Dissertationen zum Thema „Coffee cooperatives“

The purpose of this study was to assess the management practices of three coffee cooperatives in Rwanda and, subsequently, modify existing educational curricular modules in order to address the identified areas of need. Societal and institutional challenges, such as a lack of management training, may hinder the growth of welldeveloped coffee cooperatives in Rwanda. Capacity building through adult education is a central component to development efforts. The research questions used to accomplish the purpose of this study focused on the principles of cooperative identity, participation and decision making, internal and external communications, organizational and leadership development, and the duties of and relationships between the cooperatives’ leadership. The three cooperatives have been assisted by the USAID-funded PEARL project. The sample population consisted of the Members, Management, and Board of Directors of the three coffee cooperatives in Rwanda. A purposive sample of key informants was selected. A total of 65 individuals participated in the research task. The data were collected from mid-July to mid-August, 2005. This study was qualitative and quantitative in design. The research instruments included a quantitative, close-ended category-scale questionnaire and a qualitative, openended standardized interview. The responses to the open-ended standardized interviews were tabulated based on the frequency and percentage of responses. The close-ended category-scale questionnaires were analyzed based on the frequency and percentage of responses. A case study data analysis methodology was used to combine the responses to the quantitative and qualitative methods. Major findings of the study include that one or more of the cooperatives need education programming in the areas of cooperative member ownership, job descriptions, and ways in which to increase participation in decision-making. The cooperatives need to increase internal communications regarding the function of the federation of coffee cooperatives in securing long-term sustainability. The cooperatives need to empower the sector level leadership to resolve conflicts and increase communication flows.

Coffee production in Costa Rica has brought prosperity to many small farmers, but conflicts of interest with the companies which process and market coffee are still a problem. In addition, producers and processors are plagued by the periodic market cycles of agricultural commodities. Various agencies have promoted cooperatives to help small farmers deal with these problems, but they often fail due to poor management and lack of participation.
This thesis, a multi-layered study of coffee production, processing, and marketing, examines how household producers manage the constraints and opportunities posed by the international market, the Costa Rican state, and the coffee tree itself. A comparative analysis between cooperative and private coffee processors; between two rural communities; and among households in these communities provides the ethnographic context in which the effectiveness of cooperatives as mediating institutions between producers and the world market is analyzed.

This study investigates the resilience of coffee cooperatives and producer organizations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and explores their adaptations to the context in relation to their livelihood capitals. The changes to their operations are analyzed through the contexts of shocks, trends and stresses and how they perceived these threats. The topic of research is relevant given the economic and social importance of cooperatives in these communities and potential impacts to their operations during COVID-19, which is likely to have long-term impacts locally and within the global setting.There is a lack of consensus regarding the classification of cooperatives as resilient organizations, with much of the previous research focusing on financial crisis or natural disasters. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented event on a global scale with far-reaching impacts into social, economic and political spheres, and examining these effects is still a developing realm within academic research. The relationship of coffee producers and their organizations within the global commodity chains renders such organizations particularly vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19 and government policy interventions. Investigating how coffee cooperatives in Honduras have been operating throughout the COVID-19 pandemic assesses their potential capacity for resilience by examining how they have been impacted and the manners in which they have overcome these challenges. This further allows for increased understanding of cooperative resilience and ways in which cooperatives’ capital have the potential to impact their resilience.This research follows an abductive qualitative case study and utilizes semi-structured interviews from various coffee cooperatives and organizations in Honduras as primary sources with existing literature as secondary sources. The interviews were conducted remotely. The findings include accounts from cooperatives and producer organizations, which focus primarily on coffee production, in addition to reports from a privately owned coffee production enterprise and a cooperative member. The Vulnerability Context and Asset Pentagon, components of the Sustainable Rural Livelihoods Framework as described by the Department for International Development, were used to analyze the data, along with variables to assess organizational resilience. The study finds that investments to organizations’ human and social capital were prioritized and heavily relied upon during this crisis and the more established organizations had a larger range of resources from which to draw upon. Nevertheless, by continuing to develop and expand on human and social capital, cooperative organizations can increase their capacity for resilience.

La certification volontaire offre aux consommateurs des informations détaillées sur le processus de production et/ou de fabrication des produits. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations de producteurs du Costa Rica ont historiquement joué un rôle important dans la participation des petits producteurs aux filières certifiées et leur motivation à accéder aux marchés certifiés. Les organisations paysannes jouent un rôle important dans la gestion de certification et de l'accès des petits agriculteurs aux marchés certifiés. Pour ces raisons, le Costa Rica offre un environnement intéressant pour étudier la façon dont les organisations de producteurs de café arrivent à gérer la certification de leurs membres.Cette recherche se concentre uniquement sur les coopératives et les consortiums de coopératives puisqu’elles sont importantes dans le processus de certification. Considérant le manque de connaissances sur le rôle des coopératives et de la certification volontaire du café, cette thèse traite les questions suivantes: Quel est le rôle des coopératives dans la gestion des certifications volontaires ? Quels sont les changements induits par la certification, au niveau des coopératives et des exploitations ?, Quels aspects sociaux uniques propres au Costa Rica influencent la gestion et l'efficacité de la certification?Les administrateurs de vingt des vingt-deux coopératives de café au Costa Rica ont été enquêtés. Quatre coopératives ont ensuite été sélectionnées pour les études de cas approfondies.Bien que les certifications soient souvent critiqués de ne pas provoquer d‘amélioration au niveau de l'exploitation en raison de la sélection des exploitations conformées uniquement, le facteur qui encourage les coopératives à choisir la certification individuelle est la structure des certifications, y compris la faible demande de café certifié, les incitations faible et variables des prix, les coûts élevés de l'audit et des exigences élevées en gestion et en formation. Au Costa Rica, la certification de café volontaire fournissent des avantages réels, bien que minimes aux coopératives ainsi qu’à leurs membres. Les coopératives prennent des décisions sur la gestion des certifications en fonction de leurs stratégies commerciales, du type de café qu'elles produisent et de leur dotation en capital social, cette qui se manifeste comme une solidarité de groupe ou une approche commerciale. La certification incite à une approche plus holistique de la production de café en nécessitant plus de formations et de services liés à la production durable. Elle encourage les coopératives à collaborer avec d'autres parties prenantes, en augmentant leur connectivité et leur capital social. Cela donne aux membres un accès à de nouvelles connaissances et services, ce qui peut potentiellement créer un cercle vertueux de production de capital social.La certification peut cependant encourager les coopératives à offrir des services supplémentaires ou des incitations financières à une partie de leurs membres seulement. Un niveau élevé de capital social est nécessaire au niveau administratif pour assurer une répartition équitable des avantages de la certification tout en offrant des incitations aux membres à poursuivre la certification
Voluntary certifications offer consumers information on the process in which products are produced. Farmers’ organizations play an important role in the management of certifications and in small-farmer access to certified markets. Costa Rican farmers’ organizations have a long history of participation in the certified value chain and in fomenting small farmers’ access to certified markets. Farmers’ organizations also make strategic decisions related to the organization’s participation in the certified value chain and how farmers are supported and incentivized to join.For these reasons Costa Rica provides an interesting milieu to study how farmers’ organizations manage certifications. Because of their importance in the certification process in Costa Rica, this research focuses on cooperatives and consortia of cooperatives. Considering the gap in knowledge regarding the role of cooperatives and voluntary coffee certifications, this thesis presents the following questions: What is the role of cooperatives in the management of voluntary coffee certifications?, What are the advantages and disadvantages of participation in voluntary certifications for cooperatives?, What changes do certifications induce at the cooperative and farm levels?, What social aspects in Costa Rica influence the management and effectiveness of certifications? Administrators from twenty of the twenty-two coffee cooperatives in Costa Rica were interviewed to obtain basic data on harvest size, membership and management and participation in certifications. Four cooperatives were selected for in-depth case studies.Certifications are often criticized for not eliciting widespread change at the farm level due to the selection of compliant farms, but it is the structure of the certifications, including low demand, weak and variable price incentives, high costs of auditing and high requirements for management and training, which incentivize cooperatives to choose individual certifications.In Costa Rica, voluntary coffee certifications promote small but real benefits to cooperatives and their members. Cooperatives make decisions about the management of certifications based on their business strategies, the type of coffee they produce and the social capital inherent in the cooperative, which is manifested as a group solidarity approach or a commercial approach.Certifications incite a more holistic approach to coffee production by requiring training and services related to sustainable production. Certifications encourage cooperatives to collaborate with other stakeholders, increasing their connectedness and organizational social capital. This gives members access to new knowledge and services and has the potential to create a virtuous cycle of the production of social capital.Certifications, however, may induce cooperatives to offer additional services or financial incentives to some members and not to others. A high level of social capital is needed at the administrative level to ensure an equitable distribution of the benefits of certifications while still offering members incentives to pursue certifications

O sistema de financiamento da cafeicultura evoluiu no processo da transição do trabalho escravo para o livre, ocasionando o aumento da demanda do crédito para o custeio anual da safra sobre os empréstimos de longo prazo exigidos durante o regime escravista. Por outro lado, a crise dos preços do café ocorrida entre 1896 e 1906 evidenciou as limitações do sistema de financiamento existente que estava baseado nos adiantamentos fornecidos por comerciantes. As novas necessidades de crédito e o crescente clima de descontentamento com os mecanismos comerciais de financiamento acabariam por suscitar propostas de intervenção do Estado com políticas de crédito agrícola a serem organizadas ou subsidiadas pelo governo do Estado de São Paulo e que viriam a ser concretizadas na esteira do programa de valorização do café, adotado em 1906. Tais intervenções incluiriam a criação de bancos agrícolas e o incentivo às cooperativas rurais de crédito, das quais os chamados Bancos de Custeio Rural são os primeiros experimentos desse tipo no estado e constituem nosso objeto de estudo. Os Bancos de Custeio Rural formaram uma rede de cooperativas de crédito, que atuou entre 1906 e 1914 no interior do estado de São Paulo. Esses bancos emprestavam apenas aos fazendeiros associados o valor demandado no financiamento anual da lavoura. Tendo surgido no contexto da crise cafeeira de 1896-1906, a sua reconstituição revela o intenso debate a respeito dos meios de se combater a crise e sobre o papel do Estado no financiamento agrícola. Os bancos de custeio surgiram como uma alternativa à intervenção governamental no sistema de crédito e representam a primeira experiência com o cooperativismo de crédito no Estado de São Paulo. Em 1914, eles estavam presentes em quarenta e nove cidades paulistas, no entanto, apesar de seu rápido crescimento, eles desapareceram após a falência da companhia que os organizava, em janeiro deste ano. Neste artigo discutimos as circunstâncias de seu surgimento, sua organização, atuação e falência
The financing system of coffee has evolved in the transition from slave to free labor process as credit for the cost of the annual harvest was imposed in relation to long-term loans required by the slave system. On the other hand, the crisis in coffee prices that occurred between 1896 and 1906 would demonstrate the limitations of the funding system, based on advances provided by merchants. The new credit requirements and the growing sense of discontent with commercial financing mechanisms would eventually raise proposals for state intervention through an agricultural credit policy to be organized by the state government of São Paulo and that was to be carried on the mat the coffee valorization program adopted in 1906. Such interventions include the establishment of agricultural banks and encouraging rural credit cooperatives of which the so-called Costing rural banks are the first experiments of this type in the state and constitute our object of study. The \"Bancos de Custeio Rural\" consisted of a network of credit unions that operated between 1906 and 1914 in the state of São Paulo. During this period, these banks lent, to associated farmers only, the necessary amount to fund their annual crop. Having arisen in the context of the coffee crisis of 1896-1906, their reconstitution reveals the intense debate regarding ways to tackle the crisis and the role of the state in agricultural finance. The BCRs emerged as an alternative to government intervention in the credit system and represented the first experience with the credit cooperativism in the state of São Paulo. In 1914, they were present in forty-nine cities of that state. However, despite its rapid growth, they disappeared as soon as the company that have organized them went bankrupt, in January of that same year. In this article, we discuss the circumstances of its emergence, organization, operations and bankruptcy

