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Gubic, Ilija, und Oana Baloi. „Public open space initiatives for healthier cities in Rwanda“. Journal of Public Space, Vol. 5 n. 2 (30.04.2020): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v5i2.1287.
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With a population of close to 13 million, and an annual growth rate of 2.86 percent, Rwanda plans to position itself as a climate resilient, low carbon, low unemployment, reduced poverty country, with a strong services sector by 2050. Its projected increase in its urbanization rate from a current value of 18.4 percent to 35 percent by 2024 is driven by strong political will, significant investments in infrastructure, service provision, and human capital development. Rwanda’s secondary cities, identified as economic nodes of growth, are currently undergoing revision of their masterplans in consideration of climate change realities and the pressure on infrastructure and services due to rapid urbanization. Currently, cities in Rwanda do not yet have a system of public open spaces. Where available, such spaces are usually hardly accessible and need upgrading. To address this, the Ministry of Infrastructure, Rwanda Housing Authority, City of Kigali and six secondary cities have committed to deliver on public open space related activities and targets under the yearly performance contract ‘Imihigo’. The outcomes of their commitments support the climate-responsive revision of masterplans of the City of Kigali and six secondary cities. This paper presents public open space initiatives in Kigali and the results of the technical assessment of public open spaces and participatory planning and design workshop in Nyagatare, secondary city in Rwanda’s. It also discusses ongoing policy changes and initiatives that aim to promote public open spaces as crucial for urban public health.
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Wong, T. H. F., und R. R. Brown. „The water sensitive city: principles for practice“. Water Science and Technology 60, Nr. 3 (01.07.2009): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.436.
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With the widespread realisation of the significance of climate change, urban communities are increasingly seeking to ensure resilience to future uncertainties in urban water supplies, yet change seems slow with many cities facing ongoing investment in the conventional approach. This is because transforming cities to more sustainable urban water cities, or to Water Sensitive Cities, requires a major overhaul of the hydro-social contract that underpins conventional approaches. This paper provides an overview of the emerging research and practice focused on system resilience and principles of sustainable urban water management Three key pillars that need to underpin the development and practice of a Water Sensitive City are proposed: (i) access to a diversity of water sources underpinned by a diversity of centralised and decentralised infrastructure; (ii) provision of ecosystem services for the built and natural environment; and (iii) socio-political capital for sustainability and water sensitive behaviours. While there is not one example in the world of a Water Sensitive City, there are cities that lead on distinct and varying attributes of the water sensitive approach and examples from Australia and Singapore are presented.
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Coleman, Diana Murtaugh. „El Sur También Existe: Imagining futures“. Cultural Dynamics 31, Nr. 4 (20.09.2019): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019860937.
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Guantánamo is infamous as a site of extra-legal detention in the wake of 9/11; more than a single site, it is part of a web of the United States’ militarization operating in the Global South. An area of the military base is now being revitalized as a new camp for climate change–related mass migration events predicted to occur throughout the Caribbean and Latin America. In February 2018, RQ Construction, LLC (Carlsbad, California) won a 23-million-dollar contract to build a “Contingency Mass Migration Complex” at Guantánamo to house migrants and personnel at the military base in a massive tent city. Though less explicitly worded, other large Department of Defense awards for work at Guantánamo point toward extensive infrastructure development as recently as March 2019. The United States’ militarized response to climate-based migration is an extension of the logic through which economic and political refugees are branded criminals or terrorists.
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Mannix, Annalise, Val Candy und Donald A. Forrer. „Renegotiation Of Waste Disposal Services In Key West, Florida“. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 10, Nr. 4 (23.03.2012): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v10i4.6896.
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Effective planning of a solid waste recycling program is a substantial challenge for the current waste management system in Key West, Florida. Solid waste management strategies have to be reorganized in light of the social and economic recycling, recovery, and reuse philosophical approaches which are dramatically changing consumer behaviors across the globe. The growing concern for environmental issues and the goal of local sustainable development have moved the management of solid waste to the forefront of the public agenda. This paper focuses on efforts to agree upon a city-wide initiative to increase waste diversion within the prevailing political, environmental, and economic climate in which waste disposal activities had dominated the market. It discusses how the traditional two-party solid waste hauling contract was altered by the addition of outside third-party interests forcing a multi-party negotiation processes.
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Kosmatopoulos, Nikolas. „Unhatching the Egg in Lebanon’s 2019 Protests“. South Atlantic Quarterly 120, Nr. 2 (01.04.2021): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8916190.
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This auto-ethnographic essay revisits the story of the Beirut City Center Dome, also known as the “Egg,” a 1960s brutalist-modernist cinema abandoned to snipers during Lebanon’s civil war, which briefly became a stage for a direct action politics in the early days of Lebanon’s October 2019 uprising. One of the uprising’s most ambitious aims was the ushering in of a new social contract beyond sectarian divisions. The essay tests the argument that a postwar model of expert-driven peace, which involves compartmentalizing the political society while devolving power into real-estate investors–prime ministers, crucially depends on the constant reproduction of technomoral hierarchies between experts and their subjects. In the context of mass mobilization, the essay considers “real estate” to be a fitting metaphor to describe the process through which potentially emancipatory projects fail to materialize within a toxic climate that tends to equate political critique with purity competitions and boundary work.
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Busch, Henner, und Stefan Anderberg. „Green Attraction—Transnational Municipal Climate Networks and Green City Branding“. Journal of Management and Sustainability 5, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v5n4p1.
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<p>In this article, we investigate the nexus of green city branding and municipal climate networks. In recent decades, a number of formal transnational municipal climate networks have emerged and their membership continues to increase. In parallel, city branding that is based on green policies, has gained importance. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, we assess how and to what extent German cities use their membership in transnational municipal climate networks to communicate green city brands. In contrast to our expectations, we encountered very few indications of green city branding efforts by German cities. Our analysis shows that in general, branding considerations only play a negligible role in the involvement of cities in transnational municipal climate networks or climate policies. Instead, it seems that German cities use their membership in climate networks, to genuinely improve local climate change strategies. We therefore suggest that research on green city branding should be more sensitive to the particular context of cities and efforts should be made to unveil the underlying motives for the communication of green policies.</p>
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Morad, Diler Haji, und Serbest Khalil Ismail. „A Comparative Study Between the Climate Response Strategies and Thermal Comfort of a Traditional and Contemporary Houses in KRG: Erbil“. Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, Nr. 3 (27.08.2017): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.3.54.
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The hot and dry climate conditions in Erbil city has a main effect on the energy consumption and thermal performance of the house. In the last decade, residential sector in Kurdistan region government has consumed about 50% of total energy consumption. The contemporary dwelling did not consider climate consideration therefore; there was difficulty in achieving or obtaining thermal comfort conditions, without using electrical or mechanical devices like air- conditioning. In contrast, traditional houses carefully and effectively designed with climate conditions. In the present study, in order to determine suitable architectural strategy that may be benefit in future housing designs, the climate response strategies and thermal comfort examined in both traditional and contemporary houses in Erbil city and evaluated in terms of building form, orientation, occupancy migration, plan arrangement, window, ventilation, shading, Vegetation, water bodies building materials and Urban Fabric. At the end of this study, a simplified evaluation and comparison between contemporary and traditional house are given.
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Edwards, Gareth A. S., und Harriet Bulkeley. „Urban political ecologies of housing and climate change: The ‘Coolest Block’ Contest in Philadelphia“. Urban Studies 54, Nr. 5 (19.07.2016): 1126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015617907.
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Urban authorities and a range of private and civil society actors have come to view housing as a key arena in which to address climate change whilst also pursuing wider social, economic and environmental objectives. Housing has been a critical area for urban studies, but often considered in sectoral terms and work on urban responses to climate change has followed this positioning. By contrast, an Urban Political Ecology (UPE) perspective would position housing in more integrated terms as part of the metabolism of the city. Yet so far there has been relatively little written in UPE about either housing or climate change. This paper therefore seeks to bring UPE into dialogue with the emergent literature focused on governing climate change through housing. It does so through a detailed study of the ‘Retrofit Philly “Coolest Block” Contest’. We argue that this contest highlights the ways climate change is changing the way housing is embedded in the circulations of the city, pointing to changes in who is governing housing, how housing is being governed and who is able to access the benefits of (climate change-branded) action on housing.
