Dissertationen zum Thema „Cognitice control“
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1
Schultheis, Holger. „Computational cognitive modeling of control in spatial cognition“. Lengerich Berlin Bremen Miami, Fla. Riga Viernheim Wien Zagreb Pabst Science Publ, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998029661/04.
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Soncin, Lisa Dounia. „Trouble de stress post-traumatique dans les épilepsies pharmaco-résistantes de l'adulte : Vers un modèle multidimensionnel de la psychoépileptogénèse“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2012.
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L'épilepsie est associée à des troubles psychiatriques comorbides, parmi lesquels le trouble anxieux généralisé et la dépression, qui impactent encore plus négativement la qualité de vie que les crises elles-mêmes. Il a été montré que l'épilepsie à elle seule ne peut expliquer le niveau de comorbidité psychiatrique qui serait avant tout associé à des expositions traumatiques dans l'enfance. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier l'exposition traumatique et les symptômes de trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) chez les patients atteints d'épilepsie pharmaco-résistante (EPR). Cinq études ont été menées afin de répondre à nos objectifs. (1) Nous décrivons que les patients avec une EPR rapportent significativement plus de symptômes de TSPT comparativement à des participants contrôles. Puis nous documentons la spécificité du tableau clinique du TSPT et du traumatisme psychologique dans l'épilepsie : nous objectivons notamment une association entre ces symptômes et les manifestations sémiologiques subjectives vécues au cours des crises d'épilepsie. (2) Faisant suite à la première, cette étude a cherché à établir si cette prévalence du TSPT est liée à l'épilepsie ou plutôt au fait de vivre avec une maladie chronique. Nous avons comparé l'exposition traumatogène, le TSPT, les comorbidités psychiatriques, la qualité de vie, la régulation émotionnelle entre les patients avec une épilepsie et les participants de deux groupes atteints d'une autre maladie chronique : le diabète de type 1 (DT1) et la fibrillation auriculaire (FA). Nous montrons que les patients avec une épilepsie rapportent plus de symptômes de TSPT, d'anxiété, de dépression, de dissociation, ainsi qu'une moins bonne qualité de vie et davantage de difficultés de régulation émotionnelle que les deux autres groupes. Nous avons également étudié la capacité de contrôle volontaire que les patients peuvent exercer sur les symptômes de leur maladie, et dans quelle mesure cette capacité peut être influencée par le TSPT, et favorisée par la capacité à réguler ses émotions. (3) Pour tenter de rendre compte de l'association TSPT-EPR, outre la sémiologie, nous avons étudié les aspects cognitifs associés, notamment l'aspect de contrôle perçu des crises d'épilepsie. Nous mettons en évidence l'implication du contrôle cognitif et du contrôle perçu, qui sont influencés par les symptômes de TSPT et de dissociation. Nous montrons notamment que l'hypervigilance favorise le contrôle des crises et que les patients EPR avec un TSPT rapportent mieux réussir à éviter leurs crises que ceux sans TSPT. (4) Pour étudier l'association TSPT-EPR sur le plan cérébral, nous avons analysé les différences de réponses métaboliques en Tomographie par émission de positrons (TEPScan) chez les patients avec une épilepsie temporale pharmaco-résistante (EtPR) selon qu'ils présentent un passé psychotraumatique (de nature complexe) et/ou des symptômes de TSPT, ou non. Les résultats ont montré un hypométabolisme temporal polaire interne droit chez les patients avec un passé traumatique et des symptômes de TSPT. (5) Enfin, nous avons analysé la connectivité fonctionnelle grâce au Stéréoélectroencéphalogramme (SEEG) chez les patients avec une épilepsie temporale pharmaco-résistante (EtPR), avec et sans TSPT, et nous montrons chez les patients avec un TSPT seulement une augmentation de la connectivité dans l'hémisphère où se situe la zone épileptogène et, a contrario, une diminution de la connectivité dans l'hémisphère opposé, ce qui suggère une association physiologique entre le TSPT et l'épilepsie. Les résultats de ce travail de thèse sont originaux et pionniers concernant le TSPT associé à l'épilepsie. Nous proposons un modèle du TSPT dans l'épilepsie en synthèse de ce travail de recherche, en présentant le concept de psychoépileptogène qui désigne l'association entre le stress intense (TSPT) et l'épilepsie, et en intégrant les aspects sémiologiques, cognitif et cérébraux qui soutiennent cette associationEpilepsy can give rise to various comorbid psychiatric disorders, notably generalized anxiety disorder and depression, which exert a more detrimental impact on quality of life than the seizures themselves. It has been demonstrated that epilepsy alone cannot fully account for the extent of psychiatric comorbidity, primarily associated with early traumatic exposures. The primary objective of this PhD is to investigate traumatic exposure and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). Five studies were conducted to achieve these goals: (1) We report, for the first time, that patients with DRE exhibit significantly more PTSD symptoms compared to control participants. Subsequently, we describe the specificity of the clinical presentation of PTSD and psychological trauma in epilepsy, emphasizing an association between these symptoms and the subjective semiological manifestations experienced during epileptic attacks. (2) As a follow-up to the initial study, we sought to determine whether the prevalence of PTSD is linked to epilepsy or living with a chronic disease. We compared traumatic exposure, PTSD, psychiatric comorbidities, quality of life, and emotional regulation between patients with epilepsy and two groups with other chronic diseases: type 1 diabetes (1TD) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with epilepsy reported significantly higher exposure, more PTSD symptoms, anxiety, depression, dissociation, as well as poorer quality of life and greater difficulties with emotional regulation than both other groups. Additionally, we explored the voluntary capacity (perceived control) that patients can exert over their disease symptoms and investigated the extent to which these capacities may be impacted by psychiatric symptoms and PTSD, as well as fostered by the ability to regulate one's emotions. (3) To further understand the PTSD-DRE association, in addition to the semiological studies, we examined associated cognitive aspects, particularly focusing on the perceived control of epileptic seizures. We demonstrate the involvement of cognitive control and perceived control influenced by PTSD and dissociation symptoms. Notably, hypervigilance was found to promote seizure control with patients having PTSD reporting better success in avoiding seizures than those without PTSD. (4) To explore the PTSD-DRE association at the cerebral level, we studied metabolic responses using Positron Emission Tomography (PETScan) from patients with drug-resistant temporal epilepsy (tDRE). Our data revealed right medial temporal hypometabolism in patients with a complex traumatic history and PTSD symptoms. (5) Subsequently, we analyzed functional connectivity (FC) using Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in patients with tDRE (temporal drug-resistant epilepsy) with and without PTSD, showing an increase in FC in patients with PTSD in the hemisphere where the epileptogenic zone is located and a corresponding decrease in the opposite hemisphere. This suggests a physiological association between PTSD and epilepsy. The results of this PhD work are groundbreaking and original in understanding PTSD associated with epilepsy and potentially extend to a broader understanding of chronic diseases. We propose a model of PTSD in the DRE as a synthesis of all this research work, introducing the concept of psychoepileptogenic, which signifies the association between intense stress (PTSD) and epilepsy by integrating semiological, cognitive, and cerebral aspects supporting this association
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Morcom, Alexandra. „The role of executive control in task switching“. Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/d1108d24-de51-45e7-b3fe-49bdde78bacf.
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This thesis addressed the question of whether global, 'executive' control processes are involved in switching between discrete cognitive tasks. The involvement of executive working memory processes in the control of switching was examined, using a combination of cognitive and cognitive neuropsychological methods. In all studies, participants switched unpredictably between two simple tasks, and in some cases they also performed concurrent tasks. The focus throughout was on two putative areas of executive control that may influence task switching, goal-directed advance processing, and the suppression of interference between tasks. The first series of experiments explored whether the central executive of working memory is required to prepare for a task switch, but found no evidence that this is the case, whether an endogenous or an exogenous method of task cueing is used. The possibility was then raised that cognitive control does not just operate when the task switches, and a further study showed that this is, indeed, the case. However, two experiments using different task cueing methods did not reveal any evidence that executive processes in working memory carry out this control. It did, however, appear that the central executive is required for overall task performance, as opposed to task switching, when the method of cueing requires that participants keep track of and update information about which task is to be performed. The final study examined task switching and executive function in a group of patients with damage to the frontal lobes, and to posterior areas of the brain. Although a number of participants showed evidence of executive deficits, they had no difficulty in switching in a speeded response task. In conclusion, it is argued that local, rather than global, control processes are involved in switching tasks in the present paradigm, and implications are discussed for theories and investigation of executive control. 2
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Brandmeyer, Tracy. „Etude du rôle des oscillations dans les états attentionnels endogènes et exogènes : les nouvelles méthodes en neurophénoménologie“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30026/document.
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Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à nous amener à une meilleure compréhension des relations fines entre ce que nous expérimentons phénoménologiquement sous la forme d'états mentaux, et les effets sous-jacents et potentiellement causaux sur l'activité neuronale. Afin d'étendre notre compréhension scientifique de l'expérience consciente, nous avons d'abord mis l'accent sur un phénomène appelé la pensée spontanée ou vagabondage de l'esprit. Notre paysage intérieur est un aspect essentiel et complexe de notre expérience humaine, avec des recherches suggérant que les gens sont engagés dans une forme de dialogue intérieur sans rapport avec leur environnement immédiat 50% de leur temps de veille. De plus, le vagabondage de l'esprit a constamment été associé à un affect négatif, même lorsque son contenu est positif. Il est alors intéressant de noter que les fondements de la plupart des pratiques méditatives et contemplatives sont la formation de l'observation flexible et continue des états mentaux et de l'expérience sensorielle, le développement d'une attention soutenue et la culture de la conscience métacognitive. Étant donné que nous ne sommes généralement pas au courant de la fluctuation temporelle de ces états mentaux dans le temps (vagabondage de l'esprit), les méditants sont des sujets idéaux pour obtenir de manière précise des rapports phénoménologiques et des descriptions des états à la première personne. Ainsi, nous avons conçu un paradigme nouveau basé sur présentation de sondage d'expérience aux méditants afin de mieux comprendre les mesures dynamiques de l'EEG (Electroencéphalographie) pendant la méditation. Nos résultats suggèrent que la pratique experte de méditation est associée à une fréquence atténuée de la pensée spontanée et que l'entraînement à la méditation réduit par la suite la susceptibilité de l'esprit à errer, menant à des périodes d'absorption méditative rapportées comme étant plus longues. Les augmentations de l'activité thêta (4-7 Hz) sur les régions thêta frontales médianes ainsi que l'activité alpha (9-12 Hz), principalement focalisée sur le cortex somatosensoriel, semblent être des marqueurs d'états méditatifs soutenus par rapport au vagabondage mental. Sur la base de la robustesse de l'activité thêta de la ligne médiane frontale chez les méditants avancés, ainsi qu'une multitude de résultats démontrant que l'activité thêta frontale serait le pilier du contrôle cognitif via l'intégration et l'échange d'informations de longue portée, nous avons développé un protocole de neurofeedback méthodologiquement nouveau et exhaustif dans le but d'entraîner l'activité thêta (3.5-6.5 Hz) de la ligne médiane frontale Fz, en donnant comme instruction à nos sujets de s'engager dans des techniques de respiration et de relaxation similaires à la méditation. Nous avons constaté que les sujets qui ont reçu le vrai neurofeedback ont été capables de moduler significativement leur activité thêta Fz (3-7 Hz) à travers huit séances de neurofeedback par rapport aux sujets contrôles qui ont reçu un feedback apparié. Nous avons également observé des modulations significatives dans les bandes de fréquences alpha (9-11 Hz) et bêta (13-20 Hz) chez les sujets qui ont reçu l'entraînement réel de neurofeedback, ainsi que des améliorations sur plusieurs mesures des fonctions exécutives. Nos résultats réduisent davantage l'écart explicatif en reliant caractéristique neurophysiologique et données à la nature phénoménologique de notre experienceThe work presented in this thesis aims to extend our scientific understanding of the subtle relationships between our phenomenological experience of specific states of consciousness, and the corresponding and potentially causal effects on neural activity. In our first experiment, we focused on a phenomenon referred to as spontaneous thought or mind wandering. Our vastly complex inner landscape is an essential aspect of our conscious experience, with research suggesting that people are engaged in some form of inner dialogue unrelated to their surroundings 50% of waking hours. These ongoing trains of thought have been consistently linked to reports of negative affect, even when the specific content is positive. Interestingly, the cornerstones of most meditation and contemplative practices are; a) training the continuous and flexible monitoring of mind wandering and sensory experience, b) the cultivation of sustained attention, and c) enhanced metacognitive awareness. Given that we are generally unaware of mind wandering when it occurs, meditation practitioners may provide more accurate first person phenomenological reports and descriptions of these temporally fluctuating states given their respective training. Thus, we designed a novel paradigm based on experience sampling probe presentations to gain insight into the dynamic measures of mental activity and EEG during meditation. Our findings suggest that meditation expertise is associated with an attenuated frequency of mind wandering, and that meditation training reduces the susceptibility of the mind to wander subsequently leading to longer periods of reported meditative absorption. Increases in theta activity (4-7 Hz) over frontal midline regions of the cortex, and alpha activity (9-12 Hz) primarily focused over the somatosensory cortex, appear to be markers of sustained meditative states when compared to mind wandering. Based on the robustness of the frontal midline theta in advanced meditators, alongside a multitude of findings demonstrating that frontal theta may serve as the backbone for cognitive control via long range information integration in neural networks throughout the brain, we then developed a methodologically novel and exhaustive neurofeedback protocol with the aim of training frontal midline theta (3.5-6.5 Hz at electrode site Fz) by means of instructing our subjects to engage in focused breathing and other techniques similar to meditation. After eight training sessions, we found that subjects who received real neurofeedback were able to significantly modulate and increase theta activity (3-7 Hz) over frontal regions, whereas subject's receiving age and gender matched sham (pseudo) feedback were not. We additionally observed significant modulations in both the alpha (9-11 Hz) and beta bands (13-20 Hz) in subjects who received real neurofeedback training. Together, these findings provide evidence that we can successfully connect neurophysiological features and data to the phenomenological nature of our subjective experience
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Noonan, Krist Anthony. „Conceptualising the void : Bridging the gap between semantic cognition and cognitive control“. Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517858.
