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Walker, Rob A., und David R. Basco. „APPLICATION OF COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER TO PREDICT COASTAL EROSION“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 32 (02.02.2011): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.management.23.
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A new coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter, was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed at the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg). COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (northeasters) can produce similar COSI parameters that range from 0.69*10^6 N-m/hr to 49.72*10^6 n-m/hr with lognormal distribution. Potential implications of such a storm classification system include the evaluation of coastal structures and coastal infrastructure, as well as providing a universal storm strength indicator that is directly tied to coastal physical parameters and not limited to wind speed. This paper explores the application of COSI to predict coastal erosion along the sub-aerial ocean beach in Duck, North Carolina on the east coast of the United States. Data for the 10-year study period (1994 to 2003) has been analyzed to produce 249 storms for study of coastal erosion. When profile response to coastal storms was assessed through a pre- and post-storm volumetric determination, mixed results showing both erosion and accretion were observed. The paper also explores the possible explanations and implications of these findings.
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Burvingt, Olivier, und Bruno Castelle. „COASTAL DUNES CHANGES ALONG THE WESTERN COAST OF EUROPE“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 37 (01.09.2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.sediment.28.
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Coastal dunes are natural barriers buffering storm waves, protecting coastal communities from flooding and rising sea level, and providing a valuable source of biodiversity for the surrounding environment. Significant dune erosion caused by storm waves and high water levels generally takes place over hours or days, while post-storm recovery can take years or decades (Houser et al., 2015). Although coastal dunes have received quite a lot of attention over the last decades, knowledge gaps remain, and our understanding and predicting capacity of long-term (years to decades) coastal dune evolution remain limited. The large diversity of coastal dunes along the Atlantic coast of Europe and the sequence of extreme storms observed during the 2013/14 winter, considered as the most energetic storms since at least 1948 (Masselink, 2016), represent a unique opportunity to study the spectrum of coastal dune response and recovery from an extreme winter.
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Ribera, P., D. Gallego, C. Pena-Ortiz, L. Del Rio, T. A. Plomaritis und J. Benavente. „Reconstruction of Atlantic historical winter coastal storms in the Spanish coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz, 1929–2005“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, Nr. 6 (17.06.2011): 1715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1715-2011.
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Abstract. This paper presents the reconstruction of a climatological series of winter coastal storms on the northern coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz. This series has been put together using information extracted from regional and local Spanish newspapers. It includes all the storms coming from the Atlantic sector that have been detected during the winter season, from October to March, between 1929 and 2005. In order to validate this historical storm series, it has been compared with storms series identified from quasi-observational data and using different wave heights as thresholds to decide what is to be considered as a coastal storm. Nearly 2.6 reports per year about coastal storms are published in the press which correspond to waves of 3.6 m high or more and to prevailing winds from a direction ranging between SSW and WNW. A long- term positive trend has been detected for the complete storm series. If only the instrumental period is analysed, no significant trend is detected. It is suggested that this difference might be associated with the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation over the occurrence of storms in this area.
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Basco, David R., und Nader Mahmoudpour. „THE MODIFIED COASTAL STORM IMPULSE (COSI) PARAMETER AND QUANTIFICATION OF FRAGILITY CURVES FOR COASTAL DESIGN“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 33 (15.12.2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.66.
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A coastal storm-strength parameter, the Coastal Storm Impulse (COSI) parameter was introduced at the ICCE 2006 (San Diego) and further discussed in the ICCE 2008 (Hamburg) and ICCE 2010 (Shanghai) proceedings. COSI is based on the conservation of linear, horizontal momentum to combine storm surge, wave dynamics, and currents over the storm duration. Both tropical storms (hurricanes) and extra-tropical storms (low-pressure fronts) can produce similar COSI parameters. Analysis of coastal storms over a 10 year period (1994-2003) of measured data at the Corps of Engineers, Field Research Facility (FRF), Duck, NC showed the need to modify the original method to (1) use the mean, nonlinear wave momentum flux, and (2) use only the spikes in storm surge when elevated water levels are above the mean high water level of the tide. This paper presents the full details of how to calculate the modified COSI parameter; the modified results for the 10-yr Duck data set and suggest possible applications to develop fragility curves for coastal engineering design. Clearly, fragility curves are needed to quantify risk and hence resilience in coastal systems design. The intensity of the “load” or “disturbance”, i.e. the severity of the coastal storm must be quantified to develop fragility curves. Excess water levels (storm surge), wave conditions (height, period, direction) and storm duration all contribute to the intensity of a coastal storm. How to combine these three factors has long been a concern of coastal scientists and engineers.
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Salmun, H., A. Molod, F. S. Buonaiuto, K. Wisniewska und K. C. Clarke. „East Coast Cool-Weather Storms in the New York Metropolitan Region“. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, Nr. 11 (01.11.2009): 2320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jamc2183.1.
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Abstract New York coastal regions are frequently exposed to winter extratropical storm systems that exhibit a wide range of local impacts. Studies of these systems either have used localized water-level or beach erosion data to identify and characterize the storms or have used meteorological conditions from reanalysis data to provide a general regional “climatology” of storms. The use of meteorological conditions to identify these storms allows an independent assessment of impacts on the coastal environment and therefore can be used to predict the impacts. However, the intensity of these storms can exhibit substantial spatial variability that may not be captured by the relatively large scales of the studies using reanalysis data, and this fact may affect the localized assessment of storm impact on the coastal communities. A method that uses data from National Data Buoy Center stations in the New York metropolitan area to identify East Coast cool-weather storms (ECCSs) and to describe their climatological characteristics is presented. An assessment of the presence of storm conditions and a three-level intensity scale was developed using surface pressure data as measured at the buoys. This study identified ECCSs during the period from 1977 through 2007 and developed storm climatologies for each level of storm intensity. General agreement with established climatologies demonstrated the robustness of the method. The impact of the storms on the coastal environment was assessed by computing “storm average” values of storm-surge data and by examining beach erosion along the south shore of Long Island, New York. A regression analysis demonstrated that the best storm-surge predictor is based on measurements of significant wave height at a nearby buoy.
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Yang, Kun, Vladimir Paramygin und Y. Peter Sheng. „An objective and efficient method for estimating probabilistic coastal inundation hazards“. Natural Hazards 99, Nr. 2 (04.10.2019): 1105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03807-w.
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Abstract The joint probability method (JPM) is the traditional way to determine the base flood elevation due to storm surge, and it usually requires simulation of storm surge response from tens of thousands of synthetic storms. The simulated storm surge is combined with probabilistic storm rates to create flood maps with various return periods. However, the map production requires enormous computational cost if state-of-the-art hydrodynamic models with high-resolution numerical grids are used; hence, optimal sampling (JPM-OS) with a small number of (~ 100–200) optimal (representative) storms is preferred. This paper presents a significantly improved JPM-OS, where a small number of optimal storms are objectively selected, and simulated storm surge responses of tens of thousands of storms are accurately interpolated from those for the optimal storms using a highly efficient kriging surrogate model. This study focuses on Southwest Florida and considers ~ 150 optimal storms that are selected based on simulations using either the low fidelity (with low resolution and simple physics) SLOSH model or the high fidelity (with high resolution and comprehensive physics) CH3D model. Surge responses to the optimal storms are simulated using both SLOSH and CH3D, and the flood elevations are calculated using JPM-OS with highly efficient kriging interpolations. For verification, the probabilistic inundation maps are compared to those obtained by the traditional JPM and variations of JPM-OS that employ different interpolation schemes, and computed probabilistic water levels are compared to those calculated by historical storm methods. The inundation maps obtained with the JPM-OS differ less than 10% from those obtained with JPM for 20,625 storms, with only 4% of the computational time.
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Mendoza, E. T., J. A. Jimenez und J. Mateo. „A coastal storms intensity scale for the Catalan sea (NW Mediterranean)“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, Nr. 9 (15.09.2011): 2453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2453-2011.
