Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Citrus fibers“

Among flavonoids, quercetin has gained special attention due to its positive biological activities. Quercetin’s disadvantages, such as its hydrophobic nature, poor solubility, and permeability, could be overcome by complexation with different polymers. Dietary fibers are known as carriers of polyphenols, which can protect them from environmental conditions and thus allow them to be absorbed. In this study, apple and citrus fibers (as applicable food by-products) were used as carriers of quercetin. A constant amount of fibers (1%) and different concentrations of quercetin solution (5 mM, 10 mM, and 20 mM) were complexed. Obtained fiber aggregates were subjected to HPLC to determine the quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity of aggregates (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays). IR spectra were recorded to confirm complexation of quercetin with selected fibers, and an additional DSC study was performed to evaluate the thermal stability of fiber aggregates. The results of HPLC analysis showed that quercetin had higher affinity towards apple fiber than citrus fiber, without proportional trends of adsorption. Consequently, apple fiber aggregates had higher antioxidant potential than citrus fiber aggregates. FTIR-ATR analysis showed the formation of new bands and the loss of existing bands when quercetin was present. Adsorption of quercetin also had an impact on the thermal stability of formulated fiber aggregates. For apple fiber, this impact was negative, while for citrus fiber, the impact was positive. These results could contribute to greater understanding of quercetin’s behavior during the preparation of food additives based on polyphenols and fibers.

The rheological and dewatering behavior of an aqueous pigmented coating system not only affects the machine runnability but also affects the product quality. The current study describes the use of natural hydrocolloids derived from citrus peel fibers as a rheology modifier in paper coating applications. The results were compared with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a typical paper coating system. Water retention of the coating formulation was increased by 56% with citrus peel fibers compared to a default coating, and it also was higher than a CMCcontaining coating. The Brookfield viscosity of paper coatings was found to increase with citrus peel fibers. Compared to CMC, different citrus peel fibers containing coating recipes were able to achieve similar or higher water retention values, with no change or a slight increase in viscosity. Coatings were applied on linerboard using the Mayer rod-coating method, and all basic properties of paper were measured to assess the impact of citrus peel fiber on the functional value of the coatings. Paper properties were improved with coated paper containing citrus peel fibers, including brightness, porosity, smoothness, surface bonding strength, and ink absorption.

Effects of ball milling (BM) on the structure and physicochemical properties of three types of citrus fibers were investigated. With the extension of the grinding time, the particle size of citrus fibers significantly decreased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the three citrus fibers had similar chemical groups, and more -OH and phenolic acid groups were exposed after BM, and pectin and lignin were not degraded. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the appearance of particles changed from spherical to fragmented, irregular shapes. The water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), and water swelling capacity (WSC) of citrus fibers LM, JK, and FS reached the maximum value after BM of 2 h (increasing by 18.5%), 4 h (increasing by 46.1%), and 10 h (increasing by 38.3%), respectively. After 10 h BM, citrus fibers FS and JK had the highest adsorption capacity of cholesterol and sodium cholate, increasing by 48.3% and 48.6%, respectively. This indicates that BM transforms the spatial structure of citrus fibers and improves their physicochemical properties.

Currently at least 4 food additives — emulsifiers and hydrocolloids — are used for ice cream production to stabilize its structure. However adding these substances reduces the demand for this product among healthy lifestyle adepts. The aim of the research was to define the possibility of using citrus fibers and their compositions together with guar and xanthan gums to stabilize the milk ice cream structure. Samples with gelatin and a complex stabilizer (emulsifier) were used as control samples. It was established that adding of citrus fibers in amount of 0.6% makes the product bitter, does not provide the required level of dynamic viscosity of the mixture, it forms an unstable air phase and large ice crystals. The combination of dietary fibers with gums had a positive effect on these quality characteristics. The highest dispersion of ice crystals (average size accounted for 36–39 μm) and dynamic viscosity of the mixture, comparable with the quality characteristics of the sample with a complex stabilizeremulsifier, was achieved in the sample with added fibers and xanthan gum. The sample with dietary citrus fiber and guar gum showed better characteristics in terms of heat resistance in comparison with the samples with fiber only, as well as samples with plain fiber and guar gum. After 60 min of thermostating, the mass fraction of melt was equal to 7%, which is 2.8 and 2 times less than in samples without gums and with xanthan gum. The correlation was found between the parameter “hardness” and the parameter “thermal stability”: the hardest samples showed the highest resistance to melting. Based on the results of the research, the expediency of using combinations of citrus fibers and guar gum or xanthan gum in the production of ice cream with a limited number of food additives was established. Meanwhile it is necessary to take into account the state of structural elements during the product storage, and using the packaging that helps preserve the shape of the ice cream portion.

Plant fibers are rich in dietary fiber and micronutrients but often exhibit poor functionality. Ultrasonication can affect the particle size of plant fiber, thereby influencing other techno-functional properties. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of high-intensity ultrasound on citrus, apple, oat, and pea fiber. Initially, solutions containing 1 wt% of plant fiber were homogenized using ultrasonication (amplitude 116 µm, t = 150 s, energy density = 225 kJ/L, P¯ = 325 W). Due to cavitation effects induced by ultrasound, differences in particle size and a shift in the ratio of insoluble and alcohol-insoluble fractions for dietary fiber were observed. Additionally, viscosities for citrus and apple fiber increased from 1.4 Pa·s to 84.4 Pa·s and from 1.34 Pa·s to 31.7 Pa·s, respectively, at shear rates of 100 1s. This was attributed to observed differences in the microstructure. Freeze-dried samples of purified citrus and apple fiber revealed thin and nearly transparent layers, possibly contributing to enhanced water binding capacity and, therefore, increased viscosity. Water binding capacity for citrus fiber increased from 18.2 g/g to 41.8 g/g, and a 40% increase was observed for apple fiber. Finally, ultrasound demonstrated itself be an effective technology for modifying the techno-functional properties of plant fiber, such as water binding capacity.