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Dodd, Jessica Amen Alexandra Fineman Stephanie. „Mechanisms of self-regulation associations between cognitive control and emotion regulation /“. Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1427.
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Amen, Alexandra. „Monitoring the mind the relationship between individual differences in cognitive control and emotion regulation /“. Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/1428.
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Hutcheon, Thomas Gordon. „Assessing the Durablity and Time Course of Stimulus-driven Control“. Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51840.
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The term cognitive control refers to a variety of mental processes that support goal-directed behavior. In the current dissertation, I focus on the role of cognitive control in situations where a weaker (but task-relevant) source of information must be selected over a stronger (but task-irrelevant) source of information. The efficiency with which individuals select information in the face of distraction has classically been viewed as a function of static control settings tied to task instructions. Recent evidence suggests, however, that variations in the efficiency of cognitive control can be induced by variations in stimulus experience and that multiple control settings may be maintained for a single task. To date, little is known about the mechanisms that support this more flexible form of control. Across six experiments, I find evidence for the formation of multiple control settings that are relatively long lasting but fragile. Multiple control settings can be maintained within a single experiment and can last over relatively long periods of time, however, without the proper contextual support these control settings fall apart. These results emphasize the important role of stimulus experience in studies of cognitive control.
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Ezzedine, Nour. „Exploration de la relation entre le contrôle cognitif et le contrôle des langues dans l'aphasie bilingue“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU20113.
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La production orale bilingue fait appel à des mécanismes de contrôle qui sont impliqués dans la gestion des interférences causées par la coexistence de deux systèmes linguistiques (Green, 1986). Il est supposé que ces mécanismes de contrôle sont perturbés chez des personnes bilingues présentant une aphasie (Green, 1986 ; Pitres, 1895). Ce constat a été établi par l’observation de la manifestation clinique de l’aphasie bilingue : certains modes de récupération non parallèle ou la présence de code-switchings involontaires et pathologiques (Paradis, 1977). L’objectif de notre étude est d’explorer la relation entre le contrôle cognitif et le contrôle des langues constatée chez les bilingues aphasiques et d’en déterminer la nature. Dix-neuf sujets ont participé à notre étude : 10 patients bilingues aphasiques et 9 participants contrôles appariés selon l’âge, le niveau d’étude et le bilinguisme. Tous les participants sont bilingues francophones (L2) avec des L1 variables. Nous avons utilisé un questionnaire évaluant le bilinguisme (dominance, efficience et habitudes d’utilisation du code-switching avant la lésion cérébrale), des tâches évaluant les trois composantes de fonctions exécutives de nature verbale et non verbale et trois épreuves évaluant le contrôle des langues : le discours, les fluences verbales et l’évaluation des compétences translinguistiques.Des analyses de groupes mettent en évidence une différence entre les deux groupes de participants aux épreuves évaluant le contrôle cognitif de nature verbale uniquement ainsi qu’aux épreuves évaluant le contrôle des langues (fluences verbales et compétences translinguistiques). Ces résultats suggèrent une dissociation entre les deux domaines du contrôle chez les patients bilingues aphasiques. Toutefois, l’analyse des profils individuels de chaque patient souligne l’importance de nuancer ces résultats et de prendre en compte les modes de récupération des patients, la sévérité de l’aphasie et les habitudes prélésionnelles de code-switching. Cette thèse permet de formuler des perspectives de recherche clinique visant à améliorer l’étude du contrôle des langues chez des patients cérébrolésés en phase aiguë et élaborer des interventions fondées sur des preuves empiriques et adaptées au profil des patientsIn bilingual oral production different control mechanisms are involved in managing interference caused by the coexistence of two linguistic systems (Green, 1986). It is assumed that these control mechanisms are disrupted in bilingual aphasia (Green, 1986; Pitres, 1895). This has been established through observation of the clinical manifestation of bilingual aphasia revealing the presence of non-parallel recovery patterns or involuntary and pathological code-switching (Paradis, 1977). The objective of our study is to explore the relationship between cognitive control and language control observed in bilingual aphasia, as well as to determine its nature. Nineteen subjects participated in our study: 10 bilingual aphasic patients and 9 control participants matched on age, level of education and bilingualism. All participants were bilingual L2 French speakers with different L1s. As for the material, a questionnaire was used to assess bilingualism (dominance, proficiency and code-switching habits before the brain lesion), while the three components of the executive functions were assessed through verbal and non-verbal tasks. Moreover, language control was evaluated through speech, verbal fluency and cross-language skills. Group analyses revealed a difference between the two participant groups in tasks assessing verbal cognitive control and in tasks assessing language control (verbal fluency and cross-language skills). These results suggest a dissociation between the two domains of control in bilingual aphasic patients. However, the analysis of individual patient profiles underlines the importance of qualifying these results and taking into account the patients’ recovery patters, the severity of the aphasia as well as the code-switching habits prior to lesion. The present thesis allows us to formulate perspectives for clinical research improving the study of language control in acutely brain-injured patients and to develop interventions based on empirical evidence and adapted to the patient’s profile
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Richter, Franziska Rebekka. „The control of task sets and long-term memory“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6537ad2c-107b-4517-8b37-7d5d59edbe3b.
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The current thesis explores the complex relationship between cognitive control and memory. A series of experiments combined task-switching paradigms with recognition memory tests to measure how switching between tasks influences effective control over long-term memory. In these experiments, participants were presented with compound stimuli consisting of a picture and an overlaid word, and were cued in each trial whether the word or the picture was relevant (attended) or irrelevant (unattended). Participants were then tested for their memory of items presented during task switching. Experiments 1-2 indicated that switching between tasks reduces the selectivity of processing: Switching was associated with impaired task performance as well as more similar memory ratings for attended and unattended items. Experiments 3-5 extended these findings by showing that enhanced top-down control positively affected task-performance as well as memory, in both cases by increasing the selectivity of processing toward task-relevant information. Experiments 6-7 replicated key effects with simple switches of visual attention, and explored the neural correlates of successful task performance and encoding using EEG. The key finding here was that previously observed ―subsequent memory‖ effects reflect, at least in part, selective encoding processes. The last chapter extended the focus of the investigation to explore the role of control in long-term memory retrieval. FMRI meta- analyses indicated considerable overlap in neural activation found during task switching and during the adoption of different retrieval sets. The results of Experiment 8 indicated that switching during task performance and later memory retrieval were both associated with decreased selectivity of processing. Collectively, the results of this thesis suggest that selectivity of processing is a critical factor in effective task performance and successful memory, with potentially very similar mechanisms underlying the two. This work demonstrates the fruitfulness of combining research on cognitive control and memory to study questions relevant for both fields.
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Hinault, Thomas. „Vieillissement et modulations séquentielles de l'exécution stratégique : le rôle du contrôle cognitif“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3026/document.
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Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier les mécanismes de contrôle cognitif mobilisés durant les modulations séquentielles de l’exécution stratégique. Nous avons également étudié l’évolution au cours du vieillissement de ces mécanismes. Les données recueillies montrent que, contrairement aux postulats des modèles des stratégies, l’exécution stratégique sur un problème est modulée par la stratégie utilisée sur le problème précédent. De plus, les données de la neuro-imagerie (i.e., électroencéphalographie et magnétoencéphalographie) ont montré l’activation des régions cingulaires antérieures et frontales inférieures, précédemment observées dans les tâches de conflit. Chez les participants âgés, on observe globalement un déclin de la capacité à moduler d’un essai à l’autre l’exécution stratégique. Toutefois, nous avons étudié un sous-groupe d’adultes âgés présentant un maintien des modulations séquentielles. Au niveau neurophysiologique, ces participants présentaient un décours temporel plus précoce et l’activation d’un réseau neuronal plus étendu. Ces modifications ont été interprétées comme reflétant l’activation de processus compensatoires afin de maintenir des performances similaires à celles des adultes jeunes. Les résultats nous permettent de préciser l’implication des mécanismes de contrôle cognitif dans les performances stratégiques, et de comprendre la contribution de ces mécanismes dans les variations stratégiques observées avec l’âgeRecent studies suggest that cognitive control mechanisms, allowing regulations of behavior to support goal-directed behaviors, are involved during strategy execution, together with aging effects therein. However, the processes involved and how they change with age need further investigations. The present work aims to study cognitive control processes involved in sequential modulations of strategy execution. It also examines how these mechanisms evolve during aging. Altogether, these findings reveal that, in contrast with theoretical models of strategies that assume strategy independence, strategy execution on a given trial is modulated as a function of strategy execution on previous trial. Moreover, neuroimaging data (i.e., electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography) showed a specific neural network activated during such sequential modulations, involving anterior cingulate and inferior frontal regions. These regions are known to be activated in conflict tasks. In older adults, a decline in sequential modulations of strategy execution was observed. However, some older adults showed preserved behavioral performance, associated with changes in time course and brain regions engaged. Such changes were interpreted as reflecting compensatory mechanisms involved to maintain behavioral performance similar to young adults. All in all, results specify the implication of cognitive control mechanisms in strategic processing, and in strategic variations during aging
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Lowry, Mark D. „Evaluating Theories of Bilingual Language Control Using Computational Models“. Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7852.
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Bilingual language control refers to how bilinguals are able to speak exclusively in one language without the unintended language intruding. Two prominent verbal theories of bilingual language control have been proposed by researchers: the inhibitory control model (ICM) and the lexical selection mechanism model (LSM). The ICM posits that domain-general inhibition is employed in order to suppress the unintended language’s activation. The LSM posits that inhibition is not used; rather a lexical selection mechanism targets only the intended language’s words. In order to better test the theories’ hypotheses, I developed computational models to estimate participants’ reaction times when naming in blocks of semantically related pictures and in blocks of semantically unrelated pictures. For these tasks, the ICM model predicts that semantic interference will be abolished when bilinguals switch languages, while the LSM model does not. In Experiment One, English-Spanish bilinguals named pictures that were either semantically related to the previous four trials, or semantically unrelated to the previous four trials. Research indicated that language switching did not abolish priming effects, supporting the ICM. These results contradict conclusions found in previous literature. To reconcile this, another experiment was conducted. It was similar to Experiment One, except filler trials separated semantically related trials. Results showed that each time a semantically related neighbor was presented, naming latency increased by ~10ms regardless of language switching or number of filler items. It suggests that the existing literature mistook incremental learning effects as priming effects, and it demonstrates a need to incorporate theories of incremental learning into theories of bilingual language control.
