Dissertationen zum Thema „Coast pilots“
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Fernandes, Fábio. „ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE SISTEMAS DE DIRECIONAMENTO NA OPERAÇÃO DE PULVERIZAÇÃO TERRESTRE“. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4811.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCom a mecanização agrícola em expansão no pais, muitos produtores rurais, afim de otimizar recursos na propriedade, investem em tecnologias e técnicas de agricultura de precisão para uma diminuição do custo de produção, tornando esta atividade economicamente viável para os seus negócios. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma análise comparativa, entre dois sistemas de direcionamento, um sem orientação de precisão, guiado pelo operador e o outro sistema utilizando recursos de um piloto automático, afim de delimitar por meio de testes de campo a sobreposição na aplicação de agrotóxico gerado durante o trafego do conjunto trator mais pulverizador. Os testes de pulverização foram realizados em um campo retangular de 20ha, todo circuito de deslocamento do conjunto trator mais pulverizador seguiu o processo de operação vai e vem com manobras nas cabeceiras do talhão com alinhamento prévio antes de cada linha de aplicação. Para que fosse possível obter a sobreposição média da largura da barra do pulverizador de 18m de ambos os sistemas de direcionamento, foram coletados em média 192 pontos de medidas ao longo de cada faixa, chegando ao valor de sobreposição para o sistema sem orientação de precisão de 9,48% e de 0,44% para o sistema de piloto automático. A partir destes dados, foi apresentado o número de linhas transversais necessárias para cada um dos sistemas de direcionamento para atender a área experimental, tendo assim como estimar os gastos totais e a redução de custos por hectare. Com a economia de R$/ha 17,61, é possível afirmar que o investimento de R$ 64.145,43 (Sessenta e quatro mil cento e quarenta e cinco reais com quarenta e três centavos), referente a aquisição do sistema de piloto automático, é viável para a propriedade estudada de 1300 hectares, para um período de amortização de 10 anos referente à vida útil dos equipamentos envolvidos (trator e pulverizador).
Gezer, Evrim. „Coastal Scenic Evaluation, A Pilot Study For Cirali“. Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605157/index.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelleirali, D values are calculated and corresponding classes are found for different attributes of parameters rising from the human usage.
Hone, Anne Burke. „TRICARE versus FEHBP : a pilot study of comparative inpatient costs in region 10“. Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA333336.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis advisors, Donald P. Gaver, James A. Scaramozzino. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79). Also available online.
Demir, Huseyin. „The perfect performance of reduction of total ownership cost (R-TOC) pilot programs /“. Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA411582.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle"December 2002". Thesis advisor(s): Boudreau, Michael W. ; Gates, Bill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available online.
Wong, Kee Choon. „The development of a low-cost research R.P.V. system“. Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1992. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26648.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMuppidi, Shashidhar. „Development of a low cost controller and navigation system for unmanned ground vehicle“. Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5916.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 141 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-78).
Zemariam, Ermias Lourdes, und Ann Willhelmsson. „Time Driven Activity Based Costing : When theory and reality collide: A pilot study of TDABC in a financial service company“. Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416750.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHartny-Mills, Lauren. „Site fidelity, social structure and spatial distribution of short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, off the south west coast of Tenerife“. Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/site-fidelity-social-structure-and-spatial-distribution-of-shortfinned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus-off-the-south-west-coast-of-tenerife(c171ef9e-7879-4fd0-89f7-82af8fea55f5).html.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMyte, Robin. „Competition in the Swedish Food Retail Industry : An empirical pilot study estimating the mean price-cost markup“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-56807.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHodges, Jeffrey A. „The career cost: does it pay for a military pilot to leave the service for the airlines?“ Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45874.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe military is experiencing a pilot retention problem that is getting worse. The government spends millions of dollars training pilots in the most advanced aircraft in the world, only to watch them leave for the commercial airline industry at the first opportunity. As airline pilot hiring continues to improve, military pilots will depart the services for the assumed increase in financial compensation of the airlines. This thesis compares two scenarios: one in which a military pilot leaves the service to become a commercial airline pilot upon completing the initial active duty service obligation (ADSO), and one in which a military pilot defers becoming a commercial airline pilot until after reaching military retirement eligibility. The comparison is made by calculating lifetime income cash flows of both scenarios, and then discounting them to achieve a net present value (NPV). The findings conclude it is financially prudent for military pilots to remain in the service until retirement. The current policies enable a retired military pilot to earn over 9% more in NPV when compared to the military pilot who separates at ADSO completion. Military pilots who voluntarily separate prior to retirement for financial reasons are incorrectly evaluating the assumed pay disparity between the airlines and the military.
