Zeitschriftenartikel: „Class and agrarian“

1

Watts, Michael. „Class dynamics of agrarian change“. Journal of Peasant Studies 39, Nr. 1 (Januar 2012): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.656235.

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2

Healey, Susan. „Class dynamics of agrarian change“. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 33, Nr. 3 (September 2012): 393–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2012.707976.

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3

Waryanta, Mr. „Reforma Agraria: Momentum Mewujudkan Kemandirian Ekonomi Masyarakat Kecil dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan“. BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 2, Nr. 2 (30.11.2016): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v2i2.69.

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Abstract : Agrarian Reform is one of nawacita program and become national priority. The aim of agrarian reform is to improve people’s welfare. However, its implementation has not yet able to realize local economic independence of middle and low class society, and has not yet able to address the issue of food security. This study was intended to analyze the scheme that should be improved to implement agrarian reform, that able to support local economic independence for middle to low classes, as well as to support food security. The results show that those objectives can be achieved through 2 (two) changes of agrarian reform scheme. First, change in emphasizing of crop and livestock cultivation to support the fulfillment of community needs to reduce food and meat import. Second, the change of access reform scheme that does not involve interest capitalization system and penalty fines. That system can be replaced by cluster integration system initiated by Bank Indonesia into agrarian reform program. Keywords : agrarian reform, economic self-reliance, small communities, food security.Intisari : Reforma Agraria adalah salah satu bagian nawacita yang menjadi prioritas nasional yang tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat. Namun demikian, pelaksanaan reforma agraria belum mampu mewujudkan kemandirian ekonomi lokal masyarakat kelas menengah ke bawah dan juga belum mampu mengatasi permasalahan ketahanan pangan. Oleh karena itu dalam kajian ini dilakukan analisis mengenai skema apa yang perlu diperbaiki agar kegiatan reforma agraria kedepan mampu untuk mendukung kemandirian ekonomi lokal masyarakat kelas menengah ke bawah sekaligus mendukung ketahanan pangan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, bahwa kedua tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai melalui 2 (dua) perubahan skema reforma agrarian, Pertama, perubahan pada penekanan budidaya tanaman dan peternakan yang mendukung pada pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat agar tidak terjadi import pangan dan daging. Kedua, perubahan skema akses reform yang tidak melibatkan pemodalan sistem bunga dan denda pinalti. Hal ini digantikan dengan integrasi sistem klaster yang diinisisiasi oleh Bank Indonesia ke dalam program reforma agraria. Kata Kunci : reforma agraria, kemandirian ekonomi, masyarakat kecil, ketahanan pangan.

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4

Sihaloho, Martua, Ekawati Sri Wahyuni, Rilus A. Kinseng und Sediono M. P. Tjondronegoro. „International Migration, Livelihood Strategy, and Poverty Cycle“. Journal of Sustainable Development 9, Nr. 4 (30.07.2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p113.

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Poverty drove Indonesian poor households (e.g. their family members) to find other livelihoods. One popular choice is becoming an international migrant. This paper describes and analyzes the change in agrarian structure which causes dynamics in agrarian poverty. The study uses qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm. Research results showed that even if migration was dominated by farmer households from lower social class; it also served as livelihood strategy for middle and upper social classes. Improved economics brought dynamics on social reality. The dynamic accesses to agrarian resources consist of (1) horizontal social mobility (means that they stay in their previous social class); (2) vertical social mobility in the form of social climbing; low to middle class, low to upper class, and middle class to upper class; and, (3) vertical social mobility in the form of social sinking: upper class to middle class, upper class to lower class, and middle class to lower class. The dynamic in social classes indicates the presence of agrarian poverty cycle, they are social climbing and sinking.

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5

Alvey, Jennifer. „Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua“. American Anthropologist 100, Nr. 3 (September 1998): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.824.

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6

Leksana, Grace. „Ketimpangan dan Kontinuitas Patronase dalam Lintasan Sejarah: Menelusuri Sejarah Perubahan Agraria di Malang Selatan“. BHUMI: Jurnal Agraria dan Pertanahan 5, Nr. 1 (23.05.2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31292/jb.v5i1.319.

