Dissertationen zum Thema „Classical cities“

Focusing on classical urban centres, the thesis discusses the topic of dating archaeological deposits through the study of the embedded assemblages. Although this represents a fundamental activity, routinely carried out after the fieldwork, it is still clearly poorly strucutred both from a theoretical perspective and from a methodological one. Hence, the work proposes a review of the main concepts involved in the issue of dating deposits and proposes analytical and comparative tools to be employed. It follows a taxonomy of archaeological deposits, based on their very informative potential for dating purposes and equipped with case studies. Eventually, the thesis proposes a structured working method, which goes from fieldwork to publishing.
Focalizzandosi sui centri urbani di età classica, la tesi discute il tema della datazione dei depositi archeologici attraverso lo studio dei manufatti in essi contenuti. Nonostante si tratti di un'attività fondamentale e costantemente svolta nelle attività di post scavo, è altrettanto evidente come sia ancora scarsamente strutturata dal punto di vista teorico e metodologico. La tesi presenta pertanto una revisione dei principali strumenti concettuali impiegati nel campo della datazione dei depositi archeologici e propone una serie di strumenti metodologici, di analisi e di confronto, che possono essere impiegati. Segue una proposta di classificazione dei depositi archeologici in base al loro potenziale informativo in termini di datazione, corredata da casi studio esemplificativi. Infine, la tesi propone un vero e proprio metodo di lavoro da applicare nel corso delle operazioni che vanno dallo scavo all'edizione dei dati.

This thesis is a study of four cities and their city-plans. The purpose of the paper is to understand similarities and differences between cities in northern Greece during the Classical period. This is done with a comparative method and Kevin Lynch’s theory of the image of the city. The method and the theory are the foundation for the study. The research question used to be able to fulfil the purpose of the paper is Which similarities and differences exist in the construction of Classical cities in northern Greece and why does these similarities and differences exist? The general plans of the chosen cities are studied, not individual buildings and remains. Aspects such as roads, the placement of city walls, agora, public buildings, and residential areas are compared in the paper. The four cities that were studied in the paper were Amphipolis, Olynthus, Pella, and Thasos. All located in Macedonia or on Chalcidice and Thasos. They were selected based on a few criteria. All were known cities from the Classical period, had been excavated to quite a large extent and were not only religious places or burial grounds. The cities are not exact copies of each other. Olynthus and Pella are built after the Hippodamian plan, but Amphipolis and Thasos are built over time with an organic city-plan. Buildings, structures, and central places are the same in the different cities but how the cities are structured and how buildings are placed vary. The terrain, the landscape, traditions, philosophical ideas could all be part of the cause why the four compared cities have been structured differently. The land the cities have been built on vary which affect how a city can be planned and built. The result of the thesis is that the cities in northern Greece have similarities in what types of buildings and structures can be found in them. How the city is structured and organized are the differences in the city-plans and to which degree depends on multiple factors.

This study explores how Classical Athens and Sparta created the warrior citizen and continued to motivate citizens to fight throughout their lives. It engages with the issues of the 'hoplite ideal', exploring the extent to which it existed in practice and the implications of hoplite ideology for other types of warrior. This study also considers various methods of training and proliferation of state ideology, both formal modes of training such as the Spartan agoge and also informal modes of training such as hunting. Modern sociological and psychological evidence regarding military training and the fostering of aggression are also considered. The important role of religious beliefs and mythology are examined with both the role of gods in battle (for example, in pre-battle sacrifices) and also the depiction of gods and heroes as military figures are considered as potential motivating factors. The potential for inter-state rivalries as played out during Panhellenic festivals and as displayed in Panhellenic sanctuaries is also explored as a motivating factor for individuals and for the state as a whole.

Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) es un pseudocóccido invasor originario del África subsahariana que fue detectado causando graves daños en cítricos del este de España en el año 2009. Debido al desconocimiento existente sobre esta especie, la gestión de D. aberiae se ha llevado a cabo mediante el uso de tratamientos químicos autorizados contra este tipo de insectos. Sin embargo, la última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre el uso sostenible de productos fitosanitarios estipula que la aplicación de plaguicidas en el ámbito agrícola debe reducirse, promoviendo estrategias de manejo más sostenibles como es la aplicación del control biológico de plagas. Además, cuando una especie invasora llega por primera vez a un territorio es necesario estudiar su biología, comportamiento, daños causados y posibilidades de control. En esta tesis se presentan por primera vez estos estudios de biología y comportamiento de la plaga así como un análisis de los daños producidos por D. aberiae. También se han realizado estudios con el objetivo de implementar la aplicación de un programa de control biológico clásico sobre esta especie en cítricos en España. Para analizar la biología y comportamiento de D. aberiae se han muestreado durante tres años varias parcelas de cítricos con poblaciones de D. aberiae en la Comunidad Valenciana. En estas parcelas se han recogido muestras y contabilizado todos los pseudocóccidos presentes, su estadío de desarrollo y el estrato y órgano del árbol donde se encontraban. El periodo de daños al fruto fue estudiado en semicampo y campo mediante la infestación artificial con D. aberiae de frutos de distintos tamaños de diámetro. Por último se estudió el comportamiento y las posibilidades de control biológico de D. aberiae muestreando diversas parcelas de cítricos en su zona de origen (Sudáfrica). Los resultados mostraron que la abundancia de las poblaciones de D. aberiae en cítricos es elevada en primavera y verano, reduciéndose a niveles mucho más bajos en otoño e invierno. Además el insecto completa varias generaciones a lo largo del año, estando dos de ellas muy claramente definidas y siendo las que dan lugar a elevadas poblaciones de la plaga. En cuanto a su distribución, D. aberiae se instaló principalmente en la copa del árbol y se observaron migraciones entre los distintos órganos, mostrando una clara preferencia por el fruto en desarrollo. Entre febrero y septiembre parte de las poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en tronco y suelo, existiendo movimientos de subida y de bajada a la copa en función de la fenología de la planta y las condiciones climáticas. La comparativa entre técnicas de muestreo reveló que las trampas de cartón corrugado proporcionan una medida cuantitativa de la abundancia de D. aberiae en las parcelas. Por su parte, las trampas pegajosas, provistas de hembras de D. aberiae, fueron capaces de detectar los principales vuelos de machos. Por otro lado, D. aberiae causó daños directos al fruto (deformación y/o reducción de tamaño) al alimentarse del ovario de la flor o de los primeros estados de desarrollo de éste. Estos daños son posiblemente debidos a su interferencia con el proceso de división celular. Por último, en Sudáfrica, lugar de origen de la plaga, los mayores niveles poblaciones de D. aberiae se encontraron en verano y la tasa de parasitismo fue máxima en otoño. Entre el complejo de enemigos naturales de D. aberiae encontrados destacaron dos especies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) y Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Ambos parasitoides podrían tener un papel importante en un programa de control biológico contra D. aberiae en España. Por ahora, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 parece el mejor candidato por sus mayores tasas de parasitismo en Sudáfrica.
Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is an invasive mealybug native to sub-Saharan Africa that was detected causing significant damage to citrus fruits in eastern Spain in 2009. Due to the lack of knowledge about this species, the management of D. aberiae has been carried out by the application of authorized insecticides against mealybugs. However, the latest European Directive (2009/128 / EC) on the sustainable use of pesticides stipulates that chemical treatments in agroecosystems must be reduced, promoting more sustainable management strategies such as the application of biological control methodologies. In addition, when an invasive species arrives for the first time in a territory it is necessary to study its biology, behavior, damage caused and control possibilities. This thesis presents for the first time these studies of biology and behavior of the pest as well as a characterization of the damage produced by D. aberiae. The possibilities of implementing a classical biological control program against this species in citrus in Spain have also been studied. To analyze the biology and behavior of D. aberiae, several citrus orchards infested with the mealybug have been sampled for three years in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain). Samples have been collected periodically and the number of mealybugs, their developmental stage as well as the infested stratum and organ where they were present have being recorded. The period of damage to the fruit was studied in semi-field and field conditions by the artificial infestation with D. aberiae of fruits of different diameter. Finally, the behavior and possibilities of biological control of D. aberiae were studied by sampling several citrus orchards in the native area of the mealybug (South Africa). Results showed that the density of D. aberiae populations in citrus orchards is high in spring and summer, decreasing to lower levels in autumn and winter. In addition, the insect completes several generations throughout the year and two of them are clearly defined and result in high population levels. Regarding its distribution, D. aberiae was mostly installed in the canopy of the tree and migrations were observed between different organs, showing a clear preference for the developing fruit. From February to September some mealybugs were found in the trunk and soil, moving upwards or downwards depending on the phenology of the plant and the climatic conditions. The comparison between sampling techniques revealed that corrugated cardboard band traps provide a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density in the orchards. On the other hand, sticky traps, baited with D. aberiae females were able to detect the main male flight periods. D. aberiae caused direct damage to the fruit (deformation and/or reduction in size) by feeding on the ovary of the flower or on small fruits in development. These damages are probably due to their interference with the process of cell division. Finally, in South Africa, native area of the pest, the highest density levels of D. aberiae were found in summer and the highest parasitism rates occurred in autumn. Among the complex of D. aberiae natural enemies, the two most abundant species were Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Both parasitoids could play an important role in a biological control program against D. aberiae in Spain. For now, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 seems the best candidate because of its higher rates of parasitism in South Africa.
Delottococcus aberiae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) és un pseudocòccid invasor originari de l'Àfrica subsahariana que va ser detectat causant greus danys en cítrics de l'est d'Espanya l'any 2009. A causa del desconeixement existent sobre aquesta espècie, la gestió de D. aberiae s'ha dut a terme mitjançant l'ús de tractaments químics autoritzats contra aquest tipus d'insectes. No obstant això, l'última Directiva Europea (2009/128/EC) sobre l'ús sostenible de productes fitosanitaris estipula que l'aplicació de plaguicides en l'àmbit agrícola ha de reduir-se, promovent estratègies de maneig més sostenibles com és l'aplicació del control biològic de plagues. A més, quan una espècie invasora arriba per primera vegada a un territori és necessari estudiar la seua biologia, comportament, danys causats i possibilitats de control. En aquesta tesi es presenten per primera vegada els estudis de biologia