Patch, Christine. „Comparison of two screening strategies for haemochromatosis : a pilot study investigating uptake and acceptability, feasibility and cost“. Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289911.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSingh, Rahul. „Blue skies or dark clouds for the pilots and flight attendants? : Loyalty, self-loyalty, commitment and motivation in the flight industry“. Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFinatto, Paula. „Efeitos de um treinamento de Pilates sobre variáveis fisiológicas e biomecânicas da corrida“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/122638.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a 12-week training of Pilates Method (MP) in the physiological and biomechanical variables of running at two different speeds. The sample was randomly divided into two groups, 16 subjects for the control group (CG) and 16 subjects for the Pilates group (GP). GC held a 12 weeks of a running training program while the GP performed the running training program combined with Pilates training on alternate days. Prior to the start of training, subjects performed a familiarization session with procedures and equipment. For performance evaluation, a five kilometers running test on track was performed before and after the training period. In a specific test session, metabolic cost (Cmet) and EMG activation in the pre-activation, support and swing phase were obtained for obliquus internus abdominis (OI), obliquus externus abdominis (OE), gluteus medius (GM), longissimus (LO), latissimus dorsi (LA), biceps femoris (BF) and vastus lateralis (VA) muscles during treadmill running at speeds of 10km.h-1 and 12km.h-1. The electromyographic data were normalized by maximum isometric amplitude of the electromyographic signal obtained in specifics tests for each muscle. Motion phases were determined through a synchronized shooting during the EMG collection, wich was obtained in the last minute of each of the two running stages. For statistical analysis between groups in the pre-training period one-way ANOVA was performed. In the case of nonparametric data distribution the Mann-Whitney test was applied. Comparisons related to running performance, metabolic variables, muscle activation and characterization of the sample, among the factors time and group, were performed using the Generalized Estimation Equation Model (GEE). Regarding to the 5km performance, both the GC (25.33 ± 0.58 min;. 24.61 ± 0,52min p = 0.006) and the GP (25.65 ± 0.44 min; 23.23 ± 0, 40min. p <0.001) showed a reduction after the training program and GP was significantly faster (p = 0.039) compared to the GC. For the Cmet12 the analysis showed a significant improvement when compared pre- and post-training in both groups. Also,GP (4.33 ± 0.07) had better responses than GC (4.71 ± 0.11 ) in the post-training period. Futhermore, GP had a lower activation compared to the CG in the stance phase for OI, LO, GM (p <0.05) and in the swing phase for OE, OI, LO, GM in post-training period. The BF muscle, VA and LA did not differ between groups. In Conclusion, the GP showed significantly greater improvements compared to the GC in post-training for 5km performance and Cmet12 . Also, GP showed a reduction in the percentage of muscle activation to OI, OE, LO and GM in the post-training and was smaller than GC, showing that a running training associated with a Pilates training program can provide greater running economy through a smaller muscular demand which seems to influence performance in 5km performance test.
Maxwell, Brian W., Jacqueline M. Etheridge und G. Dean Alton. „Cost benefit analysis of performing a pilot project for hydrogen-powered ground support equipment at Lemoore Naval Air station“. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe primary purpose of this thesis is to provide a cost benefit analysis of a pilot program at NAS Lemoore for the use of hydrogen fuel cell powered aviation ground support equipment (GSE) and provide general background information on hydrogen power. The analysis is conducted to determine expected program costs and to determine what benefits the Navy could achieve by using hydrogen fuel cell powered tow tractors, electric carts and hydraulic carts. Analysis shows benefits in the following areas: reduced green house gas emissions and noise pollution reduced HAZMAT generation due to reduced oil usage and spills/leaks, reduced maintenance labor costs for fuel cell over diesel engines, and reduced training time required after full fleet fuel cell implementation.
Sundene, Hanne, und Merete Hole. „Cost-benefit Assessment of Item Level RFID in Apparel Retailing : A Case Study of an RFID Pilot Project in Moods of Norway“. Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25767.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDe, Almeida Tiana. „RFID tags for the expedition of body part processing in large scale disaster victim identification incidents: A cost and feasibility pilot study“. Thesis, De Almeida, Tiana (2018) RFID tags for the expedition of body part processing in large scale disaster victim identification incidents: A cost and feasibility pilot study. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/43037/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVignola, Jay S. „A study on the political cost savings associated with implementing airline pilot training curricula into the future P-8 MMA fleet replacement squadron“. Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FVignola.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleVignola, Jay S. „A study on the potential cost savings associated with implementing airline pilot training curricula into the future P-8 MMA fleet replacement squadron“. Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2704.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWright, Brian Bradley. „A review of lessons learned to inform capacity-building for sustainable nature-based tourism development in the European Union funded ʺSupport to the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programmeʺ“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003628.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNurboja, B. „Cost-effectiveness and quality of life after treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with the interspinous distractor device (X-STOP) or laminectomy : a pilot study“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1419157/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLarsson, Björn, und Ola Qviberg. „Evaluation and Justification of an RFID Implementation : Pilot at IKEA Customer Distribution Centre“. Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2734.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe purpose of this final thesis isto develop a model for justification and evaluation of RFID technology. RFID is a new, relatively untested, technology using radio signals for automatic identification of different objects. Our theoretical frame of references focuses on research about RFID and implementation iss ues, we also conducted case studies and interviews in order to learn about RFID. Most RFID installations of today are Pilots or early adopters wanting to try new technology. A lot of the written sources were reports from consultancy firms or suppliers of technology.
Implementing RFID in real environment gave important insights into potentials and limitations of the technology. It proved that it is difficult to achieve sufficient readability in a steel environment. We also learned that one should not underestimate the time for installation and tuning in order to meet higher readability. The project finally resulted in an iterative model for justification and evaluation of RFID technology.