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Abstract: Opinions that perceive villages (desa) as solid entity, traditional, reservoir of labor and foodcrops, have been intensively criticized. On the contrary, villages are filled with social-political tension, class difference, and became areas where large conflicts in history also took place. This article develops the second argument, which tries to trace agrarian transformation through history: from the colonial period, independence and the New Order. By presenting a case study in South Malang, East Java, this article aim to show that village dynamics are controlled by patronage relation, where agrarian policies only benefited certain groups in the village. Historical analysis also shows how patronage relation persisted, although the state had changed. Violence that occurred in regime change did not necessarily transform the patronage relation in the village, instead strengthened it through the formation of new alliances. Agrarian policies that are going to be developed in the present should notice this power relation. The question of ‘who gets what’ should be continuously raised by agrarian studies experts and policy makers.Keywords: patronage relation, clientelism, class inequality, 1965 violence, colonial plantation, Malang-East JavaIntisari: Pandangan yang melihat desa sebagai entitas solid, tradisional, reservoir tenaga kerja dan pangan, telah banyak dikritik. Sebaliknya, desa dipenuhi dengan ketegangan sosial-politik, perbedaan kelas dan area dimana konflik-konflik besar dalam sejarah juga terjadi. Artikel ini mengembangkan pandangan kedua, dan berusaha menelusuri perubahan agraria dari masa ke masa: periode kolonial, kemerdekaan dan Orde Baru. Dengan mengambil studi kasus di Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa dinamika desa dikuasai oleh relasi patronase, sehingga kebijakan-kebijakan agraria hanya menguntungkan kelompok tertentu di desa. Analisa historis juga memperlihatkan bagaimana relasi patronase terus bertahan, meskipun negara (dalam hal ini sistem pemerintahan) telah berubah. Kekerasan yang terjadi dalam perubahan-perubahan rezim tidak mengubah relasi patron di tingkat desa, namun justru memperkuatnya dengan memunculkan aliansi-aliansi baru. Kebijakan-kebijakan agraria yang akan diambil pada masa kini seyogyanya memperhatikan relasi kuasa tersebut, sehingga pertanyaan ‘siapa mendapat apa’ harus kerap dikedepankan oleh para pegiat studi agraria dan para pengambil kebijakan.Kata kunci: relasi patronase, klientelisme, ketimpangan kelas, kekerasan 1965, perkebunan kolonial, Malang-Jawa Timur

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Abalkin, L. „Russia’s Agrarian Tragedy“. Voprosy Ekonomiki, Nr. 9 (20.09.2009): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-9-4-14.

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It is not correct to treat peasantry as a class. It belongs to those strata of society that provide its vital activity. Russia’s agrarian tragedy has a long history. Peasantry has always been the source of resources, but not the organic part of economy and society. In order to develop land it is necessary to change the demographic situation, attract millions of people to rural areas. Rural life should be comfortable and pleasant, but to achieve this goal the revival of agriculture must become not only an economic project, but a priority social one.

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8

Abduqodirovich, Allamurodov Yigitali. „WAYS OF MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR AGRARIAN STUDENTS“. European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, Nr. 05 (01.05.2022): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-05-37.

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Higher education agriculture teaching methods should be capable of developing students' skills in food production, accessibility, food safety, and nutrition, as well as production economics. Lectures, class debates, class projects, problem solving, and tours and field trips were all typical methods in agriculture schools, according to the findings. Digital learning was barely acknowledged as a teaching strategy in this study, although being recommended in the literature review part. We can talk about approaches to build materials for agrarian students in this essay.

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9

Breman, Jan. „Agrarian Change and Class Conflict in Gujarat, India“. Population and Development Review 15 (1989): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807932.

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10

WELLHOFER, E. SPENCER. „Agrarian Capitalism, Property Rights, and Rural Class Behavior“. Comparative Political Studies 22, Nr. 4 (Januar 1990): 355–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414090022004001.

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11

GIBBON, PETER. „Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change - By Henry Bernstein“. Journal of Agrarian Change 11, Nr. 2 (17.03.2011): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2011.00303.x.

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12

Krikler, Jeremy. „Agrarian class struggle and the South African War1“. Social History 14, Nr. 2 (Mai 1989): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071028908567735.