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Abstract. A 5-class intensity scale for wave storms in the Catalan coast is presented. This has been done by analysing a storm data set which comprises 5 buoys during the period 1988/2008. The obtained classification improves the former proposal of Mendoza and Jiménez (2008) by better resolving spatial and temporal variability in wave storms in the area. The obtained classification reflects the increase in wave storm properties as the storm category increases. Because the selected classification parameter was the energy content which implicitly contains Hs and storm duration, this variable was used to define class limits; class I storms (24–250 m2 h), class II storms (251–500 m2 h), class III (501–700 m2 h), class IV storms (701–1200 m2 h) and class V storms (>1200 m2 h). The energy content variable was also used as proxy for induced hazards; the observed increase in energy content for higher classes reflected a significant increase in the intensity of the potential hazards. Lastly, the dominant synoptic situation for wave storms along the Catalan coast was the presence of a Mediterranean cyclone although a direct correspondence on cyclone's intensity over the western Mediterranean with wave energy content was not found.
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Loureiro, Carlos, und Andrew Cooper. „Temporal variability in winter wave conditions and storminess in the northwest of Ireland“. Irish Geography 51, Nr. 2 (28.01.2019): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2018.1369.
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Winter storms have significant morphological impacts in coastal areas, often leading to extensive infrastructure damage and socio-economic disruption. While storm-dominated coastal environments, such as the northwest coast of Ireland, are generally attuned to highly energetic wave conditions, morphological impacts can be intensified by changes in the frequency and sequencing of storm events, particularly during storm-groups or exceptional winter seasons. Aiming to assess the variability in frequency and sequencing of wintertime wave conditions and storms in the northwest of Ireland, we combine observational records (M4 buoy) with data from two independent wave reanalyses (ERA-Interim and WAVEWATCH III) and perform a statistical analysis of wave conditions over the past six decades. Both reanalyses represent observed wave heights with very good skill. Excellent agreement between modelled data and observations was identified up to the 99th percentile, despite a slight underestimation/overestimation by ERA-Interim/WAVEWATCH III for waves above the 90% exceedance level. The winter of 2014/15 was the most energetic on record (67 years), but not the stormiest. The results show that highly energetic and stormy winters occur in clusters during positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Significant positive temporal trends for winter wave height, number of storms per winter and average winter storm wave height, suggest that winters are becoming more energetic and stormier, with potential implications for the erosion and recovery of coastal systems in the northwest of Ireland.
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The, Nguyen Nguyen Ngoc The, Duong Cong Dien und Tran Thanh Tung. „Research on wave set-up during storms along the coast of Cua Dai, Hoi An“. Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, Nr. 3 (25.09.2019): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3/14058.
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The central coast of Vietnam is frequently prone to storms and floods. Aside from wind damages during storms, the effect of storm surges, which includes wave set-up, on the coast and coastal infrastructures is very severe. Therefore calculation and prediction of wave set-up and storm surges are significant, both scientifically and practically, to serve as scientific bases for sustainable coastal planning, development and protection. This paper presents the study results on nearshore wave propagation and transformation, as well as the distribution of wave set-up during storms in the coastal area of Cua Dai, Hoi An, using SWAN and SWASH models. The models are thoroughly tested against wave and water level data series collected during a campaign in the project framework. The simulation results show the overall picture of the nearshore wave field and the surge height induced by waves during a storm event along Cua Dai, Hoi An coast. The research output also indicates that wave set-up contributes an important part to the extreme water level of the local nearshore area during storms.
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Mead, R. N., K. M. Mullaugh, G. Brooks Avery, R. J. Kieber, J. D. Willey und D. C. Podgorski. „Insights into dissolved organic matter complexity in rainwater from continental and coastal storms by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, Nr. 9 (14.05.2013): 4829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4829-2013.
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Abstract. A series of seven rainwater samples were collected in Wilmington, North Carolina USA originating from both continental and coastal storms and analyzed by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). This data set is unique in that it represents a detailed comparison of the molecular level composition of DOM in rainwater collected from distinctly different air mass back trajectories by FT-ICR MS. Approximately 25% of the roughly 2000 assigned CHO molecular formulas are unique to a single storm classification indicating the importance of air mass back trajectory on the composition of rainwater dissolved organic matter (DOM). Analysis of the unique molecular formula assignments highlighted distinct groupings of various bio- and geo-molecule classes with coastal storms containing unique formulas representative of lignin and cellulose-like formulas while continental storms had lipid-like formulas. A series of 18 distinct methylene oligomers were identified in coastal storms and 13 unique methylene oligomers in continental storms, suggesting oligomer formation is ubiquitous in rainwater albeit different for each storm classification. Oligomers of small acids and C3H4O2 were detected in both storm types indicating their processing may be similar in both back trajectories. Condensed aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in continental storms with phenol moieties that are not as oxidized as similar compounds detected in aquatic DOM.
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Leaman, Christopher, Mitchell Harley, Kristen Splinter, Mandi Thran, Michael Kinsela und Ian Turner. „A NEW STORM IMPACT MATRIX COMBINING BOTH COASTAL FLOODING AND EROSION HAZARDS“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36v (28.12.2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.management.6.
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Coastal zones are often threatened by storms that elevate water levels and increase the wave energy impacting the shoreline. These storm conditions result in coastal flooding and erosion hazards for communities, threatening lives, properties and infrastructure. Coastal impact Early Warning Systems (EWSs) are currently used to alert authorities of potential impacts prior to advancing storms. Effective EWSs provide important windows of opportunity to undertake mitigating actions to minimize the damage caused by a storm.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/-U6uEHfLizA
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Mead, R. N., K. M. Mullaugh, G. B. Avery, R. J. Kieber, J. D. Willey und D. C. Podgorski. „Insights into dissolved organic matter complexity in rainwater from continental and coastal storms by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, Nr. 12 (06.12.2012): 31413–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-31413-2012.
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Abstract. A series of seven rainwater samples were collected in Wilmington, North Carolina (USA), originating from both continental and coastal storms and analyzed by ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). This data set is unique in that it represents a detailed comparison of the molecular level composition of DOM in rainwater collected from distinctly different air mass back trajectories by FTICR-MS. Approximately 25% of the roughly 2000 assigned CHO molecular formulas are unique to each storm classification indicating the importance of air mass back trajectory on the composition of rainwater dissolved organic matter (DOM). Analysis of the unique molecular formula assignments highlighted distinct groupings of various bio- and geo-molecule classes with coastal storms containing unique formulas representative of lignin and cellulose-like formulas, while continental storms had lipid-like formulas. A series of 18 distinct methylene oligomers were identified in coastal storms with 13 unique methylene oligomers in continental storms suggesting oligomer formation is ubiquitous in rainwater albeit different for each storm classification. Oligomers of small acids and C3H4O2 were detected in both storm types indicating their processing may be similar in both back trajectories. Black carbon (BC) was detected in continental storms with phenol moieties that are not as oxidized as aquatic DOM black carbon. The discovery of BC in continental rainwater has significant ramifications towards climate change, because atmospheric BC is such a potent chromophore that reemits absorbed sunlight at longer wavelengths thereby warming the lower atmosphere.
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Hanley, Mick E., Tjeerd J. Bouma und Hannah L. Mossman. „The gathering storm: optimizing management of coastal ecosystems in the face of a climate-driven threat“. Annals of Botany 125, Nr. 2 (14.12.2019): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz204.
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Abstract Background The combination of rising sea levels and increased likelihood of extreme storm events poses a major threat to our coastlines and as a result, many ecosystems recognized and valued for their important contribution to coastal defence face increased damage from erosion and flooding. Nevertheless, only recently have we begun to examine how plant species and communities, respond to, and recover from, the many disturbances associated with storm events. Scope We review how the threats posed by a combination of sea level rise and storms affects coastal sub-, inter- and supra-tidal plant communities. We consider ecophysiological impacts at the level of the individual plant, but also how ecological interactions at the community level, and responses at landscape scale, inform our understanding of how and why an increasing frequency and intensity of storm damage are vital to effective coastal management. While noting how research is centred on the impact of hurricanes in the US Gulf region, we take a global perspective and consider how ecosystems worldwide (e.g. seagrass, kelp forests, sand dunes, saltmarsh and mangroves) respond to storm damage and contribute to coastal defence. Conclusions The threats posed by storms to coastal plant communities are undoubtedly severe, but, beyond this obvious conclusion, we highlight four research priority areas. These call for studies focusing on (1) how storm disturbance affects plant reproduction and recruitment; (2) plant response to the multiple stressors associated with anthropogenic climate change and storm events; (3) the role of ecosystem-level interactions in dictating post-disturbance recovery; and (4) models and long-term monitoring to better predict where and how storms and other climate change-driven phenomena impact coastal ecosystems and services. In so doing, we argue how plant scientists must work with geomorphologists and environmental agencies to protect the unique biodiversity and pivotal contribution to coastal defence delivered by maritime plant communities.
