination of written sources, archaeological finds and theoretical assumptions. The growing number of finds has major consequences: It challenges traditional interpretations and gives cause for re-assessment of both the written sources and the theoretical foundation for the interpretation of the material. This does not just include our attribution of date and place of production, but also our understanding of the use of these coins in time, space and functional context.In this article, we exemplify some of the pertinent questions and problems and, at the same time, also demonstrate the potential of a study of medieval coinage based on the growing body of finds. As an example, we have chosen the only group of coins that can be very precisely dated within the period, namely the type bearing the inscription ABEL REX, which means unequivocally that they were produced in the period 1250-52. This gives the opportunity to put the question of date to one side and to look instead at distribution, period of use and function.Helle Horsnæs & Michael MärcherDen kgl. Mønt-og MedaillesamlingNationalmuseet
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Videman, Jan. „Notes to the role of the so-called imitative coins at the beginning of the Bohemian (and Moravian) coinage of the 10th century“. Numismatické listy 72, Nr. 1-2 (01.07.2017): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nl-2017-0002.
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Abstract The article is focused on problems with the so-called imitative coins, i.e. deniers copying the Bavarian and Bohemian prototypes which are documented in hoards together with official issues. In the case of the earliest phase of production of the first Bohemian coins – dating to the third quarter of the 10th century – also the so-called imitative pieces with corruptive marginal legends are registered in the contemporary hoards together with the official coins bearing the name of the duke and the mint. The author brings an actualized list of these coins produced in that period and found locally. The pieces made of worse-quality metal – mostly with plated copper core – dominate among the newly documented specimens predominantly coming from important hillforts or trade centers. Based on the map of the finds and on the variability of their fabric, at least a significant part of these coins were evidently mostly produced outside of the center of the Duchy of Bohemia (Prague). Local origin can be considered also in the case of the Moravian pieces.
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Allen, J. G. „Property in Digital Coins“. European Property Law Journal 8, Nr. 1 (13.05.2019): 64–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eplj-2019-0005.
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Abstract Digital coins have burst into mainstream awareness recently, mainly as a result of high-worth ‘Initial Coin Offerings’ (‘ICOs’). The most immediate question in the legal treatment of digital coins is whether they are properly seen as digital ‘commodities’, and/or as ‘securities’, and/or as units of ‘money’. But the conceptual underpinnings of these categories are not clear, nor is it clear how these categories relate to each other; no legal system currently deals adequately with incorporeal objects as objects of property law. This category includes not only digital coins but also some forms of conventional money and securities. Establishing a satisfactory account of their treatment in property law is therefore a necessary first step to incorporating digital coins into private law theory. I argue that this task is best approached on the basis of a plausible ontology of incorporeal objects, including those embodied in paper (i.e. banknotes and conventional securities) and those that exist natively in ‘cyberspace’ (i.e. electronic ‘book-money’, modern securities, and now digital coins). We therefore urgently need to develop a plausible account of a how packets of data can be treated as an object of property rights. Using a comparative analysis of English law and Civilian law (particularly German) concepts of property as an entry point into this complex of problems, I explore the ontology of incorporeal objects and the role of documentation in their creation and maintenance as part of the ‘ontic furniture’ of our economic world. I explore the conceptual basis of property in digital coins in terms of a new category of property. Such a category is long overdue and will be increasingly important in the future.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, und Ognjen Arandjelović. „Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis“. Sci 2, Nr. 1 (24.03.2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010018.
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Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.
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Ma, Yuanyuan, und Ognjen Arandjelović. „Classification of Ancient Roman Coins by Denomination Using Colour, a Forgotten Feature in Automatic Ancient Coin Analysis“. Sci 2, Nr. 2 (03.06.2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020037.
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Ancient numismatics, that is, the study of ancient currencies (predominantly coins), is an interesting domain for the application of computer vision and machine learning, and has been receiving an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Notwithstanding the number of articles published on the topic, the variety of different methodological approaches described, and the mounting realisation that the relevant problems in the field are most challenging indeed, all research to date has entirely ignored one specific, readily accessible modality: colour. Invariably, colour is discarded and images of coins treated as being greyscale. The present article is the first one to question this decision (and indeed, it is a decision). We discuss the reasons behind the said choice, present a case why it ought to be reexamined, and in turn investigate the issue for the first time in the published literature. Specifically, we propose two new colour-based representations specifically designed with the aim of being applied to ancient coin analysis, and argue why it is sensible to employ them in the first stages of the classification process as a means of drastically reducing the initially enormous number of classes involved in type matching ancient coins (tens of thousands, just for Ancient Roman Imperial coins). Furthermore, we introduce a new data set collected with the specific aim of denomination-based categorisation of ancient coins, where we hypothesised colour could be of potential use, and evaluate the proposed representations. Lastly, we report surprisingly successful performances which goes further than confirming our hypothesis—rather, they convincingly demonstrate a much higher relevant information content carried by colour than even we expected. Thus we trust that our findings will be noted by others in the field and that more attention and further research will be devoted to the use of colour in automatic ancient coin analysis.
