Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Classes established pursuant to par“

Background: The degree of physical activity may induce strain and stress on the Achilles tendon because of its role in the elastic mechanics of gait. Material &Methods: The study was carried out to determine the effect of occupation-related physical activity on the thickness of the Achilles tendon. The effect of occupation- related physical activity on the thickness of the Achilles tendon in three phases (ATT at Normal phase, ATT at Dorsiflexed phase and ATT at Plantarflexed phase) was assessed, by ultrasound, among four classes of occupations- Labourers/farmers, Dancers, Athletes and a less active class (control group). Results: Results show that the less active (control group) had the least value for ATT (normal) (3.31±0.50mm) being almost at par with those of the dancers. The athletes and labourers/farmers had significantly higher values than the control (P=0.000 and 0.007 respectively). Conclusion: Our findings have conclusively established that occupation-related prolonged physical activity induces thickening of the Achilles tendon. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i2.9666 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 02 April 2012: 103-111

RÉSUMÉ. Les apprenants de cours de langues hésitent souvent à prendre la parole en classe. Cet article vise à étudier comment les enseignants de FLE utilisent des supports pédagogiques variés dans leurs cours de conversation, et comment ces outils didactiques rendent les interactions plus vivantes et intéressantes pour les apprenants. La méthode de l’analyse conversationnelle sera appliquée à un corpus de données enregistrées authentiques et naturelles : des cours de FLE délivrés par des enseignants français à des apprenants coréens dans l’enseignement supérieur en Corée du Sud. Les données vidéo et les transcriptions seront analysées sous l’angle de la méthode empirico-inductive afin de décrire les zones d’interaction générées par chacun des outils didactiques employés dans le corpus. Il sera établit que ces zones d’interaction peuvent focaliser le regard et l’attention des apprenants dans des relations « émetteur-récepteur » entre enseignants et apprenants variant au gré des nombreux ateliers proposés. Mots-clés: apprenant coréen, FLE, interaction, outils didactique, salle de classe. ABSTRACT. Language learners are often reluctant to speak in class. This article aims to study how FFL teachers use a variety of teaching aids in their conversation classes, and how these didactic tools make interactions more lively and interesting for learners. The conversational analysis method will be applied to a corpus of authentic and natural recorded data: FFL courses delivered by French teachers to Korean learners in higher education in South Korea. The video data and transcriptions will be analyzed from the angle of the empirico-inductive method in order to describe the interaction zones generated by each of the didactic tools used in the corpus. It will be established that these interaction zones can focus the look and attention of learners in "transmitter-receiver" relations between teachers and learners, varying with the many workshops offered. Keywords: Korean learner, FFL, interaction, didactic tools, classroom.

NASA has intensively studied the use of plants to regenerate the atmosphere, purify water, and produce food within a bioregenerative life support system for many years. A unique aspect of growing plants in a controlled environment is chronic exposure to low levels of atmospheric volatiles. Alcohols are one of the most common classes of atmospheric contaminants currently detected onboard the International Space Station. A series of experiments were performed in specialized volatile organic compound analysis (VOCA) chambers in order to determine sensitivity of three Raphanus sativus L. to atmospheric exposures of ethanol. Three radish cultivars, Sora, Cherry Belle, and Cherry Bomb Hybrid II, were grown under continuous exposure to 0, 50, 100, 300, 500, or 1000 ppm ethanol for 21 days in the VOCA chambers with environmental setpoints of 23 °C, 75% relative humidity, and 18/6 photoperiod under T8 triphosphor fluorescent lamps at 300 μmol·m-2·s-1 PAR and 1200 μmol·mol-1 CO2. These concentrations corresponded to 5%, 10%, 30%, 50%, and 100% of the human exposure limits established by NASA and OSHA. Exposures to less than 10% of the legal exposure limit resulted in a 30% reduction in total biomass, 12% reduction in leaf area, and a 6% reduction in harvest index. Extreme stunting, chlorosis, and plant death were observed at only 50% of the exposure limit. All three cultivars were sensitive to ethanol exposure, with Cherry Bomb Hybrid II being slightly less sensitive than either Sora or Cherry Belle.