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Pesantez, Jorge E., Adam Behr und Elizabeth Sciaudone. „Importance of Pre-Storm Morphological Factors in Determination of Coastal Highway Vulnerability“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, Nr. 8 (21.08.2022): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10081158.
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This work considers a database of pre-storm morphological factors and documented impacts along a coastal roadway. Impacts from seven storms, including sand overwash and pavement damage, were documented via aerial photography. Pre-storm topography was examined to parameterize the pre-storm morphological factors likely to control whether stormwater levels and waves impact the road. Two machine learning techniques, K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and ensemble of decision trees (EDT), were employed to identify the most critical pre-storm morphological factors in determining the road vulnerability, expressed as a binary variable to impact storms. Pre-processing analysis was conducted with a correlation analysis of the predictors’ data set and feature selection subroutine for the KNN classifier. The EDTs were built directly from the data set, and feature importance estimates were reported for all storm events. Both classifiers report the distances from roadway edge-of-pavement to the dune toe and ocean as the most important predictors of most storms. For storms approaching from the bayside, the width of the barrier island was the second most important factor. Other factors of importance included elevation of the dune toe, distance from the edge of pavement to the ocean shoreline, shoreline orientation (relative to predominant wave angle), and beach slope. Compared to previously reported optimization techniques, both machine learning methods improved using pre-storm morphological data to classify highway vulnerability based on storm impacts.
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Lane, Kathryn, Kizzy Charles-Guzman, Katherine Wheeler, Zaynah Abid, Nathan Graber und Thomas Matte. „Health Effects of Coastal Storms and Flooding in Urban Areas: A Review and Vulnerability Assessment“. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/913064.
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Coastal storms can take a devastating toll on the public's health. Urban areas like New York City (NYC) may be particularly at risk, given their dense population, reliance on transportation, energy infrastructure that is vulnerable to flood damage, and high-rise residential housing, which may be hard-hit by power and utility outages. Climate change will exacerbate these risks in the coming decades. Sea levels are rising due to global warming, which will intensify storm surge. These projections make preparing for the health impacts of storms even more important. We conducted a broad review of the health impacts of US coastal storms to inform climate adaptation planning efforts, with a focus on outcomes relevant to NYC and urban coastal areas, and incorporated some lessons learned from recent experience with Superstorm Sandy. Based on the literature, indicators of health vulnerability were selected and mapped within NYC neighborhoods. Preparing for the broad range of anticipated effects of coastal storms and floods may help reduce the public health burden from these events.
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Lombardo, Kelly, und Tristan Kading. „The Behavior of Squall Lines in Horizontally Heterogeneous Coastal Environments“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 75, Nr. 4 (01.04.2018): 1243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0248.1.
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Abstract Inland squall lines respond to the stable marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) as they move toward a coastline and offshore. As a storm’s cold pool collides with the marine layer, characteristics of both determine the resulting convective forcing mechanism over the stable layer and storm characteristics. Idealized numerical experiments exploring a parameter space of MABL characteristics show that the postcollision forcing mechanism is determined by the buoyancy of the cold pool relative to the MABL. When the outflow is less buoyant, storms are forced by a cold pool within the marine environment. When the buoyancies are equivalent, a hybrid cold pool–internal gravity wave develops after the collision. The collision between a cold pool and less buoyant MABL initiates internal waves along the stable layer, regardless of MABL depth. These waves are inefficient at lifting air into the storm, and ascent from the trailing cold pool is needed to support deep convection. Storm intensity decreases with deeper and less buoyant MABLs, in part due to the reduction in elevated instability. Precipitation is enhanced just prior to the collision between a storm and the deepest marine layers. Storms modify their environment downstream, leading to the development of a moist adiabatic unstable layer and a lowering of the level of free convection (LFC) to below the top of the deepest marine layer. An MABL moving as a sea breeze into the storm-modified air successfully lifts parcels to the new LFC, generating convective towers ahead of the squall line. This mechanism may contribute to increased coastal flash flooding risks during observed events.
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Karanci, Ayse, Emily Berglund und Margery Overton. „AN AGENT-BASED MODEL TO EVALUATE HOUSING DYNAMICS OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES FACING STORMS AND SEA LEVEL RISE“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 35 (23.06.2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.management.23.
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An agent-based model (ABM) is developed to explore the effects of storms and sea level rise (SLR) on soft-engineered coastal management actions and households’ housing decisions at the coastal town of Nags Head in North Carolina, USA. The ABM links the behavior of household agents (individual homeowners) and town agents (coastal managers) with morphological coastal evolution caused by long-term erosion, sea level rise, and storms. Storm impacts are determined by combining the process-based model XBeach (Roelvink, 2009) outputs with the ABM framework. The integrated ABM framework is applied to simulate occupation dynamics and community viability under forcing from storms and sea level rise over a time frame of 50 years. A timeline with storm events was created using historical data and the intensity of the storm in the midpoint of the timeline was varied to explore the effect of storm intensity on the community. Simulations demonstrated a strong link between the intensity of storms and household occupancy. Results suggest that increased storm intensity hinders development and in some cases can cause community occupation growth to stagnate or decline. The results also indicate a feedback loop between the natural processes, management decisions, and household decisions. After a severe storm, buildings are damaged, expenses are increased, and occupation declines. A diminished community cannot invest in protection measures and in turn becomes more vulnerable to future storms. A tipping point may occur, where the community stagnates with respect to its household occupation. To investigate the influence of varying sea level rise rates on community occupancy dynamics, the model was forced with different sea level rise scenarios, including no sea level rise, a constant rate of sea level rise, and two scenarios with accelerated sea level rise. The scenario with no sea level rise showed a considerably more attractive community than the scenarios with sea level rise. This was attributed to (1) absence of expenses incurred in other scenarios to mitigate recession caused by sea level rise and (2) lower flooding risk.
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Dresback, Kendra M., Christine M. Szpilka, Randall L. Kolar, Saeed Moghimi und Edward P. Myers. „Development and Validation of Accumulation Term (Distributed and/or Point Source) in a Finite Element Hydrodynamic Model“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, Nr. 2 (19.01.2023): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020248.
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During tropical storms, precipitation and associated rainfall-runoff can lead to significant flooding, in both the upland and coastal areas. Flooding in coastal areas is compounded by the storm surge. Several hurricanes in recent history have exhibited the destructive force of compound flooding due to precipitation, rainfall-runoff, storm surge and waves. In previous work, various coupled modeling systems have been developed to model total water levels (defined as tides, waves, surge, and rainfall-runoff) for tropical storms. The existing coupled system utilizes a hydrologic model in the upland areas of the domain to capture the precipitation and rainfall-runoff associated with the storms; however, in the coastal areas the precipitation and rainfall-runoff is not captured. Herein a source/sink term is incorporated within the hydrodynamic model itself to capture precipitation and rainfall-runoff over the already inundated coastal areas. The new algorithm is verified for several idealized test cases, and then it is applied to Hurricane Irene. Validation indicates that the new methodology is comparable to the existing river flux forcing under most conditions and allows for the addition of streamflows due to overland runoff, as well as the actual precipitation itself.
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Ellis, Jean T., Michelle E. Harris, Mayra A. Román-Rivera, J. Brianna Ferguson, Peter A. Tereszkiewicz und Sean P. McGill. „Application of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale to Assess Sand Dune Response to Tropical Storms“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, Nr. 9 (01.09.2020): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090670.
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Over one-third of the Earth’s population resides or works within 200 km of the coast. The increasing threat of coastal hazards with predicted climate change will impact many global citizens. Coastal dune systems serve as a natural first line of defense against rising sea levels and coastal storms. This study investigated the volumetric changes of two dune systems on Isle of Palms, South Carolina, USA prior to and following Hurricanes Irma (2017) and Florence (2018), which impacted the island as tropical storms with different characteristics. Irma had relatively high significant wave heights and precipitation, resulting in an average 39% volumetric dune loss. During Florence, a storm where precipitation was low and winds were moderate, net volumetric dune loss averaged 3%. The primary driving force causing dune change during Irma was water (precipitation and storm surge), and during Florence, it was wind (aeolian transport). We suggest that the application of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale classifications should be reconsidered because different geomorphic responses were measured, despite Irma and Florence both being designated as tropical storms. Site-specific pre- and post-storm studies of the dune morphology and site-specific meteorological measurements of the storm (wind characteristics, storm surge, precipitation) are critically needed.