i comportament de la plaga així com una anàlisi dels danys produïts per D. aberiae. També s'han realitzat estudis amb l'objectiu d'implementar l'aplicació d'un programa de control biològic clàssic sobre aquesta espècie en cítrics a Espanya. Per a analitzar la biologia i comportament de D. aberiae s'han mostrejat durant tres anys diverses parcel·les de cítrics amb poblacions de D. aberiae a la Comunitat Valenciana. En aquestes parcel·les s'han recollit mostres i comptabilitzat tots els pseudocòccids presents, el seu estadi de desenvolupament i l'estrat i òrgan de l'arbre on es trobaven. El període de danys al fruit va ser estudiat en semicamp i camp mitjançant la infestació artificial amb D. aberiae de fruits de diferents mides de diàmetre. Finalment es va estudiar el comportament i les possibilitats de control biològic de D. aberiae mostrejant diverses parcel·les de cítrics en la seua zona d'origen (Sud-àfrica). Els resultats van mostrar que l'abundància de les poblacions de D. aberiae en cítrics és elevada a la primavera i estiu, reduint-se a nivells molt més baixos a la tardor i hivern. A més l'insecte completa diverses generacions al llarg de l'any, estant dos d'elles molt clarament definides i sent les que donen lloc a elevades poblacions de la plaga. Quant a la seua distribució, D. aberiae es va instal·lar principalment en la copa de l'arbre i es van observar migracions entre els diferents òrgans, mostrant una clara preferència pel fruit en desenvolupament. Entre febrer i setembre part de les poblacions de D. aberiae es van trobar en tronc i sòl, existint moviments de pujada i de baixada a la copa en funció de la fenología de la planta i les condicions climàtiques. La comparativa entre tècniques de mostreig va revelar que les trampes de cartró corrugat proporcionen una mesura quantitativa de l'abundància de D. aberiae en les parcel·les. Per la seua banda, les trampes apegaloses proveïdes de femelles de D. aberiae van aconseguir detectar els principals vols de mascles. D'altra banda, D. aberiae va causar danys directes al fruit (deformació i/o reducció de mida) en l'alimentar-se de l'ovari de la flor o dels primers estats de desenvolupament d'aquest. Aquest danys són possiblement deguts a la seua interferència amb el procés de divisió cel·lular. Finalment, a Sud-àfrica, lloc d'origen de la plaga, els majors nivells poblacionals de D. aberiae es van trobar a l'estiu i la taxa de parasitisme va ser màxima a la tardor. Entre el complex d'enemics naturals de D. aberiae trobats van destacar dues espècies, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) i Allotropa sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). Tots dos parasitoides podrien tindre un paper important en un programa de control biològic contra D. aberiae a Espanya. Per ara, Anagyrus sp. nov. 1 sembla el millor candidat per les seues majors taxes de parasitisme a Sud-àfrica.
Martínez Blay, V. (2018). Biology and management, by application of classical biological control, of the invasive mealybug Delotoccoccus aberiae (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) in citrus orchards in Spain [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106363
TESIS

On se propose d’élaborer une nouvelle vision des échanges entre les cités grecques du littoral occidental de la mer Noire et le reste du monde grec de l’époque classique à l’époque hellénistique. En étudiant ces cités de Nikônion à Apollonia, dans une perspective économique, cette thèse se propose de découvrir si elles ont des caractéristiques économiques semblables et si elles suivent le même rythme de développement. Ceci pourra aider à vérifier dans quelle mesure ces cités, qui ont des relations commerciales intenses, peuvent être regroupées en un ensemble économique cohérent. On devra identifier également les acteurs de ces échanges, ainsi que les produits échangés, dont certains (céréales, poissons, esclaves...) n’ont laissé que peu de traces dans les sources archéologiques, épigraphiques et littéraires. La recherche inclut les relations avec les populations et les royaumes de l’hinterland qui influent sur l’exploitation des territoires ruraux de ces cités et qui sont des partenaires commerciaux. Cette recherche permettra de comparer le fonctionnement des échanges avec d’autres parties du Pont-Euxin, notamment le Pont Nord où l’influence d’Athènes est importante durant le IVe siècle. Le but est de pouvoir comparer les flux observés dans l’espace pontique avec ceux existant dans d’autres régions grecques