Sen, Debayan. „A bi-level system dynamics modeling framework to evaluate costs and benefits of implementing Controller Pilot Data Link Communications and Decision Support Tools in a non-integrated and integrated scenario“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41886.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaster of Science
Begbie, Rosie. „Exploring the cost-effectiveness of psychological therapies : analysis of a pilot Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for depression in the context of psychosis“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8429/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChiwire, Plaxcedes. „Maternal health : cost analysis of introducing the Umbiflow Velocity Doppler System at primary health level : a pilot study conducted at Kraaifontein Community Health Centre and Durbanville Day Clinic“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19882.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRagnarsson, Micael. „Variations Related to Print Mottle in Starch-Containing Paper Coatings“. Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-14409.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSun, Jisang. „Human Interfaces for Cooperative Control of Multiple Vehicle Systems“. Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1230.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoyd, Christopher. „Assessment, Optimization, and Enhancement of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membrane Processes in Potable Water Treatment“. Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5909.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePh.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Environmental Engineering
Sauvage-Vincent, Julie. „Un langage contrôlé pour les instructions nautiques du Service Hydographique et Océanographique de la Marine“. Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0001/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleControlled Natural Languages (CNL) are artificial languages that use a subset of the vocabulary, morphological forms and syntactical constructions of a natural language while eliminating its polysemy. In a way, they constitute the bridge between formal languages and natural languages. Therefore, they perform the communicative function of the textual mode while being precise and computable by the machine without any ambiguity. In particular, they can be used to facilitate the population or update of knowledge bases within the framework of a human-machine interface.Since 1971, the French Marine Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM) issues the French Coast Pilot Books Instructions nautiques , collections of general, nautical and statutory information, intended for use by sailors. These publications aim to supplement charts, in the sense that they provide the mariner with supplemental information not in the chart. They are mandatory for fishing and commercial ships. On the other hand, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) issued standards providing information about navigational data exchange. Among these standards, one of a particular interest is the universal model of hydrographic data (S-100 standard, January, 2010).This thesis analyses the use of a CNL to represent knowledge contained in the Instructions nautiques. This CNL purpose is to act as a pivot between the writing of the text by the dedicated operator, the production of the printed or online publication, and the interaction with knowledge bases and navigational aid tools. We will focus especially on the interaction between the Instructions nautiques Controlled Natural Language and the corresponding Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC).More generally, this thesis asks the question of the evolution of a CNL and the underlying ontologies involved in the Instructions nautiques project. Instructions nautiques have the particularity of combining both strictness (numerical data, electronic charts, legislation) and a certain amount of flexibility (text writing by human operators, unpredictability of the knowledge to be included due to the evolution of sailors¿ practices and needs). We define in this thesis a dynamic CNL in the same way that dynamic ontologies are defined in particular domains. The language described in this thesis is intended as an interesting contribution for the community involved in CNL. Indeed, it addresses the creation of a CNL for the unexploited domain of maritime navigation, but its hybrid aspects as well through the exploration of the multiple modalities (textual and visual) coexisting in a corpus comprising ENC and their companion texts. The mechanisms of the CNL presented in this thesis, although developed for the domain of the maritime navigation, have the potential to be adapted to other domains using multimodal corpuses. Finally, the benefits in the future of a controlled hybrid language are undeniable: the use of the different modalities in their full potential can be used in many different applications (for example, the exploitation of the visual modality for a 3D extension)
Monteil, Hélène. „Development and implementation of the Bio-electro-Fenton process : application to the removal of pharmaceuticals from water A review on efficiency and cost effectiveness of electro- and bio-electro-Fenton processes: application to the treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants in water. Efficient removal of diuretic hydrochlorothiazide from water by electro-Fenton process using BDD anode: a kinetic and degradation pathway study Electro-Fenton treatment of the widely used analgesic tramadol using BDD anode: a kinetic, energetic and degradation pathway study Efficiency of a new pilot scale continuous reactor for wastewater treatment by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: influence of operating conditions and focus on hydrodynamics Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes combined with a biological treatment for wastewater treatment: a deep understanding on the influence of operating conditions and global efficiency“. Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleElectrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) constitute an efficient technology to treat the pharmaceuticals as they allow the formation of strong oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals able to remove nearly any type of organic contaminants thanks to their very high oxidation power. Among them the electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes are environmentally friendly methods as they use no chemical reagent (anodic oxidation) or only oxygen of air and iron ions as a catalyst (electro-Fenton).In this thesis, four pharmaceuticals from different families and structures were selected based on their toxicity and their occurrence in environmental waters and their removal from water was performed by EAOPs. The objectives of this work were to determine the best operating conditions at lab scale (current and catalyst concentration), investigate the kinetic of degradation and mineralization and finally propose a mineralization pathway based on aromatic intermediates, carboxylic acids and ions released to the solution.As these treatments were successfully applied, a lab scale pilot reactor composed alternately of BDD anodes and carbon felt cathodes with a bottom aeration system and working in the continuous mode was built to scale-up these processes in order to pre-industrialize them. Different configurations of electrodes were tested. The flow rate and the current were found to be more influent on the mineralization rate and on the energy consumption, respectively. To deeper understand the role of the flow rate and the configurations a hydrodynamic study was performed. The hydrodynamic results were gathered with a kinetic model for the mineralization to obtain a model