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Sustrietov, Anatoly. „Research of the Activities of the Feodosian Mint in the Numismatic Historiography of the Imperial Time“. Ethnic History of European Nations, Nr. 62 (2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.62.07.
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The article analyzes the historiography of the 19th century concerning the problems of the functioning of coin production in Feodosia in the 1780s and the existence of the Tauric coin. The autor highlights the position of the researchers as for the location of the mint, the purpose and reasons for its foundation, the location of the production of copper and silver Tauric coins, their role in the monetary circulation of the region and the empire in general. It has been established that basic research on the outlined issues came to light in the times of the Russian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The first to mention some of the aspects of the mint activity in Feodosia, the minting of Tauric coins, were A. Skalkovsky (who mentioned the founding of a new mint because the previous one had been destroyed earlier), Baron S. de Schoduar (who mentioned the minting of silver coins on honor of the milestone and empress, characterized the look of the coins, occasionally noticed a copper coin). At the end of the nineteenth century. the most thorough, systematic and fundamental research of that time was carried out by V. Smirnov. In his work, which relied on a large array of Turkish language documentation and archival sources, he raised questions about the causes of the foundation of the mint (exclusively as a favor of G. Potemkin), revealed problems that the leadership of the court encountered during the preparation for coin production and later during directly producing the coins, pointed to the denominations and the total number of coins, analyzed the problem of the origin of the silver Taurian coin (in his opinion it was not minted in Feodosia), wrote about the general contribution of the mint to the Empire coin circulation. The research of P. Winkler is also one of the most systematic and complex. He wrote about the facts of abuse during the purchase of raw materials, about the causes and circumstances which caused the delay of the launch of the Mint for a long time. At the end of the XIX century. and in the early twentieth century. A number of catalogs by I. Lyubomudrov, V. Petrov, H. Gil, A. Ilyin, and I. Tolstoy were published, where coins were described, their rarity was characterized, and their value among collectors at that time was indicated.
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SMITH, G. REX. „Some medieval Yemenite numismatic problems ? observations on some recently sold coins“. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 1, Nr. 1 (Oktober 1990): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0471.1990.tb00006.x.
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Handoko, Jepri Igo Budi, Eko Nisfu Umar Singgih und Wharyanti Ika Purwaningsih. „BERPIKIR KOMBINATORIK MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MENGKONSTRUKSI KONSEP PELUANG“. Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Matematika (JIPM) 1, Nr. 1 (11.09.2019): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37729/jipm.v1i1.5834.
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This qualitative research aims to describe activity of students mathematical combinatorial thinking in constructing of the opportunity concept. The subject of the study is two students of Junior High School who had the ability in constructing concept. Data collection was obtained at the time of learning carried out based on learning plan as research instruments. The results showed a combinatorial thinking activity in constructing concepts. Counting processes are showen by students identifying dice and coins, solving theoritical opportunities problems with tables or diagrams, and solving empirical opportunities problems. Formulas/exspressions are showen by students being able to construct sampel points and sample space, construct theoritical opportunities concept, and make mathematical formulas of opportunities. Set of outcomes is showen by students being able to find the results of solving theoritical opportunity problems of one/or more dice and coins as well as the results of solving empirically opportunity problems.Keywords: combinatorial thinking, constructing concept, opportunity
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Arify, Mujtaba. „Coins of the Contemporary Period of Afghanistan“. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 20, Nr. 1 (20.06.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2023/v20i1437.
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The present study aims to know the specifications, minting, and usage of contemporary coins in Afghanistan, which can be an important step in identifying the history of Afghanistan by studying it. Before the appearance of coins, all transactions were done in kind, which was called kind-to-kind exchange or barter. Since the barter exchange was associated with many difficulties and did not provide for the needs of the general public considering the variety of products, advances, and achievements, precious metals such as copper, silver, and gold were traded as a means of exchange, which made the exchange process easier and more effective. This process continued with the minting of coins. In Afghanistan, transactions were started by barter, and different coins were used in different periods. Some of these coins were minted outside the borders of Afghanistan, and some were minted inside the country. In later periods, the kings of Afghanistan's contemporary history, such as Ahmad Shah Abdali, his sons, and descendants, as well as Amanullah Khan, Habibullah Khan Kalkani, Muhammad Nader Khan, Muhammad Zahir Shah, and Muhammad Dawood Khan, also minted coins. In this article, an attempt will be made to identify the coins of the contemporary period of Afghanistan, to analyze the collected materials later, and to provide answers to the questions raised in the research.
By studying the historical text and the documentary evidence that exists in the archives, museums, and bazaars of the center of Afghanistan, it is clear that the kings of the contemporary history of Afghanistan started minting coins to solve economic problems and issues related to financial issues. Because in the governance of an important part after human power, the issue of economy is very important, it is also clear in the multiplicative process that Afghanistan was in a state of progress at that time compared to the current situation because it solves all its monetary needs by itself, and in the important parts of this land, there was minting, one example of which is currently in Kabul, which people call the machine house, where coins and military issues were made during the modern history of Afghanistan.