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Mailisa, Yessi, M. Irfani Hendri und Rizky Fauzan. „Pengaruh Iklim Organisasi dan Kemampuan Kerja Terhadap Komitmen Organisasional dan Dampaknya Pada Kinerja Pegawai DISPERINDAGKOP dan UKM Kota Pontianak“. Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan 5, Nr. 3 (24.12.2016): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jebik.v5i3.19081.
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This research aims to determine the effect of organizational climate and work ability towards organizational commitment and its impact on the employee performance. Endogenous variable in this research is the performance of employees, while, the exogenous variables are the organizational climate and work ability. This research proposes organizational commitment to be the intervening variable. This research using a 55 samples who are taken from the employees of Perindagkop and SMEs in Pontianak City. The type of research was a descriptive survey research with questionnaire as the main data collecting media. Method of sampling in this research is census method where the entire population being sampled. Data were analyzed using path analysis (Path Analysis) facilitated by SPSS for Windows 22.0. The results showed that the organizational climate and the ability to work in a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment and the performance of employees. In contrast, the variable organizational commitment has no significant effect to employee performance. It means that organizational commitment to the organization of the Perindagkop and SMEs Pontianak City has no effect on employee performance improvement.
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Sabino, Lorena, Juan Pulhin, Josefina Dizon, Rex Victor Cruz und Maria Victoria Espaldon. „Climate change impacts and transformative adaptation strategies among farming households in the City of Koronadal, Philippines“. Climate, Disaster and Development Journal 4, Nr. 1 (08.04.2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18783/cddj.v004.i01.a05.
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Farmers in the Roxas mountain range, City of Koronadal used to have bountiful harvests during the time when the city was still free from climate-related hazards. However, this situation has recently changed due to the increasing climate-related risk events. Moreover, localized baseline scientific climate information is limited to foster the development of appropriate adaptations and policies toward climate-resilient communities. This study assessed the climate trends and the changes, impacts, and adaptation strategies of farm households in five barangays in the Roxas mountain range, Koronadal City, South Cotabato. The study conducted household surveys with 265 respondents, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. In using Mann-Kendall test statistics, time series analysis and one-way analysis of variance, the findings from 1981 to 2012 show increasing trends with significant changes (p <0.01) in mean minimum temperature, increasing by 0.74 °C for three decades. In contrast, mean maximum temperature showed a decreasing trend with an average decrease of 0.65 °C, p <0.01). In three decadal periods, an average increase of 0.04 °C in monthly mean temperature was observed. Rainfall patterns during the same period also show significant changes in the months of June (p <0.01), August, and December (p <0.05); these findings suggest that climate change occurred. Floods, landslides, and droughts were experienced by the communities, which had devastating socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The existing adaptation strategies are just stop-gap solutions that address the effects of climate change but do not consider the root causes. To consider future changes in climate patterns, the socioeconomic and political structure and processes of the communities need to change; this can be achieved if multifaceted drivers of climate change hazards and their impacts are appropriately and immediately addressed. Some grassroot-level transformative adaptation strategies identified in the study consist of socioeconomic facets, specifically, investment in children’s education, financial management, family planning, and development of alternative on-farm and nonfarm livelihood options. The environmental aspect, which includes promoting agroforestry system, water impoundment technologies, and advanced early warning system, were also considered.
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Salim, Wilmar, Keith Bettinger und Micah Fisher. „Maladaptation on the Waterfront: Jakarta’s Growth Coalition and the Great Garuda“. Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10, Nr. 1 (März 2019): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425318821809.
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The capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta, faces chronic flooding which has been and will continue to be exacerbated by climate change processes, including sea level rise and increased rainfall. In response to these threats, the government has devised a megaproject solution to flooding which will simultaneously address the problem while enhancing Jakarta’s status as a ‘world city’, improving the economy of the metropolitan region and the country as a whole. However, the so-called Great Garuda project has a number of major flaws. We describe how this project fails to address the root causes of flooding in Jakarta as well as the primary drivers of vulnerability to flooding. We further show how the Great Garuda project is a channel through which politically connected economic elites of the Suharto regime, now marginalized by democratization and decentralization reforms, can reconstitute ‘growth coalitions’ to benefit from state resources and privileged access to development contracts and concessions. Lastly, we apply and expand on the concept of maladaptation to demonstrate how the project could leave the city and its residents more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than they currently are.
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Huynh, Huong Lan Thi, Anh Tien Do und Trang Minh Dao. „Climate change vulnerability assessment for Can Tho city by a set of indicators“. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, Nr. 1 (20.01.2020): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-01-2018-0003.
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Purpose The city of Can Tho, located on Vietnam’s Mekong Delta, has been identified as one of the nation’s most vulnerable sites for adverse climate change-induced impacts. Can Tho’s policymakers are faced with tackling these challenges but lack the necessary tools and funds to properly address the situation. The study aims to develop a set of indicators to assess the degree of climate change vulnerability so that policymakers can determine which of Can Tho’s districts are most in need of attention, and then propose the best options for climate change adaptation activities. Design/methodology/approach The indicators, including quantifications of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity, were categorized in three tiers, from 1 to 3, to reflect their importance with regard to the situation. The higher tier indicators comprised a number of lower tier indicators, which were developed based on real-life, practical situations at the local level. Findings The results showed that the Thoi Lai District, with a vulnerability indicator estimated at 0.59, is more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change than other districts because of its lower adaptive capacity and higher sensitivity. In contrast, Ninh Kieu District’s climate change indicator of 0.24 demonstrates it has higher resilience to climate change impacts. Originality/value This study showed that the set of indicators developed provides a promising approach for supporting local policymakers in Can Tho to actively respond to climate change-related challenges, and that this approach has the potential to be upscaled for other cities in Vietnam.
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Ichim, Pavel, und Lucian Sfîcă. „The Influence of Urban Climate on Bioclimatic Conditions in the City of Iași, Romania“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 22 (19.11.2020): 9652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229652.
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This study was carried out in order to outline the human bioclimatic stress/comfort conditions within the area of Iași city, Romania. The meteorological data were obtained over a 7-year period (December 2012–November 2019) from an observation network relying on 8 fixed observation points located in selected spots, relevant for the urban climate conditions in the region. The results demonstrate firstly that throughout the entire analyzed period, using the thermo-hygrometric index (THI), “very cold” conditions characterize 4% of the entire year in the inner parts of the city and 6% in the rural area, while the “hot” THI conditions vary from 18% in the middle of the urban heat island to 15% in the rural area. Overall, the rural areas are generally more comfortable than the inner city, especially during summer, when the urban heat island (UHI) core is starting to develop from the evening and persists during the night. On the contrary, the UHI renders the inner city more comfortable than the rural surroundings from October to April. Similar bioclimatic conditions are also presented in detail for the summer by the relative strain index (RSI), which exceeds the stress threshold value mostly during heat waves, when a significant contrast between urban and rural areas is felt. In brief, it has been determined that the most suitable area for human comfort in Iași city is inside the urban area during the winter and in the rural areas during the summer.
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Dursun, D., und M. Yavaş. „MICROCLIMATE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN FORMS IN COLD CLIMATES AND THE EFFECT OF THERMAL COMFORT“. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (19.09.2018): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-155-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In this study, it is aimed to understand the relation between micro-climate and urban planning in the case of a cold-climate city, Erzurum. The effects of different urban patterns on micro-climate are analyzed in the context of this study. As a methodology, ENVI-met is used for processing micro-climate simulation of selected urban areas by using measured and obtained climate data such as air temperature, relative humidity, average reflected temperature, surface temperatures, sky view factor, wind velocity and direction. In order to check the accuracy of the simulation for the case study area, obtained data (from meteorology station) is simulated with ENVI-met and results were compared with measured data in the area. Also, land uses and field searches based on the observation of existing situation of urban environment were included into analysis. The findings show that irregular building plot sizes and building heights are mostly existing in historical areas and those urban forms increase thermal comfort under cold climate conditions. The results of simulations provided that same heights of the buildings, regular separation of buildings and regular plot sizes have led to severe urban micro-climates. In contrast, it is observed that variety of those urban physical environment features supported comfortable micro-climate conditions. Urban geometry and climate variables are two of the most important factors shaping outdoor spaces thermal comfort feeling.</p>
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Cid-Aguayo, Beatriz E. „People, Nature, and Climate“. Latin American Perspectives 43, Nr. 4 (11.03.2016): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x16630307.