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Weibel, Sébastien. „Influences non conscientes sur des processus mentaux complexes : initiation de stratégies et sentiment de contrôle“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ014/document.
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Est-ce que des stimuli non conscients peuvent modifier des processus classiquement considérés comme conscients ? Cette question est d’un intérêt particulier dans la schizophrénie où il existe à la fois des anomalies de processus implicites et des anomalies de processus conscients, comme par exemple, initier une stratégie ou se sentir en contrôle de son action. Pour réaliser des études chez les patients, nous devions savoir dans quelle mesure le choix d’une stratégie ou le sentiment de contrôler son action sont soumis à des influences non conscientes. Nous avons réalisé deux études chez le sujet sain montrant qu’un stimulus non conscient peut influencer la préparation d’une stratégie. Cependant, il existe des limites à ces influences non conscientes : le traitement du stimulus non conscient ne doit pas être interrompu trop tôt, et des filtres attentionnels le modulent. Notre troisième étude a analysé l’effet de distorsions subliminales du retour haptique (tactile et kinesthésique) sur l’adaptation motrice et sur le sentiment conscient de contrôler son action. Nous avons montré que le sentiment de contrôler l’action était modulé par des distorsions du retour haptique, même quand celui-ci est subliminaire. Les influences non conscientes ont un impact sur les processus habituellement conscients, dans des circonstances limitées et contrôléesDo unconscious stimuli modify processes that are typically associated with consciousness? This question is of particular interest in schizophrenia in which there is both impairments of implicit processes and abnormalities of conscious processes. For instance patients have difficulties to initiate a strategy or to feel in control of their actions. For this purpose, we wanted to know to what extent the choice of a task set or the feeling of control over the action could be influenced by unconscious cues. We conducted two studies in healthy subjects showing that unconscious stimuli can influence the preparation of a task set. However, we have shown that there are limitations to these unconscious influences: the processing of unconscious stimuli must be uninterrupted for some time, and it is modulated by attentional mechanisms. Our third study analyzed the effect of subliminal distortions of the haptic feedback (tactile and kinesthetic) on motor adaptation and on the conscious sense of control over the action. We have shown that the feeling of control was modulated by subliminal distortions of the haptic feedback. Unconscious influences have an impact on conscious processes, but in limited and controlled circumstances
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Hoarau, Marie. „Présence d'un schème trompeur dans un atelier d'aéronautique : manifestations et remédiation : assistance aux procédés de fabrication dans les ateliers du futur“. Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20017.
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L’évolution des technologies et la mutation du rôle attribué aux opérateurs de l’industrie suscitent un essor de la littérature concernant l’assistance aux procédés de fabrication. Cette thèse de psychologie s’inscrit dans cette littérature. Son objectif est de concevoir un assistant de contrôle aux procédés de fabrication, le compagnon virtuel, qui permette de maintenir à la fois les performances et les compétences des opérateurs. Le système étudié, une usine aéronautique, nécessite le recours à la simulation de processus physiques dynamiques. Deux champs de la littérature sont mobilisés : les cadres théoriques autour de la conception d’interfaces pour les environnements dynamiques et ceux sur le développement des compétences. Une méthodologie en trois parties est utilisée : (1) analyse de l’activité des opérateurs dans l’atelier réel, (2) validation d’un micromonde et (3) test d’un compagnon virtuel dans le micromonde. Les résultats montrent que les opérateurs de l’atelier réel mobilisent un schème trompeur lors de leur activité. Ce schème trompeur est également présent chez des participants tout-venants et il a un effet sur les performances des participants entrainés dans le micromonde. Enfin, le compagnon virtuel, conçu selon les principes de l’EID, ne permet pas de faire disparaitre le schème trompeur. Cependant, il permet aux participants qui n’utilisent pas le schème trompeur d’obtenir de bonnes performances. Les résultats obtenus étayent l’idée qu’il est pertinent de vérifier si des opérateurs ne mobilisent pas des schèmes trompeurs qui pourraient être un frein à l’utilisation des interfaces proposées pour les assisterThe evolution of technology and the shift in the role devoted to operators in industry, from simple task execution to complex system control, provoke a development of the literature concerning assistance to fabrication process. This thesis of psychology joins this literature. It aims at designing an assistant to fabrication process, called the virtual companion, which would both support performances and maintain or improve competences. In particular, the virtual companion would be addressed to operators in an aeronautical factory. The case study requires in line simulation of dynamic physical processes. Two fields of the literature were used: frameworks concerning interface design for dynamic situations and those concerning competences. A three-parts methodology was used: (1) activity analysis of the operators in the real factory, (2) conception and validation of a microworld, and (3) design and test of a virtual companion in the microworld. Results show that the operators of the factory use a misleading scheme during their activity. This misleading scheme is also used by random participants. Moreover, this misleading scheme has an effect on the performances of random participants trained in the microworld. Finally, the virtual companion, whose interface is design based on EID principles, does not eliminate the misleading scheme. However, the participants who did not use the misleading scheme performed better after using the virtual companion. This results leads to the conclusion that studying the operators’ use of misleading schemes seems accurate as such schemes may impair the use of interfaces designed to support their activity
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Lucenet, Joanna. „Le rôle de la verbalisation dans le développement de la gestion des buts : une approche vie entière“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3032.
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La gestion des buts, définie comme la capacité à se représenter les buts et à les maintenir activement en mémoire de travail, jouerait un rôle central dans l'efficience du contrôle exécutif. Cette thèse vise à étudier l'évolution de cette composante au cours de différents âges de la vie, ainsi que l'influence de verbalisations imposées sur ce développement. Quatre études ont été conduites et ont révélé 1) que l'amélioration de la capacité à gérer les buts lors de la période préscolaire s'accompagnait d'une évolution qualitative du contrôle; 2) que l'évolution des performances en flexibilité de l'enfance au grand âge était spécifiquement liée au développement de la gestion des buts ; et 3) que les verbalisations imposées modulaient le développement de la gestion des buts en produisant un bénéfice plus marqué chez les enfants et les adultes âgés. L'engagement d'un contrôle anticipé, proactif, lors de tâches d'alternance semble favorisé par l'emploi spontané de stratégies visant à orienter l'attention vers le but de la tâche, à la fois pour récupérer précocement la représentation du but, et pour la maintenir activement en mémoire lors des étapes de traitement de la tâche. L'effet bénéfique de verbalisations imposées chez les enfants et les adultes âgés suggère que ces populations présentent des difficultés à gérer les buts lorsqu'ils doivent effectuer la tâche en silence. Ces difficultés proviendraient d'une immaturité ou d'un déficit du langage interne, ou du fait qu'ils ne comprennent pas l'importance de s'engager dans une préparation anticipée de la tâche, ou encore qu'ils n'ont pas conscience que le recours au langage peut être bénéfique pour effectuer la tâcheGoal-setting, defined as the ability to represent and maintain task goals in working memory, play a crucial role in executive control. The current work aims to study how this component develops across different age groups. It also examines whether required verbalizations have an impact on this development. To this end, four experimental studies were conducted, and revealed 1) that improvement in goal-setting ability during preschool years was associated with qualitative changes in the control used; 2) that flexibility abilities from childhood to old age was specifically linked to the development of goal-setting component; and 3) that requested verbalizations influenced the development of goal-setting ability by producing benefits in children and older adults. The use of proactive control in task-switching could be promoted by the spontaneous utilization of strategies which enable attention reorientation toward task goals to retrieve goal representation and to maintain it in memory during the processing steps of the task. The beneficial effect of requested verbalizations in children and older adults suggests that these age groups encounter goal-setting difficulties when asked to perform the task in silence. Such difficulties may stem from immaturity or deficits in inner speech, from the fact that these age groups do not understand the necessity to engage in an advance preparation of the task, or from their lack of awareness of the benefits induced by verbal strategies
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Questienne, Laurence. „Subjective Experiences in Conflict Tasks“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/259745.
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While performing a task, we feel cognitive and affective conscious experiences that we can subjectively evaluate. For instance, we can feel that we perform well or badly, or that the task is easy or difficult, etc. These subjective experiences could have an influence on behavioural adaptation. In the current thesis, we aimed to understand how these experiences emerge and how they are related to behavioural adaptation. In a first experimental study, we investigated, in the context of a conflict task, the relationship between the experience of conflict and the Gratton effect. This effect is considered as a hallmark of cognitive control. We replicated and generalised previous results (Desender, Van Opstal & Van den Bussche, 2014) that showed that metacognitive experiences of conflict are related to the Gratton effect. In the second study, we demonstrated that people are able to focus on highly specific aspects of their phenomenal experience (i.e. visual vs. motor conflict) that are usually confounded in conflict tasks. In the third and the fourth experimental study of the thesis, we focused on the experience of “urge-to-err”, i.e. the subjective feeling that one is about to make an error, even if the final response is correct. Using electromyography, we showed that this experience is highly determined by features of motor performance. We also demonstrated that subjective experiences of the urge-to-err result from several features that can be objectified and disentangled. Finally, we studied the temporal dynamics of the experience of urge-to-err by analysing the electroencephalographic markers that relate to judgements of urge-to-err. Results show that these judgements are rather blind to pre-response processing, and are mainly supported by tardive processes related to response evaluation.In sum, through different studies using behavioural, electromyographic and electroencephalographic measures, the current thesis discloses the building blocks of metacognitive experiences in the context of conflict task and uncover their mechanisms. This work also contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between subjective experiences and behavioural adaptation.Lorsque nous réalisons une tâche, nous ressentons consciemment des expériences cognitives et affectives que l’on peut subjectivement évaluer. Par exemple, nous pouvons avoir l’impression que notre performance est plus ou moins bonne, ressentir que la tâche est plus ou moins difficile, etc. Ces expériences subjectives pourraient avoir une influence sur nos adaptations comportementales. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous avions pour objectif de comprendre l’émergence de ces expériences subjectives et leurs rôles dans nos comportements adaptatifs. Dans une première étude expérimentale, nous avons investigué la relation entre les expériences de conflit et l’effet Gratton dans le contexte des tâches de conflit. L’effet Gratton est considéré comme une signature comportementale de mécanismes de contrôle cognitif. Nous avons répliqué et généralisé de précédents résultats (Desender, Van Opstal & Van den Bussche, 2014) qui avaient montré que les expériences métacognitives du conflit sont liées à l’effet Gratton. Dans une seconde étude, nous avons montré que les participants sont capables de se concentrer sur des aspects très spécifiques de leur expérience phénoménale, ces aspects (conflit visuel et conflit moteur) étant habituellement confondus dans des tâches de conflit. Dans la troisième et quatrième étude de cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l’expérience de « urge-to-err », c’est à dire le sentiment subjectif d’être sur le point de faire une erreur, bien que la réponse donnée soit finalement correcte. En utilisant des enregistrements électromyographiques, nous avons montré que cette expérience subjective résulte d'une combinaison de différents aspects de la tâche, dont en particulier la performance motrice. Finalement, nous avons étudié le décours temporel de l’émergence de l’expérience de « urge-to-err » en analysant les marqueurs électroencéphalographiques liés à cette expérience. Les résultats montrent que notre expérience subjective de « urge-to-err » est aveugle aux traitements cognitifs qui ont lieu avant la réponse motrice. Cette expérience est principalement sous-tendue par des traitements tardifs liés à l’évaluation de la réponse. En résumé, à travers différentes études utilisant des mesures comportementales, électromyographiques et électroencéphalographiques, la présente thèse révèle les éléments constitutifs des expériences métacognitives dans le contexte de tâches de conflit. Ce travail contribue également à une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre expériences subjectives et comportements adaptatifs.
Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Rothé, Marie. „Activités spécifiques du cortex cingulaire antérieur et du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral et interactions lors de l’adaptation des comportements“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10268/document.