Este trabajo describe el desarrollo de diversas actividades prácticas de microscopía en las aulas como instrumentos de motivación para el estudio de las Ciencias Naturales y la Biología; todo ello con el objetivo final de mejorar la formación científica de los estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria. Las actividades han sido elaboradas por el equipo del Programa de Extensión Um mundo através das lentes, con la colaboración de los profesores de dicho ciclo educativo y de acuerdo con los objetivos científicos y didácticos previamente planteados. Las actividades se llevaron a cabo entre alumnos de escuelas públicas de primaria (ensino fundamental) y secundaria (ensino médio) en los laboratorios del Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, Brasil), como complemento de las clases teóricas. Una vez realizadas estas actividades, hemos encuestado a los participantes mediante un cuestionario en el que las evalúan y donde recogen sus impresiones con respecto a cómo éstas mejoran su aprendizaje. El análisis de los resultados muestra que los alumnos participantes en el proyecto tienen la oportunidad de acceder a un nivel de conocimiento práctico sobre microscopía que la escuela pública no les proporciona hasta la fecha. Además reconocen la contribución de las actividades de microscopía en su aprendizaje y formación científica. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que los alumnos participantes en el proyecto presentan una mayor motivación para el estudio durante y después de la realización de las clases prácticas. Palabras-clave: Educación científica; Enseñanza de las Ciencias; Biología; Laboratorio escolar “A World through Glasses”: the microscopy classes as a motivational strategy for the study of Sciences and Biology Abstract: This paper describes how to use microscopes in the classroom as motivational instruments in the study of Natural Science and Biology, thereby improving primary and secondary science education. The activities were undertaken by the Um mundo atraves das lentes Extension Program team with the collaboration of the primary and secondary teachers, pursuant to previously established scientific and teaching goals. The activities were engaged by students from public elementary and high school at the Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre, Brazil) laboratories, supplementing theoretical class components. After the students participated in the practical sessions, we asked the participants to respond to an evaluation questionnaire and give their impressions on how their learning was enhanced. The results of the survey show that the students who participated in the project were able to obtain practical knowledge on microscopy that the public school has not offered them to date. Students also acknowledged that the microscopy activities provided them with hands-on scientific knowledge. Finally, survey results show that the students who participated in the project became more motivated in their studies both during and after the practical sessions. Keywords: Science Education; Teaching of Science; Biology; School Laboratory "Um mundo através das lentes": as aulas de microscopia como estratégia de motivação para o estudo das Ciências e da Biologia Resumo: Este artigo descreve o desenvolvimento de atividades práticas de microscopia como instrumentos de motivação para o estudo das Ciências Naturais e Biologia, com o objetivo final de melhorar a educação científica dos alunos do ensino fundamental e médio. As atividades foram elaboradas pela equipe do programa de extensão Um Mundo através das Lentes, com a colaboração dos professores da educação básica e de acordo com os objetivos científicos e didáticos propostos. As atividades são realizadas por alunos das escolas públicas de ensino fundamental e de ensino médio nos laboratórios do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), como complemento às aulas teóricas. Uma vez que essas atividades tenham sido realizadas, os alunos participantes avaliam as atividades por meio de um questionário no qual coletam suas impressões sobre a contribuição das atividades para a melhoria de seu aprendizado. A análise dos resultados mostra que os alunos participantes do projeto têm a oportunidade de acessar um nível de conhecimento prático sobre microscopia que a escola pública não fornece até o momento. Eles também reconhecem a contribuição das atividades de microscopia em sua aprendizagem e formação científica. Por fim, os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os alunos participantes do projeto têm maior motivação para estudar durante e após a realização das aulas práticas. Palabras-clave: Educação científica; Ensino de Ciências; Biologia; Laboratório escolar