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as influências do modelo de gestão nas estratégias de duas cooperativas mistas de leite e café da região sul de Minas Gerais. Especificamente, fez-se a análise externa do ambiente (ameaças e oportunidades) ao qual as cooperativas estão expostas e também a análise interna (pontos fortes e fracos) dessas organizações; investigou-se as articulações políticas entre as chapas envolvidas no último processo eleitoral; analisou-se o grau da influência da mudança de gestão na formulação e implementação das estratégias nas cooperativas, comparando-as com indicadores de eficiência financeira, econômica e social. Finalmente, foram levantadas as opiniões dos cooperados a respeito da validade dos princípios doutrinários que regem o cooperativismo e do modelo de gestão de suas cooperativas. Quanto à metodologia, a pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva conclusiva e, também na tipologia de estudos de casos. Adotou-se, para a coleta de dados, a triangulação de técnicas: entrevista pessoal, análise documental (parte qualitativa da pesquisa) e questionário estruturado (parte quantitativa) ao qual aplicou-se a análise discriminante para verificar as divergências nas opiniões dos cooperados considerando-se o porte de produtor rural. Optou-se por omitir os nomes das cooperativas para manter o sigilo tanto das organizações quanto dos entrevistados. Os resultados demonstraram que as principais ameaças do ambiente às cooperativas são: concorrência de produtos lácteos (principalmente com as multinacionais e o mercado informal de leite); concorrência com os distribuidores de insumos agropecuários; dependência das cooperativas em relação à Cooperativa Central de Laticínios do Estado de São Paulo (Central Paulista), a qual estão filiadas e adaptação do modelo de gestão cooperativista ao regime capitalista. As principais oportunidades detectadas são: possibilidade de ampliação do mercado regional de produtos lácteos a ser explorado com as marcas próprias; boa localização geográfica das cooperativas no país (região sudeste); duplicação da rodovia Fernão Dias, o que deve ampliar o desenvolvimento do mercado regional e, finalmente, diversificação vertical na industrialização de café. Os entrevistados têm consciência de que as cooperativas estão expostas às influências ambientais, entretanto, há consenso que a resposta dessas organizações ao ambiente tem sido lenta e burocrática devido, principalmente, ao fato das decisões estratégicas serem tomadas de forma colegiada em esporádicas assembléias que, no geral, têm apresentado baixa participação dos associados. As articulações políticas que ocorreram na última eleição em ambas cooperativas, podem ser consideradas como um momento crítico nessas organizações, provocando reflexos traumáticos em todos os envolvidos no processo (membros das chapas vencedora e perdedora, cooperados e funcionários). Após a eleição na Cooperativa MINAS-1, verificou-se que metade dos membros da nova Diretoria Executiva e Conselho de Administração havia participado em cargos diretivos nas duas gestões anteriores, o que contribuiu para a continuidade de todas as estratégias formuladas na gestão anterior que tiveram influências consideradas positivas, negativas e nulas. Na Cooperativa MINAS-2, após a eleição a chapa de oposição assumiu o poder. Nenhum dos membros da nova Diretoria Executiva e Conselho de Administração havia participado de cargos administrativos nas duas gestões anteriores. Devido a divergências ideológicas nessa transição, houve descontinuidade em algumas estratégias traçadas na gestão anterior, fato que julgou-se como influência negativa. Nas demais estratégias, as influências foram consideradas como positivas, negativas e nulas. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que houve relação entre a estabilidade dos dirigentes nos cargos administrativos com a continuidade das estratégias das cooperativas. A comparação das estratégias com índices de eficiência financeira, econômica e social demonstrou que a Cooperativa MINAS-1 apresentou-se mais eficiente em relação a Cooperativa MINAS-2 devido, principalmente, a estrutura organizacional mais enxuta e menores custos administrativos. Por outro lado, a Cooperativa MINAS-2 mostrou-se mais eficiente na prestação de serviços. Os resultados da análise discriminante, considerando-se o porte de produtor rural, demonstrou que as opiniões do grupo dos mini e pequenos produtores divergiram do grupo dos médios e grandes produtores nas seguintes variáveis da pesquisa: o princípio da adesão livre deve ser eliminado; a cooperativa deve desenvolver novos critérios para pagamento dos cooperados por volume e qualidade; a cooperação entre cooperativas deve ser feita com base na eficiência e interesses estratégicos dos parceiros, seja outra cooperativa ou até mesmo uma empresa não cooperativa; o capital social deve ser corrigido com base nos juros de mercado e não em no máximo 12% ao ano; não é bom para a cooperativa quando grupos se apropriam do poder e ficam muito tempo na diretoria e, finalmente, o cooperado que não cumpre seu papel deveria ser excluído da cooperativa. Contudo, considerando o modelo de gestão das cooperativas, verificou-se que os fatores que mais influenciaram nas estratégias das cooperativas estudadas foram: o amadorismo gerencial dos dirigentes, a ausência de planejamento estratégico e, principalmente, as divergências políticas entre os grupos de interesse envolvidos na disputa pelo poder.
The present research aimed at analyzing the influences of the management model on the strategies of two milk and coffee cooperatives in the southern region of Minas Gerais. Specifically speaking, an external analysis of the environment (threats and oportunities) in which cooperatives in general are exposed to was performed, as well as an internal analysis (positive and negative aspects) of such organizations; political articulations among the groups involved in the previous elections were investigated; the degree of influence of the change of the board, in formulation and implemention of the cooperatives strategies, was analysed, related to financial, economical and social indicators. Finally, the cooperators opinions about the validity of the principles which guide cooperativism, as well as their opinions about their own cooperatives management model were raised. As for the methodology, the research is descriptive conclusive, and also in the typology of case study. As for the collection of data, three techniques were adopted: individual interviews, documental analysis (the qualitative part of the research), and structured questionaire (the quantitative part) to which the discriminant analysis was applied aiming at verifying divergences in the cooperators opinions considering the rural producers size. The names of the cooperatives were omitted to protect both the organizations and the ones interviewed. The results showed that the main environmental threats to the cooperatives are: competition with dairy products (especially those produced by multinationals and the informal milk market); competition with agricultural input dealers; the cooperatives dependence on the Cooperativa Central de Laticínios do Estado de São Paulo (Central Paulista) to which they are affiliated, and the adaptation of the management model to the capitalist regime. The main oportunities detected were: the possibility of enlargement in the regions market of milk products to be explored through the producers own brand of products; convenient location of the cooperatives throughout the countrys southeastern region; the improvement of the Fernão Dias highway, which should enhance the regional market development, and finally, the vertical diversification in the coffee industrialization. The ones interviewed are aware that the cooperatives are exposed to enviromental influences. There is, however, a consensus that the responses from those organizations to the environment has been slow and bureaucratic, due mainly to the fact that the strategical decisions are made in a collegiate manner, in sporadic assembly meetings which, in general, have presented low participation of associates. The political articulations that occurred in the last elections, in both cooperatives, may as well be seen as having caused critical moments in those organizations, traumatically reflecting on everyone involved in the process (members of the winning and of the defeated groups, cooperators and employees). Following the elections at Cooperativa MINAS-1, it was verified that half of the members of the new Executive Board and Management Council had had directive job positions in the two previous administrations, which contributed to the continuity of the strategies formulated in the previous administrations whose influences were considered as positive, negative and nule. At Cooperativa MINAS 2, the oposition group took over. None of the members of the Executive Board and Council of Administration had had any administrative jobs at that cooperative during the two previous administration periods. Due to ideological divergences in the transition some strategies adopted by the previous administrators were not continued, which was considered as negative influence. As for the other strategies, the influences were considered as positive, negative and nule. In that sense, it was verified that there was a relationship between the directors stability in their administrative positions and the maintainance of the cooperatives strategies. The comparison of the strategies to financial, economical and social efficiency indexes has shown that Cooperativa MINAS-1 had a higher performance than that of Cooperativa MINAS-2 due to a smaller organizational structure and lower administrative costs. On the other hand, however, Cooperativa MINAS-2 proved to be more efficient as far as service rendering is concerned. The results of the discriminant analysis, considering the rural producers size, showed that the opinions given by the mini-producers and the small-size producers group diverged from those given by the medium and big producersgroup in the following reasearch variables: the principle of free adhesion should be eliminated; the cooperative should develop new criteria as for the cooperators payment based on volume and quality; the cooperation among cooperatives should be performed with basis on the partners efficiency and strategical interests, be it or not another cooperative or even a non-cooperative entity. Capital stock should be updated with basis on market interests instead of the usual maximum of 12% a year; it is not advantageous, or even good for the cooperative, when groups take over the power and stay in charge for a long period of time and, finally, cooperator who fail to play his part should be excluded from the cooperative. However, considering the management models in the cooperatives, it was verified that the most influencial factors in the cooperatives investigated were: the directors amateur managerial level, the absence of strategical planning, and, mainly, the political divergences among the interest groups involved in the dispute for power.