predicting the percentage of mineralization at different position inside the reactor during the steady state. Thus, this model can help to optimize the operating conditions and to size future reactors depending on the mineralization objective of the treatment (high mineralization rate, combined treatment, high flow, …).To reduce operating cost, the combination of an electrochemical process and a biological treatment was then investigated. In this frame, it was found that electrochemical treatment can (i) degrade the hydrochlorothiazide (ii) reduce significantly the concentration of its aromatic intermediates as they were shown to significantly inhibit the bacterial activity, (iii) promote the formation of biodegradable molecules such as carboxylic acids. The biodegradation of four carboxylic acids formed during the electro-Fenton treatment of the hydrochlorothiazide at lab scale was also studied. It was demonstrated that they were sequentially degraded with different lag phases and kinetics of degradation. Thus to mineralize them, a “plug flow” type reactor is recommended. The combination of treatment was then applied with an electrochemical treatment performed at low current with a BDD anode and a Platine anode. A mineralization degree of 38% and 50% were obtained by the biological treatment enabling to globally reach a mineralization rate of 66% and 85% with the BDD and the Platine anodes respectively. Thus this combined treatment was successful and open the way for the scale-up of these processes
Li, Ying-Chen, und 李映錞. „Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis on a pilot primary nursing program in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39815344417118144290.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle中國醫藥大學
醫務管理學研究所碩士班
95
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Correia, Tiago Alexandre de Sousa. „Tap Portugal : projecto-piloto low pricing“. Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4092.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNo trabalho desenvolvido faz-se uma abordagem ao modelo de negócio das companhias low-cost. Numa primeira fase é explicado o aparecimento deste fenómeno no transporte aéreo, bem como a conjuntura económica e legal que contribuiu para a sua origem. É efectuada uma análise à estratégia comercial seguida pelas low-cost e à forma como estas sustentam o seu negócio. São igualmente descritas as consequências da sua entrada no mercado e o modo como as companhias tradicionais reagiram a este novo tipo de concorrência. O tema da procura no transporte aéreo é também abordado, através do estudo de diferentes graus de elasticidade Procura-Preço. Na sequência da análise inicial, é seleccionada uma rota da TAP com um elevado nível de concorrência low-cost e com uma quota de mercado em sentido decrescente. Para essa rota, é efectuada uma análise externa para compreender a evolução do mercado e obter um melhor conhecimento dos vários concorrentes. Posteriormente, é desenvolvida a uma análise interna, a partir da qual é possível tirar elações acerca da performance da TAP na linha, nos últimos três anos. Por fim, é descrita a implementação de um projecto que pretende constituir uma alternativa concorrencial às companhias low-cost a operar na rota seleccionada. Este trabalho visa o aumento do número de passageiros transportados pela TAP, através da definição de um tarifário mais competitivo e da redução da estrutura de custos da operação. O objectivo final é melhorar os níveis de ocupação dos aviões e aumentar a quota de mercado da companhia na rota.
In developing this paper, an approach was made to the business models of low-cost carriers. Firstly, the appearance of this transport phenomenon is explained as well as the economical and legal circumstances that made it possible. An analysis is made on the commercial strategy followed by the low-cost carriers and how these airlines are able to support their businesses. The paper also looks into the consequences of these companies entering the market and the way in which regular carriers reacted to this new type of competition. The topic of the demand for air transport is also approached, through the study of different levels of Price Elasticity of Demand. In the initial process, a TAP route was selected which had a high level of low-cost competition and with a downward tendency in its market share. For that route, an external analysis was made so as to understand the market evolution and also to better understand the various competitors. Afterwards, an internal analysis was made, from which it is possible to commend TAP’s performance in the last three years. Finally, a description is given for the implementation of a project that proposes for TAP a competitive alternative to the low-cost carriers operating in the chosen route. Through the definition of lower prices and a reduction in the structural costs, the project intends to increase the number of passengers transported by TAP on this route. The final aim of this paper is to better the levels of occupation and also increase the market share.
Fujiwara, Joel Dennis. „The effectiveness of United States Coast Guard participation in the Department of Transportation 8 (a)--pilot program“. Thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22761.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMonteiro, Silvia Raquel da Silva. „Population ecology of long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) off the Western coast of the Iberian Peninsula“. Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/34429.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study focused mainly on providing information about the ecological and genetic characteristics of Iong-finned pilot whales (Globicephala meias) from the Western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, as weli as the determining the habitat preferences of this species, in that region. Additionally, the inclusion of samples from other regions ied to the investigation ofthe occurrence of population structure within the North Atiantic. Firstly, stomach contents and fatty acid analyses were used, to assess the dietary preferences and understand the influence of geographical and biological factors in the dietary ecoiogy of G. meias. Stomach contents results confirmed pilot whaies as mainly teuthophagous species and showed that Iberian whales had a more diverse diet, dominated by Octopodidae species, in comparison to the predominance of Ommastrephids in Scotland. The analysis of prey fatty acids, in the presnt study, also indicated that, although not conclusive, there is some evidence that iberian whales are feeding on octopods. Both stomach contents and fatty acid analyses reveaied the occurrence of significant geographical differences between animais from different regions of the North Atlantic (iberia, Scotland and USA). These results may be a consequence of the ingestion of different types of prey based on prey preference/availability or due to the exploitation of different feeding niches/habitats in the study areas, which suggest the possibiiity of the occurrence of different ecological groups with specific foraging habits in the North Atiantic. There were also biological influences on the dietary ecology of G. meias, particularly evident in the stomach contents analysis, where significant differences in the main prey consumed were associated with the Iength and sex of the animal. However, no significant differences occurred in the fatty acid profiles offemale/maie or mature/immature piiot whales. Secondly, the genetic population diversity and divergence of G. meias from six regions in the North Atlantic and adjacent waters were investigated, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and MHC DRA and DOB loci. Both mtDNA and MHC diversities were comparabie to other abundant widespread cetaceans. Pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation (FST) indicated the occurrence of genetic structure at both regional and oceanic scaies at mtDNA, while MHC suggested that Iberian whaies represent a genetically differentiated group. Population structuring reveaied by mtDNA couid be reiated to the social structure presented by this species, associated with high leveis of female phylopatry. For the MHC loci, aithough the occurrence of historical balancing selection appeared to have an important role in shaping population diversity, the spatiai patterns of extnt diversity across the North Atlantic could be attributable to local selection pressures for specific pathogens/parasites or patterns of gene fiow and/or drift. Therefore, the combination of the results from ecological tracers (i.e. fatty acids, stomach contents) and genetic markers into a multi-tracer approach reveaied the occurrence of segregation oflong-finned piiot whaies from the different regions ofthe North Atlantic anaiysed. Furthermore, the resuits obtained in this thesis consistently show G. meias from the Western Iberian Peninsula as a potential different group within the North Atlantic, based on genetic (mtDNA and MHC) and trophi((stomach contents and fatty acids) analyses. Finally, since the identification of habitat preferences and suitable habitats within a species range has been defined as a priority for effective conservation and management, habitat modeling techniques (presence-only modeis, .i.e. PCA and Maxent) were used to determine piiot whales habitat preferences and suitabiiity in Atlantic Iberia, based on six ecogeographic variabies. Both methodologies identified depth and SST gradient as the most important variables for the ecological niche of pilot whales. SST was aiso an important variabie defined by PCA, aithough Maxent modei inciuded it as a variabie of minor importance. Higher habitat suitabiiity occurred in locations with shailower waters, higher values of SST gradient (aithough PCA, based on a shorter temporal scale, showed the opposite result for SST gradient) and SST values between 15 and 17°C. These resuits may indicate that pilot whales undertake incursions into coastal waters which may be related with a high concentration of Octopodidae spawners in these areas, in the upwelling season. However, it also highlights the importance of thinking carefully about the meaning of findings at different temporal scales, as weli as demonstrating the importance of using a fine temporal scale, in marine environments. The main results of this study contribute to the basic knowledge of this cetacean species, necessary for the determination of its conservation status and the identification of potential conservation concerns. In this context one ofthe key findings is the good evidence for existence of a separate Iberian population, which might be considered as a management unit for conservation purposes.
Este estudo focou-se na obtenção de informação sobre as características ecológicas e genéticas de Baleia-piloto (Globicephaia meias), bem como na determinação das preferências de habitat desta espécie, na Costa Oeste da Península Ibérica. Adicionalmente, foi também investigada a ocorrência de estrutura populacional no Atlântico Norte. Inicialmente, foram analisados conteúdos estomacais e ácidos gordos para determinar as preferências dietéticas e investigar a influência de factores geográficos e biológicos na ecologia trófica de G. meias. A análise de conteúdos estomacais confirma esta espécie como maioritariamente teutófaga, com as baleias Ibéricas a apresentarem uma dieta mais variada e dominada por Octopodidae, comparativamente com a predominância de Omastrephidae, na Escócia. A análise dos ácidos gordos de presas, no presente estudo, também sugere a possível ingestão de polvos por parte das bales que ocorrem na Península Ibérica. Os resultados dos conteúdos estomacais e dos perfis de ácidos gordos sugerem a ocorrência de diferenças geográficas significativas entre animais de diferentes regiões do Atlântico Norte (Península Ibérica, Escócia e EUA). Estas diferenças poderão resultar da ingestão de diferentes espécies-presa, consoante a preferência ou disponibilidade de presas ou da exploração de diferentes nichos/habitats na área de estudo, o que sugere a ocorrência de diferentes grupos ecológicos, com hábitos alimentares específicos no Atlântico Norte. Foram também observadas influências biológicas na ecologia alimentar de G. meias, principalmente ao nível dos conteúdos estomacais, onde a abundância das principais presas é significativamente influenciada pelo tamanho e sexo do predador. O mesmo não se verificou ao nível dos ácidos gordos, onde não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre machos/fêmeas ou entre animais imaturos/maturos. Em seguida, foram investigadas a diversidade genética e a estruturação populacional de G. meias de seis regiões do Atlântico Norte e águas adjacentes, baseados em AM mitocondrial (mtADN) e marcadores de MHC. A diversidade genética ao nível do mtADN e do MHC apresentou valores comparáveis com outras espécies de cetáceos. As estimativas de diferenciação genética (FST) indicam a ocorrência de estrutura populacional a escalas regionais e oceânicas para o mtADN, enquanto o MHC sugere as baleias da Península Ibérica como uma população geneticamente distinta. A estrutura populacional revelada pelo mtADN poderá estar relacionada com a estrutura social apresentada por esta espécie, com elevados níveis de filopatria feminina. Relativamente ao MHC, apesar de historicamente a selecção aparentar ser determinante para a diversidade genética, a estruturação espacial dessa mesma diversidade poderá ser atribuida a pressões selectivas locais por agentes patogénicos/parasitas específicos ou devido a padrões de fluxo e/ou deriva genética. Assim, a combinação de marcadores ecológicos e genéticos revelou a ocorrência de segregação de Baleias-piloto de diferentes regiões do Atlântico Norte. Adicionalmente, os resultados desta tese consistentemente sugeriram que as G. me/as da costa Oeste da P. Ibérica representam um grupo distinto no Atlântico Norte, baseado tanto em análises genéticas como tróficas. Por último, técnicas de modelação de haitat foram utilizadas (métodos de presença, PCA e Maxent) para determinar as características ambientais e os habitats favoráveis à ocorrência de Baleias-piloto na Costa Atlântica da Península Ibérica, tendo por base seis variáveis ambientais. Ambas as metodologias identificaram profundidade e gradiente de temperatura superficial da água (GrSST) como as variáveis que mais influenciaram a distribuição das baleias. A temperatura superficial da água (SST) foi também considerada uma variável importante pelo PCA, no entanto no modelo do Maxent foi incluída como uma variável de menor importância. As condições de habitat mais favoráveis para as baleias ocorreram em locais com águas menos profundas, valores elevados de GrSST (apesar de a utilização de uma escala temporal mais fina no PCA mostrar um resultado oposto para esta variável) e valores de SST entre 15 e 17°C. Estes resultados sugerem que as Baleias-piloto poderão realizar migrações para águas costeiras devido, provavelmente, à elevada concentração de indivíduos reprodutores de Octopodidae nessas águas, na época de afloramento. No entanto, também evidenciam a importância de uma cautelosa interpretação de resultados provenientes de diferentes escalas temporais e da utilização de escalas temporais finas, em ambientes marinhos. Os resultados do presente estudo contribuem para o conhecimento desta espécie, necessário para a determinação do seu estado de conservação e identificação de potenciais problemas de conservação. Dentro deste contexto, um dos principais resultados obtidos é a evidência da ocorrência de uma população distinta de G. meias na Península Ibérica, o que poderá constituir uma unidade de gestão independente, para fins de conservação.