Abstract Infants with MLL rearranged (MLLr) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a poor prognosis, with an event free survival of only 23-44%. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of this subtype has revealed a paucity of cooperating mutations, with an average of 2.2 somatic single nucleotide variations and/or insertions/deletions per case. Despite recent progress in defining the epigenetic alterations that result from the expression of the MLL fusion protein, these insights have only recently begun to be extrapolated into the development of new therapeutic approaches whose benefits have yet to be defined. Thus, there remains an urgent need for the development of alternative approaches to improve outcomes in these patients. To identify compounds that are active in MLLr disease, we established in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate drug sensitivity of primary infant ALL patient samples. 15 infant MLLr leukemia samples that have previously undergone WGS were xenografted into NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice. All samples engrafted and expanded in NSG mice, leading to overt leukemia with a latency of 49 to 276 days. Purification of leukemic blasts from a single moribund mouse yielded on average 108 cells, providing sufficient material to screen large numbers of compounds. In vitro conditions were defined that support growth in 40% of the patient specimens, allowing for a more accurate determination of drug sensitivity. Growth in vitro was associated with early onset of disease in NSG xenografts and younger age at presentation, allowing us to evaluate patient samples that represent aggressive high risk disease. Using this system, we tested bortezomib in addition to 28 other drugs, including standard ALL therapeutic agents as well as targeted kinase inhibitors and inhibitors of epigenetic marks. Three classes of agents were active in this system: anthracyclines, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. In contrast to anthracyclines and HDACi, where IC50 values were on par with those reported in the literature for primary childhood ALL samples, MLLr infant samples required 10-100 fold less bortezomib to induce toxicity. Bortezomib has been shown to mediate responses through several mechanisms, including NFKB inhibition, stabilization of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and induction of apoptosis. Recently, proteasome inhibition has been demonstrated to lead to accumulated MLL fusion protein levels, triggering apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MLLr cell lines. To determine if NFKB inhibition also plays a role, we evaluated cellular concentrations of the activated NFKB transcription factor, but failed to see decreased levels when MLLr cells were treated with bortezomib. Bortezomib has also been shown to deregulate ubiquitin stores and deplete histone H2B ubiquitination (H2Bub), an epigenetic mark that is linked to histone methylation and expression. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that H2Bub is required for DOT1L activity and HOX gene expression. We therefore evaluated H2Bub levels in bortezomib-treated patient samples and confirmed depletion of this epigenetic mark. Furthermore, patient samples treated with bortezomib downregulated both the MLL gene expression signature and signatures of downstream targets, such as cMYC, demonstrating that the MLL transcriptional program is inhibited in the presence of bortezomib. ChIP-seq is underway to map H2Bub and H3K79 methylation changes genome wide in response to treatment with bortezomib. The HDACi vorinostat and bortezomib have both been evaluated in Phase I and II pediatric leukemia clinical trials. Based on the safety and efficacy from these earlier studies, we treated 6 relapsed/refractory MLLr leukemia patients with a chemotherapy regimen that included mitoxantrone, vorinostat, and bortezomib. 4 patients had a complete response (CR), 1 patient had a partial response (PR) and 1 patient had stable disease for an overall response rate of 5/6 (83%). Clinical trials are in development to assess this combination further for both relapsed MLLr disease as well as newly diagnosed infant ALL. Our data suggests that these three classes of drugs, identified in our laboratory assays, are clinically active thus validating our system. We are now using this platform to proceed with a high throughput drug screen to identify additional compounds for future clinical development. Disclosures Off Label Use: Vorinostat and Bortezomib for the treatment of pediatric leukemia.