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Sinisi, Fabrizio. „Again on “Heraios” Being Kujula and Some Related Problems“. Electrum 29 (21.10.2022): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.22.007.15777.
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The question of the identity of the issuer of the so-called “Heraios”coinage is analysed, and it is proposed that these series be ascribed to Kujula Kadphises, as already suggested by some scholars. In this regard, the circulation of these coins and the connections established by their imagery are focused upon. Some possible inferences on the original location of Kujula Kadphises are discussed in the concluding part, hypothesizing a southern context different from the northern one commonly ascribed to the founder of the Kushan dynasty.
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Kirill, Elokhin. „Badges on the Spanish coins of 17th century“. Latin-american Historical Almanac 28, Nr. 1 (09.11.2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2305-8773-2020-28-1-7-23.
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The article is devoted to the study of badges depicted on the coins of the last Spanish Habsburgs (Philip III, Philip IV, Charles II). The badges on the coins of the first Habsburgs on the Spanish throne in the 16th century have already been studied, however, the badge culture re-flected in the coins as a whole, especially systemically, has not been studied. Historiography devoted to this problem is practically absent, many researchers focus only on the arms, therefore a decision was made about such a study. The article discusses a number of problems related to coin minting in both the Old and the New Worlds, changes in badg-es, the partial loss of some trends in the Spanish badge culture, and the influence of the Spanish badge tradition on other cultures. The minting of coins with badges in the vice kingdoms outside the Iberian Peninsu-la is also being studied. Spanish Habsburgs in the 17th century on Ital-ian coins, with the help of mottos, revealing the meaning of the mes-sages to patrials, sought to show in their badges the zeal in defending the faith, the desire to establish peace and abundance. In Milan, com-memorative coin-like tokens with badges were dedicated to the visits of the Spanish queens. Perhaps this was a local peculiarity of reverence and respect for the suzerain and members of his family. The article ex-plores new trends in coinage with the predominant use of monograms and propaganda issues.
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Biliaieva, S. O. „ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT AND FORTRESS TIAGIN: SOME RESULTS AND PROBLEMS“. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 30, Nr. 1 (25.03.2019): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.01.11.
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The article is devoted to the results of the archaeological investigations of the south part of the Lithuanian-Russ frontiers with the Golden Horde possessions. The place of excavation the fortress Tiagin and settlement of the city type nearby it. The fortress was built by prince Vitovt at the end of XIV — at the beginning of XVth century.Besides of fortification there was a very important custom, known from written records. The first works on this monument were provided in 1914 y, by V. I. Goskevich. Then, some archeologists have been working there, but such monument needed in the special attention and long time excavation. In the course of our investigation in the season of 2016—2018 the very interesting results were obtained. For the first time the artifacts of Lithuanian material culture were found. There were bracelet, and decorative details for leather bags. Besides of it, silver, bronze and copper coins of the end of the XIV — of the first quarter of the XVth century were found also. The most of them were Tatar’s coins, and one — Polish. It support the important place of international trade and integration process in the culture of this period from North to south of Europe.
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Cooper, Jessica, und Ognjen Arandjelović. „Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis“. Sci 2, Nr. 1 (02.03.2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2010008.
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In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
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Cooper, Jessica, und Ognjen Arandjelović. „Learning to Describe: A New Approach to Computer Vision Based Ancient Coin Analysis“. Sci 2, Nr. 2 (17.04.2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci2020027.
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In recent years, a range of problems under the broad umbrella of computer vision based analysis of ancient coins have been attracting an increasing amount of attention. Notwithstanding this research effort, the results achieved by the state of the art in published literature remain poor and far from sufficiently well performing for any practical purpose. In the present paper we present a series of contributions which we believe will benefit the interested community. We explain that the approach of visual matching of coins, universally adopted in existing published papers on the topic, is not of practical interest because the number of ancient coin types exceeds by far the number of those types which have been imaged, be it in digital form (e.g., online) or otherwise (traditional film, in print, etc.). Rather, we argue that the focus should be on understanding the semantic content of coins. Hence, we describe a novel approach—to first extract semantic concepts from real-world multimodal input and associate them with their corresponding coin images, and then to train a convolutional neural network to learn the appearance of these concepts. On a real-world data set, we demonstrate highly promising results, correctly identifying a range of visual elements on unseen coins with up to 84% accuracy.
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Mittag, Peter Franz. „Celebrato magnifice urbis nongentesimo? Bemerkungen zum 900sten Geburtstag Roms“. Electrum 29 (21.10.2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.22.015.15785.