We intend to develop a new understanding of the trade between the Greek cities of the western coast of the Black Sea and the rest of the Greek world during the Classical and Hellenistic periods. By studying these cities from Nikonion to Apollonia, from an economic perspective, this thesis aims to discover if they have similar economic characteristics and if they follow the same rythm of development. This may help to see how these cities, which have intense trade relations can be grouped into a cohesive economic unit. We will also identify in these exchanges the actors and the traded products, some of which (cereals, fish, slaves ...) have left little traces in the archaeological, epigraphic and literary sources. The research includes the relationship with the population and kingdoms of the hinterland that affect the exploitation of rural areas of these cities and are trade partners. This research will compare the exchanges with other parts of the Black Sea, including the northern part where the Athenian influence is important during the 4th century. The goal is to compare the flow observed in the Pontic area with those existing in other regions of Greece
Ne propunem să elaborăm aici o nouă viziune a schimburilor între cetăţile greceşti de pe țărmul occidental al Mării Negre și restul lumii greceşti, din epoca clasică până în epoca elenistică. Studiind aceste cetăţi, de la Nikonion la Apollonia, într-o perspectivă economică, teza de față îşi propune să afle dacă respectivele cetăţi au caracteristici economice asemănătoare și dacă urmează acelaşi ritm de dezvoltare. Aceasta ne va putea ajuta să verificăm în ce măsură aceste cetăţi, care au relații comerciale intense, pot fi grupate într-un ansamblu economic coerent. Va trebui să identificăm de asemenea actorii acestor schimburi, ca și produsele schimbate, dintre care unele (cereale, pește, sclavi…) nu au lăsat decât puține urme în sursele arheologice, epigrafice și literare. Cercetarea include relațiile cu populațiile și regatele din hinterland care își exercită influența asupra exploatării teritoriilor rurale ale acestor cetăţi și care sunt parteneri comerciali. Această cercetare ne va permite să comparăm felul în care funcţionau schimburile cu alte zone ale Pontului Euxin, în special cu Pontul Nord, unde influența Atenei este importantă pe parcursul secolului al IV-lea. Scopul este acela de a putea să comparăm fluxurile observate în spațiul pontic cu cele existente în alte regiuni grecești

Die Studie wird in fünf Teile unterteilt: Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit Patentanmeldungen und geförderten Patenten im USPTO, WIPO, und EPO. In diesem Kapitel wird die Korrelation zwischen dem BIP und der länderspezifischen Patentanzahl analysiert. Das zweite Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Literatur über Patente in MEDLINE. In diesem Kapitel wird eine szientometrische Analyse durchgeführt, damit die Entwicklung der Patentliteratur in MEDLINE über den Zeitraum von 1965 bis 2005 quantitativ gemessen werden kann. Das dritte Kapitel befasst sich mit der Literatur über Patente im SCI. In diesem Kapitel werden alle Dokumente, die vom SCI über den Zeitraum 1965 bis 2005 als “Patents“ indexiert wurden, unter die Lupe genommen. Das vierte Kapitel analysiert die Patenten, die im SCI zitiert werden. Das fünfte Kapitel analysiert die Anzahl der Literaturhinweise (Referenzen) pro Veröffentlichung im SCI über den Zeitraum 1970-2005. In diesem Hinblick wurde eine Gesamtzahl von 10,000 Dokumenten pro Jahr ausgesucht sowie der Bedeutungswert von Nennungen pro Zeitschrift berechnet. Die Analyse der Daten ergab: Die USA sind das führende Land bezüglich der Erstellung und der Zulassung von Patenten, gleichermaßen gefolgt von Japan und Deutschland. Die Halbwertszeit der Zitierung von Patenten beträgt seit 1994 konstant 8,1 Jahre. Das ist eine 41% längere Zitierungsrate gegenüber den allgemeinen wissenschaftlichen Dokumenten im SCI. Es gibt eine lineare Korrelation zwischen der Zahl von Literaturhinweisen (Referenzen) in einem Journal, wie sie im SCI erfasst sind, und der Wahrscheinlichkeit zitiert zu werden. Die Anzahl der Literaturhinweise (Referenzen) pro Veröffentlichung zwischen 1970 und 2005 im SCI ist ständig angestiegen. Die Selbstzitation von Zeitschriften bei einer steigenden Zahl von Verweisen beeinflusst die Steigerung des Impact Factor im SCI. Die Leitartikelpolitik der Sprachen wurde in der MEDLINE und im SCI geändert.