Financial support for this investigation (SFRH/BD38735/2007, FCT and FSE - EU´s Third Community Support Framework) was received from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e Ensino Superior. Financial support for part of the field work was received by SafaSea Project (Project 0039), supported by Iceland, Lichenstein and Norway through the EEA Financial Mechanism and by the MarPro (Project LIFE09 NAT/PT/000038), supported by a grant from Life+.
McKay, Michael Andrew. „A cost-utility analysis of liver resection for malignant tumours: a pilot project“. Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/206.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMay 2006
Lee, Ming-Chun, und 李明純. „A pilot study of nursing care cost system integrated diagnosis and resources utilization“. Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48303207184039178777.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立臺灣大學
醫療機構管理研究所
92
With the continuously changing of medical industrial environment, hospitals in Taiwan face more and more fierce competition. Cost control and quality enhancement become the key factors in organization’s survival, especially when the global budget mechanism has been implemented. However, one of the major functions of hospitals is to provide inpatient services, which consume most of hospital resources. Understanding the resources utilization of hospitalization department will facilitate hospital to extend viability. In the process of providing patient care, nursing care plays a vital role as well as medical care, examination, and operation do. Nursing cost analysis therefore becomes an essential part of cost management. Thus, the purpose of this research is to develop a prototypical model of nursing care cost analysis which integrates diagnosis, patient day in order of stay, and resources utilization. Moreover, we wish to provide the useful information for nurse managers and support them to perform cost management efficiently. The study adopts the concept of multiple dimensional classification model presented by Fischer (1998). In our model, we classify patient days into several groups by different dimensions and establish a patient day classification matrix. The establishing process was divided into three stages: 1. Develop resource consumption patterns for individual nursing care activities. 2. Establish patient day classification system and nursing care costing model. 3. Validate the nursing care costing model by the second set of data. The data of cost and nursing care activities collected form five sample wards each patient day in a certain medical center from February to April in 2003 are analyzed in this study. We use 18 diagnoses and 132 patient day types from 2,884 patient days to build the final model. The results of this research are as follows. When we classified the patient days into groups by these two dimensions of diagnosis and patient stay process, different resources utilization patterns are found. Each patient day can be classified into 16 clusters based on their resources utilization patterns. The overall estimation error is -0.34%. Comparing with earlier researches, predictability of our model is superior. Through this study, it can be concluded that the nursing care costing model integrated diagnosis, patient day in order of stay, and resource utilization is applicable. Moreover, it can provide valuable information for nurse managers from the combining of case-mix not only for short- term cost control and nurse staffing but also for long-term human resource planning to meet the various management needs.
Hung, Kuan-Yu, und 洪冠予. „Cost Analysis of Hospital Incidents:a Pilot Study in a Medical Center in Taiwan“. Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71732724996321156891.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立臺灣大學
財務金融組
101
Background: Incident report system and patient safety culture have gained its importance in maintaining patient safety in modern hospital. In Taiwan, only limited studies evaluated this issue. And to date, there is absence of report studying cost analysis and service cost of hospital facilities managing incident reports. Objectives: The aim of this work is to determine the incidence of adverse events (AE) in patients admitted in a medical center in Taiwan. We also tried to identify average cost and length of stay (LOS) related to different types of AE. The service cost of hospital facilities managing AE was also studied. Design: a 3-year (2010-2012) retrospectively, cohort study Main Outcome Measures: Cost, LOS of each types of AE Results: During the designated timeframe (2010-2013), a total of 246,557 inpatients were enrolled, of which 1,759 (0.71%) experienced AE. During 2010-2012, the incidence of volunteer reports was increased from 3.57% to 4.0%. After cohort-matching of department and patient age, the increased average cost per AE was mostly 115,018 to 584,262 NT dollars (around 3,800~19,000 USD). Patients with AE had an increased LOS of 23.6 to 25.7 days for different kinds of AE. In-hospital facilities managing AE did not result in major cost savings in the indicated hospital during this study period. However, some common and major types of AE, such as fallen or surgery-related AEs, were stabilized during study period. Conclusion: AEs are associated with more costs and longer LOS for inpatients. Our work provides important information regarding cost and LOS parameters for various types of AE. This work can serve as a pilot study for further prospective, multi-center surveys for issues of AE and for measuring cost-effectiveness of managing AE.