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Especially in regard to the multitude of depictions on coins and medallions referring to the history of Rome in the early 140s, the omission of corresponding depictions in the year 147/148, when Rome’s birthday was celebrated for the 900th time, is remarkable. Instead of referring to this important event, the coins and medallions of Antoninus Pius present themselves entirely under the sign of his decennalia. Apparently, the reference to the anniversary of the reign was considered more important than Rome’s birthday. Reasons for this decision could have been problems of acceptance, which are only hinted at in the literary sources, which are consistently friendly to Antoninus.
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Gargano, L., J. Körner und U. Vaccaro. „Search problems for two irregular coins with incomplete feedback: the underweight model“. Discrete Applied Mathematics 36, Nr. 2 (April 1992): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-218x(92)90232-y.
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Ardiansyah, Bobby Halim und Mukhsin Patriansah. „Designing a Social Campaign on the Importance of Financial Education by Investing in Antam Gold Denominations Among Generation Z in Palembang City“. Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, Nr. 11 (30.11.2022): 3868–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v2i11.1650.
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Generation Z is the generation whose births began in 1995 to 2010. The generation that has the principle of enjoying life in the present without worrying about life in the future. This can be seen by the choice of generation Z to shop rather than setting aside money for the future or investing. So with the design of a social campaign the importance of financial education with Antam's gold investment among generation Z in Palembang city to solve problems that occur and invite generation Z to starting investing so that in the future generation Z will be better financially, the method used in this design is using the 5W + 2H method in solving problems that occur. The result of this design is a social campaign about financial education about the importance of investing in Antam gold coins among generation Z in Palembang city through interactive media in conveying information about social campaigns and inviting generation Z to start investing in Antam gold coins
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Nagler, Stephen E., Alexandru D. Stoica, Grigoreta M. Stoica, Ke An, Harley D. Skorpenske, Orlando Rios, David B. Hendin und Nathan W. Bower. „Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction (TOF-ND) Analyses of the Composition and Minting of Ancient Judaean “Biblical” Coins“. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (03.03.2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6164058.
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TOF-ND elastic scattering of thermal neutrons offers some important advantages over X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and metallography for the study of archaeological and numismatic problems. Traditional analytical methods are usually destructive and often probe only the surface. Neutrons deeply penetrate samples, simultaneously giving nondestructive bulk information about the crystal structure, composition, and texture (alignment of crystallites) from which thermomechanical manufacturing processes (e.g., cast, struck, or rolled) may be inferred. An analysis of the metal composition and minting processes used for making ancient Judaean bronze and leaded bronze coins from first century BCE and CE is used as a case study. One of the first ND analyses of the temperature used for striking bronze coins is also presented.
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Mohd Nazly, Dania Qistina, Pradeep Isawasan, Khairulliza Ahmad Salleh und Savita K. Sugathan. „Malaysia coin identification app using deep learning model“. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, Nr. 4 (01.08.2023): 2506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/beei.v12i4.4601.
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Most of the human work has been replaced by computers in recent years. With the rise of mobile technology and Internet access, recent developments in machine learning (ML) have designed many algorithms to solve diverse human problems. However, due to a lack of exposure to image processing, identification technology is still not widely employed in Malaysia. This paper outlines the steps involved in creating a mobile application for coin identification using ML. In the literature review, the history of the coins is studied in more depth and the features of already existing coin identification mobile applications are compared by their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, using the neural network model, the classification accuracy of successfully identified coins is recorded and disclosed. This study includes the limitations of the prototype mobile application and future improvements that could be added.
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Mohd Nazly, Dania Qistina, Pradeep Isawasan, Khairulliza Ahmad Salleh und Savita K. Sugathan. „Malaysia coin identification app using deep learning model“. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, Nr. 4 (01.08.2023): 2506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i4.4601.
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Most of the human work has been replaced by computers in recent years. With the rise of mobile technology and Internet access, recent developments in machine learning (ML) have designed many algorithms to solve diverse human problems. However, due to a lack of exposure to image processing, identification technology is still not widely employed in Malaysia. This paper outlines the steps involved in creating a mobile application for coin identification using ML. In the literature review, the history of the coins is studied in more depth and the features of already existing coin identification mobile applications are compared by their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, using the neural network model, the classification accuracy of successfully identified coins is recorded and disclosed. This study includes the limitations of the prototype mobile application and future improvements that could be added.
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Schulze, Wolfgang. „A COPPER COIN OF THE ARTUQID RULER NAJM AL-DIN ALPI WITH SIX COUNTERMARKS“. Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, Nr. 4 (20.12.2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2020-4-82-88.