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Wang, Zhankun, Korak Saha, Ebenezer S. Nyadjro, Yongsheng Zhang, Boyin Huang und James Reagan. „Oceanic Responses to the Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 in the Gulf of Mexico from In Situ and Satellite Observations“. Remote Sensing 15, Nr. 12 (07.06.2023): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15122967.
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Winter storms occur in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) every few years, but there are not many studies on oceanic responses to severe winter storms. Although usually considered less destructive than hurricanes, they can result in cumulative damages. Winter Storm Outbreak of February 2021 (WSO21), the most intense winter storm to impact Texas and the GoM in 30 years, passed over the western GoM and brought severe cold to the GoM coastal regions, which caused a sudden cooling of the ocean surface, resulting in an extensive loss of marine life. In this study, we analyze multiple datasets from both in situ and satellite observations to examine the oceanic changes due to WSO21 in order to improve our understanding of oceanic responses to winter storms. Although the pre-storm sea surface temperature (SST) was 1–2 °C warmer than normal, severe coastal cold spells caused a significant cooling of the order of −3 °C to −5 °C during WSO21 and a −1 °C average cooling in the mixed layer (ML) over the western GoM. Net surface heat loss played a primary role in the upper ocean cooling during WSO21 and explained more than 50% of the cooling that occurred. Convective mixing due to surface cooling and turbulent mixing induced by enhanced wind speeds significantly increase the surface ML in the western GoM. Apart from rapid changes in SST and heat fluxes due to air-sea interactions, persistent upwelling brings nutrients to the surface and can produce coastal “winter” blooms along the Texas and Mexico coast. Prominent salinity increases along the coastal regions during and after WSO21 were another indicator of wind-induced coastal upwelling. Our study demonstrates the utility of publicly-available datasets for studying the impact of winter storms on the ocean surface.
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Lemke, Laura, und Jon K. Miller. „DEVELOPMENT OF A STORM EROSION CLIMATOLOGY FOR THE NEW JERSEY COAST, US“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36 (30.12.2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.papers.93.
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In this study, the Storm Erosion Index (SEI), developed by Miller and Livermont (2008), is used to reevaluate storms that have impacted New Jersey over the past several decades based on their erosion potential. This index considers all three drivers of coastal erosion including wave height, water level, and storm duration and has been shown to more closely correlated to observed erosion than more traditional indices (Miller and Livermont 2008). Here, storms are assessed at thirteen shoreline segments defined along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey. When reevaluated with SEI, the top three storms across all shoreline segments are the December 1992 nor’easter, the Veteran’s Day Storm in November 2009, and Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. In general, the December 1992 nor’easter and Hurricane Sandy are more highly ranked in the northern half of the state with Hurricane Sandy having a maximum return period of 38 years. The Veteran’s Day Storm on the other hand is more highly ranked in the southern half of the state having a maximum return period of 42 years. A closer look at these three storms illustrates the importance of each of the three drivers of coastal erosion in determining erosion potential. A particular emphasis is placed on storm duration which explains why the Veteran’s Day Storm (td = ~90 hours) outranks Hurricane Sandy (td = ~60 hours) in the southern portion of the state. The assessment performed in this study produces a record of historical storms ranked by SEI that future storms can be compared to. This allows for an understanding of the erosion potential of future storms in the context of what has occurred previously.
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Mattei, Gaia, Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Anfuso, Giorgio Budillon und Pietro Aucelli. „Characteristics and coastal effects of a destructive marine storm in the Gulf of Naples (southern Italy)“. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, Nr. 12 (20.12.2021): 3809–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3809-2021.
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Abstract. Destructive marine storms bring large waves and unusually high surges of water to coastal areas, resulting in significant damages and economic loss. This study analyses the characteristics of a destructive marine storm on the strongly inhabited coastal area of Gulf of Naples, along the Italian coasts of the Tyrrhenian Sea. This is highly vulnerable to marine storms due to the accelerated relative sea level rise trend and the increased anthropogenic impact on the coastal area. The marine storm, which occurred on 28 December 2020, was analyzed through an unstructured wind–wave coupled model that takes into account the main marine weather components of the coastal setup. The model, validated with in situ data, allowed the establishment of threshold values for the most significant marine and atmospheric parameters (i.e., wind intensity and duration) beyond which an event can produce destructive effects. Finally, a first assessment of the return period of this event was evaluated using local press reports on damage to urban furniture and port infrastructures.
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Rivas, Victoria, Carolina Garmendia und Domingo Rasilla. „Analysis of Ocean Parameters as Sources of Coastal Storm Damage: Regional Empirical Thresholds in Northern Spain“. Climate 10, Nr. 6 (17.06.2022): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10060088.
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This contribution aims to explore the role of oceanographic parameters on the damage caused by storms at the eastern Cantabrian coast (1996–2016). All wave storms affecting the study area were characterized in terms of several oceanographic parameters; among them, damaging storms (responsible for direct and tangible loss) were identified. Cross-referencing both databases makes it possible to find some thresholds that explain storm conditions associated with property damage. Particularly relevant are those responsible for significant and widespread damage: maximum significant offshore wave height >6.5 m, maximum total water level >6 m, SPI >1700 m2h, and a storm duration >48 h. These values are exceptionally high, mostly exceeding the 95th percentile. A comparison has been made with other thresholds described in the literature. The concurrence of high wave height and high tidal level is crucial as the greatest damage is caused by the combination of wave impact and over-wash, so a long duration of the storm is necessary to coincide with high tide. An empirical Intensity-Duration threshold has also been obtained with the following function I = 248.7 D−0.45. Damage can occur with moderate storms, but with severe effects only with exceptional wave and sea-level values, during long-lasting storms.
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Fossell, Kathryn R., David Ahijevych, Rebecca E. Morss, Chris Snyder und Chris Davis. „The Practical Predictability of Storm Tide from Tropical Cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico“. Monthly Weather Review 145, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2017): 5103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0051.1.
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The potential for storm surge to cause extensive property damage and loss of life has increased urgency to more accurately predict coastal flooding associated with landfalling tropical cyclones. This work investigates the sensitivity of coastal inundation from storm tide (surge + tide) to four hurricane parameters—track, intensity, size, and translation speed—and the sensitivity of inundation forecasts to errors in forecasts of those parameters. An ensemble of storm tide simulations is generated for three storms in the Gulf of Mexico, by driving a storm surge model with best track data and systematically generated perturbations of storm parameters from the best track. The spread of the storm perturbations is compared to average errors in recent operational hurricane forecasts, allowing sensitivity results to be interpreted in terms of practical predictability of coastal inundation at different lead times. Two types of inundation metrics are evaluated: point-based statistics and spatially integrated volumes. The practical predictability of surge inundation is found to be limited foremost by current errors in hurricane track forecasts, followed by intensity errors, then speed errors. Errors in storm size can also play an important role in limiting surge predictability at short lead times, due to observational uncertainty. Results show that given current mean errors in hurricane forecasts, location-specific surge inundation is predictable for as little as 12–24 h prior to landfall, less for small-sized storms. The results also indicate potential for increased surge predictability beyond 24 h for large storms by considering a storm-following, volume-integrated metric of inundation.
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Sancho-García, Amanda, Jorge Guillén, Vicente Gracia, Ana Carlota Rodríguez-Gómez und Belén Rubio-Nicolás. „The Use of News Information Published in Newspapers to Estimate the Impact of Coastal Storms at a Regional Scale“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, Nr. 5 (04.05.2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050497.