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A Latourian actor-network analysis of social narratives about climate change in the city of Concepción and the strategies of collective adaptation to climate change deployed by two social groups shows a difference in people’s relationships with nature. The discourses of climate change in the city view it as a backdrop about which not much can be done and hold more powerful others responsible for causing it and for dealing with it. In contrast, in the settlement of Agüita de la Perdiz and among the peasants of the agro-ecological movement in the Bío-Bío Region, climate change is not simply a backdrop but a threat to their quality of life and subsistence, an actant that brings agency to their socio-techno-natural networks, and they have developed measures to control its potential destructive effects. Un análisis actor-red latouriano de narrativas sociales sobre el cambio climático en la ciudad de Concepción y las estrategias de adaptación colectiva al cambio climático empleadas por dos grupos sociales muestran una diferencia en las relaciones de las personas con la naturaleza. Los discursos sobre el cambio climático en la ciudad lo presentan como un trasfondo sobre el cual no se puede hacer mucho, y declaran responsables a otros más poderosos por causarlo y por tratarlo. En contraste, en el asentamiento de Agüita de la Perdiz y entre los campesinos del movimiento agro-ecológico en la Región Bío-Bío, el cambio climático no es simplemente un trasfondo sino una amenaza a su calidad de vida y subsistencia, un activador que otorga agencia a sus redes socio-tecno-naturales, y han elaborado medidas para controlar sus potenciales efectos destructivos.
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Marcus, Lars, und Daniel Koch. „Cities as implements or facilities – The need for a spatial morphology in smart city systems“. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, Nr. 2 (28.12.2016): 204–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516685565.
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In light of the urgent threats presented by climate change and rapid urbanisation, interest in ‘smart city systems’ is mounting. In contrast to scholarship that poses ‘smartness’ as something that needs to be added to cities, recent developments in spatial morphology research pursue a view of the built fabric of cities as an extension of the cognitive human apparatus, as well as a material formulation of social, cultural and economic relations and processes. The built fabric of cities needs to be understood as a highly intelligent artefact in itself, rather than simple, dead matter. The current focus on high-tech systems risks concealing the fact that the machine is already there. In contrast to the technological ‘implements’ of smart city systems, this article looks at cities as ‘facilities’ – that is, as technologies that slow down, store and maintain energy as a resource for a variety of purposes. The article builds on space syntax research in order to give precision to the understanding of the affordances the cities offer their various processes and the ways in which cities operate as information storage and retrieval devices for individuals and for society. The city must be considered, we argue, in terms of a range of tangled, interdependent systems, reaching from individual buildings to the whole city, an understanding anchored in notions of ‘diversity’ and ‘density’ (recently gathered under the concept of ‘spatial capital’) and in research addressing how the distribution of space and artefacts serve as means of knowledge communication (specifically, in complex buildings such as libraries and department stores). In conclusion, we argue that existing discussions on ‘smart city systems’ would benefit acknowledgement of the role of cities as facilities.
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Creutzig, Felix, Giovanni Baiocchi, Robert Bierkandt, Peter-Paul Pichler und Karen C. Seto. „Global typology of urban energy use and potentials for an urbanization mitigation wedge“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, Nr. 20 (12.01.2015): 6283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315545112.
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The aggregate potential for urban mitigation of global climate change is insufficiently understood. Our analysis, using a dataset of 274 cities representing all city sizes and regions worldwide, demonstrates that economic activity, transport costs, geographic factors, and urban form explain 37% of urban direct energy use and 88% of urban transport energy use. If current trends in urban expansion continue, urban energy use will increase more than threefold, from 240 EJ in 2005 to 730 EJ in 2050. Our model shows that urban planning and transport policies can limit the future increase in urban energy use to 540 EJ in 2050 and contribute to mitigating climate change. However, effective policies for reducing urban greenhouse gas emissions differ with city type. The results show that, for affluent and mature cities, higher gasoline prices combined with compact urban form can result in savings in both residential and transport energy use. In contrast, for developing-country cities with emerging or nascent infrastructures, compact urban form, and transport planning can encourage higher population densities and subsequently avoid lock-in of high carbon emission patterns for travel. The results underscore a significant potential urbanization wedge for reducing energy use in rapidly urbanizing Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
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Sancho, Andrea. „Creative Manufacturing: A Driving Force behind Mexico City’s Future as a Creative Cluster“. Economía Creativa, Nr. 5 (23.05.2016): 31–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46840/ec.2016.05.03.
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The Mexican government is in the wake of employing new strategies to move the economy into a “post-maquila” age by focusing its growth on advanced manufacturing sectors. These plans are dedicated to such industries as aerospace, transportation, and tooling. This study, in contrast, builds on the idea of investing in innovation and creativity by proposing a focused solution for the Mexico City metropolis. Mexico City is experiencing a social and economic renaissance that, if properly nurtured, can propel it to become a design and manufacturing cluster of innovative and creative products. This study will evaluate recent changes, focusing on the growing creative class and entrepreneurial climate, as well as assessing what is missing in order to foster the creation of this cluster that would ultimately offer similar economic and social benefits as advanced manufacturing. This investigation was conducted by examining published studies and reports and conducting interviews.
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Fricke, Cathy, Rita Pongrácz, Tamás Gál, Stevan Savić und János Unger. „Using local climate zones to compare remotely sensed surface temperatures in temperate cities and hot desert cities“. Moravian Geographical Reports 28, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2020-0004.
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AbstractUrban and rural thermal properties mainly depend on surface cover features as well as vegetation cover. Surface classification using the local climate zone (LCZ) system provides an appropriate approach for distinguishing urban and rural areas, as well as comparing the surface urban heat island (SUHI) of climatically different regions. Our goal is to compare the SUHI effects of two Central European cities (Szeged, Hungary and Novi Sad, Serbia) with a temperate climate (Köppen-Geiger’s Cfa), and a city (Beer Sheva, Israel) with a hot desert (BWh) climate. LCZ classification is completed using WUDAPT (World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools) methodology and the thermal differences are analysed on the basis of the land surface temperature data of the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor, derived on clear days over a four-year period. This intra-climate region comparison shows the difference between the SUHI effects of Szeged and Novi Sad in spring and autumn. As the pattern of NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) indicates, the vegetation coverage of the surrounding rural areas is an important modifying factor of the diurnal SUHI effect, and can change the sign of the urban-rural thermal difference. According to the inter-climate comparison, the urban-rural thermal contrast is the strongest during daytime in summer with an opposite sign in each season.
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Ojrzyńska, Katarzyna. „Eroticism in the “Cold Climate” of Northern Ireland in Christina Reid’s "The Belle of the Belfast City"“. Text Matters, Nr. 3 (01.11.2013): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/texmat-2013-0030.
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Closely based on the dramatist’s personal experience, Christina Reid’s The Belle of the Belfast City offers a commentary on the life of the Protestant working class in the capital of Northern Ireland in the 1980s from a woman’s perspective. It shows the way eroticism is successfully used by the female characters as a source of emancipation as well as a means not only to secure their strong position in the private domain of the household, but also to challenge the patriarchal structures that prevail in the Irish public sphere. The analysis of the play proposed in this essay focuses on the contrast between the presentation of its male and female characters. I will demonstrate that, while the former group desperately cling to the idea of preserving the social status quo, the latter display a more progressive outlook on the social and sexual politics of the country. In particular, I will investigate how the tensions between the representatives of the two sexes reveal themselves in the corporal sphere. I will argue that, as opposed to the erotically-inhibited and physically-inarticulate male characters, the female dramatis personae take advantage of being more connected to their bodies and use their physicality in an erotic fashion to subvert the rules of the patriarchal system and its strict moral code that limits their social roles to those of respectful mothers, obedient sisters or virtuous wives.
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Barrera Crespo, Pedro D., Erik Mosselman, Alessio Giardino, Anke Becker, Willem Ottevanger, Mohamed Nabi und Mijail Arias-Hidalgo. „Sediment budget analysis of the Guayas River using a process-based model“. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, Nr. 6 (28.06.2019): 2763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2763-2019.