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Scope of the study. A specific series of copper coins of the Artuqid rulers Hussam al-Din Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi were extensively countermarked during the twelfth century. The scientific novelty The author discusses this system of countermarking and presents a countermark naming Najm al-Din Alpi, which was applied six times on his own coins.The Artuqids were a Turkmen dynasty that ruled in Eastern Anatolia, Northern Syria and Northern Iraq in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. On Il-Ghazi’s death in 516 (1122) his kingdom was divided among three heirs, with Timurtash retaining Mardin. He was succeeded by his only son Najm al-Din Alpi in 547 (1152), and the Artuqid kingdom of Mardin became the largest and most enduring, lasting until 812 (1409), when it was seized by Timur (Tamerlane) and later controlled by the Qara Qoyunlu (‘Black Sheep’) Turkmen.The description of the ‘copper dirhams’ of Husam al-Din Timurtash and Najm al-Din Alpi are given. One of the well-known problems in the series of the Artuqids of Mardin is the countermarking of the copper dirhams of Husam al-Din Timurtash and his son Najm al-Din Alpi. During the early part of the reign of Najm al-Din Alpi, the coins of his father continued to circulate. However, they were soon countermarked by Alpi, evidently to avoid confusion. We know of two countermarks, with ‘one line’ or with ‘two lines’ randomly applied on the obverses of Timurtash’s dirhams, sometimes both on the same coin. Alpi’s countermarks on the Timurtash coins could have been used to avoid confusion between the coins of father and son. The reasons of the appearance of the countermarks are described.Double countermarking did not necessarily occur simultaneously. Apparently, Alpi used the countermarks extensively to differentiate himself from his father and to achieve the greatest possible popularity through the medium of coin. This is also shown by the fact that the old Byzantine coins circulating in Alpi’s dominions were countermarked with his laqab ‘najm’.
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Zhigas, Margarita G., und Ivan A. Adamov. „STABLECOINS AS A MEANS OF CROSS-BORDER TRANSFERS UNDER SANCTIONS PRESSURE“. EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/3, Nr. 132 (2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.12.03.009.
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The issue of ensuring the sustainable functioning of the international money transfer system in Russia is relevant in today’s realities. Sanctions and the departure of foreign companies have negatively affected the possibility of cross-border transfers, confirming the need for modernization or creating of a new system to solve emerging problems. The purpose of the article: To analyze the current state of cross-border transfers in the Russian Federation, to determine whether it is possible today to use such financial instruments as stablecoins as a means of cross-border transfer, to highlight the main problems and advantages of using these financial instruments. The main problems concerning the use of digital financial assets in Russia are highlighted. The most striking of them are the absence of operators of the exchange of digital financial assets entered in the relevant register, multi-link chains of transfers, in the case of the use of “stable coins”, multi-level commissions, the lack of open reporting of companies developing stablecoins, the absence of many of them confirmed means of providing stable coins. Among the advantages of using these financial instruments, the authors highlighted an increase in the speed of cross-border payments and a reduction in their cost, as well as providing a wider level of financial accessibility to a large circle of users without bank accounts.
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Waxman, Hersholt C. „Investigating Sex-Related Differences in Mathematical Problem-Solving Strategies of Elementary School Students“. Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, Nr. 3 (Dezember 1987): 925–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.3.925.
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The present study investigated whether there were significant differences between boys and girls on the problem-solving strategies they report using during mathematical word problems. The Problem-solving Strategy Survey was administered to 210 boys and 201 girls in Grades 3, 4, and 5 from several public elementary schools. Boys reported making or constructing a model when solving mathematical problems significantly more often than girls, while girls reported using objects like coins and fingers and solving an easier problem within the problem first significantly more often than boys.
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Williams, Nicole L., und Carolyn Bruels. „Target Geometry and Probability Using a Dartboard“. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 16, Nr. 6 (Februar 2011): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.16.6.0375.
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As middle-grades students explore area problems in geometry class, they typically calculate areas of circles and squares using formulas. Sometimes they explore problems using special polygons to compare a shaded area to an unshaded area. Students are often asked to simulate probability through the use of coins and dice. However, these situations contain little motivation for finding a solution. The following dartboard activity investigates how students can use simulations to determine experimental probability and build on intuition to make connections between calculating area and finding the theoretical probability of random events.
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PASTOR-ABIA, LUIS, JOSÉ M. PÉREZ-JORDÁ, EMILIO SAN-FABIÁN, ENRIQUE LOUIS und FERNANDO VEGA-REDONDO. „STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR AND INFORMATION TRANSMISSION IN A STYLIZED (SO-CALLED CHINOS) GUESSING GAME“. Advances in Complex Systems 04, Nr. 02n03 (Juni 2001): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000152.
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A guessing game very popular in some European countries involves several players hiding in their hands a number of coins (or pebbles) between zero and three, then attempting to guess in turn the total number of coins in the hands of everyone, with the restriction that no player can repeat the guess issued by any predecessor. After a full round, the player, if any, who guesses correctly wins. Of course, rounds without a winner are also possible, in which case a new round is started afresh. The purpose of the present article is to present an analysis of this game (called Chinos in Spain, as a perturbation of "chinas", i.e. pebbles), and some of its possible variants. Our primary aim is to show its potential to shed light on some issues of strategic behavior and information transmission that seem very germane to some social and economic problems.
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Morris, Gala, Joshua Emmitt und Jeremy Armstrong. „Depth and Dimension: Exploring the Problems and Potential of Photogrammetric Models for Ancient Coins“. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 5, Nr. 1 (2022): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.99.