Kuehnle, Renee. „Pilot Project: Adaptive Strategies for Sustainable Rural Development“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7886.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleYuan, Hsu Chi, und 徐琦媛. „The Study and Implementation of Working-Hour and cost Estimation System for Power Supply Pilot Run“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49197264709739743617.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle聖約翰科技大學
自動化及機電整合研究所
96
ABSTRACT For a product at mass production stage, the standard working-hour is set up in advance. However, the actual working-hour may not be equal to the standard working-hour. In addition, so far in the product sample development stage, PVT (Prototype Verification Test), EVT(Engineerings Verification Test) and DVT (Design Verification Test ) are not considered for defining working hours. This research applied the methodology of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) with practical cases in the past to estimate working-hour and cost of the products. The estimation system of working-hour and cost was constructed based on power supply products. The system can be applied to various product models flexibly to obtain their working-hours and cost in total. When gathering required information for the system, our considerations including production line setup, part assembly process, but excluding uncertain factors suchas different skill levels of workers, special assembly process for parts, reworking for the reason of engineering changes, etc. Based on the considerations, we derive several mathematical equations to model the estimation system of working-hour and cost. Finally, we implemented the model by applying Excel and Access tools. The system can be used as references for product development, production line scheduling, budget preparation, etc. Furthermore, the results from the estimation system were compared with the actual process to analyze exceptional situations and their working-hours. Keyword: Working-Hour estimation, Product Cost estimation, Power Supply, Case-Based Reasoning (CBR).
Wang, Chi-LI, und 王淇俐. „An Early Cost Effectiveness Analysis On the Pay-For-Performance Pilot Project of Breast Cancer In Southern Taiwan“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w3unwa.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle長榮大學
醫務管理學研究所
96
Background: Women’s health issues, whether related to medical care or prevention, have attracted great attention all over the world. In Taiwan, the mortality rate of breast cancer has been higher than cervical cancer since 1999, and ranks the fourth in women cancer mortalities, next to lung cancer, liver cancer, and colon or rectum cancer. The Bureau of National Health Insurance has implemented a Payment-For-Performance pilot project for the care of cervical cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, diabetes, asthma and breast cancer since October 2001. . Purpose: The author holds an assumption of the Payment-for-performance System enhances the quality of medical treatment and the control over cost management in institutions. The research question of this study is if the tentative project of breast cancer can enhance the quality and reduce the cost of medical treatment? Meanwhile, this study also investigates and analyses the cost and the effect of medical treatment in this tentative project of breast cancer. Method: A comparison between an experimental group (a medical center involved in this tentative project of breast cancer) and a control group (a medical center not involved in this tentative project of breast cancer) is conducted by analyses of the cost of medical treatment(characteristics of using medical treatment and important items of medical treatment, such as chemical, radiological, and surgical treatment) and the effect (death rate) in the former year (the year of 2001) and the next year (the year of 2003) of this tentative project being conducted. Result:From the perspective of the characteristics of using medical treatment, the number of outpatient visits decreases(t=15.15,p=0.000)and the cost does decrease in the experimental groups. At the same time, the control group remains the same in the numbers of either outpatient or inpatient visits. From the perspective of important items of medical treatment, the experimental group prefers radiological treatment(t=-8.536,p=0.000)and the control group prefers chemical treatment(t=-8.536,p=0.000). From the perspective of the cost of medical treatment, the experimental group spends more in chemical treatment(t=5.172,p=0.000), and less in radiological treatment(t=-20.67,p=0.000)than the control group does. Two groups do not reveal any difference of the death rate. Conclusion: The experimental group reveals a decrease of the number of outpatient visits and chemical treatment, but does not reveal a decrease in the cost of medical treatment when comparing before and after participating in this tentative project of breast cancer. The experimental group reveals less cost in the radiological treatment and remains the same in other types of medical treatment when compared to the control group. Also, these two groups show no differences in death rate. Also, it reveals no significant differences between these two groups in terms of the real cost of patients’ medical treatment and the fee application of medical treatment from the Bureau of National Health Insurance. Breast cancer patients in the experimental group have a higher average of day number for seeking medical treatment before the conduction of this tentative project and than the patients’ in the control group. This may cause a higher cost of medical treatment. A higher average of day number in seeking medical treatment may indicate more severity of patients and more cost in medical treatment. The information about the phases of patients’ breast cancer should be investigated in future studies.