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The evaluation of coastal damage caused by storms is not straightforward and different approaches can be applied. In this study, damage caused by extreme storms is evaluated at a regional scale based on news information published in regional newspapers. The data derived from the news are compared with hydrodynamic parameters to check the reliability of this methodology as a preliminary” fast approach” to evaluate storm damage and to identify hotspots along the coast. This methodology was applied to the two most extreme storms ever recorded along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, which occurred in January 2017 and January 2020, severely impacting the coast and causing significant community concerns. The news information from different media sources was processed and weighted to describe the resulting erosion, inundation, sand accumulation, and destruction of infrastructures. Moreover, an accuracy index for scoring the quality of the information was proposed. In spite of some limitations of the method, the resulting regional coastal hazard landscape of damage provides a rapid overview of the intensity and distribution of the damage and enables one to identify the location of potential hotspots for the analyzed extreme storm events. The results show that estimated damage intensity is better related to maximum wave energy than cumulative wave energy during a storm, and that beach characteristics should also be included for understanding the distribution of coastal damage.
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Hung, Nguyen Manh, Do Le Thuy und Duong Cong Dien. „Storm wave modeling with swan comparison of measurement data and modeling results for the storm MUIFA 11/2004“. Vietnam Journal of Mechanics 27, Nr. 4 (31.12.2005): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7136/27/4/5733.
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With the average of 4-5 storms hitting the Vietnamese coastline every year, our country is suffering from great damage of infrastructures and lost of human life. Most storms induce significant waves which, especially in the coastal zones, can destroy houses, coastal structures and move large amounts of sand from beaches to offshore resulting in shoreline erosion. Therefore modeling of storm waves is an important task of engineers, scientists, weather forecasting specialists of our country. In order to meet the need of mitigation storm effects, to improve the storm wave forecasting capability in general and to study the coastal evolution in the Red River Delta (RRD) in particular, the authors have developed the S\i\TAN model for the storm wave calculation in the East Sea. In the paper some formulations of the model has been used to get the best agreement with the measured wave field in the storm MUIFA 11 /2004. The wind and wave data at the oil platform MSPl and wave height field over the sea were used to compare the model results. The obtained results afford the promising of using the SWAN model in research and weather forecast.
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Muir, Freya M. E., Martin D. Hurst, Luke Richardson-Foulger und Alistair F. Rennie. „QUANTIFYING AND CLASSIFYING COASTAL CHANGE IN SCOTLAND USING SATELLITE-DERIVED COASTAL BOUNDARIES“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 37 (01.09.2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.163.
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Global sea levels and the frequency and severity of coastal storm events are both predicted to rise with anthropogenic climate change. Coastal storms are often accompanied by intense wave energy producing large waves which lead to impact damage, wave overtopping and flooding of coastal infrastructure Erosion of soft coasts can cause instability and infrastructure damage, and exacerbate flood risk with weakening of natural protective features like dunes. To plan effectively for a changing climate and increased coastal risks, coastal managers require continuous, repeatable datasets on past coastal change to anticipate potential future changes and assess adaptation options.
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Li, Honghai, Lihwa Lin und Kelly A. Burks-Copes. „NUMERICAL MODELING OF COASTAL INUNDATION AND SEDIMENTATION BY STORM SURGE, TIDES, AND WAVES AT NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, USA“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 33 (15.12.2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.54.
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A nearshore hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was developed to simulate synthetic storms with design SLR scenarios surrounding the military installations in Norfolk, Virginia. Foreseeable risk and effect of storm surge damage accompanied by waves, tides, and Sea Level Rise (SLR) were examined. The final results include the evaluation of impacts for five SLR (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m) and three storm conditions (50-yr, 100-yr return tropical storms, and a winter storm). Associated with the storm surge and SLR, extensive inundation will occur at the Naval Station Norfolk, approximately 70-80% of the Naval Station Norfolk under the 2-m SLR scenario. The calculated morphology changes indicate that the sediment movement mostly occurs in the navigation channels and the maximum depth changes are more than 3.0 m along the channels. The bed volume changes show that the storms induce a net volume loss within the channel area, an indication of channel flushing in the study area.
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Yang, Kun, Vladimir A. Paramygin und Y. Peter Sheng. „A Rapid Forecasting and Mapping System of Storm Surge and Coastal Flooding“. Weather and Forecasting 35, Nr. 4 (01.08.2020): 1663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0150.1.
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AbstractA prototype of an efficient and accurate rapid forecasting and mapping system (RFMS) of storm surge is presented. Given a storm advisory from the National Hurricane Center, the RFMS can generate a coastal inundation map on a high-resolution grid in 1 min (reference system Intel Core i7–3770K). The foundation of the RFMS is a storm surge database consisting of high-resolution simulations of 490 optimal storms generated by a robust storm surge modeling system, Curvilinear-Grid Hydrodynamics in 3D (CH3D-SSMS). The RFMS uses an efficient quick kriging interpolation scheme to interpolate the surge response from the storm surge database, which considers tens of thousands of combinations of five landfall parameters of storms: central pressure deficit, radius to maximum wind, forward speed, heading direction, and landfall location. The RFMS is applied to southwest Florida using data from Hurricane Charley in 2004 and Hurricane Irma in 2017, and to the Florida Panhandle using data from Hurricane Michael in 2018 and validated with observed high water mark data. The RFMS results agree well with observation and direct simulation of the high-resolution CH3D-SSMS. The RFMS can be used for real-time forecasting during a hurricane or “what-if” scenarios for mitigation planning and preparedness training, or to produce a probabilistic flood map. The RFMS can provide more accurate surge prediction with uncertainties if NHC can provide more accurate storm forecasts in the future. By incorporating storms for future climate and sea level rise, the RFMS could be used to generate future flood maps for coastal resilience and adaptation planning.
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Shevchenko, Georgy, Ekie Kato und Marina Khuzeeva. „Storm surges and extreme storms in Sakhalin Island and South Kuril Islands“. MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926503004.
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Storm surges (the significant sea level rises due to a drop in surface atmospheric pressure and an increase in wind velocity during the passage of deep cyclones over the coastal areas) pose a formidable threat to the coastal settlements of Sakhalin and the South Kuril Islands. As a result of flooding of coastal areas, the impact of storm waves on the shores and coastal facilities is sharply increased. The greatest damage caused by surges on 10.11.1990 and 9.11.1995 which affected the most populated southern part of Sakhalin Island. A long-term sea level series were analyzed, recorded at 9 coastal tide gauges located on the coast of Sakhalin Island and South Kuril Islands. Estimates for the maximum heights of the storm surges and tidal level were obtained separately, as well as for the rare recurrence of the total sea level height with the probability of these individual components superposition. The maximum total height of the sea level was obtained for the Kurilsk station, where the highest storm surge was recorded. The minimum values were obtained for southwestern coast of Sakhalin Island (Kholmsk and Nevelsk stations) were tides are small. Seasonal and inter-annual variations of strong waves were analysed from the data of visual observations.
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Sigler, J. M., H. Mao, B. C. Sive und R. Talbot. „Oceanic influence on atmospheric mercury at coastal and inland sites: a springtime noreaster in New England“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, Nr. 2 (01.04.2009): 8737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-8737-2009.
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Abstract. Continuous measurements of elemental (Hg0) and reactive mercury were conducted at two sites in New Hampshire during a powerful April 2007 noreaster. During the most intense period of the storm, enhancements of ~30–50 ppqv in Hg0 were observed at a coastal and a high elevation inland site. This enhancement occurred simultaneously with elevated mixing ratios of three marine tracers, CH3I, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. These observations suggest a marine source of Hg0, possibly outgassing from the ocean surface during strong turbulence. The Hg0 enhancement observed 100 km inland suggests that the impact of coastal storms on terrestrial Hg cycling may not be limited to near-shore environments. Combining Hg0 and marine tracer measurements during the storm with estimates of oceanic tracer fluxes during previous strong storms yields an order-of-magnitude estimate of the oceanic source of Hg0 during the storm (~7 ppqv hr
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Jin, Yuting, Shuguang Liu, Zhengzheng Zhou, Qi Zhuang und Min Liu. „The Influence of Typhoon Events on the Design Storm for the Shanghai Metropolitan Area in the Yangtze River Delta, China“. Water 16, Nr. 3 (05.02.2024): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16030508.