I was glad to read today, on December 16th of 2016, that the Sports Sciences Department of the University of Beira Interior (UBI) appears in an outstanding place in the Shanghai Ranking's Global Ranking for Sport Science Schools and Departments. We could indicate that this small department is actually in the top 80 of the sports schools of the world, which is something that should be highlighted.In 2007, the head of the Department of Sports Sciences at UBI and currently president of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (UBI) called for the development of internal research in the field of sports sciences, not only on the national panorama, but above all on an international level. This wish was strongly based on a complete lack of research in the department, in which until 2007 there was no single publication with indexing, much less with ISI or Scopus or any relevant project or book recognized by the scientific community. It was a herculean and risky challenge, but today we think that it has been more than achieved. At that time the cornerstones for the development and sustainability of the investigation in the department were based on three key-vectors: selection and recruitment of more teachers with experience and research potential; acquisition of equipment, laboratory software and reformulation of the advanced training proposal (reformulation of the Master course and Doctoral study plan).As a complement to the quality of the existing teachers, external professors were hired. The rectory was present in the creation of an R & D unit in consortium with UTAD, UMa and 5 Polytechnics Schools, under the designation of CIDESD with headquarters in UTAD and a center in UBI. As far as the equipment is concerned, the department has acquired high quality material and diversification through internal funds (Department / Faculty) and also with the individual scientific production funds of the research unit CIDESD/UBI. Between 2008 and 2013, these acquisitions encouraged the exponential writing of articles, the development of projects and the conclusion with high quality of masters and doctoral theses. This was only possible due to the high scientific production carried out, which was strictly thought in favor of our students and the Department of Sports Sciences. The acquisition of research material had not only a typical laboratory concern but also an ecological one, that is, most of the acquired equipment was portable, allowing us to carry out several studies outside the Department, going to the places where the individuals that composed the samples were. Finally, since 2009, there has been a strong internationalization policy for the Masters course, especially with the arrival of highly qualified teachers from worldwide, which has allowed the promotion of research policies and a significant increase in quantity, but above all in the quality of the published articles. In this research policies project - it was sought to present a line of concrete study that addressed some pertinent problems to which the international literature has not yet shown any final conclusions.In the last two decades, scientific research in Sport Sciences has grown exponentially in the department. Unfortunately, most of the resources, such as critical mass or equipment (laboratories) are still scarce in our country, although some universities have taken important steps in order to reverse this situation. Thus, UBI could not remain unaware of this "revolution". We had a young department with quality and capacity to perform quality research. To this purpose, it was urgent to develop protocols and / or connect with universities and researchers of international reference, which would transport us to higher levels of research. Since our field of study was so vast and complex, we had to focus on the following points of interest: A) preparing research projects in the field of sports performance; B) drawing short - term strategies for the construction of a root laboratory that would be able to transport us to the "front line"; C) helping integrate our young doctoral students (teachers) into the "world" of research. Considering the opening of the European university space resulting from the Maastricht Treaty, one of the pillars of the internationalization policy has been the focus on European cooperation activities. Numerous protocols were developed with the University of Pitesti, the Public University of Navarra, the Pablo de Olavide University, and the University of Barry State. These contacts were a result from the social and academic networks established with members of these universities.After hiring the new professors whose doctorates were concluded between 2007 and 2009, the mission of equating a course development strategy and improving its attractiveness was crucial. Given the fact that, at the level of the 2nd cycle offer, the demand was low, it was therefore necessary to attract students from other schools of the country. It was obvious that this would only be possible with the use of previous personal knowledge networks and the support of the Center for Research in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), a research center where UBI is an integrated member.The 2nd cycle of studies of the Master’s Degree in Sports Sciences was created in the 1st year of the Bologna Process adjustments of the courses given at the UBI. At that time, the Department's doctoral faculty was exiguous and very little diversified. For this reason, the Curricular Units proposed for the curriculum were based in the possibility of hiring other human resources. National and international teachers of recognized pedagogical and scientific value were recruited, with special emphasis on the prestigious curriculum of publications in the area of Sports Sciences. Provisional calls were launched and readily accepted on the condition that they taught concentrated classes, similar to what already being done in many foreign universities and also in some national ones.In the main scientific area of the cycle of studies (Sports Sciences) all the teachers integrated in the service distribution are effective members