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Agir de façon optimale dans un environnement incertain nécessite d'évaluer et de comparer les coûts et bénéfices des différentes alternatives. Cela implique aussi de réguler et de contrôler le comportement de façon flexible pour optimiser les périodes de recherche de gains ou de ressources et les périodes d'exploitation des acquis. Une des hypothèses actuelles sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques impliqués, propose que cortex cingulaire antérieur (CCA), associé à l’évaluation de l’action, et cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral (CPFdl), associé au contrôle cognitif, interagiraient pour réguler le comportement. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont permis de préciser le rôle joué par le CCA dans la détection et l’évaluation des performances ainsi que ses interactions avec le CPFdl au sein d'une boucle du contrôle cognitif. Menés grâce à des enregistrements électrophysiologiques chez le singe en comportement, ils apportent des précisions sur la séquence d’activation du CCA et du CPFdl dans la bande de fréquences gamma lors de l'adaptation du comportement. L’étude des potentiels de champs locaux de ces deux régions amènent à poser des hypothèses sur les mécanismes oscillatoires sous-jacents et notamment sur le rôle des communications basses fréquences entre le CCA et le CPFdl et leur implication différentielle entre recherche et exploitationActing optimally in uncertain environments requires evaluating costs and benefits of choosing each alternative. It also requires to flexibly regulate between exploration for and exploitation of resources. One current hypothesis is that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), involved in action valuation, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), involved in cognitive control, interact to elaborate an optimal regulation of behaviour. Studies achieved during this thesis allowed to precise the role of ACC in the detection and valuation of action outcomes as well as to describe the interactions with dlPFC in a cognitive control loop. Thanks to neurophysiological recordings in behaving monkey our work give new clues on the sequential activation of ACC and dlPFC during adaptation. The analyses of local field potentials allowed us to suggest hypotheses on the underlying oscillatory mechanisms, in particular on low frequency communications between ACC and dlPFC, and their modulation during exploration and exploitation
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Deline, Stéphane. „Différences individuelles dans les processus de contrôle attentionnel chez des personnes jeunes et âgées : approches expérimentale et computationnelle“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00960549.
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L'effet du vieillissement sur les fonctions cognitives de haut niveau demeure encore relativement incompris. Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre les différences interindividuelles de performances entre les individus jeunes et âgés par l'étude des processus de contrôle attentionnel mis en jeu dans les tâches de commutation attentionnelle. Dans un premier temps, deux tâches d'alternance de type séries alternées ont été administrées à des adultes jeunes et âgés. Les résultats n'indiquent pas d'effet de l'âge sur les coûts d'alternance mesurés mais en revanche un coût d'alternance asymétrique (étude 1) et des coûts d'alternance locaux et globaux différents selon les individus (étude 1 et 2). Dans un second temps, un travail de modélisation du fonctionnement cognitif à l'aide de l'architecture cognitive ACT-R a été réalisé. Il permet de tester la plausibilité des hypothèses de diminution de la vitesse de traitement (VT) et de diminution de la capacité de la mémoire de travail (CMT), à pouvoir reproduire les différences de performances entre jeunes et âgés. Les résultats des tests d'hypothèse pour les deux études réalisées indiquent que ces hypothèses ne reproduisent pas assez les effets empiriquement observés ce qui suppose que les hypothèses de diminution de la VT ou de la CMT sont insuffisantes pour expliquer les différences de performances individuelles observées. Cette étude met en évidence l'intérêt de la modélisation cognitive computationnelle dans la compréhension des processus sous-jacent le fonctionnement cognitif humain.
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Saunders, Blair. „Mood-dependent changes in cognitive control“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4503.
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The symptomatology of depression includes affective and cognitive features. As such, depression has been associated both with maladaptive concern over emotional material, and also with general impairments in attentional control. In the current thesis, I investigated the potential influence of such depression-related dysfunctional emotional processing on a range of cognitive control abilities, using experimental paradigms containing either neutral or affective stimuli. In contrast to the hypothesis that depressive symptoms are associated with generally compromised cognitive control, depression-related impairments were not found on a range of ‘classic' measures of cognitive control, including error-processing (pre-error speeding, posterror slowing and error-related ERPs), overriding response conflict (colour-word Stroop interference, conflict adaptation) or more sustained control processes (cued-RT performance, preparatory ERPs, and maintaining long-term speed-accuracy tradeoffs). Interestingly, however, differences between groups with low and elevated levels of depressive symptoms emerged during the performance of emotionally valenced tasks. First, an elevated depressive symptom group showed a reduced ability to resolve emotional conflict arising between competing affective representations. When compared with spared performance on the classic Stroop task, this result suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with a specific impairment in the ability to regulate emotional distraction. Secondly, an ERP related to advanced preparation in cued-RT tasks (the CNV), but not those associated with early perceptual processing (P1, N170), was selectively modulated by negative, but not positive, task-irrelevant emotional distractors presented during the cue-target interval. This pattern of ERP results supports a late processing locus of affective attentional bias in depression. Together, the current results propose that control processes which facilitate the regulation of emotional material (i.e. over emotional sources of distraction) might be selectively affected by increased depressive symptoms, suggesting that future work should consider affective variables when investigating executive control processes in depression.
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Chaillou, Anne-Clémence. „Influence des affects positifs sur le contrôle cognitif chez les volontaires sains et les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ120.
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L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d’avancer dans la compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels les émotions positives modulent cognition et comportement. En nous basant sur des mesures comportementales et électrophysiologiques, nous avons abordé ce questionnement chez des volontaires sains, et des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie, pathologie dans laquelle les affects n’influencent pas le comportement de manière appropriée. Nos résultats montrent que les émotions positives diminuent de manière globale la préparation attentionnelle, un des mécanismes de contrôle cognitif. Néanmoins, lorsqu’elles sont associées à un fort niveau de motivation, elles permettent au contraire une mobilisation plus importante du contrôle cognitif. Cette modulation du contrôle cognitif par les émotions positives est plus susceptible d’apparaitre chez les personnes présentant une tendance marquée à ressentir des émotions négatives. Chez les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie, cette modulation ne s’effectue pas de manière appropriée, y compris lorsque l’expérience affective positive est induite de manière non conscienteThe aim of this project was to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms by which positive emotions modulate cognition and behavior. By using behavioral and electrophysiological measures, we addressed this question in a population of healthy controls, and in patients suffering from schizophrenia, because in this disease affect does not appropriately modulate behavior. Our results show that positive emotions globally decrease attentional preparation, a cognitive control mechanism. Nevertheless, when associated with a high level of motivation, they allow for improved recruitment of cognitive control. This modulation of cognitive control by positive emotions is more likely to appear in individuals who have a marked tendency towards experiencing negative emotions. In patients suffering from schizophrenia, this modulation is not appropriate, not even for non-consciously induced positive affective experiences
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Hulbert, Justin Conor. „Inducing amnesia through cognitive control“. Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610685.
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Magis, Weinberg Lucía Inés. „Cognitive control development in adolescence“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10040027/.
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Adolescence is a transitional period in which an increasing ability to coordinate basic cognitive control abilities is also particularly challenged by contextual factors in the environment. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the development of complex cognitive control in adolescence in relation to different socio-affective contexts at the behavioural and neural level. The dissertation presents three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments. The first studies explored transient and sustained aspects of cognitive control, and how the context influences behaviour and brain activation during cognitive control tasks. Study 1 used a prospective memory task where the cues were more or less salient, affecting the need to proactively monitor the stimuli vs. react to more distinctive cues. Study 2 used a working memory task and manipulated the reward context, on a trial-by-trial or run-by-run basis. Study 3 used a relational reasoning task to investigate manipulation and integration of information and its sensitivity to the nature of this information, in particular whether making judgements in the social domain elicited specific brain activations compared to the non-social domain. All three studies were run in adolescent and adult participants, to allow the study of developmental changes in complex cognitive control at the behavioural and brain level. Study 1 found behavioural evidence for development of prospective memory in adolescence and neuroimaging evidence for sustained and transient activation of the frontoparietal network associated with monitoring costs for cue detection whilst being engaged in a different task. Study 2 found that in the context of sporadic rewards, both adolescents and adults combine a proactive and a reactive strategy to maximise performance. Reward had both sustained and transient effects on frontoparietal regions as well as subcortical regions involved in reward processing. Study 3 showed parallel recruitment of the social brain and the relational reasoning network during the relational integration of social information in adolescence and adulthood. Across the three studies, there was evidence for behavioural improvement with age, but no strong differences of haemodynamic brain changes between adolescence and adulthood.
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Coulthard, Elizabeth Jane. „Cognitive control in visual neglect“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445221/.
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Flexible behaviour in humans requires rapid choices between conflicting actions plans. Although much attention has focused on how prefrontal cortex guides action under situations of response conflict, little is understood about the contribution of parietal cortex. In this thesis I explore the role of the parietal lobe when action selection requires resolution of competition between conflicting motor programs. Competitive imbalance between motor programs, resulting in disparity between leftward and rightward action plans, could in theory lead to directional motor bias in patients with parietal damage and spatial neglect. The first three chapters reporting experimental findings examine directional motor performance in right-hemisphere stroke patients, with and without neglect. Using a modified Eriksen flanker task, we show that right parietal damage associated with leftward spatial neglect leads to paradoxical facilitation (speeding) of rightward movements in the presence of conflicting leftward response plans. These findings indicate a critical role for parietal regions in action planning when there is response competition. In contrast, patients with prefrontal damage have an augmented cost of conflict for both leftward and rightward movements. Subsequently, results from both masked prime and free choice tasks support a parietal role in directional motor processing. Two further chapters reporting experimental findings investigate firstly the asymmetric basis of motor programming in normal subjects and secondly motor neglect, showing that underutilization of the left arm is associated with failure to suppress unwanted right-sided action plans. Overall, the data presented in this thesis suggest that parietal cortex plays a key role in directional movement selection particularly when there is competition between potential action choices. Further, there is evidence for at least two independent systems, with right parietal cortex being a crucial site for automatic activation of competing motor plans and prefrontal regions acting in parallel to inhibit information irrelevant to current task goals.
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Imana, Eyosias Yoseph. „Cognitive RF Front-end Control“. Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51121.
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This research addresses the performance degradation in receivers due to poor selectivity. Poor selectivity is expected to be a primary limitation on the performance of Dynamic-Spectrum-Access (DSA) and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies. Both DSA and mmWave are highly desired technologies because they can address the spectrum-deficit problem that is currently challenging the wireless industry. Accordingly, addressing poor receiver selectivity is necessary to expedite the adoption of these technologies into the main street of wireless. This research develops two receiver design concepts to enhance the performance of poorly-selective receivers.
The first concept is called cognitive RF front-end control (CogRF). CogRF operates by cognitively controlling the local-oscillator and sampling frequencies in receivers. This research shows that CogRF can fulfil the objective of pre-selectors by minimizing the effects of weak and moderately-powered neighboring-channel signals on the desired signal. This research shows that CogRF can be an alternative to high-performance pre-selectors, and hence, CogRF is a viable architecture to implement reliable DSA and mmWave receivers. The theoretical design and hardware implementation of a cognitive engine and a spectrum sensor of CogRF are reported in this dissertation. Measurement results show that CogRF significantly reduces the rate of communication outage due to interference from neighboring-channel signals in poorly-selective receivers. The results also indicate that CogRF can enable a poorly-selective receiver to behave like a highly-selective receiver.
The second receiver design concept addresses very strong neighboring-channel signals. The performance of poorly selective receivers can easily suffer due to a strong, unfiltered neighboring-channel signal. A strong neighboring-channel signal is likely for a DSA radio that is operating in military radar bands. Traditionally, strong neighboring signals are addressed using an Automatic-Gain-Control (AGC) that attempt to accommodate the strong received signal into the dynamic range of the receiver. However, this technique potentially desensitizes the receiver because it sacrifices the Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) of the desired signal. This research proposes the use of auxiliary-receive path to address strong neighboring-channel signals with minimal penalty on the SNR of the desired signal. Through simulation based analysis, and hardware-based measurement, this research shows that the proposed technique can provide significant improvement in the neighboring-channel-interference handling capability of the receiver.Ph. D.
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Pavlov, Garcia Olivia C. „Intentional Control of Cognitive Dynamics“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1446547138.
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Jiang, Huangqi. „FACTOR ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE CONTROL“. Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1562597562093455.
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Tully, Laura Magdalen. „Cognitive Control of Emotional Information in Schizophrenia: Understanding the Mechanisms of Social Functioning Impairments“. Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11105.