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Given the fact that the high frequency of extreme weather events globally, in particular typhoons, has more of an influence on flood forecasting, there is a great need to further understand the impact of typhoon events on design storms. The main objectives of this paper are to examine the magnitude, occurrence, and mechanism of typhoon events in southeast coastal China and their contribution to the design storm study. We take Shanghai, which is a typical metropolitan region in the Yangtze River Delta, China, as an example. The impact of typhoons on the rainfall frequency analysis is quantitatively evaluated using stochastic storm transposition (SST)-based intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) estimates with various temporal and spatial structures under different return periods. The results show that there is significant variability in the storm magnitude within the transposition domain across different durations, highlighting the spatiotemporal heterogeneity over the coastal area. Moreover, the probability of random storm transposition exhibits an uneven distribution. The frequency of typhoon rainfall events within the transposition domain is notably high, and there is considerable variability in the structure of rainfall. Typhoon rainfall amplifies the intensity of design storms, and its contribution increases with return periods. The variability in design storms increases accordingly. Based on the advantages of SST, which retains the spatiotemporal structure of the rainfall in the generated scenarios, the overall framework provides an effective way to examine the impact of diverse characteristics of typhoon rainfall on frequency analysis and facilitate a deeper exploration of the direct impact of various types of extreme storms on the intensity, spatial, and temporal distributions of design storms amidst evolving environmental conditions over this metropolitan region.
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Lombardo, Kelly. „Squall Line Response to Coastal Mid-Atlantic Thermodynamic Heterogeneities“. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2020): 4143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-20-0044.1.
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AbstractIdealized 3D numerical simulations are used to quantify the impact of moving marine atmospheric boundary layers (MABLs) on squall lines in an environment representative of the U.S. mid-Atlantic coastal plain. Characteristics of the MABL, including depth and potential temperature, are varied. Squall lines are most intense while moving over the deepest MABLs, while the storm encountering no MABL is the weakest. Storm intensity is only sensitive to MABL temperature when the MABL is sufficiently deep. Collisions between the storm cold pools and MABLs transition storm lift from surface-based cold pools to wavelike features, with the resulting ascent mechanism dependent on MABL density, not depth. Bores form when the MABL is denser than the cold pool and hybrid cold pool–bores form when the densities are similar. While these features support storms over the MABL, the type of lifting mechanism does not control storm intensity alone. Storm intensity depends on the amplification and maintenance of these features, which is determined by the ambient conditions. Isolated convective cells form ahead of squall lines prior to the cold pool–MABL collision, resulting in a rain peak and the eventual discrete propagation of the storms. Cells form as storm-generated high-frequency gravity waves interact with gravity waves generated by the moving marine layers, in the presence of reduced stability by the squall line itself. No cells form in the presence of the storm or the MABL alone.
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BARLETTA, RODRIGO DO CARMO, und LAURO JÚLIO CALLIARI. „Determinação da Intensidade das Tempestades que atuam no Litoral do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil“. Pesquisas em Geociências 28, Nr. 2 (31.12.2001): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.20276.
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Waves generated by South Atlantic storms are greatly responsible for the beach and coastal erosion verified at the central coast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. These beaches are classified as intermediate, according to the morphodynamic approach suggested by the “Australian School of Coastal Geomorphology”. The storm wave regime controls the morphodynamic variability of those sandy beaches. Through the classification proposed by Dolan and Davis (1992). South Atlantic storms were classified and related to meteorological systems, considering corresponding beach responses. Out of the 3 year wave gauge storm data analyzed, 54.4% corresponded to Class I (weak), 23% to class II (moderate), 19.25% to class III (significant), 2.75% to class IV (severe) and for class V (extreme), 1 storm was recorded (0.6%). Coincidently, the proportion of storm class frequencies for the 3 year data of South Atlantic storms showed to be similar to the 42 year data studied by Dolan and Davis (1992) for North Atlantic storms. Such classification has proved to be effective for the southern Brazilian coast. Autumn and winter are the storm periods with greatest intensity, wich associated to maximum spring tides and storm surges generate the erosion cicle at this coast. The inverse process is verified to spring and summer, when the accretion cicle takes place. In addiction to this seasonal behavior trend, a continuous process of erosion without further recovering occurred at Conceição Lighthouse and Lagamarzinho beach locations, at rates of 3,6 meter per year and 1 meter per year respectively. The use of such method made possible quantifying storm intensity and establishing its relationship to seasonal erosion processes taking place in the southern Brazilian beaches.
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Sun, Fanglin, und Richard T. Carson. „Coastal wetlands reduce property damage during tropical cyclones“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, Nr. 11 (02.03.2020): 5719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915169117.
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Coastal wetlands dampen the impact of storm surge and strong winds. Studies on the economic valuation of this protective service provided by wetland ecosystems are, however, rare. Here, we analyze property damage caused by 88 tropical storms and hurricanes hitting the United States between 1996 and 2016 and show that counties with more wetland coverage experienced significantly less property damage. The expected economic value of the protective effects of wetlands varies widely across coastal US counties with an average value of about $1.8 million/km2per year and a median value of $91,000/km2. Wetlands confer relatively more protection against weaker storms and in states with weaker building codes. Recent wetland losses are estimated to have increased property damage from Hurricane Irma by $430 million. Our results suggest the importance of considering both natural and human factors in coastal zone defense policy.
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Malliouri, Dimitra I., Vyron Moraitis, Stelios Petrakis, Dimitrios Vandarakis, Georgios-Angelos Hatiris und Vasilios Kapsimalis. „A Non-Stationary and Directional Probabilistic Analysis of Coastal Storms in the Greek Seas“. Water 15, Nr. 13 (04.07.2023): 2455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15132455.
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The variability of coastal storms over the years and direction is considered in a unified, innovative approach, providing crucial information for a wide variety of coastal engineering studies and wave energy applications under the impact of climatic change. Specifically, an alternative easy-to-apply technique is presented and applied to consider the storms’ direction as a covariate. This technique enables the probabilistic representation of coastal storms in every direction over the directional domain and is efficiently incorporated into a non-stationary directional extreme value analysis. The developed methodology is applied to six locations in the Greek Seas. Based on the derived results, the most likely and most extreme significant wave height estimates present, in general, a bimodal behavior with pronounced maxima. In particular, the first peak is observed before the twenty-first century, while the second peak is likely to occur around the middle of the twenty-first century. Furthermore, coastal storms coming from directions of large fetches are the most severe storms, presenting though a drop in their intensity at the end of the twenty-first century. On the contrary, coastal storms of fetch-limited directions may present minor variations in their probability distributions over the years.
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Leaman, Christopher, Mani Thran, Daniel David, Ian Turner, Mitchell Harley, Nashwan Matheen, Michael Cuttler et al. „A MULTI-SCALE COASTAL STORM HAZARDS EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR AUSTRALIA“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 37 (02.10.2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.61.
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Coastal storms pose a threat to livelihoods and assets along Australia’s coastlines. By delivering timely information about approaching coastal storms, early warning systems (EWSs) can enhance community preparedness and inform risk-reduction measures, with the goal of reducing potential impacts to property, critical infrastructure, and loss of life. Worldwide, existing coastal hazard EWSs primarily center around the forecasting of coastal flooding risks, which predominantly occur along surge-dominated coastlines. However, many of Australia’s densely populated coastlines are wavedominated, where erosion hazards feature more prominently. This pilot project has developed a multiscale, coastal hazard EWS capability for Australia that uses state-of-the-art scientific methods for predicting both erosion and flooding impacts caused by coastal storms.
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Sigler, J. M., H. Mao, B. C. Sive und R. Talbot. „Oceanic influence on atmospheric mercury at coastal and inland sites: a springtime noreaster in New England“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, Nr. 12 (18.06.2009): 4023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-4023-2009.
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Abstract. Continuous measurements of elemental (Hg0) and reactive mercury were conducted at two sites in New Hampshire during a powerful April 2007 noreaster. During the most intense period of the storm, enhancements of ~30–50 ppqv in Hg0 were observed at a coastal and a high elevation inland site. This enhancement occurred simultaneously with elevated mixing ratios of three marine tracers, CH3I, CH2Br2 and CHBr3. These observations suggest a marine source of Hg0, possibly outgassing from the ocean surface during strong turbulence. The Hg0 enhancement observed 100 km inland suggests that the impact of coastal storms on terrestrial Hg cycling may not be limited to near-shore environments. Combining Hg0 and marine tracer measurements during the storm with estimates of oceanic tracer fluxes during previous strong storms yields an order-of-magnitude estimate of the oceanic source of Hg0 during the storm (~7 ppqv h−1) which can account for the observed enhancement at the field sites.