This study is divided into five sections. The first section consists of patent applications and granted patents issued by USPTO, WIPO), and EPO. In this section the relationship between the GDP and country’s patent quantity is analysed. The second section analysis the patent literature in MEDLINE. In this section a scientometric analysis is performed to assess the quantitative trend of patent literature in MEDLINE throughout 1965-2005. The third section analysis the patent literature in the SCI. In this section all documents indexed as a topic of “patents” in the SCI throughout 1965-2005 are analysed. The fourth section analysis the citations to the patent documents indexed in the SCI, and illustrate the average number of cited references per paper for patent citing documents. The fifth section analysis the references per paper in the SCI through 1970-2005. The Analyses of data showed: The USA is the leading country filing and granting patents followed by Japan and Germany respectively. The half-life of citations to the patent-documents is 41% higher than the half-life of citations to the general scientific documents in the SCI. The number of references per paper from 1970 to 2005 has steadily increased. The rough constant percentage of self-citation of journals and the growing increase of references per paper led to the absolute growing number of self-citations and to the increase of the Impact Factor of the citing journals in the SCI. The editorial policy of languages is being changed in MEDLINE and in the SCI. The consideration of policy makers in these databases have been focused on the literature of science in English. There was a tendency in the last decades towards collaboration in scientific publishing with American authors that can be observed in the SCI with authors from different countries.

Auf der Basis des Impact-Faktors, entsprechend der Definition Eugene Garfields, werden die Implikationen dieses IF für szientometrische Überlegungen und deren Folgen für das Zeitschriftenwesen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen: Der Impact-Faktor ist ein Wert, der einen Hinweis auf den durchschnittlichen Bekanntheitsgrad eines Beitrags in einer vom SCI erfassten Zeitschrift gibt. Der Impact-Faktor ist ein Wert, der in hohem Maße vom Umfang des SCI bestimmt ist. Über die dort erfassten Zitationen wird ermittelt, wie oft eine Zeitschrift zitiert worden ist. Der Impact-Faktor ist in hohem Maße davon bestimmt, in wieweit die Quellen zugänglich sind, die zitiert werden. Der lineare Zusammenhang, den R. Rousseau und G.V. Hooydonk (1996) zwischen dem Impact-Faktor von Zeitschriften und der Zahl der darin erschienenen Aufsätze (Produktion) hergestellt haben, gilt nur in dem von ihnen untersuchten Bereich des Impact-Faktors 0,5 – 3. Bei höheren Werten kommt es zu einer Abflachung, bei Werten über 7 sogar zu einer Umkehr der Steigung. Es gibt einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des Impact-Faktors und seinem jährlichen Zuwachs im SCI. Je höher der IF, desto höher ist auch sein jährlicher Anstieg. Bei genauerer Analyse zeigte sich, dass der Zuwachs, zum Zeitpunkt der vorliegenden Untersuchung, gegen einen Grenzwert von 0,42 ging. Die Impact-Faktoren von Zeitschriften und deren Preise für die Abonnements hängen statistisch nur schwach voneinander ab. Ob Zeitschriften erworben werden müssen ist weitaus stärker von den Zitationen abhängig, die diese Zeitschriften auf sich versammeln. Der IF steigt mit der Auflagenhöhe von Zeitschriften, wenn diese bereits einen höheren IF aufweisen. Für wissenschaftliche Autoren ist der Druck, in Zeitschriften mit einem hohen IF zu publizieren, beobachtsam. Je höher dieser allgemeine Druck ist, desto geringer ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen einzelnen Autor wiederholt in derartigen Zeitschriften publizieren zu können.
The current thesis investigates the Impact Factor (IF) in scientific journals and its consequences for scientometric considerations. The results are: The Impact Factor is a value for Journals listed in the Science Citation Index, which show the average degree of acquaintance in the scientific community. It is much less a sign of quality than often believed. The IF is highly determined by the degree of the extent of the SCI. The Impact Factor is also, to a considerable degree determined by the availability of the cited sources. Methodological the IF depends strongly on the topical adjustment of the SCI. A linear correlation, found by R. Rousseau and G.V. Hooydonk (1996) between the Impact Factor and the number of papers per journal, is only valid in the analysed range of 0.5 - 3 examined by these authors. At higher IF values it comes to a flattening, and for values greater 7 even to a reversal of the curve. There is an annual increase of the Impact Factor in the SCI, in which the annual rate is rising as higher the IF is. More exact analyses have shown that the increase had an upper of 0.42, at the investigated time. Impact factors of Journals and prices for their relations depend only on a weak statistic from each other. Whether Journal is acquired, depends by far more strongly on the citations, which meets these magazines on itself. The IF rises with the number of copies of magazines if these already exhibit a higher IF. A clear separation between a cause and effect cannot be recognized here. It would be both possible that Journals with high IF experience increased demand, so that the copy number thereby rises and that the IF rises, because the Journal enjoys a high interest. Scientific authors are under pressure to publish in journals with Ifs as high as possible. The higher this general pressure is the smaller is the probability for an author to publish in such journals repeatedly. Exceptions are the publishers or editors of these Journals.