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Social functioning impairments are a core, debilitating, and treatment refractory feature of schizophrenia. The mechanisms contributing to these impairments are unknown. Cognitive control mechanisms, mediated by the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), are known to influence response to interpersonal stressors in healthy individuals, thus impairments in these processes may contribute to social deficits. Deficits in cognitive control and lateral prefrontal abnormalities are well-documented in schizophrenia, but the relationship between these deficits and social interactions has received limited attention in the literature. The current dissertation presents a systematic examination of the contribution of the behavioral and neural mechanisms of cognitive control to social functioning impairments in schizophrenia. Three papers are presented.Psychology
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Grisetto, Fanny. „Impulsivity is not just disinhibition : investigating the effects of impulsivity on the adaptation of cognitive control mechanisms“. Thesis, Lille 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL3H031.
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L’impulsivité est une tendance comportementale fréquemment observée dans la population générale mais à des degrés différents. À ce propos, une forte impulsivité augmente les risques de développer un trouble psychiatrique, tel que les différentes formes d’addiction ou des troubles de la personnalité. Pour comprendre l’émergence de ces divers troubles comportementaux, mon projet de thèse s’est porté sur le rôle du contrôle cognitif dans les manifestations de l’impulsivité. Le contrôle cognitif est, en effet, un ensemble de fonctions cognitives nous permettant d’adapter nos comportements à un environnement changeant, et donc complexe. Durant ma thèse, je me suis plus particulièrement intéressée aux capacités d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle proactif et réactif chez des individus impulsifs, principalement dans la population générale mais également auprès de patients alcoolo-dépendants.Les trois premières études de ma thèse ont montré qu’une forte impulsivité était caractérisée par une utilisation moindre des mécanismes proactifs associée à un défaut d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle aux demandes externes et aux contraintes internes.Les individus impulsifs exercent moins de contrôle proactif alors que celui-ci devrait être favorisé au vu des caractéristiques contextuelles ou individuelles. Dans une quatrième étude dans laquelle des enregistrements EEG ont été effectués, nous nous sommes intéressées à l’activité cérébrale typique observée au moment de l’exécution des erreurs,nommée ERN/Ne, et dont le rôle serait de signaler les besoins en contrôle. Une réduction de cette activité cérébrale a été observée chez les individus les plus agressifs, mais pas chez les individus les plus impulsifs. Ce résultat suggère que l’émergence de comportements inadaptés pourrait être en partie expliquée par cette réduction du signal d’alarme. Enfin,des résultats préliminaires suggèrent un lien entre un indice périphérique de l’adaptation physiologique (HRV) et les capacités d’adaptation des mécanismes de contrôle. Ce résultat ouvre la voie à de nouvelles interventions thérapeutiques pour la réduction des comportements inadaptés.Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que l’impulsivité en population générale est associée à un système de contrôle cognitif moins proactif et moins flexible,menant potentiellement à des comportements inappropriés quand les mécanismes de contrôle en jeu sont inadaptésImpulsivity is a behavioral tendency frequently observed in the general population butat different degrees. Interestingly, higher impulsivity increases the probability to develop and to be diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, such as substance use or personality disorders. To gain a better understanding on the emergence of such psychiatric disorders, my PhD project focused on the role of cognitive control in impulsive manifestations. Indeed, cognitive control is a set of basic executive functions ensuring adaptive behaviors to an ever-changing and complex environment. More particularly, during my PhD research, I investigated the flexible adaptation between reactive and proactive control mechanisms in impulsive individuals, mainly from the general population but also from an alcohol-dependent population.The first three studies of my thesis revealed that high impulsivity was characterizedby a less-proactive cognitive control system, and associated with a weaker adaptation ofcognitive control mechanisms both to external demands and internal constraints. Morespecifically, I observed that high impulsive individuals less exert proactive control whileit should be favored given contextual or individual characteristics. In the fourth study inwhich EEG signals were recorded, we were interested in the brain activity that is typicallyobserved during errors (i.e., the ERN/Ne), which is thought to signal the need for control.A reduction in this brain activity was observed in high aggressive individuals, but notin high impulsive individuals. This finding suggest that the emergence of maladaptivebehaviors may be explained, to a certain extent, by the reduced alarm signal. Finally, somepreliminary results suggest a link between a peripheral index of physiological adaptation(i.e., HRV) and the capacity to adapt control mechanisms. These findings open newavenues for therapeutic interventions in the reduction in maladaptive behaviors.Overall, findings from the current thesis suggest that impulsivity in the general population is associated with a less proactive and a less flexible cognitive control system, potentially leading to inappropriate behaviors when the control mechanisms at play are maladapted
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Tafuro, Alessandra. „Tracking Cognitive Control: How do we solve interference?“ Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422347.
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Selecting relevant information in the presence of distracting one is a core component of cognitive control, referred as interference resolution. This process has been often investigated through the Stroop task, where responses are longer when two stimulus features are incongruent, compared to when they are congruent (Stroop effect). Despite a large body of literature about this process, the mechanisms of interference resolution are still matter of debate. The present PhD project aimed at shedding light on the temporal dynamics of interference resolution and the related neural underpinnings. In Study 1 we focused on investigating the brain oscillations involved in this process during a spatial Stroop task, aiming at understanding if these correlates and their temporal course change across the lifespan by recruiting younger and older adults. We found age-related differences in theta and beta bands. Theta may represent an early mechanism signalling the need to exert control, which seems to be impaired with aging. Beta may correspond to the process of relevant information selection and older adults showed an over-recruitment of these frequencies. Previous evidence suggested that these results may be attributed to age-related differences in the use of proactive and reactive control, in line with the DMC (Dual Mode of Control) model. Proactive control is defined as an anticipatory attentional bias, whereas reactive control as a late correction mechanism. To study more in depth the different contribution of these control modes, we developed Study 2. We used the same task, manipulating the percentage of congruency (PC) at different levels, list or item, to elicit proactive and reactive control respectively. We also recorded computer mouse trajectories because the high temporal resolution of this tool can shed light on the underlying temporal dynamics of these control modes. Analysis of mouse-derived measures showed that the Stroop effect was present as costs in responding to incongruent trials, reflected in a greater attraction toward the irrelevant information, less smooth trajectories, and longer time to respond due to the updating and adjustments of the trajectories. We found that the magnitude of the interference varied as a function of the PC manipulations, with smaller Stroop interference for low-PC manipulations. Our results suggested also that reactive control may work faster than previously thought, possibly triggering a rapid attentional bias toward the relevant information similar to the one predicted for proactive control. To investigate further the role of proactive control it was necessary to study the time preceding stimulus appearance. Hence, we developed Study 3 in which we used the same mouse-tracking task, manipulating the PC at the list level to mainly elicit proactive control, and we recorded EEG signal to have a window on the brain dynamics before stimulus presentation. We found clear PC-dependent modulations of the interference, both at the behavioural and the neural level, for which we found smaller Stroop effect for blocks with low PC. Behavioural results generally replicated those of Study 2. EEG results showed PC-related modulations of interference, which mirrored the same pattern observed in mouse-derived measures and mainly involved theta and beta bands. This project provides confirmations and new suggestions in the study of interference resolution. We confirmed the involvement of theta in this process, interpreted as an early mechanism of interference detection that signals the need to exert control. We also found a main involvement of beta that may represent the imposition of early attentional biases toward the relevant information. We interpreted these results in line with the Cascade of Control and the DMC models. This project represents a first attempt to evaluate more deeply the temporal course of proactive and reactive control, taking advantages of two techniques with high temporal resolution.
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Gleave, Rachel Anne. „An Electrophysiological Investigation of Emotional Attention and Memory Biases in Depression: The Role of Working Memory Inhibitory Control Deficits“. Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367702.
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The high recurrence rate in depression suggests specific cognitive factors increase an individual’s risk for developing repeated episodes of the disorder. A factor implicated in the literature is biased cognitive processing of negative information. This includes sustained attention, elaboration and autobiographical memory for negative versus positive events. Empirical evidence and contemporary models suggest impaired ability to utilise inhibitory control over the entry and removal of extraneous negative information in working memory mediates these emotional processing biases (see Beck, 2008; Joormann, Yoon, & Zetsche, 2007). In depression, inhibitory control deficits are linked to poor emotional regulation (Joormann & Vanderlind, 2014) and increased tendency to rumination (Joormann & Gotlib, 2008), which serve to perpetuate and exacerbate depressed affect (Beck, 2008; Joormann, Yoon, & Zetsche, 2007). Previous research has primarily focused on examining the relationship between depression and biased cognitive processes and cognitive control deficits in different studies. However, the predicted interrelations between these processes in depressed and remitted-depressed samples have received limited investigation. To advance insight into the functional relations among these emotional information processing biases and cognitive deficits, the aim of the dissertation was to investigate these processes in a single investigation.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology
Griffith Health
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Gonthier, Corentin. „Cognitive control in working memory : an individual differences approach based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework“. Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS035/document.
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La mémoire de travail et le contrôle cognitif sont des construits proches ; on suppose généralement qu'une forte capacité en mémoire de travail est associée à un contrôle cognitif efficace. Cette hypothèse a des implications importantes pour la cognition humaine et apporte une explication élégante à la corrélation fréquemment reportée entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. En revanche, les difficultés d'opérationnalisation et de mesure du contrôle cognitif rendent l'hypothèse difficile à tester. Un modèle récent du contrôle cognitif, le modèle à Deux Mécanismes de Contrôle (DMC), offre une solution à ce problème : ce modèle propose l'existence de deux mécanismes de contrôle cognitif distincts et permet de les opérationnaliser de façon efficace. La littérature prédit que l'un de ces deux mécanismes, le contrôle proactif, devrait être lié à la mémoire de travail. L'objectif de cette thèse était de tester l'existence d'une relation entre les différences inter-individuelles en mémoire de travail et la tendance à mettre en place un mécanisme de contrôle proactif. Cette relation a été testée sous quatre axes de travail : 1) en utilisant de nouveaux paradigmes expérimentaux pour mesurer la tendance à utiliser le contrôle proactif, 2) grâce à des tâches classiques de contrôle cognitif choisies pour leur sensibilité au contrôle proactif, 3) à travers une approche par imagerie cérébrale incluant électro-encéphalographie et imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle, et 4) en tant que facteur explicatif de la relation entre mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide. Dans l'ensemble, nos résultats n'ont pas permis de soutenir l'idée que la capacité en mémoire de travail est directement liée à la tendance à utiliser un mécanisme de contrôle proactif ; les données suggèrent plutôt un avantage général en faveur des participants à forte capacité en mémoire de travail dans toutes les situationsThe constructs of working memory and cognitive control are conceptually close; a high working memory capacity is hypothesized to be associated with an efficient cognitive control. This hypothetical association has large implications for human cognition and provides an elegant explanation for the frequently reported relationship between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence. However, the difficulty in operationalizing and measuring cognitive control makes this hypothesis hard to test. One model of cognitive control, the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework, constitutes a possible solution to this problem: the model proposes two distinct mechanisms of cognitive control which can be efficiently operationalized and studied. There is reason to believe that one of these two mechanisms, proactive control, is specifically related to working memory capacity. The objective of the present research work was to assess the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity and the tendency to use proactive control. This relationship was tested in four steps: 1) by using innovative measures of the tendency to use proactive control, based on newly developed paradigms, 2) with classic cognitive control tasks sensitive to proactive control, 3) with a neuroimaging approach using electro-encephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging, and 4) by testing whether the use of proactive control explains the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence. Overall, our results did not support the idea that working memory capacity is uniquely related to the tendency to use proactive control; the data were more consistent with a general advantage of participants with a high working memory capacity in all situations
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Bolívar, Díaz Nicolás. „Medium access control messaging scheme for cognitive radio networks“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84098.
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Cognitive Radio (CR) is one possible option for mitigating the inefficient wireless spectrum distribution that occurs as a result of fixed spectrum allocation. The use of Dynamic Spectrum Access capabilities will potentially enable secondary users to utilize available and unoccupied frequency slots (channels) whenever the licensed users for those channels are absent. In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), whenever users access the spectrum in an opportunistic manner, control messaging is a crucial issue to ensure that secondary users, i.e. Cognitive Radio Users (CRUs), do not interfere with the licensed users, i.e. Primary Users. In CRNs, where not all CRUs share the same set of channels, i.e. CRUs with Heterogeneous Frequency Devices (HFD), a set of channels must be chosen with care to allow all CRUs in the network to be able to transmit and receive control information. The thesis considers how Control Messaging Schemes (CMSs) can be used within CRNs and proposes a novel CMS for a CRN supporting HFDs. The thesis starts by classifying the CMSs; generating a new taxonomy and identifying the main characteristics for an efficient CRN with HFD. Then, different mathematical approaches for choosing the set of channels used for control information are presented. Next, a CMS for a CRN with HFDs model based upon the aforementioned characteristics and calculating the minimum number of channels for transmitting control information is proposed. Finally the thesis concludes with a number of CMS being presented and evaluated in terms of their impact upon transmission efficiency.