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Abstract. The equatorial Daule and Babahoyo rivers meet and combine into the tidal Guayas River, which flows into the largest estuary on the Pacific coast of South America. The city of Guayaquil, located along the Guayas, is the main port of Ecuador but, at the same time, the planet's fourth most vulnerable city to future flooding due to climate change. Sedimentation, which has increased in recent years, is seen as one of the factors contributing to the risk of flooding. The cause of this sedimentation is the subject of the current research. We used the process-based Delft3D FM model to assess the dominant processes in the river and the effects that past interventions along the river and its estuary have had on the overall sediment budget. Additionally, a simulation including sea level rise was used in order to understand the possible future impact of climate change on the sediment budget. Results indicate an increase in tidal asymmetry due to land reclamation and a decrease in episodic flushing by river floods due to upstream dam construction. These processes have induced an increased import of marine sediment potentially responsible for the observed sedimentation. This is in contrast with the local perception of the problem, which ascribes sedimentation to deforestation in the upper catchment. Only the deposition of silt and clay in connected stagnant water bodies could perhaps be ascribed to upstream deforestation.
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Varentsov, Mikhail, Pavel Konstantinov, Alexander Baklanov, Igor Esau, Victoria Miles und Richard Davy. „Anthropogenic and natural drivers of a strong winter urban heat island in a typical Arctic city“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, Nr. 23 (12.12.2018): 17573–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17573-2018.
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Abstract. The Arctic has rapidly urbanized in recent decades with 2 million people currently living in more than a hundred cities north of 65∘ N. These cities have a harsh but sensitive climate and warming here is the principle driver of destructive thawing, water leakages, air pollution and other detrimental environmental impacts. This study reports on the urban temperature anomaly in a typical Arctic city. This persistent warm anomaly reaches up to 11 K in winter with the wintertime mean urban temperature being 1.9 K higher on average in the city center than in the surrounding natural landscape. An urban temperature anomaly, also known as an urban heat island (UHI), was found using remote sensing and in situ temperature data. High-resolution (1 km) model experiments run with and without an urban surface parameterization helped to identify the leading physical and geographical factors supporting a strong temperature anomaly in a cold climate. The statistical analysis and modeling suggest that at least 50 % of this warm anomaly is caused by the UHI effect, driven mostly by direct anthropogenic heating, while the rest is created by natural microclimatic variability over the undulating relief of the area. The current UHI effect can be as large as the projected, and already amplified, warming for the region in the 21st century. In contrast to earlier reports, this study found that the wintertime UHI in the Arctic should be largely attributed to direct anthropogenic heating. This is a strong argument in support of energy efficiency measures, urban climate change mitigation policy and against high-density urban development in polar settlements. The complex pattern of thermal conditions, as revealed in this study, challenges urban planners to account for the observed microclimatic diversity in perspective sustainable development solutions.
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Manteaw, Bob O. „Sanitation Dilemmas and Africa’s Urban Futures: Foregrounding Environmental Public Health in Contemporary Urban Planning“. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, Nr. 5 (21.09.2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0096.
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Africa is rising, so goes the current narrative on Africa’s growth and development prospects. While most of these narratives are in direct reference to economic indicators and existing potentials for Africa’s sustainable development, there is no doubt that the rapidly urbanizing landscapes of Africa, characterized by sprawling cities, high-rise buildings, and flashy city lights represent an urban revolution in most of Africa’s cities. Beneath the glow of flashy city lights lies a dark and gloomy contrast: inner city slums, sanitation dilemmas and environmental public health challenges which converge to pose significant challenges to Africa’s broader sustainable development aspirations. This paper foregrounds urban sanitation challenges and public health imperatives from a contemporary urban planning perspective. The paper argues that urban planning and public health have shared a close historical relationship both in thinking and practice; however, recent developments in urbanization processes have seen the two professions drift apart. The paper further asserts that human habitat considerations from the perspective of urban planning in Ghana, in particular, treat issues of sanitation management and public health and safety issues as after-thoughts and are excluded in initial planning processes. While the paper acknowledges the influence of increased population growth and the reality of climate change in current urbanization processes, the paper advocates for new approaches that make cities and other urbanizing communities resilient.
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Braga, Caterina. „Participation and co-creative planning for urban sustainability. The Clic-Plan project educational case“. Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete 21, Nr. 2 (31.07.2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/form-11326.
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The environmental degradation and climate change are the contemporary contexts in which educational processes take place. New forms of knowledge are therefore necessary, which place individuals, groups, as well as those responsible for social life at all levels (economic-political, institutional, administrative, productive, cultural), in the condition of not ignoring the consequences of human actions, also on the environment. Educating to participation, in contrast to delegation, promotes a sense of belonging and makes citizens responsible actors within the decision-making processes for managing their own territory. This, in the epistemological relevance of the pedagogical discourse, takes shape in the dimension of engagement for the benefit of the person and the community and is realized in active participation to the so-called smart city. This discussion can occur within an on-going project, CLIC-PLAN: Changing Climate: Local Adaptation Plan for sub-alpine lake districts with a strong commitment to tourism led by the Catholic University, with activities on climate change.
Partecipazione e progettazione condivisa per la sostenibilità urbana. Il caso formativo del progetto Clic-plan
Il degrado ambientale e i cambiamenti climatici sono il contesto in cui si svolgono oggi i processi educativi. Sono dunque necessarie nuove forme di conoscenza, che pongano gli individui, i gruppi, i responsabili della vita sociale a tutti i livelli (economico-politico, istituzionale, amministrativo, produttivo, culturale), nella condizione di non ignorare le conseguenze delle azioni umane, anche sull’ambiente. Educare alla partecipazione, in contrasto con la delega, promuove il senso di appartenenza e rende i cittadini attori responsabili dei processi decisionali di gestione del proprio territorio. Questo, nella rilevanza epistemologica del discorso pedagogico, trova forma nella dimensione di engagement a beneficio della persona e della comunità e si realizza nella partecipazione attiva all’interno della cosiddetta smart city. Può contribuire ad alimentare la riflessione il progetto CLIC-PLAN: CLIma in Cambiamento. Piano Locale di AdattameNto per comuni lacustri in territorio subalpino con forte vocazione turistica dell’Università Cattolica, inerente al cambiamento climatico.
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Trujillo, Juan C., und Peter Howley. „The Effect of Weather on Crime in a Torrid Urban Zone“. Environment and Behavior 53, Nr. 1 (04.10.2019): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916519878213.
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This study investigates the relationship between weather and crime in Barranquilla, Colombia, a city in the Torrid Zone, which in contrast to more commonly studied temperate zones is hot and humid year-round. Our analysis is based on daily variations in four weather variables (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed) and two indicators of criminal activity, namely, homicides and interpersonal violence. To help identify statistical links, we add controls for temporal variables. Using count data models in the estimations, we do not find any statistically significant relationship between weather patterns and homicides. However, we find that weather can be an important predictor of interpersonal violence in this area. These findings draw attention to the importance of considering weather factors when designing a long-run urban security policy in one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change.
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Marley, N. A., J. S. Gaffney, R. Ramos-Villegas und B. Cárdenas González. „Comparison of measurements of peroxyacyl nitrates and primary carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in Mexico City determined in 1997 and 2003“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, Nr. 9 (04.05.2007): 2277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2277-2007.
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Abstract. The concentrations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in ambient air can be a good indicator of air quality and the effectiveness of control strategies for reducing ozone levels in urban areas. As PAN is formed by the oxidation of reactive hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), it is a direct measure of the peroxyacyl radical levels produced from reactive organic emissions in the urban air shed. Carbon soot, known as black carbon (BC) or elemental carbon (EC), is a primary atmospheric aerosol species and is a good indicator of the levels of combustion emissions, particularly from diesel engines, in major cities. Mexico City is the second largest megacity in the world and has long suffered from poor air quality. Reported here are atmospheric measurements of PAN and BC obtained in Mexico City during the Mexico Megacity 2003 field study. These results are compared with measurements obtained earlier during the Investigación sobre Materia Particulada y Deterioro Atmosférico – Aerosol and Visibility Research (IMADA-AVER) campaign in 1997 to obtain an estimate of the changes in emissions in Mexico City and the effectiveness of control strategies adopted during that time. Concentrations of PAN in 1997 reached a maximum of 34 ppb with an average daily maximum of 15 ppb. The PAN levels recorded in 2003 were quite different, with an average daily maximum of 3 ppb. This dramatic reduction in PAN levels observed in 2003 indicate that reactive hydrocarbon emissions have been reduced in the city due to controls on olefins in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and also due to the significant number of newer vehicles with catalytic converters that have replaced older higher emission vehicles. In contrast, black/elemental carbon levels were similar in 1997 and 2003 indicating little improvement likely due to the lack of controls on diesel vehicles in the city. Thus, while air quality and ozone production have improved, Mexico City and other megacities continue to be a major source of black carbon aerosols, which can be an important species in determining regional radiative balance and climate.