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13

Binford, Leigh. „Two approaches to third world agrarian class analysis“. Reviews in Anthropology 15, Nr. 1-4 (Dezember 1990): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1990.9977859.

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14

Mordy, Meghan. „Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change - By Henry Bernstein“. Rural Sociology 76, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2011): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.2011.00065_5.x.

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15

Kalaiyarasan A. und M. Vijayabaskar. „Why Does the ‘Provincial Propertied Class’ Remain Provincial? Reading the Agrarian Question of Capital Through Caste“. Urbanisation 6, Nr. 1 (Mai 2021): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471211021506.

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While labour linkages and flows between rural and urban India have been studied, there is little discussion on the implications of the agrarian question of capital for the urban. This is particularly important given the intertwining of caste and capital accumulation in India. If there are caste barriers to entry into accumulation in the urban, what does it mean for pathways of diversification of agrarian capital out of agriculture? In this article, we address this question by comparing the trajectories of capital accumulation in the urban by two agrarian caste groups, the Kongu Vellala Gounders (KVGs) in western Tamil Nadu and the Jats in Haryana. We argue that the dominance of specific caste groups in non-agrarian accumulation erects barriers for transition of agrarian capital into the urban. Such barriers are further aggravated by the increasingly adverse conditions under which capitalist farmers produce in rural India and by new barriers to entry posed by globalising market conditions. Finally, we suggest that differences in subnational politics account for differences in transition pathways between the two agrarian castes. We therefore argue that a caste-based reading is critical to understand how caste intersects with diversification of capital from the rural to the Indian urban.

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16

Mishra, Deepak K. „Agrarian crisis and neoliberalism in India“. Human Geography 13, Nr. 2 (29.06.2020): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1942778620935688.

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The nature and manifestations of the rural and agrarian distress in India point to the disastrous, class-specific nature of neoliberal economic policies. A significant aspect of this process is its spatial dimensions – the various ways through which uneven development has been the cornerstone of the unfolding dynamics of economic growth in globalizing India. The prolonged agrarian crisis, fuelled by neoliberal economic policies, has created a crisis of survival in the rural areas. It has uprooted a class of cultivators and agricultural labourers, who have joined the informal economy as insecure, vulnerable workers.

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17

Ossome, Lyn, und Sirisha C. Naidu. „Does Land Still Matter? Gender and Land Reforms in Zimbabwe“. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, Nr. 2 (27.07.2021): 344–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211029176.

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The Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe effected changes in the racial, class, and gender structure of land ownership. However, while changes in the racial and class structure have been well explored in existing literature, their articulation to gender in the agrarian structure is not yet well understood. This is because the literature has mainly accounted for gender in relation to the formal redistribution of land to women through titling, and not as a structural element of agrarian reform that locates women within the labor and capital nexus of land ownership. This article aims to fill this gap in our understanding of the gendered agrarian component of FTLRP by locating gender within the political economy of the agrarian reform and by evaluating gender in relation to the capitalist accumulation structure which the land reform sought to alter.

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18

Hidayat. „PERUBAHAN STRUKTUR AGRARIA DI HULU DAS CIDANAU KABUPATEN SERANG PROVINSI BANTEN“. Jurnal AGRISEP 10, Nr. 1 (01.04.2011): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.10.1.97-115.

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The course of peasant’s history in Indonesia was colored by superlocal power domination in the form of which vary from time to time depending on the political interest and economical regime of the ruling class. The agrarian politics which oriented betting on the strong had complex impact towards rural community that caused productivity of agricultural, forestry and economic growth. But the agrarian politic capitalist that caused disparity of land of property, disparity of agrarian structure and peasant marginalization. The capitalization of agrarian resouces was due to depesanitation process systematically occurred over level system ( rule of laws and policy of regulation), level organization and caused the ruling government had failed to create the objective of institutional for prosperity at large and people’s welfare. The agrarian politics was failured to peasant empowerment economic aspects and conducive agrarian resources for sustainability development. Key words: Capitalization of agrarian resources, political agrarian and depeasanitation proceses

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Safitri, Mahtia, und Ismar Hamid. „KONTESTASI PARADIGMA EKOLOGI POLITIK DALAM KONFLIK AGRARIA“. PADARINGAN (Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi Antropologi) 5, Nr. 02 (03.05.2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/pn.v5i02.8437.