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Beloborodko, A., und N. Fadeikina. „On the issues of ensuring the information security of the financial sector of the Russian Federation“. Siberian Financial School, Nr. 4 (10.12.2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386-2021-4-11-18.
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The article is devoted to one of the most pressing problems of the modern digital economy - its information security. To a greater extent, this applies to the financial sector, which carries out electronic transactions and is actively looking for more efficient analogues of metal coins, paper banknotes, etc. The main reason for these problems is an acute shortage of specialists who possess modern information technologies and understand the essence of the ongoing changes associated with the digital transformation of economic processes. The ways of overcoming the personnel shortage and repelling cyber attacks in financial structures are considered.
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Moh. Hasyim Afandi, Zainal Arifin und Tri Wahyudi Ramdhan. „UPAYA PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI PENGHIMPUNAN DANA KOINISASI DI DESA NGRONGGOT KECAMATAN NGRONGGOT KABUPATEN NGANJUK“. As-Sidanah : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, Nr. 1 (15.06.2020): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/assidanah.v2i1.750.
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Nahdlatul Ulama, the majority of whose members are mostly from the lower class, initiated to collect coins from members. All members are asked to participate. Therefore Board of Management of Nahdlatul Ulama Nganjuk regency launched the NU Caring Coin Movement program. It is the movement of NU members to collect coins from the homes of residents of Nahdliyin whose benefits are to solve various problems in aspects of life and realize the independence of jam'iyyah. The results of the mentoring activities obtained were first, the condition of Ngronggot village society before the mentoring although the spirit of diversity and social solidarity was very high but still individual. Second, The form of the assistance activities carried out included awareness of their potential so that they always think positively, and vocational training the following applications so that new interpreneurs emerge. Third, after the mentoring program is complete, community trust in self potential, both economic and religious, emerges together to support each other both in religious and social activities.
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Pfeiffer-Taş, Şule, und Nikolaus Schindel. „The Beçin Coin Hoard and Ottoman Monetary History in the Late 16th/Early 17th Century“. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56, Nr. 4-5 (2013): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341336.
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Abstract It is generally accepted that debasement greatly contributed to the economic and consequently also social problems of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th/early 17th century. The numismatic data derived from the Beçin coin hoard, closing under sultan Ahmed (1603-1617) greatly challenges this view. Metal analysis has shown that only the overall weights of the coins were reduced; the fineness of silver remained unchanged at least until the 1610s.
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Wadi, Fajrul, und Hendri Hendri. „The Income of Business Snack Video Application on the Covid-19 Pandemic toward Islamic Economic Law Perspective in Bukittinggi“. ADDIN 16, Nr. 1 (05.10.2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/addin.v16i1.11691.
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In this research, there are two issues that are studied, firstly how is the business practice of Snack Video applications during the Covid-19 pandemic, secondly how is the perspective of Islamic economics law on the practice and income of the Snack Video application business. Researchers use the field method (field research). This research is qualitative research, then the data is described, analyzed, and discussed to answer these problems. So from the results of the study, it was found that the implementation of the Snack Video application business during the Covid-19 pandemic in Bukittinggi had there aspects, how to use the Snack Video application, how to exchange coins and become money from the Snack Video application and the motivation to use the Snack Video application was in accordance with the provisions. The Snack Video application and in accordance with the provisions of Islamic economy, which is not contrary to Islamic economy, as for cashing out the coins generated from the Snack Video application, it can be disbursed through the application. Money accepted by users is sourced from the company Joyo Technology, Pte. Ltd. and this is mutually beneficial for both parties. According to Islamic law, the contract on Snack Video application consisted of ijarah contract and juala contract which includes 4 missions to get coins that can be exchanged in the form of money. This contract is allowed so that the income earned from the Snack Video application business is included in the jaizah (allowed).
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Mittal, Alka. „AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF PRESENT POSITION OF BITCOINS“. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, Nr. 1 (31.01.2017): 386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i1.2017.1913.
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Bitcoin is a virtual currency that is created from computer code. It has no central bank and is not backed by any government. But it can be exchanged for goods and services or for any other currencies. They were launched in 2009 as a bit of software written under the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The present paper analyse the Indian Tax and legal considerations regarding Bit coins. It also analyse the problems and risks related with Bitcoins.
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Hamzin, I. R. „Illicit Trade in Russian Gold and Silver Coins in West China in 1850's (based on the Materials of the Russian Consul K. A. Skachkov)“. Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, Nr. 1 (31.03.2020): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-88-97.