Low folate status leads to increased total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration, and this has been associated with an increased risk of several diseases. Many colonic bacteria are capable of synthesizing folate, and certain dietary fibers may enhance this effect. We assessed the ability of non-fermentable (cellulose) and fermentable (citrus pectin and oligofructose) fibers to improve folate status and lower tHcy in rats. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a folate-deficient diet with 5% cellulose for four weeks. Rats were then randomly assigned to one of five folate-adequate (400 mug/kg diet) test diets for 24 days. Diets were as follows: Basal; Basal + Sulfa Drug (succinylsulfathiazole); Cellulose; Citrus Pectin; and Oligofructose. High-fiber diets were formulated by diluting the basal diet such that the final diets contained 10% of the added fiber. Twenty-one days later, 3H-r-aminobenzoic acid was injected into the cecum, and rats were terminated three days later. Rats receiving the Citrus Pectin diet had significantly higher plasma (p = 0.011), erythrocyte (p = 0.035), and colonic tissue folate concentrations (p = 0.013) and lower tHcy (p = 0.003) than rats given the Cellulose diet. Rats receiving the Oligofructose had significantly higher plasma folate (p < 0.001) and lower tHcy (p = 0.032) concentrations than rats receiving the Cellulose diet. 3H-folate was detected in the livers of all rats except those receiving Sulfa Drug. Our study indicates that Citrus Pectin and Oligofructose, but not Cellulose, can significantly increase indices of folate status in rats and lower tHcy. It also confirms the ability of the large bowel to absorb folate.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional and physico-chemical properties of six different vegetable fibers and explore the possibility of using them as a thickener or gelling agent in food. To determine the technological, nutritional and physical parameters, the following analyses were carried out: water-holding capacity, water retention capacity, swelling, fat absorption capacity, solubility, particle size, moisture, hygroscopicity, pH, water activity, bulk density, porosity, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and mineral content. Gels were prepared at concentrations from 4% to 7% at 5 °C and analyzed at 25 °C before and after treatment at 65 °C for 20 min. A back extrusion test, texture profile analysis and rheology were performed and the pH value, water content and color were analyzed. As a result, all the samples generally showed significant differences in all the tested parameters. Hydration properties were different in all the tested samples, but the high values found for chia flour and citrus fiber are highlighted in functional terms. Moreover, chia flour was a source of minerals with high Fe, Mn and Cu contents. In gels, significant differences were found in the textural and rheological properties among the samples, and also due to the heat treatment used (65 °C, 20 min). As a result, chia flour, citrus, potato and pea fibers showed more appropriate characteristics for thickening. Moreover, potato fiber at high concentrations and both combinations of fibers (pea, cane sugar and bamboo fiber and bamboo, psyllium and citric fiber) were more suitable for gelling agents to be used in food products.

This study aimed to evaluate different fibers (acacia, bamboo, citrus or potato) on texture, rheological properties, color, density, and water activity of processed cheese sauces (PCS) based on acid casein, WPC80 and anhydrous milk fat or organic coconut oil. The interaction between the type of oil/fat, the fiber type and the fiber content was significant regarding almost all parameters studied. The computer vision system (CVS) showed that color changes of sauces could be noticeable by consumers. The main factor influencing the change in all products’ hardness was not fat/oil, but added fibers and their concentrations. The highest increase in hardness, adhesiveness and viscosity was observed in products with potato fiber. The value of storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) and tan (δ) < 1 for all samples. Different fibers and their amounts did not influence the water activity of cheese sauces obtained with organic coconut oil (OCO) or anhydrous milk fat (AMF).

The overproduction of plastics and the wide availability of natural fibers that become a source of contamination before ending their useful life, in a context of environmental crisis, has led researchers to study how to integrate them into the production of biocomposites. For this project, the development of a composite material that integrated expanded post-consumer polystyrene (EPS) and palm fiber (OPEFB) was proposed. OPEFB fibers were obtained from palm growers in the region, being processed by drying, grinding and sieving with a particle size (Mesh of 30,40, 50, 60 and 70). To obtain the solvent of the EPS, a volume of orange essential oil (Citrus sinensis) was distilled off by steam and the amount of d-limonene present was quantified using the gas chromatography technique coupled to mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the EPS was dissolved and a solubility of 0.5 g / mL was reached and with this volume a 1: 2 water / EPS-Citrus Sinensis emulsion was formulated which was characterized using the optical microscopy technique and two dyes of different polarity to observe its affinity with both phases, allowing it to be classified as a W/O type macroemulsion. The agglomerates were made by a process of molding, pressing and heating for baking. All the above parameters were kept constant and only the fiber size varied. The tests of resistance to compression and hardness showed that, to a smaller fiber size, less hardness, resistance to compression and stiffness, so the specimens made with mesh fibers (Mesh) No. 40 showed better performance in mechanical tests.

The by-product of citrus juice processing is a huge source of bioactive compounds, especially polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and fibers. In this study, a method for the separation and purification of PMFs from citrus pomace was established based on citrus nanoporous carbon (CNPC) enrichment. Different biomass porous carbons were synthesized, their adsorption/desorption characteristics were evaluated, and the CNPCs from the peel of Citrus tangerina Tanaka were found to be best for the enrichment of PMFs from the crude extracts of citrus pomace. Using this method, six PMF compounds including low-abundant PMFs in citrus fruits such as 5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone can be simultaneously obtained, and the purities of these compounds were all higher than 95%, with the highest purity of nobiletin reaching 99.96%. Therefore, CNPCs have a great potential for the separation and purification of PMFs in citrus processing wastes, potentially improving the added value of citrus wastes. We also provide a method reference for disposing of citrus pomace in the future.