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Asher, Taylor G., Jennifer L. Irish und Donald T. Resio. „ADVANCES AND ISSUES IN UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION FOR COASTAL FLOOD HAZARDS“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36 (30.12.2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.19.
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Probabilistic flood hazard assessments have advanced substantially, with modern methods for dealing with the risk from tropical cyclones utilizing either a variation of the joint probability method with optimal sampling (JPM-OS)2,3 or the statistical deterministic track method (SDTM)1,4. In the JPM-OS, tropical cyclones are reduced to a set of 5 to 9 parameters, whose characteristics are analyzed statistically to develop a joint probability distribution for tropical cyclones of given characteristics. In the SDTM, cyclogenesis of a large number of storms is seeded via a statistical model from historical data, then storms are propagated using one of several different methods, incorporating varying degrees of the physics of cyclone transformation as the storms propagate. Due to the significant cost of storm surge simulations, some form of optimization or selection is then performed to reduce the number of synthetic storms that must be simulated to determine the flood elevation corresponding to a given recurrence interval (e.g. the so-called 100-year flood). In both methods, substantial uncertainties exist, which have a tendency to increase the estimated flooding risk. Efforts to account for these uncertainties have varied, and there remains significant work to be done. Here, we demonstrate how these uncertainties tend to increase the flood risk and show that additional sources of uncertainty remain to be accounted for.
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Zhang, Y. Stacy, Savannah H. Swinea, Grace Roskar, Stacy N. Trackenberg, Rachel K. Gittman, Jessie C. Jarvis, W. Judson Kenworthy, Lauren A. Yeager und F. Joel Fodrie. „Tropical cyclone impacts on seagrass-associated fishes in a temperate-subtropical estuary“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 10 (13.10.2022): e0273556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273556.
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Major storms can alter coastal ecosystems in several direct and indirect ways including habitat destruction, stormwater-related water quality degradation, and organism mortality. From 2010–2020, ten tropical cyclones impacted coastal North Carolina, providing an opportunity to explore ecosystem responses across multiple storms. Using monthly trawl and contemporaneous seagrass surveys conducted in Back Sound, NC, we evaluated how cyclones may affect the nursery role of shallow-water biogenic habitats by examining seagrass-associated fish responses within a temperate-subtropical estuary. We employed a general before-after-control-impact approach using trawls conducted prior (before) and subsequent (after) to storm arrival and years either without (control) or with (impact) storms. We examined whether effects were apparent over short (within ~three weeks of impact) and seasonal (May-October) timescales, as well as if the magnitude of storm-related shifts varied as a function of storm intensity. Our findings suggest that the ability of these shallow-water habitats to support juvenile fishes was not dramatically altered by hurricanes. The resilience exhibited by fishes was likely underpinned by the relative persistence of the seagrass habitat, which appeared principally undamaged by storms based upon review of available–albeit limited seagrass surveys. Increasing cyclone intensity, however, was correlated with greater declines in catch and may potentially underlie the emigration and return rate of fish after cyclones. Whether estuarine fishes will continue to be resilient to acute storm impacts despite chronic environmental degradation and predicted increases major tropical cyclone frequency and intensity remains a pressing question.
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Lira-Loarca, Andrea, Manuel Cobos, Asunción Baquerizo und Miguel A. Losada. „A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL MODEL TO SIMULATE STORM EVOLUTION“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36 (30.12.2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.84.
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The design and management of a coastal structure must take into account not only the different levels of damage along its useful life but also the construction, reparation and dismantling costs. Therefore, it should be addressed as an optimization problem that depends on random multivariate climate variables. In this context it is essential to develop tools that allow the simulation of storms taking into account all the main maritime variables and their evolution (Borgman, 1969). In general, most studies focusing on storm characterization and evolution use geometric shapes like the equivalent triangular storm (Bocotti, 2000; ROM-1.0; 2009) to characterize individual storms. Actual storms have, however, irregular and random histories. In this work, we present a simple and efficient methodology to simulate time-series of storm events including several maritime variables. This methodology includes the use of non-stationary parametric distributions (Solari, 2011) to characterize each variable, a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to describe the temporal dependence between variables, and a copula model to link the seasonal dependency of the storm duration and the interarrival time between consecutive storms.
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Trinh, Tam Thi, Charitha Pattiaratchi und Toan Bui. „The Contribution of Forerunner to Storm Surges along the Vietnam Coast“. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, Nr. 7 (10.07.2020): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070508.
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Vietnam, located in the tropical region of the northwest Pacific Ocean, is frequently impacted by tropical storms. Occurrence of extreme water level events associated with tropical storms are often unpredicted and put coastal infrastructure and safety of coastal populations at risk. Hence, an improved understanding of the nature of storm surges and their components along the Vietnam coast is required. For example, a higher than expected extreme storm surge during Typhoon Kalmegi (2014) highlighted the lack of understanding on the characteristics of storm surges in Vietnam. Physical processes that influence the non-tidal water level associated with tropical storms can persist for up to 14 days, beginning 3–4 days prior to storm landfall and cease up to 10 days after the landfall of the typhoon. This includes the forerunner, ‘direct’ storm surge, and coastally trapped waves. This study used a continuous record of six sea level time series collected over a 5-year period (2013–2017) from along the Vietnam coast and Hong Kong to examine the contribution of the forerunner to non-tidal water level. The forerunner is defined as the gradual increase in mean water level, 2–3 days prior to typhoon landfall and generated by shore parallel winds and currents that result in a mean higher water level at the coast. Results indicated that a forerunner was generated by almost all typhoons, at least at one station, with a range between 20 and 50 cm. The forerunner contributed up to 50% of the water level change due to the storm. Combination of forerunner and onshore winds generated storm surges that were much higher (to 70 cm). It was also found that the characteristics of the typhoon (e.g., path, speed, severity and size) significantly influenced the generation of the forerunner. It is recommended that the forerunner that is not currently well defined in predictive models should be included in storm surge forecasts.
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Das, Himangshu S., Hoonshin Jung, Bruce Ebersole, Ty Wamsley und Robert W. Whalin. „AN EFFICIENT STORM SURGE FORECASTING TOOL FOR COASTAL MISSISSIPPI“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 32 (01.02.2011): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.21.
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Coupled storm surge simulations with fine resolution have become a reality due to the rapid development of computer power and advancement in the integration of the simulation models. However, the real-time application of such robust simulations is often constrained by the availability of time and computational resources. In this study, an alternative, Storm Surge Forecasting Tool (SSFT) has been developed to forecast storm surge in Coastal Mississippi. The algorithm of SSFT uses a weight based Storm Similarity Index (SSI) that is defined by current hurricane position Central Pressure (CP), Pressure Scale Radius (Rmax) along with hurricane track, landfall location, storm forward speed, and forecasted storm track published by the National Hurricane Centre (NHC) and correlated with the characteristics of synthetic storms within the underlying database. Based on the values of SSI (scales from 0 to 1), the SSFT identifies a group of storms that much as close as possible with the characteristics of the approaching hurricanes and then display high resolution simulation results (e.g., maximum surge elevation and hydrographs). The SSFT model operates in two different modes:1) Hindcasting mode and 2) Forecasting mode. The SSFT GUI was tested in both modes and we found that the method is very promising. Using this tool and approach as a decision aide, the emergency personnel can quickly forecast local storm surge along the coast of Mississippi. This will allow them to make quantitative and objective decisions by evaluating “what-if-scenarios” starting two to three days ahead of the landfall.
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Tahvildari, Navid, Akash Sahu, Yawen Shen, Mohamed Morsy und Jonathan Goodall. „COMBINED EFFECT OF STORM SURGE AND OVERLAND FLOW ON FLOODING IN A COASTAL URBAN AREA“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, Nr. 36 (30.12.2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.currents.52.
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The coastal regions in the U.S. East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico are under the risk of storm surge and precipitation-driven flooding. The adverse impacts of climate change including sea level rise (SLR), potential increase in intensity and frequency of extreme storms, and increase in precipitation intensity increases the vulnerability of coastal communities to flooding. The common practice for flood hazard assessment in urban coastal areas can result in some errors as the effect of storm surge and overland flow are not considered simultaneously. In this study, we combine the results of two hydrodynamic models, one for overland flow and the other for storm surge inundation, to develop an improved approach for flood hazard assessment.