or collaborators of CIDESD. CIDESD is a research unit accredited by FCT (since the 12th of December of 2009) with the initial classification of GOOD and nowadays of VERY GOOD. Also worth mentioning is the collaboration with the Center for Excellence in Studies, Research and Sports Medicine and the Navarro Institute of Sport, Government of Navarra.The approach to scientific research has also been a point of honor of this department, carried out in a sustainable way, mainly through teaching / learning methodologies specific to each curricular unit (CU), mostly through research seminars. This approach begins in the 1st semester of the 1st year, encouraging the student to the good practices of scientific research, particularly in his area of interest. However, the ultimate milestone of his effective integration into the scientific research can only be consolidated if the student is qualified to prepare or eventually to submit a scientific paper in an ISI-indexed journal provided by the Seminar CUs. Finally, we must highlight the involvement in the implementation of technical-scientific events allowing contact with basic and applied science, of which the Research Seminar of CIDESD and CIDESD Junior is the best example. It should also be said that the scientific activity produced by teachers and students is strongly implemented in the methodological orientation of teaching / research and in the provision of services and advice to the academic community and to civil society in general. Regarding to the research-community relationship, the type of research developed is powerfully applied by integrating and transmitting immediately the produced knowledge to the stakeholders (e.g., clubs, municipalities, gymnasiums and swimming pools). Therefore, this applied research par excellence in the physical activity context of exercise and sport in its most diverse fields of application brings economic benefits to the partners of the course.It should be mentioned that in the last two years there has been a significant increase in the publication of scientific articles in journals indexed to the ISI Web of Knowledge, a true and successful Case Study at the national level. Also note that part of the articles published during the last years were launched in magazines with an impact factor higher than 1.0. Also noteworthy are the publications in book or chapter format of books with scientific review. There are also dozens of abstracts published in national and international conferences (with scientific review). In fact, we consider this type of publication as an excellent measure of dissemination of the work produced by senior researchers and 3rd cycle students. In some cases, even for the 2nd cycle students.We succeeded in spreading knowledge through the range of articles available in worldwide renowned journals, i.e.: Original Research, Brief Reviews, Reviews, Methodological Reports, Research Notes, and Letters to Editor. In terms of impact, if we consider that the UBI Teaching Activity Regulation defined 0.4 as the impact reference median to the Sports Sciences, the publications in question are clearly above this level with an average close to 1.0 impact, a high value for the sports sciences. It should be emphasized that more than 50 percent of the articles refer to 1.8-1.9 impact journals, and that we have had a review - recently published in the highest impact factor journal of the area (Sports Medicine: 5.2).With this philosophy of publications, it was intended to carry out a large number of scientific studies that addressed a panoply of issues considered more relevant like the ones related to the effectiveness of Strength Training and Physical Condition on performance improvements in High Performance Sports, Public School and Exercise /Health. Consequently, this line of thought / intervention, in addition to discussing in a pragmatic and scientific way different topics related to the methodology of Strength Training and Physical Condition, tried to do a parallelism between theory and practice, that is, most of the abovementioned articles are of a highly practical nature in order to daily assist coaches, physical education teachers and health / sport professionals. We also analyzed the Simultaneous Training of Strength and Aerobic thematic, as well as the problematic of the Detraining. These are two hot topics as both are far from consensus in the scientific community.Since the origin of the Department (1994), the first four experimental studies conducted in our laboratories have been published in two of the best sports training magazines. In the five-year period in question, the level of scientific production was exponential with more 100 international ISI articles published or accepted for publication in journals indexed to international reference databases by the end of 2013. The participation in conferences such as the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) as well as the positive evaluation of 2 R & D projects by international panels (with emphasis on the project approved in call 2010) seem to indicate that the scientific community recognizes the efforts done to contribute for a better understanding of the sportive phenomenon, both in theoretical as in empirical terms. We should also note the level of involvement in the scientific community with referee reports for international reference journals and with several coauthors affiliated to different universities (national and international).The research networks developed in 5 years and the funding of the international R & D Projects planned for the coming years, will not only allow the renewal of equipment and software, but also bring the possibility of hiring highly qualified human resources, guaranteeing important conditions to continue in the line of international merit investigation. It is also an important incentive to further progress in the worldwide scientific production, recognized by the scientific community as well as helping UBI to consolidate its role in the country and in the world, in this scientific area. However, there are still some teachers who feel some lack of motivation to publish regularly.