Негай, В. О. Розробка технології хлібобулочних виробів з використанням плодів журавлини та цедри плодів цитрусових : дипломна робота : 181 – Харчові технології / В. О. Негай ; керівник роботи Н. П. Буяльська ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра харчових технологій. – Чернігів, 2020. – 114 с.
У кваліфікаційній роботі проведений літературний огляд щодо перспективності використання плодів журавлини та цедри плодів цитрусових у харчових технологіях, а саме у технології хлібобулочних виробів. Вивчено вплив плодів журавлини та харчових цитрусових волокон Herbacel AQ Plus на реологічні властивості тіста, протікання процесів бродіння, якість випечених виробів та процес черствіння. В представленій роботі наведені розрахунки продуктивності технологічної лінії для виробництва хліба пшеничного вищого сорту з додаванням харчових цитрусових волокон, розраховано виробничу рецептуру, підібрано технологічне обладнання, описано технологічну схему виробництва запропонованого виробу, розроблено план впровадження системи НАССР у виробництво запропонованого асортименту.
In the qualification work, a literature review was conducted on the prospects for the use of cranberries and citrus peels in food technology, namely in the technology of bakery products. The influence of cranberry fruits and dietary citrus fibers Herbacel AQ Plus on the rheological properties of the dough, the course of fermentation processes, the quality of baked goods and the process of hardening was studied. The paper presents calculations of the productivity of the technological line for the production of premium wheat bread with the addition of dietary citrus fibers, calculates the production recipe, selects technological equipment, describes the technological scheme of production of the proposed product, developed a plan to implement the HACCP system in the proposed range.

Les agrumes sont la culture la plus importante dans la production mondiale de fruits, avec une production mondiale d'environ 104 millions de tonnes en 2022. La plupart des fruits produits sont utilisés pour la production de jus, ce qui entraîne une quantité énorme de sous-produits correspondant à 50 à 60% du poids initial du fruit entier. Les biopolymères sont les principaux constituants de ces déchets agro-industriels et présentent de nombreuses propriétés qui les rendent intéressants pour des applications telles que la durabilité, le faible coût, la biodégradabilité, l'écologie et la recyclabilité. Les poudres de fibres d'agrumes (CF), fabriquées à partir de l'extraction de pectine des sous-produits de l'industrie des jus de citron, se caractérisent par leur capacité à retenir l’eau et à stabiliser les émulsions, et pourraient avoir de nombreuses applications alimentaires dans les produits de boulangerie, les viandes, les produits laitiers, les sauces et les assaisonnements. Les fibres sont séchées pour faciliter leur distribution et commercialisation en tant qu'ingrédient alimentaire. La qualité de la poudre déshydratée est influencée par les conditions de traitement et de stockage. Cette étude visait à investiguer les mécanismes responsables de l’instabilité des CF observée pendant le stockage et dont l’origine est jusque-là mal comprise. Des échantillons ont été stockés dans différentes conditions de température et d'humidité pendant 12 mois. La gélification (suivie au travers du module de rigidité G’), la capacité de rétention d'eau et la capacité de gonflement lors de l’hydratation ont été utilisées pour évaluer l'effet du stockage sur les propriétés fonctionnelles. De plus, la composition de la surface de la poudre, les propriétés chimiques, la distribution de l'humidité dans la matrice et l'impact de l'humidité et de la température sur la mobilité moléculaire des fibres d'agrumes, ont été étudiées pour comprendre la modification des propriétés physico-chimiques pendant le stockage. Les résultats ont mis en évidence que les propriétés liées à la capacité de rétention d'eau, à la gélification et à la réhydratation diminuaient avec le temps de vieillissement. La perte de fonctionnalité a été accélérée à 40 °C et 75% HR par rapport à 25 °C et 30% HR. Ces modifications pourraient être liées à plus d'un mécanisme opérant au sein des fibres d’agrumes : la réorganisation et l'agrégation de molécules semblent être affectées par l'eau et/ou l'humidité, et la réticulation entre les molécules et les cations au sein des fibres d'agrumes montrant une indépendance par rapport aux conditions de température et d'humidité testées
Citrus is the most important crop in global fruit production, with worldwide production of around 104 million tons in 2022. Most of the fruits produced are used for juice production, which results in a huge quantity of by-products corresponding to 50-60% of the original whole fruit weight. Biopolymers are the main constituents of these agro-industrial wastes and present many properties that make them interesting for applications such as sustainability, inexpensive, biodegradability, friendly to the environment, and recyclability. Citrus fiber (CF) powders, manufactured from pectin extraction of lemon juice industry by-products, are characterized by an ability to retain moisture and to stabilize emulsion, and could have many food applications in baked products, meats, dairy products, sauces, and dressings. The fibers are dried to facilitate distribution and commercialization as a food ingredient. The quality of the dehydrated powder is influenced by the processing and storage conditions. However, the mechanism of the storage induced modifications of the powders functional properties (especially rehydration properties) were not fully understood. This study aimed at investigating the mechanisms responsible for CF evolution upon storage. Samples were stored in different conditions of temperature and humidity for 12 months. Gelation, water holding capacity, and swelling capacity were used to evaluate the effect of storage on functional properties. In addition, powder surface composition, chemical properties, the moisture distribution in the matrix and the impact of humidity and temperature on the molecular mobility of citrus fibers were studied to understand the modification of physicochemical properties during storage. The results highlighted the properties related to moisture retention, emulsifying stability, and rehydration decreased with increasing aging time. The loss in functionality was accelerated at 40 °C and 75% RH compared to 25 °C and 30% RH. These modifications might be linked to more than one mechanism operating within the citrus fibers: reorganization and aggregation of molecules within the citrus fibers which seems to be appears to be affected by water and/or temperature, and crosslinking between molecules and cations within the citrus fibers showing independence from the tested temperature and humidity conditions