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Torresi, Elaine Cristina de Barros. „Bilinguismo tardio, sem imersão e receptivo em tarefas de controle cognitivo : uma análise comportamental e eletrofisiológica“. reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Maria Teresa Carthery-GoulartDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2017.
Vantagens cognitivas do bilinguismo têm sido questionadas. Variáveis confundentes (i.e., idade, nível socioeconômico, imigração, etc.) e as múltiplas variáveis da experiência bilíngue poderiam explicar os diferentes achados da literatura. Neste estudo controlamos as variáveis confundentes e caracterizamos uma amostra bilíngue quanto à proficiência, balanceamento, idade e forma de aquisição, grau de imersão, frequência e padrão de uso da segunda língua (L2). Utilizamos o Paradigma Numérico de Stroop e avaliamos sob o ponto de vista comportamental e eletrofisiológico a influência do bilinguismo tardio, proficiente, não balanceado, sem imersão e receptivo em tarefas de controle inibitório (efeitos de interferência e Stroop) e flexibilidade mental (efeito de alternância ou custo local), dois aspectos centrais do controle cognitivo/funções executivas. Não encontramos vantagens quanto ao controle inibitório ou flexibilidade mental, observando apenas que bilíngues apresentaram no teste de Stroop, menores tempos de reação que monolíngues. Quanto à eletrofisiologia analisamos as componentes N200, N400 e P300, relacionadas de modo geral ao controle inibitório, processamento de conflitos e utilização de recursos atencionais, respectivamente. Não encontramos diferenças significantes entre os grupos. Nossos achados corroboram os de estudos realizados com adultos de outras nacionalidades e falantes de outras línguas. Discutimos as peculiaridades de nossa amostra como possível fator responsável pela ausência das vantagens. Esses bilíngues, apesar de altamente proficientes, vivem em contexto no qual predomina a L1. Assim, a frequência de alternância entre as línguas é rara e o uso da L2 é dominantemente receptivo (leitura e compreensão oral), sendo diferentes da maioria dos bilíngues adultos jovens descritos nos estudos em que se encontraram vantagens no controle cognitivo. Nossos resultados apontam: (1) a necessidade de que as pesquisas caracterizem de forma mais detalhada a amostra bilíngue no sentido de determinar como diferentes populações podem produzir diferentes resultados, (2) a possível importância da frequência de alternância entre as línguas no fortalecimento das funções executivas e (3) a necessidade de novos estudos que avaliem como o uso receptivo da L2 pode afetar a experiência bilíngue.
Cognitive advantages of bilingualism have been questioned. Confounding variables (i.e., age, socioeconomic level, immigration, etc.) and the multiple variables of bilingual experience could explain the different findings in the literature. In this study we controlled the confounding variables and characterized the bilingual sample regarding proficiency, balance, age and context of acquisition, immersion degree, frequency and pattern of L2 use. We used the Numerical Stroop Paradigm for evaluating the influence of late, proficient, non balanced, without immersion and receptive bilingualism in tasks of inhibitory control (interference and Stroop effects) and mental flexibility (local switching cost), two central aspects of cognitive control / executive functions. We did not find any advantages in inhibitory control or mental flexibility,only observing that bilinguals were faster than monolinguals in the Stroop test. Regarding electrophysiology, we analyzed N200, N400 and P300 components, related generally to inhibitory control, conflict processing and use of attentional resources, respectively. We did not find significant differences between groups. Our findings corroborate those of studies conducted with adults of other nationalities and speakers of other languages. We discuss the peculiarities of our sample as a possible factor responsible for the absence of advantages. These bilinguals, although highly proficient, live in a context in which L1 predominates. Thus, the frequency of language alternation is rare and the use of L2 is predominantly receptive (reading and listening comprehension), being different from most of the young adult bilinguals described in the studies that found advantages in cognitive control. Our results point out: (1) the need for studies to characterize the bilingual sample as broadly as possible to determine how different populations can produce different results; (2) the possible importance of frequency of switching between languages and (3) the need for further studies that assess how receptive L2 use may affect bilingual experience.
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Molzhon, Andrea. „Exploring the Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Executive Function and Theory of Mind Skills of Preschoolers“. VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4226.
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Executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM) skills develop rapidly during the preschool years and have been found to directly and indirectly contribute to school readiness. Evidence indicates that EF may influence ToM development, though this relation may not be consistent across children from different backgrounds. Additionally, socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to affect preschoolers’ EF, while the literature is mixed regarding the effects – if any – that SES may have on ToM development. Though the relation between EF and ToM appears robust across the literature, the possible effects of SES on this relation have yet to be fully explored. As children from low-SES homes are more likely to fall behind at the start of school, and this achievement gap is likely to widen through the school years, it is important to understand how the cognitive components that contribute to school readiness develop and are affected by SES so that we may work toward improving preschool education for children across all socioeconomic backgrounds. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether SES affected the relation between EF and ToM among urban preschool children (ages 3-5 years) from various SES backgrounds. In addition to examining the EF-ToM relation, relations among SES, general cognitive skills, EF, and ToM, as well as relations among age, EF, and ToM, were examined. Results from correlational and regression analyses indicated that SES was related to EF but not ToM, and that EF was not related to ToM after controlling for age. Inconsistent with the majority of previous findings, the results did not support the hypothesized link between EF and ToM. However, the findings from this study do add support to the large body of literature pertaining to the positive relation between SES and EF, and provide evidence that ToM may be relatively protected from the negative effects of low-SES among preschoolers. Results also support previous reports of large age-related changes in EF and ToM that occur during the preschool years. The implications for preschool development and education are discussed.
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Clapp, Amanda Louise. „Investigating cognitive control in language switching“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14106.
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How do bi/multilinguals switch between languages so effectively that there is no obvious intrusion from the alternatives? One can examine this by comparing language selection with task selection, or language switching with task switching. This is the approach adopted in the first of two strands of research presented in this thesis. In task switching, providing advance warning of the task typically leads to a reduction in the performance ‘switch cost’, suggesting top-down biasing of task selection. It is not clear whether the language switch cost also reduces with preparation, partly because there have been very few attempts to examine preparation for a language switch, and partly because these attempts suffered from non-trivial methodological drawbacks. In Experiments 1-3 I used an optimised picture naming paradigm in which language changed unpredictably and was specified by a language cue presented at different intervals before the picture. Experiment 1, conducted on ‘unbalanced’ bilinguals, revealed some evidence of reduction in the language switch cost for naming times with preparation, but only when cue duration was short. In an attempt to further optimise the paradigm, in Experiment 2 the cue-stimulus interval (which was varied from trial to trial in Experiment 1), was varied over blocks instead. Visual cues were replaced with auditory cues – the latter also enabled a comparison between semantically transparent word cues (the spoken names of the languages) and less transparent cues (fragments of national anthems). Experiment 2 revealed a reduction in switch cost with preparation for naming latencies, but only in the second language; the first language showed the reverse. To examine whether the increase in switch cost with preparation in the first language could be due to unbalanced bilinguals biasing processing towards L2, balanced bilinguals were tested in Experiment 3. This revealed a robust reduction in switch cost in naming latencies for both languages, which was driven primarily by the trials with the anthem cues. However, in the error rates the switch cost increased with preparation interval, thus complicating the interpretation of the reduction observed for response times. Experiment 4 investigated whether preparation for a language switch elicits the electrophysiological patterns commonly found during preparation for a task switch – a switch-induced positive polarity Event-Related Potential (ERP) with a posterior scalp distribution. Contrary to a recent report of the absence of the posterior positivity in language switching, it was clearly present in the present EEG data. As in task switching, the amplitude of the posterior positivity predicted performance. The electrophysiological data suggest that preparation for a language switch and preparation for a task switch rely on highly overlapping control mechanisms. The behavioural data suggest that advance control can be effective in language switching, but perhaps not as effective as in task switching. Experiments 1-3 also examined the effect of stimulus associative history – whether the language used on the previous encounter with a given stimulus influenced performance on the current trial). Having previously named a given picture in the same language benefited overall performance, but did not do so more for switches than repeats. Thus, stimulus associative history does not seem to contribute to the language switch cost. The second strand of my research asked whether bilinguals can set themselves independently for speech vs. comprehension. Previous research has examined the cost of switching the language in output tasks and in input tasks. But, it is not clear whether one can apply separate control settings for input and output selection. To investigate this, I used a paradigm that combined switching languages for speech production and comprehension. My reasoning was that, if there is cross-talk between the control settings for input vs. output, performance in one pathway should benefit if the language selected for the other pathway is the same relative to when it is different: a ‘language match effect’. Conversely, if there is no cross-talk, there should not be a language match effect. In Experiment 5 bilinguals alternated predictably between naming numbers in their first and second language (in runs of 3 trials), whilst also having to semantically categorise spoken words which occasionally (and unpredictably) replaced the numbers. The language of the categorisation ‘probes’ varied over blocks of ~17 naming runs, but was constant within a block. The results showed a clear match effect in the input task (categorisation), but not the output task (naming). To examine the potential role of proficiency, Experiment 6 used the same paradigm to test unbalanced and balanced bilinguals. The pattern of results was qualitatively similar in both groups to that observed in Experiment 5: a language match effect confined to the input task. These results suggest ‘leakage’ from the output control settings into the input control settings.
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Landry, Steven J. 1965. „Cognitive grouping in air traffic control“. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50550.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-87).
Subjects performing visual target tracking tasks have been shown to utilize perceptual organization. This organization has been shown to have both Gestalt features and goal-oriented features. Previous studies have attempted to use memory recall techniques to examine potential cognitive groupings in air traffic control tasks, with negative results. Analysis of eye movements has shown similar patterns of organization to the underlying visual tasks. Experiments were performed to evaluate whether recall or eye-tracking techniques can be used to extract perceptual groupings. Subjects' memory of scenario information is generally poor, except where significant manipulation of targets occurred. For this reason it is suggested that recall techniques may not be able to elicit subjects' cognitive groupings. Fixation data, however, indicates clustering consistent with Gestalt factors. Goal-oriented factors did not seem to affect grouping.
by Steven J. Landry.
S.M.
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Zlotowitz, Sally Anne. „Cognitive control of internally-guided behaviours“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445969/.
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Acting according to one's own internal goals is crucial to flexible behaviour. Clinical and lesion studies of patients with frontal lobe damage have demonstrated syndromes potentially resulting from deficits in the cognitive control system for internally-guided behaviours. Some patients can perform well on tasks that are well-constrained by the environment, including standard measures of IQ, yet show impairments in everyday life and laboratory equivalent ill-structured tasks that make planning and self-cueing demands. This thesis is concerned with the executive control of such tasks in the healthy population. Eight experimental studies are reported which consider the role of endogenous and exogenous cueing in prospective memory (PM) and multitasking. Experiments 1-4 integrated the two standard laboratory-based paradigms of task-switching and PM to assess the independence of processes involved in externally-cued task-switching and self-initiated (i.e. internally-generated) PM task switches. These experiments suggested that these two types of task switches are enabled by independent processes. Focusing only on PM, Experiments 5-6 manipulated the degree of internal cueing required by the PM task and analysed the effects on performance of the ongoing task. Participants exhibited poorer ongoing task performance in a time-based PM task without the presence of a clock (internally-cued) compared with PM tasks with stronger external cues (with a clock and event-based). The results support the view that the executive processes recruited for PM tasks reflect the demands made on internal control. In Experiments 7-8, individual * differences in internally-guided control processes were explored after development of an advanced multitasking test (AMT) for the healthy population. AMT performance correlated with some real-life outcome measures. The evidence in this thesis supports the suggestion that different executive processes are employed depending on the demand for internally- generated behaviour. Individual variation in the cognitive control system for internally- guided behaviour may relate to everyday functioning.