"Citizen Canine" explores the sacrificial underpinnings of politics via a critique of the boundary between human and animal in Homer, Aeschylus, and Plato. I argue that the concept "animal" serves a functional rather than descriptive role: it is born of a sacrificial worldview that sees violence as a necessary foundation for human life, and which therefore tries to localize and contain this violence as much as possible through a system of sacrifice. I begin the dissertation with Martha Nussbaum's recent work on the "frontiers of justice," but argue that she is insufficiently attentive to the roles that animality and the rhetoric of sacrifice play in her discourse. I then examine the concept of sacrifice more thematically - using Jacques Derrida and Rene Girard among others - which justifies the move back to the Greeks to understand the specific manner in which sacrifice, human, and animal are intertwined at a crucial moment in Western history. In the Greeks we see an inception of this sacrificial concept of the political, and the movement from Homer to Aeschylus to Plato presents us with three successive attempts to understand and control cosmic violence through a sacrificial order. I contend that a similar logic continues to inform the exclusions (native/foreigner, masculine/feminine, human/nature) that mark the borders of the contemporary political community - hence my dissertation is directed both at the specific animal/human dichotomy as well as the larger question of how political identity is generated by the production, sacrifice and exclusion of marginalized communities.

Dissertation

Master's thesis describes the development and operations of The Party of Free Citizens. The thesis includes a series of terms, without which party is impossible to categorize. These terms include: liberalism, classical liberalism, libertarianism, capitalism, right-wing, euroscepticism. Thesis also includes analysis of the organizational structure, constitutional documents and political program of The Party of Free Citizens. Last but not least thesis includes summary of election results of The Party of Free Citizens. The aim of master's thesis is to describe the meaning and background of The Party of Free Citizens. To process master's thesis were used internet sources, primarily website of The Party of Free Citizens. In thesis were also used dictionaries, professional political science publications and essayistic literature type.

Nell’ambito degli studi sulla città antica, l’età ellenistica conferma la sua importanza per la comprensione dei processi di crescita e monumentalizzazione degli impianti urbani i cui sviluppi possono essere interpretati alla luce di molti dei dispositivi architettonici che caratterizzeranno una significativa quota della dottrina urbanistica di età romana. In questo filone di ricerca, le città portuali antiche sono intese come organismi urbani specializzati, connotati per loro natura come luoghi di transizione ambivalenti: dal punto di vista sociale per gli scambi di merci e uomini; dal punto di vista morfologico per la necessaria integrazione funzionale tra centro urbano e infrastruttura portuale. Attraverso l’interpretazione delle fonti letterarie, epigrafiche e iconografiche e sulla base delle conoscenze archeologiche questo studio, centrato sulla disamina dello sviluppo urbanistico e architettonico dei porti orientali tra l’età ellenistica e i primi due secoli dell’età imperiale, prova a dimostrare che lo sviluppo dei bacini portuali ha avuto come motivo di fondo principale la progressiva integrazione dello spazio portuale nella pianificazione urbana, in una sorta di processo osmotico attraverso il quale il porto ha progressivamente perso la sua iniziale connotazione di luogo separato dalla città per divenire luogo della città, raggiungendo caratteri di monumentalità e preminenza tali da rappresentare una importante componente visiva dei paesaggi urbani denotata da un alto valore simbolico. La ricerca prende in considerazione i casi di studio delle città di Rodi, Kos, Efeso, Alessandria e Caesarea Maritima. Queste città portuali, sorte in luoghi geografici diversi e per volontà politiche differenti, offrono un quadro archeologico d’insieme diversificato e consentono di ricostruire, anche grazie al confronto con altre infrastrutture e città portuali, alcune tendenze urbanistiche che sembrano caratterizzare molti centri ellenistici e che trovano pieno sviluppo nella grande stagione edilizia che nel Mediterraneo orientale portò alla monumentalizzazione di molte città portuali, con particolare evidenza durante