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A citricultura brasileira destaca-se mundialmente, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo o maior produtor citrícola do país. A produção de mudas é o alicerce da citricultura atual e a adubação um dos principais entraves do processo. A deficiência de cobre em mudas cítricas tornou-se um sério problema para os viveiristas. A fim de se detectar a melhor forma de fornecimento de cobre às mudas cítricas aliado a diferentes substratos utilizados por viveiristas realizou-se um experimento em viveiro comercial na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Foram utilizados substratos comerciais à base de fibra de coco (Amafibra) e de casca de pinus (Lupa e Eucatex) e cinco tratamentos: testemunha; Recop (1,8g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Cobre Stoller (0,04 mL L-I) e Sulfato de Cobre (2,5 g L-I). O experimento foi instalado no mês de julho de 2006 onde as sementes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck)foram semeadas em canteiros. Após quatro meses, as plantas foram transplantadas para sacolas com capacidade de 4 L em bancadas e foram dispostas intercalando-se os substratos. Aproximadamente quatro meses depois do transplante as plantas receberam os enxertos de laranjeira 'Valência' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). As avaliações eram mensais a partir de Fevereiro/2007 quando estavam com aproximadamente 90 dias após o transplante. Tomou-se medida dos parâmetros a altura média das plantas (em), o diâmetro médio do porta-enxerto (mm), número médio de folhas por planta, massa de matéria seca 2 da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, atividade da enzima peroxidase (H202 consumido g-l m.f.) e teor total de fenóis (mg de ácido gálico g-I amostra). O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela principal as formas de aplicação de cobre e as subparcelas os diferentes substratos, perfazendo um total de...
The Brazilian citrus industry is worldwide known with emphasis on the State of Sao Paulo, the largest producer of citrus in Brazil. The production of seedlings is the foundation of the current citrus and fertilization one of the main barriers of the processo The deficiency of copper in citrus nurseries has become a serious problem for the nurserymen. In order to detect the best way of supply of copper to citrus nurseries allied to different substrates used by nurserymen we carried out experiments in commercial nursery in the city of Botucatu, Brazil. It was used commercial-based substrates fibers from coconut (Amafibra) and the bark of pine (Lupa and Eucatex) and five treatments: control; Recop (1.8 g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Copper Stoller (0.04 mL L-I) and copper sulfate (2.5 g L-I). The experiment was installed in the month of July 2006 where the seeds of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were sown on benches. After four months the plants were transplanted into bags with a capacity of 4L on benches and were willing to intercalate the substrates. Approximately four months after the transplant the plants receivedthe grafts of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). The evaluations were monthly from February/2007 when they were approximately with 90 days after the transplant. It took measure of the parameters of the average plant height (cm), the average diameter of the root stock (mm), average number of leaves per plant, dry matter from leafs and roots, activity of the enzyme peroxidase (H202 consumed g-l ct) and total phenol content (mg acid gálico g-I sample). The statistical design applied was subdivided plots, and the main plot way of application of copper and sub-plots of the different substrates, giving a total of fifteen treatments with six repetitions. Each plot was composed of twenty plants. It was verified that the...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Viotto
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a secagem do resíduo sólido industrial proveniente da fabricação de suco de frutas cítricas em um equipamento de leito fixo e de jorro, com a finalidade de produzir fibra dietética, como ingrediente alimentício. Para isso, foi utilizado como matéria-prima o limão da variedade siciliano para obtenção do resíduo sólido o qual foi produzido em escala piloto por método padronizado (extratora, moinho e prensa) e armazenado a 10°C. As isotermas de dessorção do resíduo sólido foram determinadas com a finalidade de se conhecer os valores de umidade de equilíbrio, e foram obtidas através do método gravimétrico estático utilizando soluções salinas saturadas, nas temperaturas de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados a diversos modelos sendo que o modelo de GAB foi o que apresentou o melhor ajuste nesta faixa de temperatura. Para a secagem em leito fixo foi realizado um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 22 onde as variáveis independentes estudadas foram: velocidade do ar de 0,5, 0,75 e 1m/s e temperatura do ar de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais foram ajustados ao modelo de Fick e os valores de difusividade efetiva obtidos variaram na faixa de 4,72 a 14,6.10-10m/s2, foi ajustado também o modelo exponencial e os valores da constante de secagem variaram na faixa de 6,49 a 20,90.10-4s-1. As respostas do planejamento em relação às propriedades tecnológicas de: índice de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água, índice de absorção de óleo e volume de intumescimento não apresentaram diferenças significativas ao nível de significância de 5%. Para a secagem no equipamento de leito de jorro foram determinadas as curvas de secagem do resíduo com um conteúdo inicial de umidade de cerca de 40%, em base úmida, fixando-se uma vazão total de ar de 78,53m3/h, que corresponde à uma velocidade de 3,89m/s para a região do jorro e de 1,01m/s para a região do ânulo, altura de leito fixo de 15cm e temperatura do ar de secagem de 60, 75 e 90°C. Os dados experimentais obtidos no secador de leito de jorro foram ajustados ao modelo de Fick e os valores de difusividade efetiva observados variaram na faixa de 2,64 a 4,26.10-9m/s2, foi ajustado também o modelo exponencial e os valores da constante de secagem variaram na faixa de 3,5 a 5,4.10-3 s-1
Abstract: This work investigated the drying of by-products of citrus juice manufacture in a convective vertical tray dryer and spouted bed dryer with the purpose of producing dietary fiber as a food ingredient. The raw material used was lemon from the sicilian variety, which solid residue was produced in pilot scale by standardized method (extractor, mill and press) and stored at 10°C. Measurement and modeling of sorption isotherms were used to determine equilibrium moisture content. The isotherms were obtained at three different temperatures (60, 75 and 90°C) using the static method with saturated salt solutions. Experimental data was fitted by several models (BET, GAB, Henderson, Peleg and Oswin). The best fitting was obtained with GAB model. The drying in tray dryer was delineated according to a central composite experimental design (22) using as factors: air velocity (0,5, 0,75 and 1m/s) and air temperature (60, 75 and 90°C). The drying kinetics experimental data were fitted using diffusional model and the effective diffusivities values were between 4,72 and 14,6.10-10 m/s2, presenting good fit to the exponential model, and drying constant varied from 6,49 to 20,90.10-4s-1. The experimental design responses evaluated were related to fibres tecnological properties: water-holding capacity, water solubility, oil-holding capacity and swelling. According to the results, they did not show significant differences at 5% of significance level. In the spouted bed, drying curves were obtained with the material at 40% (wet base), fixing total air flow rate of 78,53 m3/h, which corresponds to an air velocity of 3,89m/s in spout region and 1,01m/s in downcomer, height of fixed bed of 15cm at 60, 75 and 90°C. The experimental data was fitted using diffusional model and the obtained effective diffusivities varied from 2,64 to 4,26.10-9m/s2 to spouted bed, showing a good fit to the exponential model, and drying constant varied in the range of 3,5 to 5,4.10-3 s-1
Mestrado
Engenharia de Alimentos
Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Bibliography: leaves 107-130. This study evaluates quality of fermentation of the silage and also its nutritive value to ruminants on the basis of "in vitro" and "in sacco" digestability. Animal response to the silage is also evaluated in an "in vivo" digestability and nitrogen balance trial with Australian Merino sheep. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the opportunities for utilising citrus pulp and poultry litter to improve the nutritive value of wheat straw.

Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: José Eduardo Crespe
Resumo: A citricultura brasileira destaca-se mundialmente, com ênfase para o Estado de São Paulo o maior produtor citrícola do país. A produção de mudas é o alicerce da citricultura atual e a adubação um dos principais entraves do processo. A deficiência de cobre em mudas cítricas tornou-se um sério problema para os viveiristas. A fim de se detectar a melhor forma de fornecimento de cobre às mudas cítricas aliado a diferentes substratos utilizados por viveiristas realizou-se um experimento em viveiro comercial na cidade de Botucatu, SP. Foram utilizados substratos comerciais à base de fibra de coco (Amafibra) e de casca de pinus (Lupa e Eucatex) e cinco tratamentos: testemunha; Recop (1,8g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Cobre Stoller (0,04 mL L-I) e Sulfato de Cobre (2,5 g L-I). O experimento foi instalado no mês de julho de 2006 onde as sementes de limoeiro 'Cravo' (Citrus limonia Osbeck)foram semeadas em canteiros. Após quatro meses, as plantas foram transplantadas para sacolas com capacidade de 4 L em bancadas e foram dispostas intercalando-se os substratos. Aproximadamente quatro meses depois do transplante as plantas receberam os enxertos de laranjeira 'Valência' (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). As avaliações eram mensais a partir de Fevereiro/2007 quando estavam com aproximadamente 90 dias após o transplante. Tomou-se medida dos parâmetros a altura média das plantas (em), o diâmetro médio do porta-enxerto (mm), número médio de folhas por planta, massa de matéria seca 2 da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, atividade da enzima peroxidase (H202 consumido g-l m.f.) e teor total de fenóis (mg de ácido gálico g-I amostra). O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela principal as formas de aplicação de cobre e as subparcelas os diferentes substratos, perfazendo um total de ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico baixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian citrus industry is worldwide known with emphasis on the State of Sao Paulo, the largest producer of citrus in Brazil. The production of seedlings is the foundation of the current citrus and fertilization one of the main barriers of the processo The deficiency of copper in citrus nurseries has become a serious problem for the nurserymen. In order to detect the best way of supply of copper to citrus nurseries allied to different substrates used by nurserymen we carried out experiments in commercial nursery in the city of Botucatu, Brazil. It was used commercial-based substrates fibers from coconut (Amafibra) and the bark of pine (Lupa and Eucatex) and five treatments: control; Recop (1.8 g L-I); Coptrac (3 mL L-I); Copper Stoller (0.04 mL L-I) and copper sulfate (2.5 g L-I). The experiment was installed in the month of July 2006 where the seeds of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were sown on benches. After four months the plants were transplanted into bags with a capacity of 4L on benches and were willing to intercalate the substrates. Approximately four months after the transplant the plants receivedthe grafts of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). The evaluations were monthly from February/2007 when they were approximately with 90 days after the transplant. It took measure of the parameters of the average plant height (cm), the average diameter of the root stock (mm), average number of leaves per plant, dry matter from leafs and roots, activity of the enzyme peroxidase (H202 consumed g-l ct) and total phenol content (mg acid gálico g-I sample). The statistical design applied was subdivided plots, and the main plot way of application of copper and sub-plots of the different substrates, giving a total of fifteen treatments with six repetitions. Each plot was composed of twenty plants. It was verified that the...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da polpa cítrica e do farelo de girassol em substituição ao feno de alfafa e farelo de soja, como fontes de fibra e proteína, respectivamente. O feno de alfafa foi substituído pela polpa cítrica em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. O farelo de soja foi substituído pelo farelo de girassol em 0, 16, 25,5, 32,3 e 40%. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 coelhos com 35 dias de idade submetidos a 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Nas análises de desempenho, parâmetros de carcaça e avaliação econômica foram utilizados 40 coelhos dos 35 aos 75 dias de idade. Para tratamentos que continham polpa cítrica foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta além de proporcionar melhor peso final e ganho de peso. Para tratamentos com o farelo de girassol não houve problemas com a digestibilidade dos ingredientes além de proporcionar resultados positivos de peso e características de carcaça
The objective was to evaluate the use of citrus pulp and sunflower meal in replacement of alfalfa hay and soybean meal as sources of fiber and protein, respectively. The alfalfa hay was replaced by citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The soybean meal was replaced by sunflower meal at 0, 16, 25.5, 32.3 and 40%. For the digestibility trials were used twenty with 35 days old rabbits subjected to five treatments and four replications. In the analysis of performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation were used 40 rabbits from 35 to 75 days old. For treatments containing citrus pulp differences were observed for the digestibility coefficients of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein as well as providing a better final weight and weight gain. For treatments with sunflower meal there were no problems with the digestibility of ingredients in addition to providing positive results in weight and carcass traits