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Marley, N. A., J. S. Gaffney, R. Ramos-Villegas und B. Cárdenas González. „Comparison of measurements of peroxyacyl nitrates and primary carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in Mexico City determined in 1997 and 2003“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, Nr. 1 (29.01.2007): 1421–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-1421-2007.
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Abstract. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in ambient air can be a good indicator of air quality and the effectiveness of control strategies for reducing ozone levels in urban areas. As PAN is formed by the oxidation of reactive hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), it is a direct measure of the peroxyacyl radical levels produced from reactive organic emissions in the urban air shed. Carbon soot, known as black carbon or elemental carbon, is a primary atmospheric aerosol species and is a good indicator of the levels of combustion emissions, particularly from diesel engines, in major cities. Mexico City is the second largest megacity in the world and has long suffered from poor air quality. Reported here are atmospheric measurements of PAN and black carbon obtained in Mexico City during the Mexico Megacity 2003 field study. These results are compared with measurements obtained earlier during the Investigación sobre Materia Particulada y Deterioro Atmosférico – Aerosol and Visibility Research (IMADA-AVER) campaign in 1997 to obtain an estimate of the changes in emissions in Mexico City and the effectiveness of control strategies adopted during that time. Concentrations of PAN in 1997 reached a maximum of 34 ppb with an average daily maximum of 15 ppb. The PAN levels recorded in 2003 were quite different, with an average daily maximum of 3 ppb. This dramatic reduction in PAN levels observed in 2003 indicate that reactive hydrocarbon emissions have been reduced in the city due to controls on olefins in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and also due to the significant number of newer vehicles with catalytic converters that have replaced older higher emission vehicles. In contrast, black/elemental carbon levels were similar in 1997 and 2003 indicating little improvement likely due to the lack of controls on diesel vehicles in the city. Thus, while air quality and ozone production has improved, Mexico City and other megacities continue to be a major source of black carbon aerosols, which can be an important species in determining regional radiative balance and climate.
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Arnold, Janis, Janina Kleemann und Christine Fürst. „A Differentiated Spatial Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services Based on Land Use Data in Halle, Germany“. Land 7, Nr. 3 (30.08.2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land7030101.
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Urban ecosystem services (ES) contribute to the compensation of negative effects caused by cities by means of, for example, reducing air pollution and providing cooling effects during the summer time. In this study, an approach is described that combines the regional biotope and land use data set, hemeroby and the accessibility of open space in order to assess the provision of urban ES. Hemeroby expresses the degree of naturalness of land use types and, therefore, provides a differentiated assessment of urban ES. Assessment of the local capacity to provide urban ES was conducted with a spatially explicit modeling approach in the city of Halle (Saale) in Germany. The following urban ES were assessed: (a) global climate regulation, (b) local climate regulation, (c) air pollution control, (d) water cycle regulation, (e) food production, (f) nature experience and (g) leisure activities. We identified areas with high and low capacity of ES in the urban context. For instance, the central parts of Halle had very low or no capacity to provide ES due to highly compact building styles and soil sealing. In contrast, peri-urban areas had particularly high capacities. The potential provision of regulating services was spatially limited due to the location of land use types that provide these services.
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Moore, Robert. „Crown Street Revisited“. Sociological Research Online 1, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1996): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.24.
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This note describes a study to discover the extent to which it would be possible to follow the respondents in a 1978/79 social survey in inner Liverpool. The follow up would be used to describe the ways in which peoples’ circumstances had changed in the intervening 17 years. It would also provide an opportunity to discover how the respondents themselves viewed the changes that had taken place in inner Liverpool (if that was where they still lived) and the extent to which they had realized the aspirations they expressed in 1978/79 (wherever they now lived). An additional benefit of the research was to ‘test the water’ for forthcoming policy related research in Liverpool. The results of the pilot study are clear and unambiguous: it was not possible to follow up the previous respondents. Reasons for this are believed to include changing attitudes towards giving information and to reservations about collaborating in research projects which in the context of inner city Liverpool are seen to have no benefits to local people. The prognosis for future survey-based research is poor. These findings are consistent with more anecdotal evidence from colleagues working elsewhere in inner city areas and in sharp contrast to similar work undertaken in the very different political climate of the 1970s.
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Lee, Yung-Jaan. „Ecological Footprint and Water Footprint of Taipei“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 20 (16.10.2019): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205714.
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Taiwan suffers from many natural disasters and is vulnerable to climate change. A continuous increase in its ecological footprint (EF) would pose numerous threats to the city. Taipei is Taiwan’s most densely populated city. Whether its citizens are consuming more resources because of their high income and high degree of urbanization, thereby burdening the environment, warrants study. In contrast to most top-down EF analyses, in this study, 445 residents were surveyed to calculate their carbon, built-up land and water footprints. Gender, occupation, age, education level, personal annual income and socio-economic background do not influence water footprint or EF. Moreover, an individual’s water footprint is not correlated with his or her EF. The built-up land footprint that is obtained in this bottom-up study is similar to that in Taiwan’s top-down national footprint account. However, the personal carbon footprint found herein is smaller than that in the national footprint account, because this study asked respondents’ only about consumption related to everyday activities. Since Taipei residents have a high income and high daily consumption, the water footprint herein is larger than the top-down water footprint. This bottom-up EF analysis reflects residents’ daily consumption patterns and can be used in future urban decision-making.
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Salehi, Vahid Douzloo. „APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES“. Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (27.07.2021): 477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.48.
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AbstractHydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.
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Ojaghlou, Morteza. „SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK OF HISTORICAL CITIES. A CASE STUDY: CITY OF SOLTANIYEH.IRAN“. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 44, Nr. 1 (21.08.2020): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2020.12288.
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Unfortunately, the architecture and urbanization of the Iranian cities, especially the traditional Iranian cities in the present era, are in many cases in contrast to the historical, social, and cultural background of these cities. In this study, architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh has been explored to achieve a conceptual and sustainable architecture through a research-based library approach inference. Achieving the principles of architectural design in the historic city of Soltaniyeh. Iran is the main concern of this research. Therefore, to reach an integrated design process, previous studies and projects were examined and analyzed and the obtained data and principles, including historical, cultural, social, natural, climate, were in the design process of the real project. As a final result of this study, the integrated design process of these parameters is presented as a process of architectural design in small historical cities such as Soltaniyeh.
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Liu, Shi, Song Yang, Yi Lian, Dawei Zheng, Min Wen, Gang Tu, Baizhu Shen, Zongting Gao und Donghai Wang. „Time–Frequency Characteristics of Regional Climate over Northeast China and Their Relationships with Atmospheric Circulation Patterns“. Journal of Climate 23, Nr. 18 (15.09.2010): 4956–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jcli3554.1.
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Abstract The time–frequency characteristics of the variations of temperature and precipitation over the city of Changchun in northeast China and their associations with large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions are analyzed. It is found that the variations of the regional climate are characterized by strong semiannual signals. For precipitation, the amplitude of semiannual signal is about half of that of the annual cycle. The relationships of the Changchun temperature and precipitation with local winds and large-scale patterns of atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature are also strongest on annual and semiannual time scales. These strong semiannual signals are potentially helpful for improving the prediction of the regional climate. On the annual time scale, the northeast China climate is affected by both the thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans and that between the continent and the extratropical North Pacific. These effects are manifested by the cyclonic (anticyclonic) pattern over the Asian continent (North Pacific) and the strong southerly flow over East Asia and northwestern Pacific associated with increases in temperature and precipitation. On the semiannual time scale, the northeast China climate is mainly related to the large-scale circulation pattern centered over the North Pacific, with its western portion over northeast China, North and South Korea, and Japan. While temperature signals are related to extratropical atmospheric process more apparently, both extratropical and tropical influences are seen in the semiannual variation of precipitation. There exist strong relationships between Changchun temperature and precipitation and the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the frequency band up to 7 months. Temperature increases and precipitation decreases when NPO is positive. The relationships were weak before 1980 but became stronger afterward, associated with the strengthening of the East Asian trough.