il I e il II secolo dopo Cristo. I casi presi in considerazione in questo studio, insieme ad altre città portuali, mostrano una comune caratterizzazione del paesaggio sul porto che, integrato nell’immagine complessiva della città, si definisce architettonicamente come parte essenziale e caratterizzante della città stessa. In questo processo è centrale il concetto ellenistico di città e un ruolo determinante sembra essere stato svolto dall’esercizio dell’architettura alla scala urbana che associò il carattere sperimentale della ricerca scientifica e tecnica alla realizzazione di strutture complesse, superando il mero interesse alla progettazione di edifici per intervenire attivamente sul paesaggio.
In the field of studies on ancient city, the Hellenistic period demonstrate its importance in terms of understanding the processes of growth and monumentality of urban systems, the developments of which can be interpreted by many architectural features that characterise a significant portion of the Roman urban planning practice. In this approach, the ancient port cities are understood as specialised urban organisms, characterized as ambivalent places of transition: from the social point of view for the exchange of goods and people; in terms of morphology for the necessary functional integration between the urban centre and the port infrastructure. Through the interpretation of literary, epigraphic and iconographic sources and on the basis of archaeological knowledge, this study is focused on the examination of the urban and architectural development of the eastern ports between the Hellenistic age and the first two centuries of the imperial age, attempting to demonstrate that the development of the port basins finds its guideline in the progressive integration of the port space into urban planning, in a sort of osmotic process through which the port progressively lost its initial connotation as a place separate from the city to become a place of the city, reaching characters of monumentality and prominence such as to represent an important visual component of urban landscapes denoted by a high symbolic value. The research considers the case studies of the cities of Rhodes, Kos, Ephesus, Alexandria and Caesarea Maritima. These port cities, which were built in different geographical locations and for different political reasons, offer a diversified archaeological overview and make it possible to reconstruct, also thanks to the comparison with other infrastructures and port cities, some urbanistic trends that characterised many Hellenistic centres and were fully developed in the great building season that in the eastern Mediterranean led to the monumental development of many port cities, particularly during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The cases considered in this study, along with other port cities, reveal a common characterisation of the port landscape which, integrated into the overall image of the city, is architecturally defined as an essential and characterising part of the city itself. The Hellenistic concept of the city is a key element in this process and a significant factor seems to have been the practice of architecture on the urban scale, which combines the experimental character of scientific and technical research with the creation of elaborate structures, going beyond the mere interest in the design of buildings to actively influence the landscape.

The land-grant university system was founded in the 19th century as a public means to help improve people’s everyday lives. A century and a half later, the challenges that the public faces to live a quality life are constantly changing, creating a need for the land-grant system to respond and adapt to continue to fulfill its mission. While the literature contains a wealth of conceptual papers addressing the role and mission of land-grant universities, relatively few papers could be found that reported empirical data or proposed and tested metrics for public engagement constructs. The current study sought to address this void in the literature through the investigation of factors influencing Indiana residents’ level of interest in engaging with Purdue University. Mail survey methods were used in which up to three contacts were made with adult members of 4,500 Indiana households identified through address-based sampling. Stratified random sampling was employed to ensure adequate rural household participation for other project purposes. Usable responses were received from 1,003 households representing 87 Indiana counties for a total response rate of 26%.