Le secteur du café en Afrique de l’Ouest est confronté à un double défi. D’une part, l'exportation exclusive de café vert, en tant que produit d'économie de rente, limite l'intégration de la caféiculture ouest-africaine dans la nouvelle chaîne de valeur mondiale du café. D’autre part, cette dynamique freine la structuration d’un marché local et sous-régional. Face à cette double contrainte, qui découle en partie de la régulation du secteur à travers le prisme du PMGP (Prix minimum garanti aux producteurs), l’exportation nette de café ne constitue plus un facteur suffisant pour assurer un développement durable du secteur dans l’espace économique ouest-africain. Pour tirer parti de la croissance du marché mondial, il est nécessaire d’adopter un modèle économique plus intégré pour la caféiculture ouest-africaine. Cette thèse explore cette voie en s’appuyant sur la RPCC (Responsabilité patrimoniale des coopératives caféicoles). La valorisation du patrimoine caféicole en Afrique de l’Ouest repose ici sur l’association du modèle coopératif avec les systèmes d’indication géographique (IG). Combinés, l’outil organisationnel et le levier juridico-financier offrent aux caféiculteurs ouest-africains la possibilité de contribuer à la structuration d’un écosystème socio-économique durable autour du café qu'ils produisent. Afin de démontrer l'efficacité de cette approche de valorisation, qui vise à défendre les intérêts des caféiculteurs par et pour eux-mêmes, la thèse propose la mise en place d'un bassin expérimental. Dans ce cadre, les coopératives caféicoles et les distributeurs collaboreraient autour de la création d'une potentielle Indication géographique (IG) « Cafés du Golfe de Guinée »
The coffee sector in West Africa faces a dual challenge. On one hand, the exclusive export of green coffee as a cash crop limits the integration of West African coffee farming into the new global coffee value chain. On the other hand, this dynamic hinders the development of a local and sub-regional market. Faced with this dual constraint, partly stemming from the sector's regulation through the lens of the PMGP (minimum guaranteed price to producers), net coffee exports are no longer a sufficient factor to ensure sustainable development of the sector within the West African economic space. To leverage the growth of the global market, it is necessary to adopt a more integrated economic model for West African coffee farming. This thesis explores this path by focusing on the RPCC (Cooperative Coffee Farmers' Patrimonial Responsibility). The valorization of coffee farming heritage in West Africa is based on combining the cooperative model with geographical indication (GI) systems. Together, the organizational tool and the legal-financial lever offer West African coffee farmers the opportunity to contribute to the structuring of a sustainable socio-economic ecosystem around the coffee they produce. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this valorization approach, which aims to protect the interests of coffee farmers by and for themselves, the thesis proposes the creation of an experimental zone. In this context, coffee cooperatives and distributors would collaborate on the development of a potential geographical indication (GI) "Coffees of the Gulf of Guinea."

While the movement for fair trading practices in the world market dates back to the 1940s, the labeling and certification initiative “Fairtrade” has existed for about 25 years. My thesis is based on independent research I conducted in November 2013 in La Convención Valley, Peru. Through in-depth interviews with fifteen small farmers and several cooperative officials at La Central de Cooperativas Agrarias Cafetaleras (COCLA), I examine the discrepancies between what Fairtrade’s claims and what farmers themselves perceive to be the benefits and failures of the certification system. I argue that while in theory farmers receive a competitive price for their Fairtrade coffee, in reality this price is subject to many deductions at the cooperative level such that many certified farmers express little understanding of their role in Fairtrade. Additionally, claims of corruption within the cooperative point to deeply entrenched local hierarchies of power. Comparing La Convencion’s history of exploitative feudal systems to present-day complaints of farmers – that the majority of money remains in the hands of cooperative officials, who limit farmers’ access to important market information and flaunt a higher quality of life – suggests that Fairtrade is actually reproducing harmful conditions of the past. I conclude that Fairtrade certification fails to empower farmers to escape local hierarchies of power and the exploitative conditions of the capitalist neoliberal world market. Making global trade truly fair requires an emphasis on an alternative international economic world order that holds consumers more accountable and places more value on the lives and experiences of producers.

El café es uno de los productos agrícolas que genera mayores divisas en el Perú y también es uno de los productos más comercializado en el mundo, gracias a sus diversos beneficios. En la actualidad, 223 mil familias, que están relacionadas a la producción y exportación del café. El Perú es el octavo exportador a nivel mundial de café y el 70% de los cultivos peruanos son valorados por su calidad y rentabilidad. Sin embargo, la poca interacción entre el sector privado y público, la coyuntura internacional, la precariedad de las técnicas inmersa y otros factores han ocasionado que gran cantidad de hectáreas de cultivo se hayan redireccionado al cultivo de otros productos agrícolas. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de los factores económicos y comerciales en la exportación de café en granos verde, partida arancelaria 0901.1190, hacia Japón del 2016 al 2019. En ese sentido, se evaluará el sector cafetalero peruano y la realidad problemática para lograr los objetivos de la investigación. Para lo cual, se utilizó fuentes primarias de diversos autores y herramientas de investigación como: Trademap, Veritrade, Santander Trade, Banco Mundial, entre otros. De igual manera, se recabó información clave mediante entrevistas a profundidad a empresas y cooperativas exportadoras de café verde en granos durante el 2016 al 2019 y a especialistas como: MINCETUR, PROMPERÚ, MINAGRI y Cámara Peruana de Café y Cacao. Se empleó el software “Atlas Ti” para poder realizar el análisis de cada entrevista y determinar el impacto de los factores en estudio sobre las exportaciones de café.
Coffee is one of the agricultural products that generates the most foreign exchange in Peru and is also one of the most traded products in the world, thanks to its diverse benefits. Currently, 223 thousand families are related to the production and export of coffee. Peru is the eighth largest exporter of coffee in the world and 70% of Peruvian crops are valued for their quality and profitability. However, the lack of interaction between the private and public sectors, the international situation, the precariousness of the techniques used, and other factors have caused a large number of hectares of crops to be redirected to the cultivation of other agricultural products. The objective of this research is to analyze the influence of economic and commercial factors on the export of green coffee beans, tariff item 0901.1190, to Japan from 2016 to 2019. In this sense, the Peruvian coffee sector and the problematic reality will be evaluated to achieve the research objectives. For this purpose, primary sources from different authors and research tools such as Trademap, Veritrade, Santander Trade, World Bank, among others, were used. Similarly, key information was collected through in-depth interviews with companies and cooperatives exporting green coffee beans from 2016 to 2019 and specialists such as MINCETUR, PROMPERÚ, MINAGRI and the Peruvian Chamber of Coffee and Cocoa. The "Atlas Ti" software was used to analyze each interview and determine the impact of the factors under study on coffee exports.
Tesis

Le commerce équitable (CE) a connu une forte croissance depuis les années 90. Malgré ce succès, leCE fait l'objet de différentes critiques, notamment concernant sa proximité avec les grands groupesagroalimentaires et la grande distribution. Ce rapprochement caractérise, pour certains, une perte desvaleurs éthiques du CE qui intégrerait des valeurs capitalistes. Or, le CE s'est construit en réaction à cesvaleurs capitalistes. La littérature est importante concernant ces tensions au Nord mais au Sud il estgénéralement question de l'impact du CE sur les producteurs.Nous proposons dans ce travail de nous interroger sur les tensions pouvant exister dans le systèmeCE au Sud, avec une entrée par les coopératives certifiées. Au cours de trois séries d'enquêtes auprès descoopératives de café certifiées par FLO au Costa Rica, nous avons réunis des données quantitatives etqualitatives. A travers le champ de l'économie des conventions, nous montrons que les coopérativescertifiées(i) s'inscrivent dans des mondes différents avec une forte disparité concernant lesmondes civique (collectif) et domestique (traditionnel),(ii) présentent des conventions d'effort très différenciées.Ces éléments expliquent un engagement hétérogène des coopératives dans le commerce équitable :certaines se certifient en portant des croyances fortes sur un lien plus rapproché entre producteurs etconsommateurs quand d'autres ne voient dans le CE qu'une opportunité marketing. Les valeurs marchandessont cependant communes à toutes les coopératives. Nous achevons notre travail en proposant des élémentsde réflexions quant au compromis qui semble s'être créé autour du monde marchand dans le système CE.Ce compromis remet en cause le contrat moral passé dans le cadre du CE entre consommateurs etproducteurs et interroge fortement sur l'avenir du CE
Fair trade (FT) has known a strong growth since the 1990's. In spite of its success, FT is the objectof different criticisms, notably concerning its closeness with big companies and supermarket distribution.This proximity characterizes, for some people, a loss of the ethical values and an integration of capitalistvalues: the problem is that FT was built in reaction to these capitalist functioning. Literature is importantconcerning these tensions in the North, whereas in the South it is generally a matter of the impact of FT on producers.The purpose of this research is to analyze the tensions that can exist in the FT system in the South,with an entrance by the certified cooperatives. In the course of three series of inquiries about the coffeecooperatives certified by FLO in Costa Rica, we collected quantitative and qualitative data. Across the field of the conventions economy, we show that the certified cooperatives:(i) register in the different worlds with a strong difference concerning the worlds civic(collective) and (traditional) servant,(ii) have very differentiated effort conventions.These elements explain a heterogeneous commitment of cooperatives in FT: some people certify bycarrying strong beliefs in a closer link between producers and consumers when others see a marketingopportunity. We finish our thesis by offering thinking elements about the moral contract passed as part ofthe IT between consumers and producers, and deeply questioning the future of FT

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The introduction of new technologies in the rural sector occurs more slowly compared to other sectors of the economy. This work is the result of a study that analyzed the scenario of the introduction of the information technology in cooperatives and coffee-producing properties in the southern region of Minas Gerais to identify factors that delay its adoption. The objects of study were agricultural cooperatives and producers of different sizes. Data were collected from observations, document analysis and interviews with the person in charge of information technology, managers and owners of these properties. After analyzing the cases studied, it was concluded that the agricultural cooperatives have a high technological level and the farms have different levels of technology according to their size.
A introdução de novas tecnologias no setor rural ocorre mais lentamente se comparada a outros setores da economia. Este trabalho é resultado de um estudo que buscou analisar o cenário da introdução da tecnologia da informação em cooperativas e propriedades produtoras de café na região do Sul de Minas Gerais, visando a identificar fatores que retardem sua adoção. Os objetos de estudo foram cooperativas agrárias e produtores de diferentes portes. Como instrumento de coleta de dados utilizaram-se observações, análise documental e entrevistas com o responsável pela área de informática, gerentes e proprietários. Após a análise dos casos estudados, concluiu-se que as cooperativas agrárias possuem nível tecnológico elevado e as propriedades rurais possuem diferentes níveis tecnológicos de acordo com seu porte.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A partir das concepções latino-americanas de comunicação rural, avalia os jornais impressos por duas cooperativas brasileiras de cafeicultores: a Cooxupé, localizada no sul de Minas Gerais, e a Coopemar, no interior paulista. Revela o panorama crítico da cafeicultura no país entre 2002 e 2003 e apresenta a origem e o desenvolvimento do movimento cooperativista. Indica as características atuais e aponta tendências e desafios do cooperativismo diante da globalização da economia. Exibe o perfil das lideranças nas cooperativas agropecuárias e questiona sua legitimidade. Fundamenta o procedimento metodológico a ser utilizado na análise de conteúdo qualitativa e quantitativa dos jornais dessas organizações. Descreve e interpreta os resultados obtidos a partir de hipóteses levantadas e vincula esta interpretação aos pressupostos teóricos da comunicação rural, baseados nas idéias de Paulo Freire e Juan Diaz Bordenave. Constata que os jornais de cooperativas abrem espaço para o agricultor manifestar-se como sujeito em uma relação dialógica e aponta que os grandes personagens desses periódicos são a difusão tecnológica e o competitivo mercado global. Predominam nesses veículos de comunicação temáticas macroestruturais, em detrimento das noções de desenvolvimento local, tidas como tendência paradigmática da comunicação rural contemporânea. Cientistas da comunicação alertam que rural não é mais sinônimo de agrícola e vislumbram temáticas mais abrangentes para essa especialidade jornalística.
From Latin-Americans conceptions about rural communication, it analyzes the newspapers printeds by two Brazilians coffee grower's cooperatives: the Cooxupé, localized in South of Minas Gerais State, and the Coopemar, in State of São Paulo, countryside. It shows the hard scene of coffee growing in country between 2002 and 2003 and it presents the origin and development of cooperativist movement. It indicates the real features and it points trends and challenges of cooperativism in globalized economy. It displays the profile of agricultural cooperative leaderships and debates their legitimacy. It establishes the methodologic procedure that will be used in qualitative and quantitative content analysis of this organizations newspapers. It describes and explains the results from hypothesis analysed and it links this interpretation to theorists presuppositions of rural communication, based on Paulo Freire and Juan Diaz Bordenave's thoughts. It evidences that cooperative press creates an opportunity to agriculturist manifest as a subject in dialogic connection and it exposes that the diffusion of technology and the competitive global market are the greats protagonists of theses periodicals. Macrostructural themes predominate in these media, to the detriment of notions about local development, considered as paradigmal tendency of contemporary rural communication. Scientists of communication alert that rural doesn't mean just agricultural anymore. They include more extensive thematics in this journalistic speciality.