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The present research featured the illicit trade in Russian gold and silver coins in Xinjiang in the 1850's. The paper focuses on the problems of control and customs services, as well as on the difficulties connected with the trade in Russian goods. The historical analysis was based on the documents written by Konstantin Adrianovich Skachkov, the then Russian Consul in Chuguchak. The materials were obtained from the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library. In his report, Consul K. A. Skachkov compared the state of the markets of the Russian-Chinese trade in Chuguchak and Kyakhta. He highlighted the broad prospects for trade development in Xinjiang. The Consul paid great attention to the problems on the young market of Central Asia and proposed some measures to improve the situation. He performed a comparative analysis of the trading activities of a Russian merchant and a smuggler. The analysis makes it possible to reconstruct the trading process, determine the cost of transportation, and formulate the commercial benefit resulting from the legal trade and the contraband trade. K. A. Skachkov concluded that despite the high potential for trade development, the region was torn apart by substantial internal contradictions and demanded greater attention from the government. The illicit trade in Russian coins was caused by the barter trading on the Xinjiang market in 1850's.
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Li, Jing, Tingyu Yan, Qingyun Wang, Jiangping Xu und Fei Wang. „Isogeometric analysis based investigation on material filling of coin cavities“. AIP Advances 13, Nr. 3 (01.03.2023): 035311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139826.
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The coining technology produces a wide variety of commemorative coins with exquisite patterns. However, it often encounters defects such as insufficient filling, flash lines, light bands, and so on. Process engineers usually perform multiple tryouts to avoid the above-mentioned problems in actual production. This is not only time-consuming and laborious but also ineffective. The virtual tryout of the finite element method (FEM) could assist engineers to avoid the defects in the coining process with a great improvement in product quality. In order to exactly describe complex patterns of commemorative coins, a large number of elements are employed in the classical FEM. Even then, the three dimensional elements, which come in early contact with the reliefs of the punch/die, undergo large deformation and become distorted. Errors of contact judgment between the tools and the workpiece in the FEM occur during the simulation process. Taking into account the advantage of Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) basis functions when accurately describing complex boundaries or surfaces, isogeometric analysis (IGA) is developed for studying the material filling of coin cavities. Six numerical examples involving elastic and plastic analyses with/without contact issues are considered by the presented IGA frameworks and show good performance of the present method in simulating the cavity filling compared with ABAQUS. In addition, numerical findings also indicate that the proposed method exhibits excellent contact detection and strong anti-mesh distortion in large deformation of the coining process. These encouraging observations motivate us to explore the NURBS description of complicated reliefs of coins and the corresponding IGA framework for the coining process.
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Redish, Angela. „The Evolution of the Gold Standard in England“. Journal of Economic History 50, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1990): 789–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700037827.
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In 1816 England officially abandoned bimetallism and made silver coins into tokens that were only limited legal tender. Earlier monetary authorities had lacked the ability to manage a subsidiary coinage, a necessary complement to the monometallic gold standard. A successful token coinage must be both costly to counterfeit and credibly backed to ensure that the tokens do not depreciate to their intrinsic value. These problems were solved in the nineteenth century through the introduction of steam-driven stamping presses and with the assistance of the Bank of England.
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Sakinah Burhanuddin, Nur, Fadhlan Hafizhelmi Kamaru Zaman, Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin und Nooritawati Md Tahir. „Blockchain in Voting System Application“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.11 (02.10.2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11.20793.
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Two of the most familiar method of voting is through voting polls and online voting. The main problem with conventional method is the insecurity of the votes to be untemper. Another problem of voting methods is the existence of fraud in voting system. This paper is to propose a method in overcoming these flaws and problems by using the Blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is a secured database and has very high security. The technical concept of the Blockchain technology has many advantages and benefits that could be applied to many technical sectors and have the possibility in changing the world. The concept for this project is to develop a cryptocurrency implementation in the voting system. From there, the transaction votes are kept in the blockchain could be illustrated by examining the block hashes. The outcome of the project shows a transaction of coins from one voter’s wallet into two candidates’ wallet. The transactions were approved through a process of mining and the transactions of coins were a success. The data of the transactions were kept in the blockchain where unique blockhash, which acted as the block’s fingerprint were generated. From there, the integrity of the blockchain technology is illustrated.
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Albina, Maria Eugenia “Genie”. „How did you get your answer?“ Teaching Children Mathematics 19, Nr. 1 (August 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.19.1.0064.
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My second graders recently experienced a new math assessment designed to represent the ideas from the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSI 2010). In reviewing their responses, I determined that my students suffered from a lack of comfort or familiarity with solving math problems that demand critical-thinking skills. In an effort to increase their capacity to think through complex problems in the context of one of our secondgrade curricular goals involving coins, I presented a problem. I had never modeled this type of multistep problem for them. I was interested in discovering their solution strategies. After allowing students to work through the problem independently, I displayed the problem on a document projector, and class members shared their mathematical thinking and reasoning.
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Webster, Leslie, Christopher Sparey-Green, Patrick Périn und Catherine Hills. „The Staffordshire (Ogley Hay) hoard: problems of interpretation“. Antiquity 85, Nr. 327 (Februar 2011): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00067557.