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Essig, Fiona. „Cognitive control in verbal task switching“. Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/16339.
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Task switching produces a number of reliable behavioural measures, the main focus of interest here being 'switch cost', the increase in response time when switching between tasks as opposed to performing them separately. Switch costs are typically measured between two tasks and compared to a single-task repeat condition. Current explanations of switch cost fall broadly into either active reconfiguration based accounts (e.g. Rogers & Monsell, 1995) whereby the extra time taken to switch between tasks is attributable to reconfiguration of task set, or passive carryover accounts (Allport, Styles & Hsieh, 1994) where extra time is accrued by the need to overcome conflict between the current task set and the enduring activity of the previous task set. This thesis used the Continuous Series II (Gurd, 1995), a novel continuous verbal switching task which requires individuals to switch continuously between increasing numbers of overlearned sequences (e.g. days, numbers). The aim was to investigate the application of general (whole-task) switch costs (RT costs), memory-based switching and the differential pattern of errors produced by the task, with a view to determining the most appropriate theoretical model to explain costs in the task. General switch costs are measured over the whole time course of the task from beginning to end, instead of the more usual measurement of switch cost over a single switch or repeat within the whole task. Such long-term measures of switch cost account for 'global representational structures' in the task, which are said to contribute to the cost of switching yet are absent from local transitional measures (Kleinsorge, Heuer & Schmidtke, 2004). Global representational structures account for not only the current and preceding trials actually performed but also the possible alternatives for the preceding, current and subsequent trials, thereby reflecting all representations relating to performance of the tasks. The Continuous Series II (Gurd, 1995) measures costs continuously over time between increasing numbers of verbal tasks and as yet has not been linked to either a reconfiguration or carryover-based account. Initial administration to healthy controls and neurological patients confirmed difficulty-related increasing costs and revealed a dissociation of errors between two versions of the task, one including semantic categories. This suggested differential sources of control overseeing conflict detection and resolution, linked in this work to Kahneman's dual system model (Kahneman, 2011) and suggesting the implication of active control. Further work with monozygotic twins mirrored for handedness revealed no predicted effect of handedness but did reveal the employment of vocalised inner-speech as a successful self cueing device, known to be supportive of active reconfiguration in switching (Monsell, 2005). Such cueing was employed by this sample of older adults but had not appeared to benefit the neurological patients who clearly had reconfiguration deficits. Further development of the two versions of the task also allowed rejection of a passive carryover explanation of switch-cost on the basis that switching to the easier task was not more difficult, counter to the prediction of Allport, Styles & Hsieh (1994). At this stage it was evident that some portion of general cost for the task may be artefactual, as participants displayed behaviour suggesting the order of tasks and their updating nature (task content) may be inflating cost beyond a pure measure of switching (an inevitable risk of general switch cost measurement). Investigation of task order showed that production of the category 'days' appeared to conflate sources of error. Reducing the difficultly of component tasks (removing the need to update items) demonstrated that a substantial proportion of general cost was indeed purely switch-related. Returning to the question of cueing (previously demonstrated to be beneficial when self-generated), the final study introduced explicit external cues, consistently predicted to benefit switching (Monsell, 2005). These cues did not reduce time costs in verbal task switching and furthermore failed to prevent errors of task order. The lack of external cue benefit supports an amended version of the Rogers & Monsell (1995) task-set reconfiguration model as the best explanation of switch costs in verbal task-switching. This amended model relies entirely on internally generated representations in a closed system and supports the role of active control in generating switch-cost. General cost, while incorporating task-related artefacts, rehearsals and error recovery, nevertheless has at its core a switch related element. Furthermore, the failure of cues to extinguish between-task errors negates excessive reliance on working memory and further supports the rejection of passive carryover accounts of task switch cost.
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Doerr, C. „Local control of cognitive radio networks“. Connect to online resource, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337087.
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Nigbur, Roland. „How conflict-specific is cognitive control?“ Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16435.
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Kognitive Kontrolle bezieht sich auf eine Vielzahl mentaler Fähigkeiten, die es uns erlauben im täglichen Leben zielgerichtete Entscheidungen zu treffen und sich flexibel an sich ständig ändernde Umweltanforderungen anzupassen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es heraus zu finden, ob Kernfunktionen im Bereich der Konfliktüberwachung, Konfliktkontrolle, Fehlerverarbeitung und die daraus resultierenden Verhaltensanpassungen durch ein einheitliches Kontrollnetzwerk geleistet werden, oder ob spezifische Mechanismen die möglicherweise durch unabhängige neuronale Kontrollschleifen realisiert sind, die Flexibilität unserer Anpassungsfähigkeit steuern. Studie 1 und Studie 2 untersuchen sowohl generelle aus auch spezifische Aspekte der Konflikt- und Fehlerverarbeitung mit Hilfe klassischer Konfliktparadigmen und dem Einsatz von Zeit-Frequenz-analytischen Auswertungsmethoden. Studie 1 untersucht anhand 3 verschiedener Konfliktparadigmen (Simon, Flanker, NoGo) die Modulation der Theta Aktivität (4-8 Hz) und verortet diese grob innerhalb des medial frontalen Cortex (MFC), einer Struktur die durch eine Vielzahl von Studien als entscheidend bei der Konfliktverarbeitung angesehen wird. Die gefundene Theta Aktivität wurde in Studie 2 genutzt, um auch dynamische Netzwerkaktivierungen bei der Bearbeitung von Reiz- und Reaktionskonflikten zu beobachten. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein vermutetes Netzwerk bestehend aus MFC, lateralen präfrontalen Cortices und motorischen Arealen bei der Lösung von Reaktionskonflikten beteiligt ist. In Studie 3 wird eine Simon-Aufgabe, die innerhalb von belohnenden oder bestrafenden Kontexten durchgeführt wurde, genutzt um zu zeigen, dass Konflikt- und Fehlerverarbeitung differentiell durch die Kontextmanipulation beeinflusst werden. Entgegen voriger Annahmen scheinen mehrere neuronale Kontrollsysteme an der Lösung von Konflikten und daraus resultierenden Verhaltensanpassungen beteiligt zu sein.Cognitive control refers to a set of mental abilities that allow us goal-directed behavior in everyday life and to flexibly adapt to permanently changing environmental demands. The goal of the present dissertation was to investigate whether core functions in the area of conflict monitoring, conflict control, error processing and behavioral adjustments caused by these processes are enabled via a unitary control network or whether specific mechanisms that are possibly realized via independent control loops are responsible for the flexibility of our adaptability. Study 1 and 2 investigate general as well as specific aspects of conflict and error processing by using classic conflict paradigms and time-frequency-analytic methods. Study 1 compares the modulation of theta activity (4-8 Hz) across 3 conflict paradigms (Simon, Flanker, NoGo) and roughly situates it within medial frontal cortex (MFC), a structure which has been characterized as crucial for conflict processing in manifold studies. The found theta activity has been used in study 2, to observe dynamic network activations during processing of stimulus and response conflicts. Data confirmed that a hypothesized network consisting of MFC, lateral prefrontal cortices and motor areas is involved in conflict resolution. In study 3 we used a Simon task which was executed either during a rewarding or a punishing context assessing the influence of motivational contexts on conflict adaptation revealing that conflict and error processing were influenced differentially by the context manipulation. Against previous assumptions, several neuronal control systems seem to be engaged during conflict resolution and resulting behavioral adjustments.
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Crow, Kellie T. „Cognitive control, choice, and charity donation“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122922/1/Kellie_Crow_Thesis.pdf.
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While customers are regularly asked to donate to charity at the checkout, and they regularly agree to do so, marketing research has so far been unable to understand what drives checkout donations. The thesis sought to reconcile two theories which offered opposing predictions for how making multiple choices in a row impacts donations to charity. It was found that making many choices in a row, such as those made when buying groceries, increases donations.
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Longstaff, Jeffrey Scott. „Cognitive structures of kinesthetic space reevaluating Rudolf Laban's choreutics in the context of spatial cognition and motor control“. Thesis, City University London, 1996. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/11876/.
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The choreutic conception of the spatial aspect of body movements (originated by Rudolf Laban) was reevaluated according to cognitive and motor control research. "Kinesthetic spatial cognition" (analogous to visual spatial cognition) was identified as the psychological realm of choreutic knowledge. Kinesthesia was identified as arising from sensory receptors throughout the body. Kinesthetic space was defined as spatial information derived from kinesthesia. Kinesthetic spatial cognition was defined as cognitive processes (eg. mental rehearsal) involving kinesthetic spatial knowledge. This concept of kinesthetic spatial cognition has not been heretofore explicitly developed in cognitive science. Elements of the choreutic conception were psychologically validated since they are also well identified in cognitive and motor research. These include how spatial information is defined relative to a reference system; kinesthetic spatial knowledge is based on a mental code of elemental locations; higher-order networks of locations are collected into map-like spatial images; and many symmetrical operations can be performed. Close similarities were identified between choreutic polyhedral-shaped cognitive maps of the "kinesphere" and the "trajectory formation" model. A choreutic prototype/deflection hypothesis posits that dimensions and diagonals serve as conceptual prototypes while actual body movement consists of deflections. Similar spatial prototypes were identified in visual spatial cognition, a kinesiological analysis supported the bodily tendency towards deflections, and this concurred with ergonomic measurements of the shape of the workspace. An experiment attempted to identify prototypes in kinesthetic spatial cognition. Categories of kinesthetic spatial information are distinguished within choreutics and dance. These were reevaluated according to perceptual processes and kinesiology. Choreutic topological forms deflecting across various kinespheric nets are analogous to N. Bernstein's conception of the "co-ordinational net of the motor field ... as oscillating like a cobweb in the wind". An experiment demonstrated that kinesthetic spatial information is organised into cognitive categories and that choreutic material and Labanotation symbols can be advantageously used in experimental research.
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Maggio, Candice. „Le rôle du contrôle perçu dans la relation entre l’âge et la mémoire épisodique rétrospective et prospective“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2018/document.
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La perception pour un individu que son fonctionnement est déterminé par ses propres actions et comportements serait l’un des facteurs clés d’un vieillissement cognitif réussi. Cette perception de contrôle conduirait à fournir des efforts soutenus pour rester performant sur le plan cognitif en dépit de l'avancée en âge, ce qui contribuerait au maintien de bonnes habiletés cognitives au fil du temps. Aujourd’hui, de nombreux travaux mettent en évidence que les personnes avec un fort sentiment de contrôle obtiennent de meilleures performances dans les tâches de mémoire épisodique que les autres. Néanmoins, l’hypothèse d’une préservation différentielle des capacités de mémoire épisodique en fonction du niveau de contrôle perçu manque encore de soutien empirique. A travers trois études expérimentales et la validation d’une nouvelle échelle de contrôle perçu spécifique à la mémoire, la présente thèse visait à déterminer si le contrôle perçu pouvait jouer un rôle positif dans l’évolution de la mémoire épisodique au fil de l’âge adulte puis à identifier les mécanismes explicatifs de la relation entre le contrôle perçu et la mémoire épisodique à différents âges de la vie adulte. Dans l’ensemble, nos études ne permettent pas de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle un contrôle perçu plus élevé atténuerait les différences liées à l’âge en mémoire épisodique. En revanche, nos résultats suggèrent que les personnes, et en particulier les plus âgées, qui perçoivent leur mémoire comme contrôlable obtiennent de meilleures performances de mémoire épisodique que les autres grâce à une plus grande utilisation et à une exécution plus efficace de stratégies cognitives coûteuses en termes de ressources au cours de la tâchePerceiving one’s own functioning as determined by one’s own actions and behaviors would be one of the key factors of successful cognitive aging. Perceived control would lead to sustained efforts to maintain a high level of cognitive performance despite advancing age, which would predict a positive evolution of cognitive abilities over time. Currently, many studies show that people with higher levels of sense of control have better memory performance than people who believe that events are beyond their control. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of empirical support concerning the hypothesis of a differential preservation of memory abilities as a function of levels of perceived control. Through three experimental studies and the validation of a new scale evaluating memory control beliefs, this thesis aimed to determine whether perceived control could make a positive contribution to memory aging and to identify the mechanisms that may explain the relationship between perceived control and episodic memory at different ages. Overall, our studies do not support the hypothesis that higher perceived control would moderate age-related differences in episodic memory. However, our work suggests that individuals, especially the older ones, who perceive their memory as controllable obtain better performance during memory tasks than those who perceive their memory as uncontrollable through greater and more efficient use of resource-demanding cognitive strategies
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Ahmad, Rafat. „L'efficacité de la thérapie cognitive de pleine conscience chez des jeunes filles anorexiques“. Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON30092/document.