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado “EFECTOS DE LA ASOCIATIVIDAD EN LAS EXPORTACIONES DE CAFÉ ORGÁNICO DE LA SELVA CENTRAL DEL PERÚ EN EL PERIODO 2016-2018”, tiene como objetivo determinar los efectos de las cooperativas y asociaciones de la selva central del Perú en la cantidad exportada de café orgánico en el periodo 2016-2018. Su importancia radica entre los efectos de la asociatividad y su influencia en las cantidades exportadas, en vista que se identificó que, en el periodo analizado, los valores de exportación de café orgánico decrecieron en comparación a los años anteriores; sin embargo, la cantidad exportada del mismo producto incrementó en el mismo periodo, siendo las cooperativas y asociaciones quienes tuvieron mayor crecimiento. En el proceso de la investigación se consultó diversas fuentes secundarias vinculadas a los efectos de la asociatividad en las exportaciones, los beneficios de la asociatividad, los obstáculos de la asociatividad, los programas del estado que incentivan las exportaciones y la situación actual de las exportaciones del café orgánico. Esto permitió constituir el marco teórico, marcando las pautas para desarrollar la investigación. El tipo de investigación es cuantitativa, el diseño de la investigación es explicativa transversal simple y no experimental. Asimismo, el cuestionario se aplicó a 32 organizaciones entre cooperativas y asociaciones cafetaleras de la selva central (Satipo, Chanchamayo y Oxapampa), quienes representaron al tamaño de muestra. Para la validación de la hipótesis planteada se utilizó el método estadístico de Chi-Cuadrado de Pearson, la cual fue complementado con la prueba exacto de Fisher para medir su fiabilidad. Por último, los resultados obtenidos del cuestionario aplicado en el presente estudio se validaron que los efectos de la asociatividad influyen en el crecimiento de la cantidad exportada de café orgánico.
The present research work entitled "EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATIVITY ON EXPORTS OF ORGANIC COFFEE FROM THE CENTRAL JUNGLE OF Perú IN THE PERIOD 2016-2018" aims to determine the effects of cooperatives and associations in the central jungle on the quantity of coffee exported organic in the period 2016-2018. Its importance lies between the effects of associativity and its efficient impact on the quantities exported, given that it was identified that, in the period analyzed, the values ​​of exports grew minimally compared to previous years; however, cooperatives and associations increased their exported produced quantity. In the research process, various secondary sources related to the effects of associativity on exports, the benefits of associativity, the obstacles to associativity, the state programs that encourage exports, and the current situation of organic coffee. This allowed to constitute the theoretical framework, setting the guidelines for developing the research. The type of research is quantitative, the research design is explicative, cross-sectional and non-experimental. Likewise, the questionnaire was applied to 32 organizations between cooperatives and coffee associations in the central jungle (Satipo, Chanchamayo and Oxapampa), who represented the sample size. For the validation of the hypothesis presented, the Pearson's Chi-square statistical method was used, which was complemented with the Fisher exact test to measure its reliability. Finally, the results obtained from the questionnaire applied in the present study validated that the effects of associativity influence the growth of the quantity of organic coffee exported.
Tesis

The objective of this research was to identify and analyze what were the internationalization strategies adopted by the agricultural cooperatives of coffee in the Região do Cerrado Mineiro. The paradigm adopted for this research was functionalist, with a qualitative approach and, to access the data, was used case studies, consisting of five agricultural cooperatives that sell coffee, affiliated to the Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado (Federation of the Cerrado Coffee Growers), which is the owner of the brand Região do Cerrado Mineiro, and also the data of the federation itself. Among the five first cases, two of them are cooperatives that became internationalized, one of them ended its activities during the research and, the other three, are not internationalized. Data collection was through semi-structured interviews with managers of internationalized cooperatives, non-internationalized ones and the Federation of the Cerrado Coffee Growers and with cooperative associates from the internationalized cooperatives, which resulted in 16 interviews, besides the documents. The content analysis technique served to the analysis of the collected data, which enabled the identification of five categories, consisting of push, delaying or limiting factors to internationalization, also, for hybrid factors, that influenced the internationalization strategies of agricultural cooperatives of coffee in the Região do Cerrado Mineiro, which are: 1) add value; 2) relationship with business partners and competitors; 3) structure of the cooperative; 4) being part of the Região do Cerrado Mineiro; 5) being located in the Cerrado Mineiro. While theoretical contribution, two were presented. The first is the joint use of internationalization theories, Theory of Dynamic Capabilities and studies on agricultural cooperatives in the internationalization process of agricultural coffee cooperatives. The second, was the standardization of the names used to refer to the types of coffee, they are: a) commodities or undifferentiated; b) differentiated, higher, certificates or second-line; c) special, fine, first-rate, very fine or extra-thin. As a result of these theoretical contributions, practical contributions were recognized. Firstly, it was drafted the steps adopted by the internationalized cooperatives in order to meet the international market expectations and, in sequence, was presented nineteen specific internationalization strategies. Finally, the originality of this research comes from the use of theories of internationalization and the Theory of Dynamic Capabilities to understand the movement of agricultural coffee cooperatives internationalization.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar quais foram as estratégias de internacionalização adotadas pelas cooperativas agropecuárias de café da Região do Cerrado Mineiro. O paradigma de pesquisa adotado foi funcionalista, com abordagem qualitativa e, para acessar os dados, valeu-se de estudos de casos, de cinco cooperativas agropecuárias que comercializam café, filiadas à Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado, que é a controladora da denominação de origem e marca Região do Cerrado Mineiro, além dos dados obtidos da própria federação. Dentre os cinco primeiros casos, dois deles são de cooperativas que se internacionalizaram, sendo que uma delas encerrou suas atividades no decorrer da pesquisa, e as outras três não se internacionalizaram. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores das cooperativas internacionalizadas, não internacionalizadas e da Federação dos Cafeicultores do Cerrado e com cooperados associados às cooperativas internacionalizadas, o que resultou em 16 entrevistas, além de documentos. A técnica de análise de conteúdo serviu à análise dos dados coletados, a qual possibilitou identificar cinco categorias, constituídas por fatores impulsionadores, retardadores ou limitantes à internacionalização, ainda, por fatores híbridos, que influenciaram as estratégias de internacionalização das cooperativas agropecuárias de café da Região do Cerrado Mineiro, que são: 1) agregar valor; 2) relação com parceiros comerciais e concorrência; 3) estrutura da cooperativa; 4) fazer parte da Região do Cerrado Mineiro; 5) estar localizado no Cerrado Mineiro. Enquanto contribuição teórica, emergiram duas. A primeira é o uso conjunto das teorias de internacionalização, Teoria das Capacidades Dinâmicas e estudos sobre cooperativas agropecuárias no processo de internacionalização das cooperativas agropecuárias de café. A segunda, foi a padronização dos nomes utilizados para se referir aos tipos de cafés, são eles: a) commodities ou indiferenciados; b) diferenciados, superiores, certificados ou de segunda linha; c) especiais, finos, de primeira linha, finíssimos ou extrafinos. Em decorrência das contribuições teóricas, sobrevieram as contribuições práticas. Primeiramente, esboçou-se os passos adotados pelas cooperativas internacionalizadas ao atenderem o mercado internacional e, em sequência, apresentou-se dezenove estratégias de internacionalização específicas. Por último, a originalidade da pesquisa adveio do uso de teorias de internacionalização e da Teoria das Capacidades Dinâmicas, em conjunto, para compreender o movimento de internacionalização de cooperativas agropecuárias de café.
Mestre em Administração

Orientador: Claudio Bertolli Filho
Banca: Ricardo Alexino Ferreira
Banca: Luzia Yamashita Deliberador
Resumo: A partir das concepções latino-americanas de comunicação rural, avalia os jornais impressos por duas cooperativas brasileiras de cafeicultores: a Cooxupé, localizada no sul de Minas Gerais, e a Coopemar, no interior paulista. Revela o panorama crítico da cafeicultura no país entre 2002 e 2003 e apresenta a origem e o desenvolvimento do movimento cooperativista. Indica as características atuais e aponta tendências e desafios do cooperativismo diante da globalização da economia. Exibe o perfil das lideranças nas cooperativas agropecuárias e questiona sua legitimidade. Fundamenta o procedimento metodológico a ser utilizado na análise de conteúdo qualitativa e quantitativa dos jornais dessas organizações. Descreve e interpreta os resultados obtidos a partir de hipóteses levantadas e vincula esta interpretação aos pressupostos teóricos da comunicação rural, baseados nas idéias de Paulo Freire e Juan Diaz Bordenave. Constata que os jornais de cooperativas abrem espaço para o agricultor manifestar-se como sujeito em uma relação dialógica e aponta que os grandes personagens desses periódicos são a difusão tecnológica e o competitivo mercado global. Predominam nesses veículos de comunicação temáticas macroestruturais, em detrimento das noções de desenvolvimento local, tidas como tendência paradigmática da comunicação rural contemporânea. Cientistas da comunicação alertam que "rural" não é mais sinônimo de "agrícola" e vislumbram temáticas mais abrangentes para essa especialidade jornalística.
Abstract: From Latin-Americans conceptions about rural communication, it analyzes the newspapers printeds by two Brazilians coffee grower's cooperatives: the Cooxupé, localized in South of Minas Gerais State, and the Coopemar, in State of São Paulo, countryside. It shows the hard scene of coffee growing in country between 2002 and 2003 and it presents the origin and development of cooperativist movement. It indicates the real features and it points trends and challenges of cooperativism in globalized economy. It displays the profile of agricultural cooperative leaderships and debates their legitimacy. It establishes the methodologic procedure that will be used in qualitative and quantitative content analysis of this organizations newspapers. It describes and explains the results from hypothesis analysed and it links this interpretation to theorists presuppositions of rural communication, based on Paulo Freire and Juan Diaz Bordenave's thoughts. It evidences that cooperative press creates an opportunity to agriculturist manifest as a subject in dialogic connection and it exposes that the diffusion of technology and the competitive global market are the greats protagonists of theses periodicals. Macrostructural themes predominate in these media, to the detriment of notions about local development, considered as paradigmal tendency of contemporary rural communication. Scientists of communication alert that "rural" doesn't mean just "agricultural" anymore. They include more extensive thematics in this journalistic speciality.
Mestre