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The agrarian conflict occurred in Kintapura Village, Kintap District, Tanah Laut Regency. This study aims to analyze the agrarian conflict by using the perspective of conflict and contestation of the political ecology paradigm. This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data collection techniques used were participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results showed that the agrarian conflict has made the village an arena for contesting the political ecology paradigm and has had an impact on the existence of unsustainable natural resource management. The eco-developmentalism paradigm in the form of coal mines and oil palm plantations; the eco-conservationism paradigm through the policy of designating convertible production forest areas (HPK); and, people's livelihood as a manifestation of the eco-populist paradigm. The existence of these three paradigms in the management of natural resources has given rise to agrarian conflicts. Natural resource management policies are dominated by the class that has power, namely the owners of capital (the bourgeoisie) and landlords represented by coal mining companies and oil palm plantations. The ruling class then influences policy makers who use their political power in establishing natural resource management policies through the camouflage of eco-conservationism policies, namely the designation of convertible production forest areas (HPK). The class that suffered the most was the farming class which lost its land under management and gave birth to a new class, namely farm laborers and poor farmers.

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Hinnebusch, Raymond A. „Class, State and the Reversal of Egypt's Agrarian Reform“. Middle East Report, Nr. 184 (September 1993): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3013432.

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21

Mohapatra, P. P. „Class conflict and agrarian regimes in Chotanagpur, 1860-1950“. Indian Economic & Social History Review 28, Nr. 1 (März 1991): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469102800101.

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22

Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih. „Decolonizing Agrarian Knowledge and the Emergence of Indonesian Critical Agrarian Studies“. Lembaran Sejarah 16, Nr. 2 (24.06.2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.60993.

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Agricultural production growth has been the main priority in agrarian development in Indonesia but its ends and means have been varied. In the colonial era, an export- oriented colonial plantation system resulted in the transformation of the Indonesian land tenurial system. In the post-colonial period, Soekarno’s regime pursued agrarian development seeking to strengthening people’s land rights through its land reform policies. Land rights were seen as the basis for agricultural production. Soeharto’s New Order regime implemented its Green Revolution policy by developing agricultural mechanization and extensification which managed to improve agricultural production, but it gave greater privileges to the rural elite class and caused dependence on foreign inputs and aid. All agrarian policies were supported by knowledge produced through the research of influential institutions and individuals, including critical responses against the impacts of the transformation of land tenure. In this context, knowledge in agrarian studies with its critical perspectives were re-shaped as part of the process of knowledge decolonization.

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23

Saha, Atrayee. „Caste Inequality, Land Relations and Agrarian Distress in Contemporary Agrarian Economy of Bardhaman, West Bengal“. Contemporary Voice of Dalit 11, Nr. 2 (07.10.2019): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19866997.

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The contemporary agrarian economy of rural West Bengal is characterized by distinct division of the farming community along caste and class lines. Unlike the belief that the communist regime in the state has significantly reduced instances of caste and class inequalities, the present article based on a fieldwork in Paarhaati village of Memary II block of Purba Bardhaman district argues in favour of the persistence of such inequalities till date. With the help of narratives collected and instances captured in a year-long fieldwork in the village, the present article attempts to bring forth the existence of domination of economically and politically powerful castes of landowners, deprivation of agricultural and landless labourers, formation of factions at the local party level, lack of initiative from the panchayat and increasing intervention of merchants, traders and middlemen that is hindering social, economic and political developments in these regions. The article argues that the ‘change’ proclaimed by the new regime has done nothing exceptional for the contemporary rural economy than the previous regime.

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Schroeder, Michael J. „Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua:Agrarian Reform and Class Consciousness in Nicaragua“. Culture Agriculture 21, Nr. 1 (März 1999): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1999.21.1.51.

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25

Luintel, Youba Raj. „Livelihood Change and Household Strategies: Social Displacement of the Upper Class in Dhading“. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 9 (07.12.2015): 26–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v9i0.14021.