HU, CHOU, und 周. 虎. „A Case Study on the Relationship among Leisure Activity Participation Attitude, Leisure Constraints, and Job Stress of Fighter Pilots in an East Cost Air Base, Taiwan“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85g6yv.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立臺東大學
進修部運動休閒管理碩(假日)
96
A Case Study on the Relationship among Leisure Activity Participation Attitude, Leisure Constraints, and Job Stress of Fighter Pilots in an East Cost Air Base, Taiwan Abstract This correlational study examined the relationship among leisure attitude, leisure constraints, leisure activity participation, and job stress of fighter pilots. The questionnaire investigation method, stratified random sampling, was adopted and a total of 130 questionnaires were used to elicit information from the population of fighter pilots in an east cost air base, Taiwan, with 114 valid samples responded. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 12.0. The statistical approaches involved descriptive statistics, T test, one way ANOVA, Pearson
Murphy, Brian. „Cost shifting in health care : a pilot study explores the relationships between cost shifting, repetitive strain injury, the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board of Ontario, and publicly funded health care /“. 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ82946.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKok, Chin-Yee, und 郭沁怡. „Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiemetic regimen containing aprepitant as first-line prophylaxis for high dose cisplatin-based chemotherapy induced emesis, a pilot study“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28584728685194528032.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWright, Brian Bradley. „A review of lessons learned to inform capacity-building for sustainable nature-based tourism development in the European Union funded "Support to the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative Pilot Programme /“. 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/499/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMcLoughlin, K., J. Rhatigan, S. McGilloway, Allan Kellehear, M. Lucey, F. Twomey, M. Conroy et al. „INSPIRE (INvestigating Social and PractIcal suppoRts at the End of life): Pilot randomised trial of a community social and practical support intervention for adults with life-limiting illness“. 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9267.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBACKGROUND: For most people, home is the preferred place of care and death. Despite the development of specialist palliative care and primary care models of community based service delivery, people who are dying, and their families/carers, can experience isolation, feel excluded from social circles and distanced from their communities. Loneliness and social isolation can have a detrimental impact on both health and quality of life. Internationally, models of social and practical support at the end of life are gaining momentum as a result of the Compassionate Communities movement. These models have not yet been subjected to rigorous evaluation. The aims of the study described in this protocol are: (1) to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of The Good Neighbour Partnership (GNP), a new volunteer-led model of social and practical care/support for community dwelling adults in Ireland who are living with advanced life-limiting illness; and (2) to pilot the method for a Phase III Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). DESIGN: The INSPIRE study will be conducted within the Medical Research Council (MRC) Framework for the Evaluation of Complex Interventions (Phases 0-2) and includes an exploratory two-arm delayed intervention randomised controlled trial. Eighty patients and/or their carers will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: (I) Intervention: GNP in addition to standard care or (II) Control: Standard Care. Recipients of the GNP will be asked for their views on participating in both the study and the intervention. Quantitative and qualitative data will be gathered from both groups over eight weeks through face-to-face interviews which will be conducted before, during and after the intervention. The primary outcome is the effect of the intervention on social and practical need. Secondary outcomes are quality of life, loneliness, social support, social capital, unscheduled health service utilisation, caregiver burden, adverse impacts, and satisfaction with intervention. Volunteers engaged in the GNP will also be assessed in terms of their death anxiety, death self efficacy, self-reported knowledge and confidence with eleven skills considered necessary to be effective GNP volunteers. DISCUSSION: The INSPIRE study addresses an important knowledge gap, providing evidence on the efficacy, utility and acceptability of a unique model of social and practical support for people living at home, with advanced life-limiting illness. The findings will be important in informing the development (and evaluation) of similar service models and policy elsewhere both nationally and internationally. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN18400594 18(th) February 2015.
Theunissen, K., C. Hoebe, G. Kok, R. Crutzen, Chakib Kara-Zaitri, Vries N. de, Bergen J. van, R. Hamilton, der Sande M. van und N. Dukers-Muijrers. „A Web-Based Respondent Driven Sampling Pilot Targeting Young People at Risk for Chlamydia Trachomatis in Social and Sexual Networks with Testing: A Use Evaluation“. 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9233.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the aim of targeting high-risk hidden heterosexual young people for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) testing, an innovative web-based screening strategy using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) and home-based CT testing, was developed, piloted and evaluated. Two STI clinic nurses encouraged 37 CT positive heterosexual young people (aged 16-25 years), called index clients, to recruit peers from their social and sexual networks using the web-based screening strategy. Eligible peers (young, living in the study area) could request a home-based CT test and recruit other peers. Twelve (40%) index clients recruited 35 peers. Two of these peers recruited other peers (n = 7). In total, 35 recruited peers were eligible for participation; ten of them (29%) requested a test and eight tested. Seven tested for the first time and one (13%) was positive. Most peers were female friends (80%). Nurses were positive about using the strategy. The screening strategy is feasible for targeting the hidden social network. However, uptake among men and recruitment of sex-partners is low and RDS stopped early. Future studies are needed to explore the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and impact of strategies that target people at risk who are not effectively reached by regular health care.
Harding, K., J. Posnett und Kath Vowden. „A new methodology for costing wound care“. 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9781.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIncreasing pressure on health care budgets highlights the need for clinicians to understand the true costs of wound care, in order to be able to defend services against indiscriminate cost cutting. Our aim was to develop and test a straightforward method of measuring treatment costs, which is feasible in routine practice. The method was tested in a prospective study of leg ulcer patients attending three specialist clinics in the UK. A set of ulcer-related health state descriptors were defined on the basis that they represented distinct and clinically relevant descriptions of wound condition ['healed', 'progressing'; 'static''deteriorating; 'severe' (ulcer with serious complications)]. A standardised data-collection instrument was used to record information for all patients attending the clinic during the study period regarding (i) the health state of the ulcer; (ii) treatment received during the clinic visit and (iii) treatment planned between clinic visits. Information on resource use was used to estimate weekly treatment costs by ulcer state. Information was collected at 827 independent weekly observations from the three study centres. Treatment costs increased markedly with ulcer severity: an ulcer which was 'deteriorating' or 'severe' cost between twice and six times as much per week as an ulcer which was progressing normally towards healing. Higher costs were driven primarily by more frequent clinic visits and by the costs of hospitalisation for ulcers with severe complications. This exercise has demonstrated that the proposed methodology is easy to apply, and produces information which is of value in monitoring healing and in potentially reducing treatment costs.