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Bailey, Adriana, Thomas N. Chase, John J. Cassano und David Noone. „Changing Temperature Inversion Characteristics in the U.S. Southwest and Relationships to Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation“. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, Nr. 6 (Juni 2011): 1307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jamc2584.1.
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AbstractContinental temperature inversions significantly influence air quality, yet little is known about their variability in frequency and intensity with time or sensitivity to dynamical changes with climate. Inversion statistics for six upper-air stations in the American Southwest are derived for the period 1994–2008 from radiosonde data reported by the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), which use different significant level standards. GTS data indicate that low-level elevated inversions have increased in frequency at four of six sites, consistent with enhanced regional stagnation projected by models. NCDC data, in contrast, show remarkable declines in weak, near-surface inversions through 2001, indicating local surface conditions may counteract atmospheric dynamics in regulating inversion activity and air quality. To further test the sensitivity of inversion activity to climate, associations between wintertime inversion frequency and large-scale circulation are quantified using the self-organizing map technique. Twenty-four representative circulation patterns are derived from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) 500-hPa geopotential height fields, and these patterns are correlated with inversion frequency at each site. Inversion activity in Salt Lake City, Utah, and Albuquerque and Santa Teresa, New Mexico, is found to correspond well with large-scale anticyclonic ridging; however, sensitivities to large-scale circulation in Denver, Colorado, and Flagstaff and Tucson, Arizona, are weak. Denver stands out in exhibiting a higher percentage of near-surface inversions in winter than the other southwestern sites. These findings indicate that dynamical changes with climate will not uniformly influence inversions and hence urban air quality conditions in the American Southwest.
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Dissegna, Maria Angela, Tiangang Yin, Shanshan Wei, Dan Richards und Adrienne Grêt-Regamey. „3-D Reconstruction of an Urban Landscape to Assess the Influence of Vegetation in the Radiative Budget“. Forests 10, Nr. 8 (19.08.2019): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080700.
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Increased urbanization and climate change have resulted in the intensification of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, particularly in tropical cities. One of the main causes of UHI is the man-made urban surfaces influencing the radiation budget by absorbing, reflecting, and emitting radiation at various wavelengths. The radiative budget of a city is directly influenced by the urban geometry, surface materials, direct solar radiation and incident angle, and atmospheric diffuse radiation. Vegetation cover, in contrast, can decrease UHI by intercepting radiation and through the process of photosynthesis. Better understanding the effect of urban vegetation on the radiative budget can thus contribute towards the mitigation of the UHI effect and ultimately the development of climate resilient urban spaces. To analyze the contribution of vegetation to the radiative budget of a city, a detailed simulation of the complex interaction between the built environment and the vegetation is required. This study proposes an approach for analyzing the 3-D structure of both vegetation and built environment to quantify the contribution of vegetation to the radiative budget of an urban landscape. In a first step, a detailed 3-D model of Singapore including buildings and vegetation was reconstructed using a combination of free and commercial Earth Observation data. Then, the 3-D Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model was repurposed to estimate the radiation absorbed by the urban surfaces accounting for the presence of vegetation cover with changing Leaf Area Density (LAD) conditions. The presence of trees in the scene accounted for a significant reduction of the absorbed radiation by buildings and ground. For example, in the case of a residential low-building neighborhood, although having low tree cover, the reduction of the absorbed radiation by buildings and ground was up to 15.5% for a LAD =1. The field validation shows good agreement (R2 = 0.9633, RMSE = 10.8830 and Bias = −1.3826) between the DART-simulated shortwave exitance and upwelling shortwave measurements obtained from a net radiometer mounted on a local flux tower in the urban area of Singapore, over the studied period. Our approach can be used for neighborhood-scale analysis, at any desired location of a city, to allow test scenarios with varying surface materials and vegetation properties.
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Limón-Domínguez, Gerardo Arturo, Oscar Valdés-Ambrosio, Héctor Daniel Molina-Ruíz, Bertha Leticia Rivera-Varela und Cruz García-Lirios. „Risk-benefit perception and intention to vote in favor of bicycle lanes“. Tendencias Sociales. Revista de Sociología, Nr. 4 (17.07.2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/ts.4.2019.25255.
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Within the framework of policies against the effects of climate change on public health, mobility policies based on zero carbon dioxide emissions have focused their interest on the implementation of bicycle lanes, the subsidy of bicycle engines and restriction of automobiles. In this sense, the objective of this paper has been to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures the perceptions of risk and utility, as well as the intentions of voting in favor of electoral proposals and candidates that support the urban sustainability policy in Subject d mobility. A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample selection of 250 residents of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. From a structural model. The factors cited were found to correlate positively and significantly, but it is recommended to extend the study to the contrast of the model in other scenarios with local elections and mobility policy based on the use of the bicycle
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Garthwaite, John. „Statius’ Retirement from Rome: Silvae 3.5“. Antichthon 23 (1989): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066477400003701.
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In Silvae 3.5, published towards the end of A.D. 94, Statius announced his intention to leave Rome and spend his remaining years in Naples, his birthplace. The tranquility offered by his native city seems particularly appealing to the poet. For here, he says, is a place where both the climate and the sea are gentle, and where it is possible to enjoy an untroubled life, in sharp contrast to the violence and litigiousness of Rome (3.5.83-88). Here too, graceful architecture is complemented by literary festivals which rival those of the capital (89-92). In addition, Naples was also the home of some of Statius’ patrons, most prominently Pollius Felix to whom this third book of Silvae is addressed, and whose newly built shrine to Hercules on his Surrentine estate is the subject of Silv. 3.1. The latter poem, it has been noted, seems to be intended as a counterweight to Silv. 3.5, with the aim of establishing Naples as a primary focus of the whole book.
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Anjos, Max, António Lopes, Andrews José de Lucena und Francisco Mendonça. „Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 9 (22.09.2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091013.
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Characterizing the behaviour of the sea breeze phenomenon is the foremost factor in the reduction in the heat stress and the achievement of the pleasant environment in coastal cities globally. However, this seminal study shows that the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) development can be related to an increase in outdoor thermal discomfort in a northeastern Brazilian city during summer. We explored the relationship between SBF and thermal comfort conditions using in situ meteorological observations, the SBF identification method, local climate zones (LCZs) classification, and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) thermal comfort index. SBF days and Non-SBF days were characterized in terms of weather conditions, combining meteorological data and technical bulletins. SBF days included hot and sunny days associated with the centre of the Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices (UTCV). In contrast, Non-SBF days were observed in UTCV’s periphery because of cloudy sky and rainfall. The results showed that the mean temperature and PET in the SBF days were 2.0 °C and 3.8 °C higher, respectively, compared to Non-SBF days in all LCZ sites. The highest PET, of 40.0 °C, was found on SBF days. Our findings suggest that SBF development could be an aggravating factor for increasing heat stress of the people living in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian city, after SBF passage.
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Wouters, Hendrik, Matthias Demuzere, Ulrich Blahak, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Bino Maiheu, Johan Camps, Daniël Tielemans und Nicole P. M. van Lipzig. „The efficient urban canopy dependency parametrization (SURY) v1.0 for atmospheric modelling: description and application with the COSMO-CLM model for a Belgian summer“. Geoscientific Model Development 9, Nr. 9 (02.09.2016): 3027–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3027-2016.