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This article examines livelihoods transition among agrarian households in a cluster of villages adjacent to Kathmandu in a post-Neoliberal context. It specifically looks at the way these households respond to capitalist expansion in Nepal’s agrarian rural setting privileged to draw cash earnings. Looked at from the quest of longer term social change, this article identifies a great deal of similarity in household responses along class lines, and thus, concludes that household strategies broadly embrace class-specific behaviour. In identifying patterns of household response, this article also argues that class-differentiated analysis of household response can potentially illuminate social science understanding of the way capitalism penetrates into the countryside and brings social differentiation. Finally, this article demonstrates that social differentiation of agrarian households in rural Nepal is a mechanism of siphoning off of the rural surplus somewhere else (in this research context Kathmandu)–a mechanism widely attributed for an uneven development and underdevelopment of countryside Nepal.

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Vasquez Olguin, Silvia Cristina. „Land redistribution does not make a revolution. A critical view on the Costa Rican peasant settlements in the Arenal-Tempisque Irrigation District, 1981-2016“. Historia Agraria de América Latina 1, Nr. 02 (01.12.2020): 101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53077/haal.v1i02.59.

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Costa Rica is not an exceptional case to the rest of Central America in terms of its agrarian history and redistributive reforms. The creation of ITCO in 1960 and its project of land colonization with peasant settlements—the least threatening of all styles of agrarian reform—fails as an agrarian reform because of its limited redistributive scope, and because of the lack of interest in changing the power structures and concentration of the land in the countryside. This article examines the Costa Rican agrarian policy on peasant settlements through the history of the Bagatzí and Falconiana settlements in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with a critical approach to agrarian reforms. As one more example of the class character of Costa Rican agrarian policy, the tension between the proposals of Israeli cooperation and the objectives of the Costa Rican State is evident in the rejection of a cooperative model for the settlements.

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Rahman, S. A. M. Raihanur. „The Micropolitics of Class and Class Consciousness:“. Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 11 (01.09.2020): 166–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v11i.56.

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In classical Marxism, the logic of class struggle is located in the antagonism between two major classes of the capitalist system. However, the “agrarian question,” and uneven development of capitalism across the globe – along with colonial and postcolonial realities – have problematized the bipolar idea of class and revolutionary politics. Bangladeshi writer Akhtaruzzaman Elias’ fictions embody the contradictions arising from the disparity between the structural dimension of class and its articulation in emancipatory movements. This paper, focusing its investigation on Elias’ magnum opus Khoabnama, explores the micropolitical and dynamic dimensions of class by addressing Elias’ depiction of the inner contradictions of subjective experiences and internal dialectics of class struggle. The micrological divisions within a class and the implications associated with such divisions are outlined here. Besides, the paper also offers an organic understanding of class consciousness which develops from the subjective experience of exploitation and resistance and the negotiation with the immanent potential of social transformation.

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Kane, Anne, und Michael Mann. „A Theory of Early Twentieth-Century Agrarian Politics“. Social Science History 16, Nr. 3 (1992): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016564.

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The pre-world war I period decisively structured modern class relations in Europe and the United States. Farmers, the largest population group, greatly influenced the development of capitalism and states. Scholars have demonstrated farmers’ significance in particular areas (e.g., Blackbourn in Germany and Esping-Andersen in Scandinavia), but there has been little comparative analysis. Farmer politics, and thus modern class relations in general, have been inadequately theorized. Most existing work on agrarian classes has also been economistic, neglecting politics. We fill the gaps by analyzing agrarian politics in the United States, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

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Grindle, Merilee S. „Agrarian Class Structures and State Policies: Past, Present, and Future“. Latin American Research Review 28, Nr. 1 (1993): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100035184.

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30

Kumar, Satendra. „Class, caste and agrarian change: the making of farmers’ protests“. Journal of Peasant Studies 48, Nr. 7 (10.11.2021): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2021.1990046.

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31

Mendelberg, Uri. „The Impact of the Bolivian Agrarian Reform on Class Formation“. Latin American Perspectives 12, Nr. 3 (Juli 1985): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x8501200305.