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The hoard presents us with a startling number of unfamiliar images from the Anglo-Saxon past, not least in the new icon of treasure that it presents. As the descriptions of treasure and gift-giving in Beowulf so vividly remind us, the gaining of treasure, and its corollary, gift-giving, were major preoccupations for Anglo-Saxons and their northern European contemporaries, whether Clovis, showering the crowds in Tours with gold solidi when he was created consul in 508, Oswiu attempting to buy off Penda before the Battle of Winwæd with what Bede (HE III.24; Colgrave & Mynors 1969: 288–91) described as an incalculable and incredible store of royal treasures or the huge Danegelds extorted by Vikings in the tenth and early eleventh century. But until July 2009, the picture presented by the archaeological evidence for Anglo-Saxon treasure could hardly have been more different: the material remains of treasure with which we are familiar come overwhelmingly from high-status burials, or as individual gold finds without context, most of them the result of relatively recent metal-detecting activity. Only one seventh-century Anglo-Saxon gold hoard exists, from Crondall in Hampshire, dated to c. 640; but that is essentially a coin hoard, the only non-numismatic items two small clasps which must have fastened the purse or satchel containing the coins.
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Dāboliņš, Viktors. „THE FINENESS OF RIGA SCHILLINGS UNDER POLISH RULE (1581-1621)“. Ukrainian Numismatic Annual, Nr. 4 (20.12.2020): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2616-6275-2020-4-131-143.
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The aim of study. The paper discusses the change of the silver proof of Riga schillings in the so-called Polish times. According to the Corpus privilegiorum Stepheneum (14 January 1581), Riga was confirmed minting rights, which however prescribed changes in coin design and fineness: on the one side coins had to bear the insignia of the Commonwealth and on the other side the coat of arms of the City; coins had to be of the same fineness and weight as the Polish and Lithuanian coinage so that there were no difference in their usage. Research methodology. Methods of analysis, classification, generalization and statistical methods were used to obtain the tasks set in the work. Riga schillings are arguably among the most widely studied and well-known coinages of the city mint of Riga, the capital of modern Latvia. In 1582 the first Polish style shilling was minted in Riga. Starting with 1588 shillings and 3-groschen coins (dreyer) were produced in the name of Sigismund III. Carrying almost all the same visual attributes as the coins of Stephan Bathory. From the late 16th century until the mid-17th century the production of this northernmost situated mint occupied a dominant role in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth market of small change. This has been suggested by the various archaeological data offered by Polish numismatists. Despite the fact that Riga schillings have been a subject of research over the last century, to this day scholars have not reached common understanding on the quality issue of the schillings. As is evident Baltic and Polish numismatists have disagreements about metrological terms of the early Commonwealth schillings. Scientific novelty. In an attempt to clear up some of the problems, three legislative sources will be paid special attention: ordinances of the Warsaw Sejm 1579/80 and the ordinances of the Monetary Commissions of Warsaw from 1604 and 1616. The Conclusions. This article argues that the Riga schillings were minted accordingly to the mint order, however from 1604 Riga (and Lithuanian) schillings deviated from the Polish schillings as they were minted of higher minting standard..
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Gianazza, Luca. „La zecca di Desana durante l’occupazione francese (1515-1529): una contestualizzazione“. Revue numismatique 6, Nr. 178 (2021): 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/numi.2021.3528.
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The paper analyzes the coins produced by the mint of Desana (Piedmont, Italy) during the years of French occupation (1515-1529). Starting from a review of the monetary problems that afflicted the duchies of Savoy and Milan in those years, a contextualization of the production of Desana is carried out within the monetary landscape of northern Italy, which proves to be characterized by a scarce activity of the major local mints and by a widespread presence of foreign currency and counterfeits. Important new elements emerge, in particular regarding the denominations of the specimens and the moments of actual minting.
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Wolters, Willem G. „Flooded with foreign coins. Spanish and American administrators dealing with currency. Problems in the Philippines, 1890-1905“. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 157, Nr. 3 (2001): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003800.
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Barbaroux, Nicolas. „The Latin Monetary Union Experience (1865‒1926): French Views on Monetary Union and Lending of Last Resort in Retrospect“. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 63, Nr. 2 (14.10.2022): 409–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2022-0015.
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Abstract The Latin Monetary Union (hereafter LMU) was established in 1865 between France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. The agreement provided for the adoption of a common monetary base consisting of specie, and the adoption of the free circulation of gold and silver coins among them, whatever the issuing country. Despite its original goal, the minting of silver coins was subject to numerous restrictions (especially between 1874 and 1876) before being fully suspended by article nine of the convention of November 5th 1878. The necessity for a lender of last resort quickly appeared in practice, even though the 1865 convention, and its numerous amendments, did not mention it in theory. The present article looks at how the idea of the lender of last resort was discussed in the context of the Latin Monetary Union. Specifically, it focuses on two opposing views on the LMU and its problems, as adopted by French economists at the time. The article concludes that the Banque de France played a crucial role in safeguarding the LMU. Referring to Bordo’s 1990 typology of lenders of last resort, we also add a fifth type, that of converter of last resort, to characterise the specific role played by the Banque de France.