Literature and the cooperative movement in Malawi shows that the first cooperative was established in 1947. Since the economy of the country depends on agriculture, most cooperatives were strongly developed in the fields of agricultural production, and processing and marketing. The first coffee cooperative was registered in 1950, known as the Nchenachena Coffee Producers Cooperative Society. After Malawi 's independence in 1964, agricultural cooperatives were dissolved and government formed the Farmers Marketing Board (FMB) to take over all marketing activities of all crops, including coffee. The FMB was replaced by the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC) in 1967. After the dissolution of agricultural cooperatives, government saw the need for crop development and established Smallholder Coffee Authority in 1971. The Smallholder Coffee Authority worked up to 1999 when it collapsed because of administrative and financial problems. Due to the failure of the Smallholder Coffee Authority, the government of Malawi reintroduced agricultural cooperatives in 1999. Mzuzu Coffee Planters ' Cooperative Union was formed in 2006 following the re-introduction of cooperatives. The union is mandated to promote sustainable production, processing and marketing of Arabica coffee on behalf of the farmers. Since its inception, the output of coffee for export from the Mzuzu Coffee Planters Cooperative Union has increased from 156 tonnes in 2006 to over 400 tonnes in 2009. The increase in coffee exports was not by mere chance but a number of factors contributed to this success. The main reasons for this success were: • Strong prior relationship between the growers and the buyers • The uniqueness of the cooperative business model • The unique taste and quality of coffee grown • The introduction of a different approach to farming coffee Currently there is high demand for organic coffee and this could be a niche market that is not only rewarded with premium prices but also creates environmental friendly business. The union considers Fair Trade market as an alternative approach to conventional trade, aiming at improving the livelihoods of smallholder producers by improving payments, giving them fair prices and providing continuity in trading relationships.

For producers motivated by their new status as self-employed, landowning, capitalist coffee growers, specialty coffee presents an opportunity to proactively change the way they participate in the international market. Now responsible for determining their own path, many producers have jumped at the chance to enhance the value of their product and participate in the new “fair trade” market. But recent trends in the international coffee price have led many producers to wonder why their efforts to produce a certified Fair Trade and organic product are not generating the price advantage they had anticipated. My study incorporates data collected in eighteen months of fieldwork, including more than 45 interviews with coffee producers and fair trade roasters, 90 surveys of coffee growers, and ongoing participant observation to understand how fair trade certification, as both a market system and development program, meets the expectations of the coffee growers. By comparing three coffee cooperatives that have engaged the Fair Trade system to disparate ends, the results of this investigation are three case studies that demonstrate how global processes of certification, commodity trade, market interaction, and development aid effect social and cultural change within communities. This study frames several lessons learned in terms of 1. socioeconomic impacts of fair trade, 2. characteristics associated with positive development encounters, and 3. potential for commodity producers to capture value further along their global value chain. Commodity chain comparisons indicate the Fair Trade certified cooperative receives the highest per-pound price, though these findings are complicated by costs associate with certification and producers’ perceptions of an “unjust” system. Fair trade-supported projects are demonstrated as more “successful” in the eyes of recipients, though their attention to detail can just as easily result in “failure”. Finally, survey results reveal just how limited is the market knowledge of producers in each cooperative, though fair trade does, in fact, provide a rare opportunity for producers to learn about consumer demand for coffee quality. Though bittersweet, the fair trade experiences described here present a learning opportunity for a wide range of audiences, from the certified to the certifiers to the concerned public and conscientious consumer.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
This article describes how using logistics management models in collaboration with a process traceability system improves storage management processes in the coffee supply chain by reducing losses and high storage-related logistics costs, with support from a digital transformation process. For the purposes of this study, data on times and costs incurred as per the corresponding criteria and purchasing power, errors in order specifications, and delivery delays that result in losses were used, as these cause coffee to lose market value within an organization in a cooperative setting (business associations).

This study was designed to identify the factors influencing the willingness to pay for agricultural information delivery technologies among the farmers in the Abahuzamugambi Coffee Growers Cooperative located in Butare, Rwanda. Three hundred and six farmers responded to a questionnaire that included questions about their demographic characteristics and accessibility to agricultural information technologies. Results were computed using the mean and standard deviation. T-tests and analysis of variance were conducted to determine the relationship between farmers?? demographic characteristics and their willingness to pay for selected agricultural information delivery technologies. Findings indicate that there was a correlation between farmers?? willingness to pay for agricultural information delivery technologies and some of their demographic characteristics. The farmer-to-farmer delivery technology was the most preferred as reflected by the amount of money that farmers were willing to pay for it compared to expert visits, print, radio, and television. Therefore, this technology was considered to be the most compatible with farmers?? needs in general.

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This paper analyzes, through a descriptive research, technological profile of coffee farmers, cooperative members of CAPEBE. This analysis was needed by the growing use of technology, by virtually all sectors of the world economy. The main purpose of this research is to know how much the use of information systems is present in the lives of producers. The purpose was achieved through a field survey conducted with 104 members. The study showed that about 60% of respondents have a computer, but still, the use of information systems is limited because the vast majority done manually administrative routines of the property. It was observed that about 59% of the properties have access to the internet and the most widely used type of connection is via radio. The survey also revealed that the technology being used by them, to aid the routines of the property, is the use of smartphones. About 76% of the public agree that the use of technology to coffee marketing can ensure a better price. The study showed the need for prudence in meeting with technological resources to marketing of coffee. The cooperative still need further training for use of information systems in its properties as well as the cooperative can´t leave providing services over the Internet without knowing your target audience (cooperative) even if they are adjusting due to competition from other cooperatives.
A tecnologia está cada vez mais presente na vida das pessoas e sendo assim este trabalho analisa, por meio de um estudo de caso exploratório com uma pesquisa descritiva, o perfil tecnológico dos produtores de café, sócios da Cooperativa Agropecuária de Boa Esperança (CAPEBE). Tal análise se fez necessária, mediante o crescimento do uso de tecnologia por praticamente todos os setores da economia mundial. A principal finalidade desta pesquisa é saber o quanto o uso de sistemas de informação está presente na vida dos produtores. O propósito foi conseguido através de uma pesquisa de campo, realizada com 104 cooperados. O estudo demonstrou que cerca de 60% dos pesquisados possuem um computador, mas ainda assim, o uso de sistemas de informação é restrito, pois a grande maioria realiza de forma manual as rotinas administrativas da propriedade. Foi possível observar que, cerca de 59% das propriedades possuem acesso à internet e o tipo de conexão mais utilizado é via rádio. A pesquisa revelou ainda, que a tecnologia mais utilizada por eles é o uso de smartphones para auxílio às rotinas da propriedade. Cerca de 76% do público concorda que a utilização de recursos tecnológicos para comercialização do café pode garantir um melhor preço. O estudo evidenciou a necessidade da prudência em atender com recursos tecnológicos a comercialização de café devido ao fato dos cooperados ainda necessitarem de uma maior capacitação para utilização de sistemas de informação em suas propriedades, bem como ter cautela na disponibilização dos serviços online, antes é necessário conhecer o perfil dos seus cooperados, e não somente seguir a tendência de cooperativas concorrentes.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the need for a more open and sustainable business approach that centers on social responsibility in creating sustainable solutions for the smallholder, specifically with contributions from stakeholders in the value network and others like Non Government Organizations (NGOs). This approach is to create sustainable competitive markets and business network. The concepts of CSR stakeholders value network is applied to a case study of a real business development initiative from Ethiopia, Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperatives Union (OCFCU). The thesis reveals the role of farmer’s cooperative in the stakeholders’ value network and CSR thinking as an active tool for advancing smallholder by integrating them in to a global value network that create inclusive capital which leads to sustainable development, and poverty reduction. It will also explore how the farmer’s cooperative is playing a role in eliminating intermediaries, who has been taking much of the profit from the age old free market coffee chain, which enables OCFCU to create a cooperative coffee chain. Farmers’ problem was the driving factors for the formation of OCFCU. The two problems were: (1) The New York C market is trading coffee as a commodity (2) Technological advancement in countries where coffee grow in large scale, which in turn result the price to remain low, has made it even worse for small holders like OCFCU to make realistic business. Therefore, in order to achieve the cooperative farm’s greatest aim, bringing more money to the coffee growers’ pocket, the cooperative farm has to find a market place where consumers are willing to pay premium price. This continues search for a better market for their quality coffee has brought OCFCU from value chain to value network that we have related it with the stakeholders’ values network. This bold move from value chain to value network is the new business model in the stakeholders’ value network, where commodity market leaves the way to specialty market. This is the contribution of the thesis. To conclude, the role of OCFCU is to keep an eye on the high quality standards of buyers in the developed world and focus on continuously training farmers so that they growing high quality coffee that consumers are willing to pay premium price.