International audience Suppose that p,q,r,s are non-negative integers with m=p+q+r+s. The class X(p,q,r,s) of permutations that contain no pattern of the form α β γ where |α |=r, |γ |=s and β is any arrangement of \1,2,\ldots,p\∪ \m-q+1, m-q+2, \ldots,m\ is considered. A recurrence relation to enumerate the permutations of X(p,q,r,s) is established. The method of proof also shows that X(p,q,r,s)=X(p,q,1,0)X(1,0,r,s) in the sense of permutational composition.\par 2000 MATHEMATICS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: 05A05

Max Mangold, who died on 3 February 2015 aged 92, devoted his whole life to learning and describing languages and their pronunciation. It is no exaggeration to say that he was the IPA phonetician par excellence of the German-speaking world, adopting the system at an early age in preference to the established German transcription systems of the time, because it enabled him to acquire more efficiently the correct pronunciation of the many languages he studied. And many there were! Apart from those he could speak fluently – estimates vary between 10 and 20 in different reports – he studied the grammars of many more. His answer to a personal enquiry in 1992 as to how many languages he could speak was 15 – and a few weeks to polish up the other 15! He then circulated among the multi-national staff and students at the departmental summer barbecue, speaking to the Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Czech, Bulgarian, Greek, Spanish and Swedish guests in their respective native tongues. That was about three years after retiring from his position as professor of phonetics at the Universität des Saarlandes in Saarbrücken, where he had taught since 1957. He continued to offer transcription classes and a colloquium each semester until he was over 90.

ABSTRACTBackground: The population of patients designated as alternate level of care (ALC) consists predominantly of frail older adults who are medically stable and awaiting discharge from hospital. They have complex medica-tion regimens, often including potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs). There has been increasing emphasis on managing the burden that ALC patients place on the health care system, but little is known about their health care needs. Objective: To characterize the medication regimens, including use of PIMs, of ALC patients at the study institution. Methods: A cross-sectional chart audit of ALC patients was conducted between May and July 2017. For all patients in the sample, each medication was categorized by therapeutic class, and PIMs were categorized according to the Beers criteria, the STOPP/START criteria, and an established list of high-alert medications. Results: A total of 82 patients met the audit criteria, for whom the mean number of chronic conditions was 6.4 (standard deviation [SD] 3.3) and the mean number of prescribed medications was 12.8 (SD 6.9). Twenty-four (29%) of the patients were receiving at least 1 drug from 7 different drug classes. All but one of the patients had PIMs in their regimen; the frequency of PIMs was highest according to the Beers criteria (mean 3.9 [SD 2.6] medications per patient). Conclusions: At the study institution, ALC patients had on average more than 6 chronic conditions managed with at least 12 medications, of which one-quarter were PIMs. These data will be used to inform next steps in making recommendations to simplify, reduce, or discontinue medications for which there is an unclear indication, lack of effectiveness, or evidence of potential harm.RÉSUMÉContexte : La population de patients désignés comme « niveaux de soins alternatifs » (NSA) se compose majoritairement d’aînés faibles, médicalement stables et en attente de leur congé hospitalier. Ils suivent des traitements médicamenteux complexes qui comprennent souvent des médicaments potentiellement contre-indiqués (MPCI). L’accent a été progressivement mis sur la gestion du fardeau que les patients NSA font peser sur le système de soins de santé, mais on connait peu de choses sur leurs besoins en matière de soins de santé. Objectif : Décrire les traitements médicamenteux, y compris l’utilisation des MPCI, des patients NSA dans l’institution où s’est déroulée l’étude. Méthodes : Une vérification transversale des dossiers de patients NSA a été menée entre mai et juillet 2017. Chaque médicament pris par les patients de l’échantillon a été classé selon sa catégorie thérapeutique, et les MPCI ont été catégorisés selon les critères de Beers, les critères STOPP/START ainsi qu’une liste établie de médicaments dont le niveau d’alerte est élevé.Résultats : Au total, 82 patients remplissaient les critères de l’audit, car le nombre moyen de maladies chroniques était de 6,4 (écart type [ET] 3,3) et le nombre moyen de médicaments prescrits se montait à 12,8 (ET 6,9). Vingt-quatre (29 %) patients recevaient au moins un médicament de sept classes médicamenteuses différentes. Tous les patients sauf un avaient des MPCI dans leur programme. La fréquence des MPCI était plus élevée selon les critères de Beers (moyenne de MPCI par patient de 3,9 [ET 2,6]). Conclusions : Sur le lieu de l’étude, les patients NSA avaient en moyenne plus de six maladies chroniques gérées à l’aide d’au moins 12 médicaments, dont un quart était des MPCI. Ces données seront utilisées pour informer les cliniciens sur les étapes suivantes et formuler des recommandations afin de simplifier, de réduire ou d’arrêter les médicaments pour lesquels l’indication n’est pas claire, dont l’efficacité est insuffisante ou sur lesquels il existe des données probantes faisant état de dangers potentiels.