The general objective of this study was to analyse freeze-drying (FD) and spray- drying (SD) and to select the best process to obtain a grapefruit powder of high nutritional, functional and sensorial quality. With this objective in mind, the optimization of each dehydration process was carried out using the response surface methodology. As variables of the processes, in both cases, the concentration of gum arabic (GA) and bamboo fibre (BF), added as carriers, were considered, as well as the feed inlet moisture (Xw) in the case of FD or air inlet temperature (T) in SD. The properties of the obtained products analyzed were the water content, hygroscopicity, porosity, color, bioactive compounds (vitamin C, total carotenoids, total phenols) and antioxidant activity (AOA). In addition, the drying yield and product yield of SD were considered. The obtained results, duly validated, allow to propose for FD, the addition of 4.2g GA and 0.58g BF per 100g of grapefruit pulp and bringing the sample to 90g water/100g feed mixture. In the case of SD, the best product is obtained with T in the equipment is of 120 °C and the addition of 4g AG and 2g BF/100g liquidized grapefruit. The comparison of both products allows us to propose FD as being a better technique than spray-drying. In addition, the powder yield of FD is much higher compared to SD and far fewer by-products are generated. A specific study was carried out to confirm the encapsulating power of the two solutes used. The results obtained confirm the benefit of the joint addition of GA and BF, especially against the spray-drying temperature, offering a greater protection against the degradation of bioactive compounds and AOA, than when solutes are added separately. The characterization of the different bioactive compounds and their correlation with the AOA carried showed that the phenolic compounds contribute significantly to the free radical scavenging activity and the inhibition of the discoloration of ß -carotene, while ascorbic acid and ¿- tocopherol contribute to an increase in reducing power. In addition, the stability of the optimized powders during storage at 4 and 20 °C and different surrounding relative humidities has been studied. The modeling of the water sorption data together with the variation in the glass transition temperature (Tg) that takes place in line with the water content of the samples permits the determination of the critical values of water content and water activity that ensure the glassy state of the powdered product. In this sense, what is recommended when storing the powders is to maintain the products under refrigeration and with a surrounding relative humidity in the order of 10%. As soon as the grapefruit powder begins the Tg, the degradation of the bioactive compounds begins, with carotenoids being the most sensitive. In less restrictive storage conditions than those mentioned above, in just one month of storage there are already significant losses in the studied compounds, fewer in the FD product than in the SD. In order to detect any problems of caking in the free-flowing powders or changes in color, a larger quantity of the product must have changed to the rubbery state. In this sense, for the purposes of relating the loss in bioactive compounds, the change in the mechanical properties and the color change with the glass transition, the onset temperature, the midpoint or the end point of the Tg, respectively, should be taken into consideration. Finally, a sensory evaluation of the rehydrated powdered products was carried out in order to evaluate consumer acceptance of the juices obtained and their probability of purchase. In general, grapefruit juice, even the natural or commercial ones, did not enjoy a good level of consumer acceptance due to its astringency and high acidity. The penalty analysis showed that if the sweetness of the samples is improved and their astringency is reduced, their level of consumer acceptance will rise.
El objetivo general de este estudio fue seleccionar el mejor proceso entre la liofilización y la atomización para la obtención de pomelo en polvo de alta calidad nutritiva, funcional y sensorial. Para ello se llevó a cabo la optimización de ambos procesos, usando la metodología de superficie de respuesta. Como variables independientes se consideraron, en ambos casos, la cantidad de goma arábiga (GA) y de fibra de bambú (FB) incorporadas, y la cantidad de agua de la muestra (Xw) en la liofilización o la temperatura de atomización (T). Las propiedades analizadas a los productos obtenidos fueron la humedad, higroscopicidad, porosidad, color, vitamina C, carotenoides totales, fenoles totales y la actividad antioxidante (AOA). Además se consideró el rendimiento en producto de la atomización. Los resultados obtenidos, debidamente validados, permiten proponer, para la liofilización, la adición de 4.2g de GA y 0.58g de FB por cada 100 g de pomelo triturado y una Xw de 90 gagua/100gmezcla. En el caso de la atomización, el mejor producto se obtiene cuando la T es de 120 °C y al pomelo licuado se añaden 4g GA y 2g de FB por cada 100g. Al comparar ambos productos se propone a la liofilización como una mejor tecnología de secado que la atomización. Además, se llevó a cabo un estudio para confirmar el poder encapsulante de los dos solutos utilizados. Los resultados confirmaron el beneficio de la adición conjunta de GA y FB especialmente frente a la temperatura de atomización, ofreciendo una mayor protección de la degradación de los compuestos bioactivos y de la AOA que cuando se añaden por separado. Por su parte, la caracterización de los diferentes compuestos bioactivos y su correlación con la AOA realizada en esta parte del estudio, mostró que los compuestos fenólicos contribuyen de manera significativa a la actividad captadora de radicales libres y a la inhibición de la decoloración de ß-caroteno, mientras que el ácido ascórbico y el ¿-tocoferol contribuyen a incrementan el poder reductor. Además se estudió la estabilidad de