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32

Araghi, Farshad A. „Agrarian class structure and obstacles to capitalist development in Iran“. Journal of Contemporary Asia 17, Nr. 3 (Januar 1987): 293–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472338780000211.

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33

Ramanamurthy V. Rupakula. „Class Differentiation and Crisis of Agrarian Petty Producers in India“. World Review of Political Economy 7, Nr. 1 (2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.7.1.0085.

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34

Yadu, C. R. „Some Aspects of Agrarian Change in Kerala“. Journal of Land and Rural Studies 5, Nr. 1 (Januar 2017): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024916680430.

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This article discusses the important features of the post land reforms agrarian relations in Kerala. The first aspect of contemporary land relations in Kerala is the increasing concentration of land in the hands of the rich. It is also seen that there is a marked decline in the proportion of households who directly depend on agriculture for livelihood. The second aspect of Kerala’s post land reforms agrarian relations is concerned with the land concentration and land grabbing in the plantation sector. Kerala’s big plantations quietly and frequently engage in land grabbing which is similar to the land grabbing happening in Latin American and African continents. The third aspect covered in this article is all about the changing class–caste nexus in Kerala’s occupational structure. Caste is no longer a major determining factor of occupations as was the case in the pre-land reform era. Land reforms could significantly break the traditional caste–class nexus.

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35

Adams, Jane. „1870s Agrarian Activism in Southern Illinois: Mediator between Two Eras“. Social Science History 16, Nr. 3 (1992): 365–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016540.

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During the latter part of the nineteenth century, farmers in extreme southern Illinois, along with farmers throughout the state and region, organized politically and economically. The first big upsurge of organization was in 1873 with the organization of farmers’ clubs and granges of the Patrons of Husbandry. In Union County, Illinois, all sectors of the local society appear to have been swept up in the tide of discontent, although a close analysis of those active in the movement and the associations that succeeded it indicates that the movement gave voice and organized expression to a specific class. To use McNall’s (1988) analysis of the later populist movement, the agrarian movement of the mid-1870s was an incipient “class movement,” although it failed to articulate a program that effectively welded farmers into a unit that could contend for political power, even as it provided a vehicle for elite farmers to transform preexisting economic relationships. “A class movement,” McNall (ibid.: 5) writes, “is one in which the participants are involved in a struggle over the very definition of their political, economic, and ideological interests. All class movements have at their core an economic dimension and, like class relationships, are about relationships of power.” The organizations formed in the populist era, he argues, were attempts by farmers to create a “class in and for itself” (ibid.: 12).

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Behera, Hari Charan. „The Pattern of Landholdings and Emerging Agrarian Relations: A Study in North Chotanagpur Region of India“. Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 15, Nr. 1 (Januar 2015): 151–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x1501500112.

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In this paper, the author's attempt is to discuss about emerging landholding pattern, caste wise distribution of landholdings, caste-class relations based on the nature of landholdings, and other social issues concerning agrarian society in north Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand, India through a micro-level study. The focus in the paper is also about agrarian relations in the region through a caste based analysis.

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Bukovsky, Stanislav L. „Development of the Students’ Personality Creativity during Foreign Language Learning Process in Agrarian University“. Общество: социология, психология, педагогика, Nr. 11 (29.11.2023): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/spp.2023.11.18.

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The aim of the study is to elaborate the theory, content and techniques for the development of creative thinking of agrarian university students. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the consideration of the development of creative thinking as a linguodidactic category of the process of teaching foreign language speaking to students of agrarian university, as well as the development of creative qualities of the personality of students of agrarian university when solving professionally-oriented, communicative, challenging tasks. The methodological algo-rithm presented by the author of the article shows in detail the analysis of creative thinking use in practice. The article presents the principles of training, methods of their implementation in the process of training, as well as an algorithm of actions when conducting a creative-oriented class, the purpose of which is to develop the per-sonality development of the student agrarian university. The article analyzes creative thinking and considers it as a linguodidactic category in the process of teaching foreign languages the agrarian university.

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Zulkarnain, Iskandar. „Hutan Adat dan Kelas Menengah: Titik Balik Reforma Agraria di Indonesia?“ Society 5, Nr. 2 (01.12.2017): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v5i2.52.