Aborda a maneira como a prática pedagógica de ensino-aprendizagem da língua materna vem sendo conduzida na escola pública, considerando-se a diversidade sociolinguística de sua clientela. Estudou-se uma amostra de 75 professores de 1ª série do 1º grau da rede de escolas públicas de Recife e estabeleceu-se uma tipologia envolvendo padrões conceituais e ações de ensino-aprendizagem de língua materna, correlacionadas a diversas variáveis sociais. O processo foi também investigado através de um estudo de redes adaptado deMilroy (1980). Foram observadas cinco categorias conceituais que apresentam diferenças e que se inserem em apenas uma única categoria de ação pedagógica. Concluiu-se que a maioria dos professores apresenta um perfil cujos traços conceituais estão voltados para os valores lingüístico-culturais das classes dominantes. Da correlação entre as cinco categorias conceituais e uma única categoria de ação, concluiu-se que falta articulação entre teoria e prática, particularmente no que se refere às categorias conceituais IV e V, que se diferenciam das demais por apresentarem traços de identificação para com os valores linguístico-culturais das classes populares. Conclui-se, também, que a inserção do professor na comunidade de classe popular onde trabalha, e a sua vinculação a essa classe não apresentam uma relação direta com uma aproximação ou um afastamento dos valores lingüístico-culturais das classes dominantes ou populares. Os resultados possibilitaram a compreensão da relação dialética do signo enquanto efeito das estruturas sociais, bem como em que medida a identidade social, modelada ou parcialmente modelada pela ideologia dominante, condicionou as concepções e a ação pedagógica dos professores. Além disso, a contraposição de ambas possibilitou a identificação da dificuldade de articulação entre teoria e prática e uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades de sua superação. Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyse the way pedagogical practice, regarding teaching and learning of Mother Tongue, is being conducted at public schools, considering children's sociolinguistic diversity. In order (o reach this aim, seventy-five first year grade teachers of the public school system of Recife have been investigated. A tipology involving conceptual and action patterns, correlated to severa/ social variables, has been established. The process has also been investigated through a network study adapted from Milroy (1980). Five different conceptual categories have been observed, ali of them inserted into a only pedagogical action category. It was concluded that most of the teachers presented a profile whose conceptual traces are strongly related to linguistic and cultural values of the dominant classes. From the correlation between the five conceptual categories and the only action category observed, it was concluded a lack of articulation between theory and practice, particularly regarding categories IV and V, whose differences from the remaining categories may be identified by Identification traces with the linguistic and cultural values of popular classes. It was also concluded that there is no relation between teacher's insertion in his working community (of popular class) and his links to this class with a approximation or a distancing of linguistic and cultural values of popular classes. The results contributed for a better comprehension of sign dialetic relation as a effect of social structures, as well as in as much social identity, shaped (or partially shaped) by the dominant ideology, has determinated teacher's conceptions and pedagogical practice. Résumé Il s'agit d'une étude sur la manière dont la pratique pédagogique de l'enseignement-apprentissage de la Langue Maternelle, est menée dans l'école publique, tout en considérant la dimensité socio-linguistique de son public. On a étudié un échantillon d'à peu prés 75 enseignants de la lère classe de l 'enseignement primaire des écoles publiques de Recife. On a établi une typologie de 5 conceptions et des actions d'enseignement-apprentissage de la Langue Maternelle, en rapport avec plusieurs variables sociales. Le processus a été, en plus, étudié à travers une "étude de réseaux" (Milroy, 1980). On a observé 5 groupes de concepts, qui présentent des diffèrences conceptuelles, mais qui, d'après notre typologie, répresente une même et unique catégorie d'action pédagogique. On a conclut que la grande majorité des