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Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer, and Minas Gerais, the state responsible for most of the coffee production in the country. In recent decades many changes have occurred in the production and consumption involving the coffee sector. Consumers and coffee buyers are more demanding about the social, environmental, economic and qualitative criteria; if the product is in compliance with labor laws, that is. Consequently, seeking to aggregate more value to their coffee production, farmers felt the need to find new methods to meet this new market niche. The Fair Trade certification has emerged as a good alternative to increase the benefit which was perceived by consumers of a differentiated coffee. Therefore, farmers associated with the Cooperative of Family Farmers from Poço Fundo were interviewed on five occasions in the meetings of the cooperative members. The study case showed that the income obtained from the marketing of the coffee with the Fair Trade certification led the farmers to better conditions to maintain a greater economic balance. Since they receive a fairer price for their coffee, the profits are reinvested in their rural properties. It is noteworthy that the participation in the Cooperative strengthened the farmers and gave them more tranquility and the feeling of being safe in their commercial transactions. It was observed that after the Fair Trade certification farmers have adopted sustainable practices which take into account the preservation of the environment.
O Brasil é o maior produtor de café do mundo, sendo Minas Gerais, o estado responsável pela maior produção cafeeira no país. Nas últimas décadas, diversas mudanças têm ocorrido na produção e no consumo envolvendo o setor cafeeiro. Os consumidores e compradores de café estão mais exigentes quanto aos critérios sociais, ambientais, econômicos e qualitativos, ou seja, se os produtos adquiridos estão de acordo com o cumprimento das leis trabalhistas. Consequentemente, os produtores rurais sentiram a necessidade de buscar novos métodos para a produção de café para atender a esse novo nicho de mercado procurando agregar mais valor à produção. A certificação Fair Trade surgiu como uma boa alternativa para aumentar o benefício percebido pelos consumidores de um café diferenciado. Diante disso, foram entrevistados produtores rurais associados à Cooperativa dos Agricultores Familiares de Poço Fundo, em cinco ocasiões, nas reuniões dos cooperados. Verificou-se nesse estudo de caso que a renda, através da comercialização do café com a certificação Fair Trade, acarretou melhores condições para os produtores rurais manterem o equilíbrio econômico. Os lucros são revertidos para as suas propriedades rurais, pois recebem um preço mais justo pelo café. Destaca-se que a participação na cooperativa fortaleceu e deu a eles mais tranquilidade e segurança nas transações comerciais. Observou-se que, após a certificação Fair Trade, os produtores rurais adotaram práticas mais sustentáveis, levando-se em consideração, a preservação do meio ambiente.

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Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer, and Minas Gerais, the state responsible for most of the coffee production in the country. In recent decades many changes have occurred in the production and consumption involving the coffee sector. Consumers and coffee buyers are more demanding about the social, environmental, economic and qualitative criteria; if the product is in compliance with labor laws, that is. Consequently, seeking to aggregate more value to their coffee production, farmers felt the need to find new methods to meet this new market niche. The Fair Trade certification has emerged as a good alternative to increase the benefit which was perceived by consumers of a differentiated coffee. Therefore, farmers associated with the Cooperative of Family Farmers from Poço Fundo were interviewed on five occasions in the meetings of the cooperative members. The study case showed that the income obtained from the marketing of the coffee with the Fair Trade certification led the farmers to better conditions to maintain a greater economic balance. Since they receive a fairer price for their coffee, the profits are reinvested in their rural properties. It is noteworthy that the participation in the Cooperative strengthened the farmers and gave them more tranquility and the feeling of being safe in their commercial transactions. It was observed that after the Fair Trade certification farmers have adopted sustainable practices which take into account the preservation of the environment.
O Brasil é o maior produtor de café do mundo, sendo Minas Gerais, o estado responsável pela maior produção cafeeira no país. Nas últimas décadas, diversas mudanças têm ocorrido na produção e no consumo envolvendo o setor cafeeiro. Os consumidores e compradores de café estão mais exigentes quanto aos critérios sociais, ambientais, econômicos e qualitativos, ou seja, se os produtos adquiridos estão de acordo com o cumprimento das leis trabalhistas. Consequentemente, os produtores rurais sentiram a necessidade de buscar novos métodos para a produção de café para atender a esse novo nicho de mercado procurando agregar mais valor à produção. A certificação Fair Trade surgiu como uma boa alternativa para aumentar o benefício percebido pelos consumidores de um café diferenciado. Diante disso, foram entrevistados produtores rurais associados à Cooperativa dos Agricultores Familiares de Poço Fundo, em cinco ocasiões, nas reuniões dos cooperados. Verificou-se nesse estudo de caso que a renda, através da comercialização do café com a certificação Fair Trade,acarretou melhores condições para os produtores rurais manterem o equilíbrio econômico. Os lucros são revertidos para as suas propriedades rurais, pois recebem um preço mais justo pelo café. Destaca-se que a participação na cooperativa fortaleceu e deu a eles mais tranquilidade e segurança nas transações comerciais. Observou-se que, após a certificação Fair Trade,os produtores rurais adotaram práticas mais sustentáveis, levando-se em consideração, a preservação do meio ambiente.

A qualidade de vida e o nível de bem-estar das populações rurais de Timor-Leste apresenta limitações bastante grandes, mesmo nas regiões produtoras de café, o principal produto agrícola criador de rendimento. O presente estudo analisa o impacto do desempenho da Cooperativa Café Timor (CCT) na satisfação e qualidade de vida dos seus membros, os agricultores produtores de café. O estudo é baseado na análise documental; em entrevistas semi-estruturada aos dirigentes da Cooperativa Café Timor; e num inquérito por questionário aos produtores de café de uma Cooperativa de Café Orgânica, associado da CCT, localizada no Distrito de Ermera e sub-distrito de Letefoho. O local escolhido para os inquéritos foi o Distrito de Ermera, sub-distrito de Letefoho, devido ao facto do café nesta região ter uma grande qualidade e ser a principal fonte de rendimento das famílias e a população ter uma qualidade de vida com bastantes limitações. Este estudo analisa a satisfação dos agricultores produtores de café através da avaliação do desempenho da cooperativa, da identificação dos problemas encontrados nas suas operações, do nível de participação dos seus membros, da satisfação dos serviços fornecidos pela cooperativa e da qualidade de vida dos seus membros. Este estudo contribui também para a compreensão do desempenho da CCT, do impacto dos seus principais problemas e constrangimentos no seu desempenho e da relação da cooperativa com outros intermediários que vendem café. Os resultados dos estudos mostram, por um lado, que a qualidade de vida dos agricultores na região de estudo ainda é baixa e, por outro lado, que os agricultores se encontram satisfeitos com o desempenho da Cooperativa Café Timor; ABSTRACT: The quality of life and level of well-being of rural people of Timor-Leste has quite large limitations, even in coffee producing regions, where is the main source of farmer‟s income. This study examines the performance impact of the Cooperativa Café Timor (CCT) in the satisfaction and quality of life of its members, the producing coffee farmers. The study is based on documentary analysis; semi-structured interviews with leaders of the Cooperativa Café Timor; and a questionnaire survey of coffee producers of an Organic Coffee Cooperative affiliated of CCT. The area of the study was located in Remora District, Sub-District of Letefoho, due to the fact that in this region the coffees have high quality and is the main source of cash income and the populations have a quality of life with many limitations. This study examines the satisfaction of coffee producers by evaluating the performance of the cooperative, identifying the problems encountered in its operations, the level of participation of its members, the satisfaction with the services provided by the cooperative and the quality of life of its members. This study also contributes to understand the performance of CCT, the impact of their main problems and constraints in its performance and the relationship between the cooperative and the other intermediaries coffee sellers. The results of this study show that the quality of life of farmers in area studied is still low and that farmers are satisfied with the performance of the Cooperativa Café Timor.