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Abstract. This paper presents the Semi-empirical URban canopY parametrization (SURY) v1.0, which bridges the gap between bulk urban land-surface schemes and explicit-canyon schemes. Based on detailed observational studies, modelling experiments and available parameter inventories, it offers a robust translation of urban canopy parameters – containing the three-dimensional information – into bulk parameters. As a result, it brings canopy-dependent urban physics to existing bulk urban land-surface schemes of atmospheric models. At the same time, SURY preserves a low computational cost of bulk schemes for efficient numerical weather prediction and climate modelling at the convection-permitting scales. It offers versatility and consistency for employing both urban canopy parameters from bottom-up inventories and bulk parameters from top-down estimates. SURY is tested for Belgium at 2.8 km resolution with the COSMO-CLM model (v5.0_clm6) that is extended with the bulk urban land-surface scheme TERRA_URB (v2.0). The model reproduces very well the urban heat islands observed from in situ urban-climate observations, satellite imagery and tower observations, which is in contrast to the original COSMO-CLM model without an urban land-surface scheme. As an application of SURY, the sensitivity of atmospheric modelling with the COSMO-CLM model is addressed for the urban canopy parameter ranges from the local climate zones of http://WUDAPT.org. City-scale effects are found in modelling the land-surface temperatures, air temperatures and associated urban heat islands. Recommendations are formulated for more precise urban atmospheric modelling at the convection-permitting scales. It is concluded that urban canopy parametrizations including SURY, combined with the deployment of the WUDAPT urban database platform and advancements in atmospheric modelling systems, are essential.
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Adachi, K., und P. R. Buseck. „Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, Nr. 21 (13.11.2008): 6469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6469-2008.
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Abstract. Soot particles, which are aggregated carbonaceous spherules with graphitic structures, are major aerosol constituents that result from burning of fossil fuel, biofuel, and biomass. Their properties commonly change through reaction with other particles or gases, resulting in complex internal mixtures. Using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) for both imaging and chemical analysis, we measured ~8000 particles (25 samples) with aerodynamic diameters from 0.05 to 0.3 μm that were collected in March 2006 from aircraft over Mexico City (MC) and adjacent areas. Most particles are coated, consist of aggregates, or both. For example, almost all analyzed particles contain S and 70% also contain K, suggesting coagulation and condensation of sulfates and particles derived from biomass and biofuel burning. In the MC plumes, over half of all particles contained soot coated by organic matter and sulfates. The median value of the soot volume fraction in such coated particles is about 15%. In contrast to the assumptions used in many climate models, the soot particles did not become compact even when coated. Moreover, about 80% by volume of the particles consisting of organic matter with sulfate also contained soot, indicating the important role of soot in the formation of secondary aerosol particles. Coatings on soot particles can amplify their light absorption, and coagulation with sulfates changes their hygroscopic properties, resulting in shorter lifetimes. Through changes in their optical and hygroscopic properties, internally mixed soot particles have a greater effect on the regional climate of MC than uncoated soot particles.
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Sung, Wen Pei, Rong Chen, Hung Chang Chang und Y. K. Zhao. „Living Comfortable Strategies for Offices in Taiwan's Hot-Humid Climate“. Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (Oktober 2013): 1498–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1498.
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Taiwan is located in the subtropical zone. The climate in summer is hot with high humidity. In order to establish a comfortable office, it needs a lot of active devices, such as: air conditioner to maintain the suitable indoor temperature and humidity. In this study, a business office in the South District Public Health Center, Taichung City is conducted. According to our findings for the office, although the measured indoor temperature was closer to a comfortable temperature during the winter, the occupants of the indoor space still felt excessively warm. By contrast, the occupants of the same space achieved thermal comfort during the summer. This implies that most of the office occupants preferred a cooler environment with a lower temperature. In addition, because the summers in Taiwan are humid and hot, the occupants of an indoor space tend to feel uncomfortable because of the high humidity regardless of whether the temperature is maintained in a comfortable zone. A lower temperature (approximately 21.2-23.9°C) indirectly reduces humidity, thereby making the occupants comfortable.
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García Lirios, Cruz, Lidia Amalia Zallas Esquer und Margarita Juárez Nájera. „Specified model for the study of perception of risk- benefit and intention to vote in favor of bikeways“. Revista de Investigación Académica Sin Frontera: División de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Nr. 30 (17.04.2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46589/rdiasf.v0i30.303.
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In the framework of policies against the effects of climate change on public health, mobility policies based on zero carbon dioxide emissions have focused their interest on the implementation of bicycle lanes, the bicycle motor subsidy and restriction of automobiles. In this sense, the objective of this paper has been to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures the perceptions of risk and utility, as well as the intentions of voting in favor of electoral proposals and candidates that support the urban sustainability policy in Subject d mobility. A non-experimental, cross-sectional and exploratory study was carried out with a non-probabilistic sample selection of 250 residents of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. From a structural model ?X 2 = 124.35 (22gl) p = 0.006; GFI = 0.990; CFI = 0.995; RMSEA = 0.009? The factors cited were found to correlate positively and significantly, but it is recommended to extend the study to the contrast of the model in other scenarios with local elections and mobility policy based on the use of the bicycle.
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Agathangelidis, Ilias, Constantinos Cartalis und Mat Santamouris. „Urban Morphological Controls on Surface Thermal Dynamics: A Comparative Assessment of Major European Cities with a Focus on Athens, Greece“. Climate 8, Nr. 11 (11.11.2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8110131.
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Variations in urban form lead to the development of distinctive intra-urban surface thermal patterns. Previous assessment of the relation between urban structure and satellite-based Land Surface Temperature (LST) has generally been limited to single-city cases. Here, examining 25 European cities (June–August 2017), we estimated the statistical association between surface parameters—the impervious fraction (λimp), the building fraction (λb), and the building height (H)—and the neighborhood scale (1000 × 1000 m) LST variations, as captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and spatial regression were used. As expected, λimp had a consistent positive influence on LSTs. In contrast, the relation of LST with λb and H was generally weaker or negative in the daytime, whereas at night it shifted to a robust positive effect. In particular, daytime LSTs of densely built, high-rise European districts tended to have lower values. This was especially the case for the city of Athens, Greece, where a more focused analysis was conducted, using further surface parameters and the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme. For the urban core of the city, the canyon aspect ratio H/W had a statistically significant (p <0.01) negative relationship with LST by day (Spearman’s rho = −0.68) and positive during nighttime (rho = 0.45). The prevailing intra-urban surface thermal variability in Athens was well reproduced by a 5-day numerical experiment using the meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) model and a modified urban parameterization scheme. Although the simulation resulted in some systematic errors, the overall accuracy of the model was adequate, regarding the surface temperature (RMSE = 2.4 K) and the near-surface air temperature (RMSE = 1.7 K) estimations.
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Chen, Yen-Jong, Rodney H. Matsuoka und Tzu-Min Liang. „Urban form, building characteristics, and residential electricity consumption: A case study in Tainan City“. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, Nr. 5 (27.01.2017): 933–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808317690150.
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Which urban form factor most affects household electricity consumption? This study investigated the relationships between urban density, community layout, and land use factors and household electricity consumption simultaneously, along with building characteristics and demographic indicators. The study site involved 231 communities located in the former provincial area of Tainan City, Taiwan. Due to the area’s subtropical climate, air conditioning accounts for approximately 40% of the total yearly household electricity consumption. Of the urban form factors examined, greater population density was most strongly associated with lower household electricity consumption, followed respectively by greater urban canyon narrowness, or higher height to width ratios, and greater percentages of vacant space and building land use. Notably, both urban canyons and building land use percentages were associated with decreased consumption only after increasing past threshold levels, specifically a 1.5 height to width ratio and 40.7%, respectively. In addition, building characteristics, namely smaller household living areas and greater building age, were most strongly connected with lower household electricity consumption. In contrast, larger household living areas were linked with decreased household electricity consumption/floor area, revealing the importance of lower energy intensities of sizable scales. Of the demographic indicators studied, higher percentages of older adults were associated with lower household electricity consumption. Concerning urban form, the findings suggest that to reduce residential energy usage in a subtropical climate, buildings should be clustered to maximize the inter-building shadows resulting from narrower urban canyons, while simultaneously increasing non-built land use percentages in the adjacent areas.
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Hong-Yu, Qin, Xin Xiu, Sha Wanli, Wang Ben, Hu Xiansheng, Fu Lianjun und Yin Baishuang. „Meteorological Factors and Swine Erysipelas Transmission in Southern China“. Acta Veterinaria 70, Nr. 1 (01.03.2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2020-0002.