los polvos optimizados durante el almacenamiento, a 4 y a 20 °C y a diferentes humedades relativas (HR). La modelización conjunta de los datos de sorción de agua y de variación de la temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg) con la humedad de las muestras permite establecer los valores críticos de humedad y actividad del agua que aseguran el estado vítreo del producto en polvo. En este sentido, para su almacenamiento se recomienda la refrigeración y mantener la HR del entorno del orden del 10 %. En cuanto en el pomelo en polvo se inicia la Tg, comienza la degradación de los compuestos bioactivos, siendo los carotenoides los más sensibles. En condiciones de almacenamiento menos restrictivas a las comentadas, en tan sólo un mes de almacenamiento ya se observan pérdidas importantes de los compuestos estudiados, que son menores en el producto liofilizado que en el atomizado. Por otra parte, para que en el almacenamiento empiecen a detectarse problemas de apelmazamiento del polvo suelto o cambios de color, es necesario que una mayor cantidad de producto haya pasado a estado gomoso. En este sentido, para el estudio de la pérdida de compuestos bioactivos, del cambio en las propiedades mecánicas y del cambio de color se recomienda considerar la temperatura inicial, la del punto medio o la del punto final de la Tg, respectivamente. Finalmente se realizó un análisis sensorial de los productos en polvo rehidratados para evaluar el grado de aceptación de los zumos así obtenidos y su probabilidad de compra. En general el zumo de pomelo, no mostró una buena aceptación por parte del consumidor debido a su astringencia y elevada acidez. El análisis de penalización mostró que si se mejora el dulzor de las muestras y se disminuye su astringencia podrían mejorar los productos y cambiar su grado de aceptación.
L'objectiu general d'este estudi va ser seleccionar el millor procés entre la liofilització (LIO) i l'atomització (ATO) per a l'obtenció de pomelo en pols d'alta qualitat nutritiva, funcional i sensorial. Amb este objectiu es va dur a terme l'optimització de cada procés de deshidratació usant la metodologia de superfície de resposta. Com a variables dels processos es van considerar, en ambdós casos, la quantitat de goma aràbiga (GA) i de fibra de bambú (FB) incorporades com coadjuvants dels processos, així com la quantitat d'aigua de la mostra en el cas de la LIO o la temperatura d'ATO. Les propietats analitzades als productes obtinguts van ser la humitat, higroscopicidad, porositat, color, compostos bioactivos (vitamina C, carotenoides totals, fenols totals) i l'AOA. A més es va considerar el rendiment en producte de l'atomització. Els resultats obtinguts, degudament validats, permeten proposar, per a la LIO, la incorporació de 4.2g de GA i 0.58g de FB per cada 100g de pomelo triturat i portar a la mostra abans del seu processat fins una humitat de 90g agua/100g mezcla. En el cas de l'ATO, el millor producte s'obté quan la T en l'equip és de 120 °C i al liquat de pomelo s'afigen 4g de GA i 2g de FB per cada 100g. La comparació d'ambdós productes permet proposar a la LIO com una millor tecnologia d'assecat que l'ATO. A més el rendiment en producte de la LIO és molt major que el de l'ATO i els subproductes generats molt menors. D'altra banda, es va dur a terme un estudi específic per a confirmar el poder encapsulant dels dos soluts utilitzats. Els resultats permeten confirmar el benefici de l'addició conjunta de GA i FB especialment enfront de la temperatura d'ATO, que oferixen una major protecció de la degradació de compostos bioactivos i AOA que quan s'afigen per separat. La caracterització dels diferents compostos bioactivos i la seua correlació amb l'AOA realitzada en esta part de l'estudi, va mostrar que els compostos fenòlics contribuïxen de manera significativa a l'activitat captadora de radicals lliures i a la inhibició de la decoloració del ¿-caroteno, mentres que l'àcid ascòrbic i el ¿-tocoferol contribuïxen a incrementen el poder reductor. A més s'ha estudiat l'estabilitat de les pols optimitzats durant l'emmagatzemament, a 4 i 20 °C i a diferents humitats relatives (HR) de l'entorn. La modelització de les dades de sorción d'aigua i de variació de la temperatura de transició vítria (Tg) amb la humitat de les mostres permet establir els valors crítics d'humitat i activitat de l'aigua que asseguren l'estat vitri del producte en pols. En este sentit, per al seu emmagatzemament es recomana la refrigeració i mantindre la HR de l'entorn de l'orde del 10 %. En quant en el pomelo en pols s'inicia la Tg, comença la degradació dels compostos bioactivos. En condicions menys restrictives a les comentades, en tan sols un mes d'emmagatzemament ja s'observen pèrdues importants dels compostos estudiats, que són menors en el producte LIO que en l'ATO. D'altra banda, perquè en l'emmagatzemament comencen a detectar-se problemes d'atapeïment de la pols solta o canvis de color, és necessari que una major quantitat de producte haja passat a estat gomós. En este sentit, per a l'estudi de la pèrdua de compostos bioactivos, del canvi en les propietats mecàniques i del canvi de color es recomana considerar la temperatura inicial, la del punt mitjà o la del punt final de la Tg, respectivament. Finalment es va realitzar una anàlisi sensorial dels productes en pols rehidratats per a avaluar el grau d'acceptació dels sucs així obtinguts i la seua probabilitat de compra. En general el suc de pomelo, inclús el natural o el comercial, no va mostrar una bona acceptació per part del consumidor a causa de la seua astringència i elevada acidesa. L'anàlisi de penalització va mostrar que si es millora la dolçor de les mostres i es disminuïx la seua astringència podrien millorar els produc
Agudelo Sterling, CM. (2017). SELECCIÓN DEL MEJOR PROCESO PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE POMELO EN POLVO (Citrus Paradisi) DE ALTA CALIDAD NUTRITIVA, FUNCIONAL Y SENSORIAL [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/80695
TESIS