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La thérapie de pleine conscience est considérée comme la nouvelle orientation de la thérapie cognitive comportementale. Elle trouve son origine principalement avec le travail de Kabat-Zinn (1979- 2009), le président du centre CFM : Centre for Mindefulness in médecine, qui a montré que la thérapie de pleine conscience est une thérapie autonome capable de diminuer des symptômes pathologiques et influencer la personnalité pour aboutir à des changements cognitifs parfonds. Dans notre travail l’anorexie mentale a été choisie comme une pathologie pouvant être traitée par cette thérapie, ce qui n’avait pas été effectué jusqu’à présent. Les séances se sont déroulées avec des patientes hospitalisées à Lyon et à St. Etienne. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la prise en charge par « la pleine consciences », a fait diminué les symptômes pathologiques d’anorexie mental (physique, psychique et cognitifs), et que les patientes, après la thérapie, ont présenté un locus de contrôle interne par rapport au début de thérapie et par rapport au groupe contrôle ; qu’elles utilisent moins le coping émotion et plus le coping problème et le coping soutien social par rapport au début la thérapie et par rapport au groupe de contrôleThe Mindfulness therapy is considered the new direction of cognitive behavioral therapy. It started mainly with the work of Kabat- Zinn (1979 - 2009) President of CFM Centre: Centre for Medicine in Mindefulness where he interested in managing stress using mindfulness. This study is an attempt to make the therapy of mindfulness as an independent therapy by itself is able to reduce disease symptoms and influence on personality to cognitive changes Profound. It targets to show that this type of therapy is far from being a simple tool to manage stress. Anorexia nervosa has been selected as pathology to be treated by this therapy, which held its session in patient hospitalized in Lyon and St. Etienne. The results showed that the treatment with the Mindfulness had reduced the pathological symptoms of anorexia nervosa (physical, emotional and cognitive), and that patients, after therapy, had became with a locus of control internal Compared with the beginning of treatment, and with the control group, they used less the coping emotional and coping problem and coping social support compared with the start of therapy and the control group
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Pomportes-Castagnet, Laura. „Influence de stratégies nutritionnelles sur le fonctionnent cognitif au cours d’une sollicitation physiologique“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4057/document.
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Dans de nombreuses activités physiques et sportives, la performance dépend de l’efficacité des processus physiologiques et cognitifs sollicités dans l’action. Plus précisément, il semblerait que celle-ci soit fréquemment influencée par l’efficacité des processus décisionnels qui s’effectuent sous pression temporelle. A ce titre, ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à l’effet de l’administration de trois supplémentations nutritionnelles classiquement consommées par les athlètes (hydrates de carbone, caféine et guarana) sur le fonctionnement cognitif au cours d’un exercice. Nos résultats indiquent que l’ingestion isolée de ces trois composés améliore la vitesse du traitement de l’information lors d'une tâche décisionnelle dès la fin d’un exercice. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation de la caféine en rinçage de bouche semble aussi pertinente, puisque nos résultats suggèrent une amélioration probable de l’efficacité des processus relatifs à la gestion d’un conflit au cours de l’exercice. Enfin, une diminution de la perception de l’effort est aussi rapportée lors de l’ingestion de caféine et de guarana, ou de l’utilisation d’hydrates de carbone en rinçage de bouche. L’ensemble de ces résultats indique une potentialisation de l’effet de l’exercice sur la performance cognitive. Il suggère aussi que la mise en place de supplémentations nutritionnelles lors d’un exercice améliore l’efficacité de processus cognitifs qui s’avèrent être essentiels à la performance sportiveIn sport and exercise activities, successful performances strongly depend on the ability to simultaneously carry out cognitive and physical demands. More precisely, it would seem that performance is frequently influenced by the efficacy of decision-making realized under strong temporal pressure. The aim of this thesis work is to assess the effect of nutritional supplements that is carbohydrate, caffeine and guarana on cognitive functions during an acute exercise. Overall, our results suggest that ingestion of these three supplements enhance speed of information processing during a decision-making task at the end of exercise. Additionally, caffeine mouth rinsing seems worthwhile since a likely enhancement of inhibition processes has been reported after use during exercise. Finally, a decrease of perceived exertion has been reported with caffeine and guarana ingestion along with carbohydrate mouth rinsing. In conclusion, our results indicate the potentiation of exercise effects on cognitive function. Furthermore, they suggest nutritional supplements could enhance cognitive processes during exercise in what may be a predictive factor of performance enhancement
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Free, Matthew Lee. „Testing the Cognitive Control Model of Pathological Worry Using Objective Measures of Cognitive Control and Autonomic Arousal“. The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1483459077464123.
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Bradford, Elisabeth E. F. „From self to social cognition : a new paradigm to study differentiations within the Theory of Mind mechanism and their relation to executive functioning“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12005.
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Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and other people. In this thesis, I present a new paradigm, the Self/Other Differentiation task, which was designed to assess ToM abilities – specifically, the ability to attribute belief states to the ‘Self' and ‘Other' – in typically developed, healthy adults. By focussing on fully developed ToM abilities, we aimed to increase understanding of how the ToM mechanism is structured and functions in everyday life, and how individual ToM components may differentially relate to executive functioning (EF) abilities. The Self/Other Differentiation task is a computerized false-belief task utilizing a matched- design to allow direct comparison of self-oriented versus other-oriented belief- attribution processes. Using behavioural (response times/error rates) and electrophysiological (EEG) methods, the work presented in this thesis provides evidence of a clear and distinct differentiation in the processing of ‘Self' versus ‘Other' perspectives in healthy ToM. We established a key role of perspective-shifting in ToM, which we hypothesize plays a crucial role in day-to-day communications; shifting from the Self-to-Other perspective was significantly harder (longer and more error prone) than shifting from the Other-to-Self perspective, suggesting that the ‘Self' forms the stem of understanding the ‘Other'. EEG analysis revealed these effects were present across fronto-lateral and occipital-lateral areas of the brain, particularly across the right hemisphere in parietal regions. We provide evidence of these features as universal, core components of the ToM mechanism, with data collected from both Chinese and Western cultures illustrating similar patterns of results. Results regarding the relationship between ToM and EF were mixed, with one study finding that affective EF positively correlates with ToM task performance, whilst non-affective EF does not, and a further two studies finding no such differential relationship. The Self/Other Differentiation task provides the opportunity to establish the features of ‘typical' ToM processes in healthy adults, to further our understanding of how the mature ToM mechanism functions.
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Guérin, Clément. „Gestion de contraintes et expertise dans les stratégies d'ordonnancement“. Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20025/document.
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Encore très peu de travaux de psychologie se sont penchés sur l’activité d’ordonnancement, par exemple dans la planification des tâches, de l’occupation des personnels et des machines dans des ateliers. Jusqu’alors, les travauxexistants dans la littérature ont cherché à décrire les procédures mises en oeuvre par les ordonnanceurs. En adoptantle point de vue complémentaire des représentations manipulées, cette thèse a examiné les processus psychologiquesimpliqués dans cette activité, en termes de gestion de contraintes. Deux situations d’ordonnancement ont été étudiées : la conception d’emploi du temps et l’ordonnancement manufacturier. En comparant l’activité de novices à celle d’experts,nous avons observé que la stratégie experte est de s’appuyer sur les contraintes visibles dans le Système de Représentation et de Traitement externe de la solution au problème d’ordonnancement (emploi du temps ou diagrammede Gantt). Ces études nous ont également permis de confirmer la capacité d’abstraction des ordonnanceurs experts. De plus, en choisissant deux cas particuliers d’ordonnancement, nous avons aussi pu comparer leurs similarités et leurs différences. Par ailleurs, à partir d’un travail mené antérieurement à l’IRCCyN dans le domaine de la recherche opérationnelle, nous avons évalué un outil d’assistance à l’ordonnancement. Ce travail pluridisciplinaire nous a permisd’examiner l’effet d’une des modalités de coopération homme-‐machine (le contrôle mutuel de la machine) sur l’activitéde l’ordonnanceur, mais aussi la question de la gestion des risques de panne par les ordonnanceursOnly a few research works in psychology are devoted to scheduling, for example about planning tasks, workers and machines occupation in the shop. In the literature, schedulers are mainly described from the procedural viewpoint. For describing scheduling activity, we adopted the complementary representational viewpoints in terms of constraints management. Two scheduling situations have been studied: timetabling and industrial scheduling. By comparing novices and experts, we observed that the latter used constraints visible on the timetable or on the Gantt chart, to solve the scheduling problem. Moreover, experts used a higher level of abstraction than novices in the control of processing. Finally, we highlighted the similarities and differences between industrial scheduling and timetabling. In addition, we conducted a multidisciplinary study from a previous work in the field of operational research by evaluating a scheduling tool. We investigated the effect of the mutual control modality on human scheduling decisions, and the management of breakdowns risks in a shop by schedulers
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Sayan, Stephanie. „Investigating the link between intrusive memories and cognitive control“. Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15655.
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Intrusive memories are memories for negative autobiographical events that come to mind without being deliberately recalled (Hackmann, Ehlers, Speckens, & Clark, 2004). Previous research has demonstrated that intrusive memories, and negative reactions to intrusive memories, are an important feature of depression (Starr & Moulds, 2006; Williams & Moulds, 2008b) and contribute to the maintenance of depression longitudinally (Newby & Moulds, 2011c). It has also been established that intrusive memory experience is related to individual differences in cognitive control, specifically in proactive interference resolution (Verwoerd, Wessel, & de Jong, 2009; Verwoerd, Wessel, de Jong, Nieuwenhuis, & Huntjens, 2011). The present thesis aimed to extend upon these existing findings, using the Dual Mechanism of Control theory, which distinguishes between proactive and reactive modes of control (Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007). Furthermore, in view of some recent ambiguity of the defining feature of an intrusive memory, as compared to a negative involuntary memory more generally (Kvavilashvili, 2014; Moulds & Krans, 2015), another goal of the thesis was to incorporate a wider focus of involuntary memories, rather than focusing only on traditionally studied intrusive memories. Participants from the student population and local community were tested. Overall, results provide some evidence for a negative involuntary memory related deficit in proactive control, on both a classic and an emotional version of the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT). Conversely, there was no link between intrusive or involuntary memory experience and reactive control. A brief mindfulness and self-compassion based intervention, designed to reduce negative reactions to intrusive memories, was also tested. The intervention was successful in reducing intrusive-memory distress, and recommendations for the future development of the intervention are presented.
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Federman, Asaf. „From a self that controls to self-control : paradigm shifts in early Buddhism and in cognitive science“. Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2271/.
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This thesis describes two similar paradigm shifts––one between Brahmanism and Buddhism and the other between Cartesian and non-Cartesian perspectives in contemporary mind-science. These shifts are characterized by a similar transition from the view that there is a Self that exercises ultimate control, to the view that the entire person engages in limited self-control. Both the Cartesian and the Brahmanical perspectives accommodate notions of ultimate free will, immaterial souls, a ‘Self’ that transcends mundane causality and bears similitude to the divine; control is seen metaphorically as the power of an absolute monarch. On the other hand, both the Buddhist and the cognitive-scientific perspectives reject ultimate free will, ultimate Selves and divine transcendence. Instead, they promote the idea that self-control is possible within causally regulated reality, and that people have limited free will; control is seen as a property of the whole agent, not as an ultimate power of an internal monarch. These similarities may explain why Buddhism appeals to cognitive science: both systems are situated at similar positions within similar paradigm shifts. For different reasons, and reflecting different motivations, Buddhism and cognitive science have developed similar outlooks on self-hood and on self-control. The comparison of these two frameworks also helps to clarify a particular conceptual issue regarding self-control and determinism. It exposes the Cartesian assumption under some scholarly concerns that the Buddhist not-Self doctrine practically eliminates the possibility of self-control, self-development, free will, and moral responsibility. Contemporary compatibilist arguments are used to show why this is not so and that in both early Buddhism and in cognitive science self-control can exist in a deterministic reality.