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Gad, Fragkiska-Karmela, Maria Chatzinaki, Dimitris Vandarakis, Chara Kyriakidou und Vasilios Kapsimalis. „Assessment of Wave Storm-Induced Flood Vulnerability in Rhodes Island, Greece“. Water 12, Nr. 11 (23.10.2020): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112978.
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Coastal areas are threatened by extreme meteorological phenomena, such as wave storms. Therefore, the analysis of such events, such as providing information for their potential hazards assessment, is a key element in coastal management. In this study, a preliminary assessment of flood vulnerability due to storms was performed in Rhodes Island, Greece. Firstly, storm events were defined in terms of significant wave height, peak period, and duration, and they were grouped by means of cluster analysis into five classes (from weak to extreme) reflecting the intensity of each event. Subsequently, flood hazard was assessed by using an empirical formula for wave run-up calculations on cross-shore profiles and storm surge data at the region. Finally, a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) was used for assessing vulnerability according to a scale from very low to very high. The most intense storms were found to occur in the eastern, southeastern, and southern part of the island. More than 60% of storms were classified as weak, while extreme events were found to occur with a frequency of less than 2.5%. Regarding flood hazard and vulnerability, the maximum values of wave run-up were calculated in the southeastern region, but the most vulnerable part was found to be the northwestern region, as the FVI was assessed as very high for weak and extreme events.
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Fenaish, T. A., M. F. Overton und J. S. Fisher. „DUNE EROSION AND SEDIMENT PROFILE DUE TO WAVE UPRUSH“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 21 (29.01.1988): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v21.106.
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Shorelines are continuously adjusting in response to the changing hydraulic and meteorological conditions. Storms that generate large waves and surge conditions can alter the nearshore topography and relocate the beach shorelines, often with substantial amounts of beach and dune erosion. Such storms pose a major threat to coastal developments for which the economic impact can be significant. The ability to predict the rate of erosion and, consequently the shoreline change, is important in making decisions regarding the planning and managing of the coastal regions. In general, the available methods for the prediction of beach and dune erosion are based on the assumption of post-storm equilibrium profile. In this approach it is assumed that, for a given set of wave and surge conditions, the entire beach reaches a steadystate, and that the volume of sand released from the dune is equal to the volume of sand required to establish this profile. Existing methods that are based on this concept include those developed by Edelman (1968, 1972), Vellinga (1982, 1983, 1986), Kriebel and Dean (1984), Sargent and Birkemeier (1985), and Kobayashi (1987).. The reliance of these methods on the assumption of steady-state condition limits their application to extreme events generated by severe storms. Generally, storms do not have sufficient duration or intensity, such that the beach profile attains equilibrium during the storm.
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Ginanjar, S., S. Adiningsih, Y. N. Fadlilah, S. Wulandari, C. B. Petrova und S. Ikhtiarino. „Coastal storm waves detection system design using Beaufort scale standardization and Sugianto wave forecasting method in Timbulsloko, Demak, Central Java, Indonesia“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, Nr. 1 (01.11.2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012066.
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Abstract Storm is defined as a disturbance of the atmosphere marked by winds and usually by rain. Coastal storms must comprise a maritime component, such as waves, currents and/or water levels. Coastal storm detection is necessary so the number of casualties and losses caused by these events can be reduced. The method used in this system is the Sugianto wave forecasting method with standardization of coastal storms using the Beaufort scale. The purpose of this study is to built up an internet of things based system to observe coastal storm information and wave forecasting data from wind speed data that obtained in Timbulsloko, Demak, Central Java, Indonesia. The tidal data is processed using the Admiralty method. This system was built using Arduino Uno equipped with anemometer JL-FS2 to measure wind and waves parameters. The power source from 100 wp solar panels stored in a 40 Ah accumulator. Data from field instrument is stored to the IoT MAPID database using NodeMCU ESP8266. This system is placed in Timbulsloko, Demak. The results of field observation then validated using BMKG. This method could be applied in other location along the north coast of Java. The results of field observation showed an average wind speed 3.9848 m/s; significant wave height 0.4632 m; significant wave period 3.8641 s; wave energy 493.90 J/m2; wind energy 116.74 W/m2.
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Sanuy und Jiménez. „Sensitivity of Storm-Induced Hazards in a Highly Curvilinear Coastline to Changing Storm Directions. The Tordera Delta Case (NW Mediterranean)“. Water 11, Nr. 4 (10.04.2019): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040747.
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Extreme coastal storms, especially when incident in areas with densely urbanized coastlines, are one of the most damaging forms of natural disasters. The main hazards originating from coastal storms are inundation and erosion, and their magnitude and extent needs to be accurately assessed for effective management of coastal risk. The use of state-of-art morphodynamic process-based models is becoming standard, with most being applied to straight coastlines with gentle slopes. In this study, the XBeach model is used to assess the coastal response of a curvilinear sensitive deltaic coast with coarse sediment and steep slopes (intermediate-reflective conditions). The tested hypothesis is that changes in wave direction may cause large variations in the magnitude of storm-induced hazards. The model is tested against field data available for the Sant Esteve Storm (December 2008), obtaining an overall BSS (Brier Skill Score) score on the emerged morphological response of 0.68. Later, the 2008 event is used as baseline scenario to create synthetic events covering the range from NE to S. The obtained results show that storm-induced hazards along a highly curvilinear coast are very sensitive to changes in wave direction. Therefore, even under climate scenarios of relatively steady storminess, a potential shift in wave direction may significantly change hazard conditions and thus, need to be accounted for in robust damage risk assessments.
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Passeri, Davina L., Matthew V. Bilskie, Scott C. Hagen, Rangley C. Mickey, P. Soupy Dalyander und Victor M. Gonzalez. „Assessing the Effectiveness of Nourishment in Decadal Barrier Island Morphological Resilience“. Water 13, Nr. 7 (30.03.2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070944.
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Nourishment has shown to be an effective method for short-term storm protection along barrier islands and sandy beaches by reducing flooding, wave attack and erosion. However, the ability of nourishment to mitigate the effects of storms and sea level rise (SLR) and improve coastal resilience over decadal time scales is not well understood. This study uses integrated models of storm-driven hydrodynamics, morphodynamics and post-storm dune recovery to assess the effectiveness of beach and dune nourishment on barrier island morphological resilience over a 30-year period, accounting for storms and a moderate amount of SLR. Results show that at the end of the 30 years, nourishment contributes to maintaining island volumes by increasing barrier height and width compared with a no-action scenario (i.e., no nourishment, only natural recovery). During storms where the collision regime was dominant, higher volumes of sand were lost from the wider beach in the nourishment scenario than in the no-action scenario. During stronger storms, nourishment reduced dune overtopping compared with the no-action scenario, allowing the island to maintain height and width. Additionally, nourishment was particularly effective in reducing breaching during back-to-back storms occurring in the same year.
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Grases, Albert, Vicente Gracia, Manuel García-León, Jue Lin-Ye und Joan Pau Sierra. „Coastal Flooding and Erosion under a Changing Climate: Implications at a Low-Lying Coast (Ebro Delta)“. Water 12, Nr. 2 (25.01.2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020346.
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Episodic coastal hazards associated to sea storms are responsible for sudden and intense changes in coastal morphology. Climate change and local anthropogenic activities such as river regulation and urban growth are raising risk levels in coastal hotspots, like low-lying areas of river deltas. This urges to revise present management strategies to guarantee their future sustainability, demanding a detailed diagnostic of the hazard evolution. In this paper, flooding and erosion under current and future conditions have been assessed at local scale at the urban area of Riumar, a touristic enclave placed at the Ebro Delta (Spain). Process-based models have been used to address the interaction between beach morphology and storm waves, as well as the influence of coastal environment complexity. Storm waves have been propagated with SWAN wave model and have provided the forcings for XBeach, a 2DH hydro-morphodynamic model. Results show that future trends in sea level rise and wave forcing produce non-linear variations of the flooded area and the volume of mobilized sediment resulting from marine storms. In particular, the balance between flooding and sediment transport will shift depending on the relative sea level. Wave induced flooding and long-shore sand transport seem to be diminished in the future, whereas static sea level flooding and cross-shore sediment transport are exacerbated. Therefore, the characterization of tipping points in the coastal response can help to develop robust and adaptive plans to manage climate change impact in sandy wave dominated coasts with a low-lying hinterland and a complex shoreline morphology.