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The turning point of the agrarian reform of the customary forest arena after the Constitutional Court's Decision 35/PUU-X/2012 can not be based on state domination (government) through the agenda of territorialization of the forest and not on AMAN as representation of indigenous struggle from the paradox of interest. Bringing the alternative of a critical new middle class, as well as running a deliberation democracy through representational politics that combine extra parliamentary and intra-parliamentary struggles simultaneously in organizational form, capable of realizing sustainable agrarian reform. The new middle class struggle is a synthesis of the dialectic of forest recognition and the existence of indigenous peoples undergoing involution.

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Chassen-López, Francie R. „Maderismo or Mixtec Empire? Class and Ethnicity in the Mexican Revolution, Costa Chica of Oaxaca, 1911“. Americas 55, Nr. 1 (Juli 1998): 91–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008295.

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On 18 May 1911, the indigenous Mixtec peasants of Pinotepa Nacional, Oaxaca, rose up against the local cacique and ranchers who had dispossessed them of their ancient communal lands. Thus began not only the lone agrarian rebellion in the state of Oaxaca but also the only attempt to revive a pre-Columbian indigenous empire during the Mexican Revolution. The study of this remarkable episode situates Oaxaca, a state previously thought to be peripheral to this major social upheaval, within the main currents of revolutionary activity.As in the case of other revolutionary movements, the arrival of Maderista revolutionaries from a neighboring state, in this case Guerrero, triggered the peasant mobilization in Pinotepa Nacional, unleashing social tensions in the area. Although an overwhelmingly rural state in 1910, the Revolution in Oaxaca has generally been characterized by the absence of agrarian protest. Recent studies have found the precursor and Maderista movements in Oaxaca to be predominantly middle class, either urban or rural, seeking social mobility, wider political participation, and greater local autonomy. Nevertheless, the study of the events of May 1911 on the Oaxacan coast reveals a struggle that pitted an agrarian, indigenous movement against a middle class, rancher-style revolution.

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Ossome, Lyn. „Pedagogies of Feminist Resistance: Agrarian Movements in Africa“. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, Nr. 1 (April 2021): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211000939.

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In the historical course of agrarian transformation in Africa, the reconstitution and fragmentation of the peasantry along the lines of gender, ethnic, class, and racial divisions which facilitate their exploitation remains a central concern in the analysis of the peasant path, of which the exploitation of gendered labor has been a particularly important concern for feminist agrarian theorizations. In contribution to these debates, this article examines the ways in which feminist concerns have shaped, driven, and defined the social and political parameters of agrarian movements in Africa. Even though agrarian movements articulating gender questions are not generalizable as feminist, their concern with social, political, and economic structures of oppression and their approach to gendered oppression as a political question lends them to characterization as being feminist. Through an examination of the changing forms of women-led agrarian struggles, the article shows how women’s responses to the dominant structures and conditions of colonial and post-colonial capitalist accumulation could be characterized as feminist due to their social and political imperatives behind women’s resistance.

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O'Donoghue, James. „Dropping Voices: Southern Black Agrarian Revolt in Charles Chesnutt’s Fiction“. Journal of Working-Class Studies 8, Nr. 1 (03.07.2023): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/jwcs.v8i1.8047.

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This essay places Charles Chesnutt’s work at the intersection of race and class in order to address the still debated question of Chesnutt’s relation to the black working-class and reinterpret his now canonical fiction as deeply entwined with the political and economic life of the black agrarian masses of the US South. I argue that the conjure tales’ centrality to turn-of-the-century American literature is in its full-throated representation of the economic demands of the black agrarian masses. Furthermore, when Chesnutt ‘dropped’ Julius as his ‘mouthpiece’ his writing ultimately left behind the masses and began to speak in the accents of metropolitan self-making. I address a range of Chesnutt’s works to demonstrate the key developments in how Chesnutt imagined racial uplift and how the black agrarian masses were to be employed in razing American apartheid. This essay then gives evidence to show Chesnutt’s growing skepticism of large dispersed political movements of the masses like Black Populism in favor of the concentrated exemplars of outstanding individuals.