enseignants présentent un "profil" dont les traits conceptuels sont ceux des valeurs linguistiques et culturelles de la classe dominante. En prennant le rapport entre les 5 catégories "conceptuelles" et la seule catégorie d' "action ", on a conclu de l'absence d'un rapport plus solide entre la théorie et la pratique, en spécial, en ce qui concerne les groupes concepíuels IV et V, qui, différemmení des auíres groups, préseníeníune identification plus proche des valeurs linguisíiques et culturelles des classes populaires. En outre, on a conclu que Vintégration de 1'enseignaní dans la communauté ou il travaille (les classes populaires), et même son origine "populaire", on pressenl guère une relaíion directe avec la proximiíé ou l'éloignement des valeurs linguistiques et culturelles des classes dominantes ou populaires. Les resultais de la recherche ont ouvert la possibilite d'une compréhension des rapports dialectiques du "signe ", en tant que resultai des structures sociales. On voit, d'ailleurs, dans que lie mesure Videntitè sociale, influencée (on paríiellement influencée) par l'ideólogie dominante, conditionne les concepíions et l'acíion pédagogique des enseignants. En outre, la confrontation entre les conceptions et l'action, montre bien la dificulíé d'une arliculaiion enlre la théorie eí la pratique, et pourlant, tout cela offre la possibilite d'une réflexion sur les conditions de son "dépassement". Resumen El estudio aborda el modo como la práctica pedagógica de la ensenãnza de la Lengua Pátria está siendo trabajada en la escuela pública, contemplando la diversidad del proceso también fue investigado através de un estudio de escuelas adaptado de Milroy, 1980. Fueron observadas cinco categorias conceptuales que presentan diferencias conceptuales y que inserense solamente en categoria única de acción pedagógica. Concluese que la gran mayoria de los profesores presentan un perfil cujos rasgos conceptuales quedan fuertemente voltados a los valores liguísticos/culturales de las clases dominantes. De la correlación entre las cinco categorias conceptuales y la categoria única de acción concluese por la falta de articulación entre teoria y práctica, sobre todo en las categorias conceptuales IV y V que se diferencian de las otras porque presentam trazos de identificación con los valores linguisticos culturales de las clases populares. Concluese también que la inserción del profesor en la comunidad de trabajo (de clase popular) y su vinculación a la misma clase no presenta una relación directa de proximidad o lejania de los valores linguísticos culturales de las clases dominantes o populares. Los resultados han possibilitado la comprensión de la relación dialéctica del signo mientras sea consecuencia de las estructuras sociales y también los resultados posibilitaran comprender hasta que punto la identidad social modelada (o parcialmente modelada) por la ideologia dominante, condiciono las concepciones y la acción pedagógica de los profesores. Ademas, la contraposición de ellas posibilitó la identificación de la dificultad de articulación entre teoria y práctica y la reflexión sobre las posibilidades de su superación.

The diploma thesis is dedicated to the adaptation processes of a preschool child with an autistic spectrum disorder on the preschool environment. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and an empirical part. The main aim of the paper is to analyse the adaptation process on the preschool attendance established by § 16 paragraph 9 of the Education Act of the children affected by ASD with focus on the factors that support the adaptation on the organized form of the preschool education. Part of the aim is to suggest the key elements that should be included in the adaptation plan so it meets the needs of children affected by ASD in the preschool facility. The research was conducted on six children whose legal representatives gave their agreement through an informed consent about processing of their personal data and the use of gathered information for the creation of the diploma thesis. In order to gather the required information, the method of direct observation by the researcher was used. In addition, the interviews with the legal representatives as well as the class teachers were conducted. Furthermore, the documents and data provided by the preschool were analyzed. By the use of coding method the key information were deciphered. The essential information were gathered from the legal...