As relações interorganizacionais, em seu contexto mais específico da gestão de custos interorganizacionais (GCI), geram aos participantes dificuldades quanto à falta de confiança, ao modo como os benefícios serão compartilhados, se as informações são verídicas, entre outros problemas. No âmbito das pesquisas interorganizacionais, o ambiente competitivo de Investor-owend Firms (IOFs) tem se favorecido. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa nas relações com as cooperativas pode favorecer tanto a literatura da GCI, quanto ajudar no segmento cooperativo agrícola, que tem perdido produtos para IOFs dos seus cooperados. Nessa visão, a pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar se e como se estabelece a configuração da GCI nas cooperativas e IOFs da cadeia de valor do café, comparando-as e relacionando as variáveis já discutidas na literatura de GCI, com a base teórica da ECT, enfoque desta tese. Utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturada, individuais, com produtores rurais, representantes de cooperativas e IOFs, que comercializem café e tenham relação direta, delimitados geograficamente no estado de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Foi realizado um pré-teste, com um produtor rural, uma cooperativa e uma IOF, para validação das questões da entrevista. Posteriormente, realizou-se a análise de similitude pelo software IRAMUTEQ, confirmando as variáveis e abrindo a possibilidade de estudar uma variável nova (fidelidade comercial) não contemplada na literatura interorganizacional. Realizadas as entrevistas, com as novas questões inseridas, um total de 21 para produtores e 21 para cooperativas e IOFs, as respostas foram transcritas, utilizando o software Atlas TI para a contagem e as variações das palavras, conferindo quais estavam relacionadas com cada uma das variáveis para, assim, organizar e fazer a análise de conteúdo. Como resultado, identificou-se a relação das variáveis de GCI e ECT entre elas, dado a qualidade-funcionalidade no âmbito cafeeiro não limitar o preço pago ao produtor rural, que utiliza a qualidade-funcionalidade para aumentar o preço e o mercado futuro para minimização da incerteza na oscilação do mercado. Percebeu-se a prática do OBA na relação unilateral produtor-cooperativa, com informações acerca da qualidade e produção e também de forma unilateral, verificando que os benefícios, a cooperação e a (inter)-dependência ocorriam nesta relação. Na variável (inter)-dependência, notou-se, pelos relatos dos produtores, a utilização da venda de insumos e armazenagem na cooperativa de forma oportunista, fazendo com que o produtor tenha que manter a estabilidade da relação, para poder ter os benefícios oferecidos pela cooperativa e não arcar com taxas da retirada do café, percebendo também a falta de visão dos produtores quanto aos resultados futuros das compras com trocas de café. Ainda na prática do OBA, evidenciou-se a ocorrência de forma indireta, com informações sobre os custos dos produtores rurais, pelo programa EDUCAMPO, repassados à cooperativa. No comparativo das duas relações produtor-cooperativa e produtor-IOF, a prática da GCI é mais favorável nas cooperativas com os produtores, também no tipo de cadeia, contrariando a literatura que evidenciava essa relação ser mais democrática, sendo que, pela pesquisa, verificou-se ser mais tipificada do principal a familiar. Também nos ativos específicos, verificou-se que as cooperativas oferecem mais especificidades que as IOFs, a ponto de o produtor rural gerar uma fidelidade comercial de forma não exclusiva.
Interorganizational relations in their more specific context of interorganizational cost management (IOCM) give participants difficulties regarding lack of confidence, how benefits will be shared, if information is truthful, among other problems. In the scope of interorganizational research, the competitive environment of Investor-owned Firms (IOFs) has been favored. In this context, the research on relations with cooperatives can favor both the literature of the IOCM and help in the agricultural cooperative segment that has lost products to IOFs of its members. In this view, the research aims to verify if and how to establish the IOCM configuration in cooperatives and IOFs of the coffee value chain, comparing them and relating the variables already discussed in the release of IOCM with the theoretical basis of the transation cost economics (TCE) approach of this thesis. The qualitative research was used, with individual semi-structured interviews with farmers, representatives of cooperatives and IOFs that commercialize coffee and have a direct relations, delimited geographically in the state of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. A pre-test was carried out, with a rural producer, a cooperative and an IOF, to validate interview questions. Subsequently, the analysis of similitude was performed by the software IRAMUTEQ, confirming the variables and opening the possibility of studying a new variable (commercial loyalty) not contemplated in the interorganizational literature. After the interview with the new questions, a total of 21 for producers and 21 for cooperatives and IOFs, transcribed, Atlas TI software was used for counting and the variations of the words conferring which were related to each one of the variables, in order to organize and do content analysis. As a result, it identified the relationship between the IOCM and TCE variables among them, given that the quality-functionality in the coffee field does not limit the price paid to the rural producer, which uses quality-functionality to increase the price and the future market to minimize uncertainty in oscillation of the market. It was perceived the practice of the OBA in the unilateral producer-cooperative relationship, with information about quality and production and also unilaterally, found that benefits, cooperation and (inter)-dependence occurred in this relationship. In the (inter)-dependence variable, it was noticed by the producers\' reports the use of the sale of inputs and storage in the cooperative in an opportunistic way, causing the producer to maintain the stability of the relationship, in order to have the benefits offered by cooperative and not to pay coffee withdrawal rates, noting also the lack of vision of the producers regarding the future results of purchases with coffee exchanges. Also in the OBA practice, the occurrence of an indirect form was evidenced, with information on the costs of the rural producers, through the EDUCAMPO program, passed on to the cooperative. In the comparison of the two producer-cooperative and producer-IOF relations, the practice of the IOCM is more favorable in cooperatives with producers, also in the type of chain, contrary to the literature that showed this relationship to be more democratic and by the research found to be more typified of the and the specific assets that the cooperatives offer more specificities than the IOFs, to the extent that the rural producer generates a commercial loyalty in a non-exclusive way.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The cooperative system as reactionary and opposition to economic liberalism in Britain and France in the nineteenth century have maintained their principles and values and responsible for the performance of enterprises able to foster innovative economic activities and trigger development processes from local and potential interactions among active players execution of actions that consolidate the territory. In this perspective, this study focused on targeting the perspective of rural territorial development by understanding the cooperative, gender and territory categories inherent in this process. We sought to examine the lived experience of women responsible for founding the Cooperative Floriculturists the state of Paraíba (COFEP) in order to generate income for the unemployed and Avarzeado Almecega communities located in rural Paraiba swamp families. Regarding the means of investigation, research characterized the case study and interviews and questionnaires were used, and site visits. For the questionnaires were addressed to 12 cooperative and the interviews was involved a sample of six married women with children. The experience of COFEP revealed a cooperative venture that changed the economic base of families involved in the cooperative. Changes have occurred regarding the financial situation of the cooperative and the cooperative dynamics developed in COFEP reflected in positive consequences in the family of these women, especially in gender relations. It is an activity that was consolidated in the region with expansion plans, striving for enhancement of stakeholders and local potential.
O cooperativismo enquanto sistema que prioriza a associação e opositor ao liberalismo econômico, surgido na Inglaterra e França no século XIX, é responsável pela atuação de empreendimentos capazes de fomentar atividades econômicas inovadoras e desencadear processos de desenvolvimento a partir de potencialidades locais e interações entre atores ativos na execução de ações que consolidam o território. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo teve como direcionamento a perspectiva do desenvolvimento territorial rural tomando o cooperativismo, gênero e território como categorias inerentes a este processo. Buscou-se analisar a experiência da Cooperativa de Floricultores do Estado da Paraíba (COFEP) enquanto promotora de desenvolvimento territorial, perseguindo os seguintes objetivos específicos: 1) avaliar a dinâmica organizacional da COFEP enquanto projeto de cooperativismo; 2) identificar as mudanças ocorridas nas relações de gênero nas famílias das cooperadas a partir de suas inserções na COFEP, bem como analisar as dinâmicas de gênero presentes na COFEP. A COFEP situa-se nas comunidades Almecega e Avarzeado, localizadas na zona rural do brejo paraibano. Em relação aos meios de investigação, a pesquisa caracterizou-se como estudo de caso e foram utilizados questionários e entrevistas, além de visitas in loco. Para a aplicação dos questionários foram abordadas doze cooperadas e para as entrevistas foi envolvida uma amostra de seis mulheres casadas e com filhos/as. A experiência da COFEP revelou um empreendimento cooperativista que modificou a base econômica das famílias envolvidas na cooperativa, além de ter proporcionado consequências positivas no núcleo familiar destas mulheres relacionadas às relações de gênero. Trata-se de uma atividade que se consolidou na região com planos de expansão, primando pela valorização dos/as atores/atrizes envolvidos/as e das potencialidades locais.

This descriptive, phenomenological case study presents the perspectives of small-scale coffee producers in Guatemala regarding cooperative membership, sustainable coffee certification programs and the role of ANACAFE. The viewpoints of two producer cooperatives are described based on participant observation, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Through content analysis the transcribed data were categorized and summarized, and emergent themes are discussed. Advantages to cooperative membership include access to finances, information, cost sharing and expanding direct-trade relationships. Challenges identified are securing finances and attracting new membership. Certification programs may be desirable, but access to information regarding program types is limited. Participants feel that standards do not reflect cultural differences, and the producers question who actually receives the advertised price premiums. The use of best-practices incorporating the social, environmental and economic principles of certification programs is preferred. ANACAFE is a source of technical information and funding but resource access is selective and limited.

The advent of structural adjustment reforms in the early 1990s in the coffee sector saw the decline of government involvement in Kenya’s Coffee Cooperatives. The withdrawal of the state in the agricultural cooperative sector witnessed major coffee cooperatives struggle with the production of premium coffee. The production of coffee by cooperatives has greatly declined over the years, which has negatively affected the lives of thousands of small-scale farmers that belong to coffee cooperatives. A decline in cooperative coffee production has led to a decline in the number of coffee farmers witnessed attending cooperative meetings. This situation has further weakened the organizational capacity of the coffee cooperative as a key institution for small-scale coffee production. This thesis attempts to unearth those barriers that restrict cooperative members from attending meetings. A mixed methods approach is used to investigate participation levels at New Gatanga Coffee Farmers Cooperative Society. Understanding the fundamental issues behind the boycott by small-scale coffee producers in rural Kenya will provide a platform for constructing positive policies that will be used to improve the livelihoods of coffee cooperative members.
An investigation of the New Gatanga Coffee Farmers Cooperative Society to understand the fundamental issues behind the boycott by small-scale coffee producers in rural Kenya in order to provide a platform for constructing positive policies that will be used to improve the livelihoods of coffee cooperative members.

This dissertation evaluates the applicability of Elinor Ostrom's theory of the commons to other forms of collective action by mapping it on a case study of the Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union in Ethiopia and its efforts to overcome the vast disparities that have long structured the global coffee commodity chain (the "Coffee Paradox"). The conclusions I draw are the following. While Ostrom's theory has serious omissions, it also sheds much needed light on the struggles of Ethiopia's coffee farmers to overcome their poverty. Both the design principles that Ostrom identifies for governance rules and her list of predictors for successful common property resource management institutions suggest that Ethiopia's coffee cooperatives could be in peril. However, by expanding Ostrom's governance framework to incorporate a broader enabling role for governments as well as supportive roles for civic organizations, NGOs, and social movements, we see greater potential for the success of the Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union.

The purpose of this study is to describe and examine the attitudes of coffee cooperative members towards the ownership of the SPREAD cooperatives in relation to cooperative sustainability. In addition this study identifies barriers faced by member farmers and subsequently provides recommendations on ways in which SPREAD can help its member farmers achieve a more sustainable livelihood. Previous analysis of the SPREAD project and its member cooperatives has suggested that coffee cooperative members do not feel ownership of the cooperative and have not benefited from the cooperatives, leaving the sustainability of the cooperatives to question. The research questions used for this study focused on issues of sustainability, ownership and organizational impact and barriers. All of the cooperatives studied over the course of this project receive funds from the USAID funded project SPREAD. The population of interest comprised members from three of the fourteen cooperatives receiving aid from the SPREAD project. A sample of 52 individuals participated in the study, with the data being collected from mid-July to mid-August, 2009. Quantitative data were collected using a close-ended category-scale questionnaire. The close-ended category-scale questionnaires were analyzed based on the frequency and percentage of responses. Major findings of this study included that coffee cooperative members felt that in the absence of SPREAD, the coffee cooperatives would be unable to function. In regards to ownership, members felt as if they owned the cooperatives. The disparity between these two constructs shows that once SPREAD no longer supports the cooperatives, then sustainability is to question and further they are more susceptible to collapse.

This dissertation analyzes the fair trade (FLO) certification system for agricultural commodities in the context of the global coffee crisis and its deleterious effects on rural livelihoods, focusing on the northern Peruvian Amazon. I begin the dissertation in my introduction by outlining my theoretical framework, which analyzes markets as bundles of institutions. The dissertation proceeds to analyze the key institutions of the fair trade coffee chain: certifications, commodity trade, cooperatives, and smallholder farming communities. In my second chapter, I explain the history of the FLO certification system, examine the dynamics of certifications in general, and point out the incentive problems therein. My third chapter provides a value chain analysis of the global coffee trade, outlining the key differences between conventional and fair trade value chain structures and identifying the key forces that have increased inequality in incomes along the coffee value chain. My fourth chapter examines existing theories and empirical evidence on the efficacy of cooperatives in improving the welfare of their members, and critically reviews the debate about the role of cooperatives in rural development. My fifth chapter examines empirically the relationship between cooperatives and their member farms, based on fieldwork I conducted in Peru in 2006–7. My empirical analysis discovers that farms are better able to access cooperative benefits when they engage in non-market labor exchanges between households. I conclude the dissertation by arguing that, despite the limitations inherent in the fair trade certification movement, it has successfully expanded economic opportunities for participating growers, and that cooperative relationships among the growers improve access to these benefits.