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AbstractSwine erysipelas (SE) is one of the best-known and most serious diseases that affect domestic pigs, which is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. It is endemic in Nanning and has been circulating for decades, causing considerable economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of meteorological-related variations on the epidemiology of swine erysipelas in Nanning City, a subtropical city of China. Data on monthly counts of reported swine erysipelas and climate data in Nanning are provided by the authorities over the period from 2006 to 2015. Cross-correlation analysis was applied to identify the lag effects of meteorological variables. A zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression model was used to evaluate the independent contribution of meteorological factors to SE transmission. After controlling seasonality, autocorrelation and lag effects, the results of the model indicated that Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) has a positive effect on SE transmission. Moreover, there is a positive correlation between monthly mean maximum temperature and relative humidity at 0-1 month lag and the number of cases. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the number of SE incidences and precipitation, with a lagged effect of 2 months. In contrast, monthly mean wind velocity negatively correlated with SE of the current month. These findings indicate that meteorological variables may play a significant role in SE transmission in southern China. Finally, more public health actions should be taken to prevent and control the increase of SE disease with consideration of local weather variations.
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Kwan, Irene, und Daniel Rutherford. „Assessment of U.S. Domestic Airline Fuel Efficiency since 2010“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2501, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2501-01.
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Aircraft are responsible for about 2.5% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. Total aircraft CO2 emissions are expected to triple by 2050 if present trends continue. Surprisingly little public information is available about the fuel efficiency, and therefore carbon intensity, of U.S. airlines. This research seeks to address this gap by assessing the fuel efficiency of major airlines serving the U.S. domestic market from 2010 to 2012 by using airline-reported fuel and operations data. A frontier model was used to develop an efficiency metric that accounts for the fuel that airlines burn to provide both mobility (passenger miles traveled) and access (frequency of service and number of airports served). Recognizing that many main-line carriers receive service from their regional partners, the fuel efficiency assessment incorporates the fuel and operations of regional carriers into the fuel and operations of their respective main-line carriers. Airlines that operate circuitous routes are also distinguished. Alaska, Spirit, and Southwest were among the most fuel-efficient airlines, in contrast to less-efficient carriers such as Allegiant and American, which consumed an estimated 26% more fuel than Alaska on equivalent operations in 2012. Airlines that were the most efficient overall did not necessarily transport a given passenger more efficiently between each city–city pair, because of differences in technology utilization and operations. From 2010 to 2012, the average rate of improvement was estimated to be 1.1% per year, short of existing climate protection goals, highlighting the importance of continued efforts in both technology and policy to reduce emissions from aviation.
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Jin, Menglin, Robert E. Dickinson und Da Zhang. „The Footprint of Urban Areas on Global Climate as Characterized by MODIS“. Journal of Climate 18, Nr. 10 (15.05.2005): 1551–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3334.1.
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Abstract One mechanism for climate change is the collected impact of changes in land cover or land use. Such changes are especially significant in urban areas where much of the world’s population lives. Satellite observations provide a basis for characterizing the physical modifications that result from urbanization. In particular, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Terra satellite measures surface spectral albedos, thermal emissivities, and radiative temperatures. A better understanding of these measurements should improve our knowledge of the climate impact of urbanization as well as our ability to specify the parameters needed by climate models to compute the impacts of urbanization. For this purpose, it is useful to contrast urban areas with neighboring nonurban surfaces with regard to their radiative surface temperatures, emissivities, and albedos. Among these properties, surface temperatures have been most extensively studied previously in the context of the “urban heat island” (UHI). Nevertheless, except for a few detailed studies, the UHI has mostly been characterized in terms of surface air temperatures. To provide a global analysis, the zonal average of these properties are presented here measured over urban areas versus neighboring nonurban areas. Furthermore, individual cities are examined to illustrate the variations of these variables with land cover under different climate conditions [e.g., in Beijing, New York, and Phoenix (a desert city of the United States)]. Satellite-measured skin temperatures are related to the surface air temperatures but do not necessarily have the same seasonal and diurnal variations, since they are more coupled to surface energy exchange processes and less to the overlying atmospheric column. Consequently, the UHI effects from skin temperature are shown to be pronounced at both daytime and nighttime, rather than at night as previously suggested from surface air temperature measurements. In addition, urban areas are characterized by albedos much lower than those of croplands and deciduous forests in summer but similar to those of forests in winter. Thus, urban surfaces can be distinguished from nonurban surfaces through use of a proposed index formed by multiplying skin temperature by albedo.
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Sobczyk, Małgorzata, und Maciej Mrowiec. „Retention capacity of extensive green roofs“. Journal of Water and Land Development 30, Nr. 1 (01.09.2016): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0027.
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AbstractClimate change causes a more frequent occurrence of extreme events. The result of these phenomena is the occurrence of floods and flooding, and periods of drought. Particularly unfavorable is intensive rainfall over the urban catchments. To prevent the negative consequences of these phenomena, unconventional solutions should be used. The use of green roofs in urban areas will serve the sustainable development of cities and the impact on local ecological changes. The study was performed at two green roof platforms 1.2×1.2×0.1 m each. An analysis was performed at different intensities given for precipitation. 20 min for the rain to stop was observed from 68 to 100% precipitation. The study was divided into two parts. The first part of the study has been performed in the dry period. In contrast, another round of tests was repeated in other conditions after rainfall. The amount of water at two experimental green roofs platforms before the test was 11.0 dm3. The research relates to the impact of green roofs on local hydrological changes. Development of technologies for green roofs had a positive impact on mitigating the effects of climate change associated with the occurrence of flooding the city.
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Zick, Stephanie E. „Quantifying Extreme Precipitation Forecasting Skill in High-Resolution Models Using Spatial Patterns: A Case Study of the 2016 and 2018 Ellicott City Floods“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 2 (25.01.2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020136.
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Recent historic floods in Ellicott City, MD, on 30 July 2016 and 27 May 2018 provide stark examples of the types of floods that are expected to become more frequent due to urbanization and climate change. Given the profound impacts associated with flood disasters, it is crucial to evaluate the capability of state-of-the-art weather models in predicting these hydrometeorological events. This study utilizes an object-based approach to evaluate short range (<12 h) hourly forecast precipitation from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) versus observations from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Stage IV precipitation analysis. For both datasets, a binary precipitation field is delineated using thresholds that span trace to extreme precipitation rates. Next, spatial metrics of area, perimeter, solidity, elongation, and fragmentation, as well as centroid positions for the forecast and observed fields are calculated. A Mann–Whitney U-test reveals biases (using a confidence level of 90%) related to the spatial attributes and locations of model forecast precipitation. Results indicate that traditional pixel-based precipitation verification metrics are limited in their ability to quantify and characterize model skill. In contrast, an object-based methodology offers encouraging results in that the HRRR can skillfully predict the extreme precipitation rates that are anticipated with anthropogenic climate change. Yet, there is still room for improvement, since model forecasts of extreme convective rainfall tend to be slightly too numerous and fragmented compared with observations. Lastly, results are sensitive to the HRRR model’s representation of synoptic-scale and mesoscale processes. Therefore, detailed surface analyses and an “ingredients-based” approach should remain central to the process of forecasting excessive rainfall.
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Hofmann, Julian, und Holger Schüttrumpf. „Risk-Based Early Warning System for Pluvial Flash Floods: Approaches and Foundations“. Geosciences 9, Nr. 3 (14.03.2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9030127.
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In times of increasing weather extremes and expanding vulnerable cities, a significant risk to civilian security is posed by heavy rainfall induced flash floods. In contrast to river floods, pluvial flash floods can occur anytime, anywhere and vary enormously due to both terrain and climate factors. Current early warning systems (EWS) are based largely on measuring rainfall intensity or monitoring water levels, whereby the real danger due to urban torrential floods is just as insufficiently considered as the vulnerability of the physical infrastructure. For this reason, this article presents a concept for a risk-based EWS as one integral component of a multi-functional pluvial flood information system (MPFIS). Taking both the pluvial flood hazard as well as the damage potential into account, the EWS identifies the urban areas particularly affected by a forecasted heavy rainfall event and issues object-precise warnings in real-time. Further, the MPFIS performs a georeferenced documentation of occurred events as well as a systematic risk analysis, which at the same time forms the foundation of the proposed EWS. Based on a case study in the German city of Aachen and the event of 29 May 2018, the operation principle of the integrated information system is illustrated.