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Clarke, Colin. „Post-revolutionary Nicaragua: state, class, and the dilemmas of agrarian policy“. International Affairs 63, Nr. 4 (1987): 721–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2619761.

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Zalkin, Michael, und Forrest D. Colburn. „Post-Revolutionary Nicaragua: State, Class, and the Dilemmas of Agrarian Policy“. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 29, Nr. 2 (1987): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166077.

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Dixit, Anita. „Agrarian Poverty, Nutrition and Economic Class - A Study of Gujarat, India“. Journal of Agrarian Change 13, Nr. 2 (10.10.2012): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2012.00379.x.

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Schoultz, Lars, und Forrest D. Colburn. „Post-Revolutionary Nicaragua: State, Class, and the Dilemmas of Agrarian Policy“. Political Science Quarterly 102, Nr. 4 (1987): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2151338.

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Crassweller, Robert D., und Forrest D. Colburn. „Post-Revolutionary Nicaragua: State, Class, and the Dilemmas of Agrarian Policy“. Foreign Affairs 65, Nr. 1 (1986): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20042910.

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Buchta, S. „Development of agrarian employment in Slovakia after 2013“. Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 1 (27.01.2011): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/141/2010-agricecon.

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The article discusses the prediction of the agrarian employment development in Slovakia in the new programming period, i.e. in the perspective of 2014–2020. The introduction covers the analysis of the current state in 2009 when 65.3 thousand of persons were employed within agriculture. The development of employment in the target years will be characterised by the increased number of self-employed persons, the increased social polarisation between the owners of enterprises or managers and agricultural employees. The class of the socially degraded agricultural pensioners characterised by income deprivation will be formed. Under the influence of the EU CAP reform, the decline in agrarian employment in the less-productive Northern districts of Slovakia and significant spatial changes in labour force distribution are being expected in dependence on the productive conditions of the agricultural production.

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Brown, Pete. „Institutions, Inequalities, and the Impact of Agrarian Reform on Rural Mexican Communities“. Human Organization 56, Nr. 1 (01.03.1997): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.56.1.x3513m5414374720.

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In 1992, Mexico revised its agrarian code ending the redistribution of land and allowing the privatization of Mexico's ejidos. This article examines the potential impacts of these changes through a comparison of two communities, one ejido, the other private property — a comparison that mirrors the changes introduced in the new agrarian reform. I document how the communities' foundation under these two different institutions profoundly shaped the historical and contemporary structure of landholdings and community relations. The ejido community was characterized by greater equality and community solidarity, and fewer social problems. The private property community had extreme inequalities, community relations divided by class interests, and newly-developed social problems. These differences, I argue, presage impending changes in agrarian communities throughout rural Mexico.

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IQBAL, IFTEKHAR. „Return of the Bhadralok: Ecology and Agrarian Relations in Eastern Bengal, c. 1905–1947“. Modern Asian Studies 43, Nr. 6 (06.02.2009): 1325–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003661.

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AbstractSince the late 1970s, historical studies of colonial Bengal have been dominated by the recurrent theme of the ‘return of the peasant’, generally set against the previously predominant notion that British-created landlords were omnipotent agents of agrarian relations. Although the new historiography restores agency to the peasant, it seeks to attribute the agrarian decline in the late colonial Eastern Bengal, roughly Bangladesh, to the ‘rich peasant’. It is argued that the rich peasant wielded hegemonic authority on their poor fellow co-religionists by forging a ‘communal bond’, while exploiting them from within. Such development is often considered linked to the separatist idea that offered a ‘peasant utopia’ in the form of Pakistan against perceived Hindu domination. This article, while not altogether denying the role of the rich peasant, argues that the bhadralok, or the non-cultivating middle-class gentry, were far more powerful as a catalyst in agrarian relations in Eastern Bengal than is conceded in contemporary historical debates. In so arguing, this article re-examines the post-structuralist turn that appeared to replace the classical Marxist paradigm of class by that of culture and consciousness.

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Zhang, Qian Forrest, und Hongping Zeng. „Politically directed accumulation in rural China: The making of the agrarian capitalist class and the new agrarian question of capital“. Journal of Agrarian Change 21, Nr. 4 (20.05.2021): 677–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joac.12435.

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