The relationship between the role of leadership and agricultural cooperatives performance were examined in East, West and South Ethiopia. The hypotheses were tested in a survey of N=162 leaders, managers and directors of primary coffee farmers cooperatives. The results of the test confirmed the overall positive relationship between the role of leadership and agricultural cooperatives performances. This study highlights and gives general view into how the role of leadership can significantly contribute to cooperatives business performances. The results and findings of the analysis indicated that leaders who are most effective at business performances are those who utilize leadership behavior and the skills and trainings required in the cooperatives business organizations. The study encourages further and comprehensive research into the interconnection between the role of leadership, education and skills of leaders, financial management knowledge and decision making competency. The study followed cross-sectional survey design, and employed evaluative quantitative analysis method. The analysis was based on primary data generated through a structured questionnaire distributed to the respondents. Responses to research statements were scaled and converted to analyze the quantitative data of dependent and independent variables based on the role of leadership and associated performance variables. The findings from correlation and multiple regressions in testing the hypotheses showed that there are significant and positive relationship between each of the five independent variables and a dependent variable of business performances. The study concluded that leadership role was very important in cooperatives business performance and, therefore, recommended that leaders of coffee farmers’ cooperatives organizations that wanted to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their businesses performances need to implement the suggestions stated in the recommendation part of this study about the leadership roles.
Business Management
DBL

This study explored the role and effectiveness of a credit guarantee scheme targeting coffee farmers’ cooperatives in Ethiopia. The study, among other things, aims at exploring how provision of a credit guarantee influences supply of institutional credit to coffee farmers’ cooperatives as well as examines cooperatives guaranteed loan utilisation, the resultant changes/impacts and intervening factors. Credit guarantee schemes largely trace their roots in the liberal and neoliberal economic and social contexts. One of the key issues the current study tried to address is examining how a credit guarantee scheme operates in a partially liberal capitalist context where there is pervasive state intervention in the key sectors of the economy, including financial and coffee sectors. The study was conducted in eight zones of the two major coffee producing regions of Ethiopia – Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ regions. A mixed method with structured questionnaires (at two stages), key informant interviews, focus group discussions and extensive observation were used to collect data from primary cooperatives, financial institutions, coffee extension and cooperative experts. Qualitative analytical methods, descriptive statistics and econometric model were used in analysing the data. The study reveals that most primary cooperatives have weak institutional, business and financial capacities, and limited access to institutional services including credit. The findings show that cooperatives generally have limited role in the coffee production end, but they play an important role in its marketing. The study suggests that coffee or multipurpose cooperatives are not ideally suitable to serve as intermediaries for bank loans. The study reveals that the vast majority of the study cooperatives have potential demand for loans, but revealed low actual demand. Different sets of internal (demand side) and external factors influence cooperatives’ potential and actual demand for loan in different ways. The assessment of the guarantee scheme under analysis shows that though most of its design and operational features are in line with international practices, there are some obvious limitations. Low risk coverage level, limitation in the total volume of the guarantee fund, lack of capital enhancement mechanism for the lending banks, short life span of the scheme, lack of flexibility and adaptation and reliance on a single lending bank are among the notable limitations. In terms of utilisation of the guarantee fund and outreach of the lending activity, the scheme attained limited achievements with a low leverage ratio. However, substantial financial additionality was attained among the borrower cooperatives, but the intervention had little impacts in improving the terms and conditions of loans. The positive effects on the economic/business activities of beneficiary cooperatives include acquisition of processing facilities, increase in member size, increased volume of coffee processed and dry cherry traded and improvement in the income generated from such business activities. However, the scheme had limited effects on cooperatives’ human resources and type of management. A number of internal and external factors appear to influence effectiveness of a credit guarantee targeting farmers’ cooperatives. Several recommendations were made. First, there is a need to integrate attractive features into the scheme that can be periodically revised and adapted. These may include raising the risk coverage level especially at the initial stage, including liquidity boosting mechanism, lowering guarantee fee level, devising longer-term arrangement, integrating strong capacity building and technical support and other incentive packages. Second, the lending banks need to develop suitable loan products, revisit and improve their lending terms, requirements and approaches. Third, if they are to effectively demand for and make proper use of such guaranteed loans, cooperatives need to be supported so as to enhance their organisational, business and technical capacities. Fourth, there is a need for the government to further strengthen provision of a more supportive and enabling legal and institutional environments and relax some of the regulatory frameworks so as to facilitate the lending-borrowing activities.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, School of Social Sciences (Development Studies Programme), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2018.
Cameroon’s modern economy developed around a satellite-metropolis plantation dynamic within which successive European colonial masters and later, African-led governments, promoted monocrop commodity production along coastal areas for the benefit of Europe. The federating organisations employed to structure production were a combination of plantations, agriculture development zones and especially cooperatives. The period of government-controlled cooperatives was characterised by a too-big-to-fail approach; the State intervened directly in cooperatives’ affairs and managed their cashflow through the National Produce Marketing Board. Following a structural adjustment plan in the 1990s, the Cameroon State divested its interest in cooperatives and transitioned the agrarian system into a borderless, global market within a neoliberal competition state dynamic. This study investigated the impact of the Cameroonian State’s post-structural adjustment neoliberal agrarian system reforms on coffee cooperatives’ activities and market orientation. This was done through the prism of the two biggest coffee cooperatives in Cameroon, i.e. the Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives of the West (UCCAO) and the North West Cooperative Association (NWCA). The study employed an interpretivist approach, and the extended case methodology was used to gather data. Data gathering instruments included interviews, questionnaires, participant observation, archival material and photos. Respondents were top managers of both cooperatives plus forty coffee growers. The study revealed three key findings. Firstly, the Cameroon State’s support to coffee cooperatives in the free market era is characterised by a preponderance of disparate programmes which appear to be done more for optics rather than actually providing the robust support that is needed to help producer organisations succeed. Some development experts (Chang, 2001; Gereffi, 1995; Stiglitz, 2008) are unanimous that in underdeveloped countries with threadbare infrastructure, the state has a key role to play in providing the infrastructure, communications networks, access to finance and other support necessary to develop efficient value chains that can take commodities to world markets on a consistent and reliable basis. Secondly, Cameroon’s coffee Cooperatives have made only timid and insufficient efforts to adjust to the deeply globalised free market context into which they were suddenly ushered in the 1990s after a half a century of operating as quasi parastatals. Their market orientation shows a business-as-usual approach which is ultimately self-defeating as it stops them from leveraging the opportunities offered by free market globalism. Thirdly, conclusive data from around the world reveals that the more successful modern-day cooperatives are those ones that locate themselves in parallel cooperative market economies based on solidarity, democracy and cooperation among cooperatives rather than in traditional capitalistic value chains (Wright, 2011). It is this pathway that Cameroonian cooperatives need to follow if they wish to succeed in the age of globalism.
MC2019

This MA Report explains the impact coffee cooperatives are having on the Ethiopian coffee industry. It analyses how the current multi-billion dollar global coffee industry began in what remains one of the world’s poorest countries, where arabica coffee was discovered sometime before the sixth century. It explains the emergence of coffee cooperatives historically, as well as their present role offering an alternative to the country’s previous reliance on the assistance of Western nongovernmental organizations with their possible negative impact, including arguments they enforced a dependency on Ethiopia that impeded the country’s development. In discussing coffee buyers and coffee consumption, the report focuses on America, although the same points made apply to the vast majority of Western countries. The report investigates whether cooperatives offer a business model sufficient to achieve self-sustainability for Ethiopian coffee farmers, and discusses how the interaction between and among cooperatives, unions, the Ethiopian government, and specialty coffee buyers in America is enabling Ethiopian coffee to increase its leverage on the international coffee market, generating essential income for the struggling Ethiopian economy. The report focuses on the following areas: the connection between poverty and linkage to markets; how coffee travels from smallholding farmers in Ethiopia to be sold in American cities like Austin, Texas; the emergence of certification systems like Fair Trade to protect farmers and ensure they receive a fair price for their produce, as well as the chain of commerce that Fair Trade is part of; the quality and characteristics of Ethiopian coffee; and whether cooperatives and unions can remain true to the original goals of serving their farmer members—not turning into purely profit-orientated businesses. While this report focuses on Ethiopia, it dissects and debates economic trends that usually affect developing nations producing coffee. It explores the logistics and ethics of prices paid in the West for coffee from developing countries like Ethiopia. The report ultimately aims to enlighten readers so they’re able to make an ethical purchase of a good quality coffee, while aware of the myriad factors and trends affecting the international coffee market.
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Widespread deforestation throughout Latin America has accentuated the importance of forested coffee farms as bastions of biodiversity that in many respects mimic tropical forests. However, a trend towards producing coffee within highly productive, chemically intensive monocultures has increasingly left these important ecosystems within the hands of small-scale farmers and indigenous communities, who are typically unable to capture much of the value of their coffee because of power asymmetry within their trading relationships. Notable exceptions are farmers who belong to cooperatives, which enable farmers to enhance their power and access the high-value Fair Trade and organic markets. In exchange for high prices, these markets require that farmers meet a variety of certification criteria that, among other things, affect how small coffee farms are managed. This thesis examines the means and processes through which the production of coffee for the organic and Fair Trade markets affects forested ecosystems on small-scale farms in Pancasan and El Coyolar, Nicaragua. In particular, it emphasizes the role of cooperatives as the institution through which standards are met, information is exchanged, decisions are made, access to global markets is facilitated, and a 'new' product with more resilient social and environmental benefits is achieved. While these markets do indeed require farmers to meet certification standards, it is the cooperatives and their allies that develop the capacity necessary for farmers to do so. Moreover, cooperative membership enables farmers to access resources that are embedded within networks they would not otherwise be able to access, and which are significant to both their livelihoods and the forested ecosystems they manage.
Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate

Le but de notre recherche est d'analyser la gestion de l'entrepreneurship social afin d'en ressortir les défis et enjeux apportés par l'union de deux mondes opposés, deux mondes distingués par Boltanski et Thévenot (1991) et entre lesquels ils ne voient pas de compromis possibles. Il s'agit d'analyser les tensions entre ces deux mondes dans le contexte de l'entrepreneurship social. La définition de l'entrepreneurship social est encore en cours d'élaboration (Zahra et al., 2006) et l'étude de cas que nous présentons contribue au développement de ce concept, que nous comparerons aussi à ceux d'économie sociale et de commerce équitable. Le cas étudié est celui de l'entreprise Cooperative Coffees. La collecte de données s'est faite par observation participante, entrevues et analyse documentaire, suivant les principes de la méthode ethnographique. L'analyse des enjeux de gestion a été effectuée par la méthode inductive à l'aide du logiciel Atlas ti, et est complétée par une analyse stratégique, utilisant le modèle de chaîne de valeur ajoutée (Porter, 1985). Notre recherche nous amène à proposer une définition hiérarchisée de l'entrepreneurship social. En outre, nous constatons que, dans son ensemble, le mouvement du commerce équitable est une initiative d'entrepreneurship social de type ingénieur social schumpetérien (Schumpetarian social engineer) (Zahra et al., 2006) mais que les organisations qui constituent ce mouvement correspondent à divers types d'entrepreneurship social. Les résultats nous amènent à questionner la conception de Boltanski et Thévenot (1991) selon laquelle il n'y a pas de compromis possibles entre les cités, notamment entre le monde marchand et le monde civique. Au contraire, dans le cas étudié, le compromis serait permanent mais le consensus sur le type de compromis à privilégier, lui, semble impossible. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Entrepreneurship social, commerce équitable, économie sociale, développement durable, chaîne de valeurs