As fibras de coprodutos da produção de sucos, néctar e refrescos possuem propriedade funcional, envolvidas no metabolismo fermentativo da microbiota intestinal, com benefícios potenciais á saúde dos cães. O emprego de coprodutos alimentícios humano no desenvolvimento de petfood apresentam vantagens de sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica. O estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de dietas extrusadas com inclusão fixa de 3,5% de celulose (CEL), farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAR), polpa cítrica (PCT) e polpa de maçã (PMA) como fontes de fibras dietéticas solúveis e insolúveis nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes (CDA), respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais e produtos de fermentação nas fezes. O experimento foi realizado com oito cães adultos hígidos, peso médio de 15,0±5,0kg e idade média de 5,0±2,0 anos, distribuídos em delineamento em dois quadrados latino 4x4. Após 7 dias de adaptação dos animais, realizou-se coleta de fezes nos dias 5º-10º para determinar CDA das dietas, entre 12º ao 15º dia mensurados pH, produção de ácido lático, AGCC, AGCR e aminas biogênicas (AB) das fezes, seguidos pelas coletas de sangue para determinação das respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós-prandiais nos 16º e 17º dias. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) no CDA da matéria orgânica (MO) e matéria mineral (MM), entretanto, houve efeito (p<0,05) nos CDAs da proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida (EEHA), fibra bruta (FB) e extrativos não nitrogenados (ENN). O tratamento CEL apresentou maior CDA da PB e menor CDA da FB. O CDA dos ENN não apresentou diferença entre PMA e CEL. Em relação às características fecais, observou-se maior MS no tratamento CEL. Os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em pH das fezes inferior aos tratamentos CEL e FAR e sem diferenças entre si. O tratamento PMA resultou em maior escore fecal e menor produção de fezes por cão/dia na MS, contrário ao tratamento PCT, que resultou em maior produção de fezes cão/dia, na MO e MS. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos (p>0,05) nas concentrações fecais de lactato e AB. O tratamento PCT resultou em maior produção de acetato, propionato e butirato que o tratamento CEL (p<0,05), enquanto que os tratamentos PCT e PMA resultaram em produção de AGCR mais elevados que FAR (p<0,05). Não houve efeito das fontes de fibras estudadas nas respostas glicêmicas e insulinêmicas pós- prandiais (p<0,05).
The coproducts of fiber production of juice, nectar and soft drinks have functional property, involved in fermentative metabolism of intestinal microbiota, with potential benefits to health of dogs. The use of co-products of human food industry in the development of petfood has advantages of environmental and economic sustainability. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded diets with fixed inclusion of 3.5% cellulose (CEL), defatted rice bran (FAR), citrus pulp (PCT) and apple pulp (PMA) as sources of soluble and insoluble dietary fibers on dog total tract apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients (ADC), glycemic and insulin postprandial responses, and fermentation products in the stool. The experiment was carried out on eight healthy adult dogs of mean weight of 15.0 ± 5,0kg and a mean age of 5,0 ± 2,0 years allotted to a 4 x 4 Latin square two. After 7 days of adjustment of the animals to the diets, there was feces collection in the days 5th-10th to determine CDA diets, between 12th to 15th measured pH, lactic acid production, AGCC, AGCR and biogenic amines (BA) of the stool, followed by blood samples for determination of glucose and insulin responses postprandial in 16 and 17 days. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in the ADC of organic matter (OM) and mineral matter (MM), however, was no effect (p <0.05) in CDAs of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract acid hydrolysis (EEHA), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE). The CEL treatment obtained higher ADC of CP and lower ADC of FB. The ACD of NFE no difference between PMA and CEL. For fecal characteristics, there was a higher DM in CEL treatment. PCT treatments and PMA resulted in fecal pH lower than the CEL and FAR treatments and without differences. The PMA treatment resulted in greater fecal score and lower production of faeces per dog / day in DM, contrary to the PCT treatment, which resulted in increased production of dog feces / day in MO and DM. There was no effect of the treatments (p> 0.05) in fecal concentrations of lactate and AB. The PCT treatment resulted in increased production of acetate, propionate and butyrate that CEL treatment (p <0.05), while the PCT and PMA treatments resulted in higher production AGCR that FAR (p <0.05). There was no effect (p <0.05) of sources of fiber studied for glycemic and insulin curves, area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin, increasing blood glucose and insulin.

Orientador: Jeffrey Frederico Lui
Banca: Atushi Sugohara
Banca: Renato Gonçalves Ferreira
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da polpa cítrica e do farelo de girassol em substituição ao feno de alfafa e farelo de soja, como fontes de fibra e proteína, respectivamente. O feno de alfafa foi substituído pela polpa cítrica em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. O farelo de soja foi substituído pelo farelo de girassol em 0, 16, 25,5, 32,3 e 40%. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 coelhos com 35 dias de idade submetidos a 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Nas análises de desempenho, parâmetros de carcaça e avaliação econômica foram utilizados 40 coelhos dos 35 aos 75 dias de idade. Para tratamentos que continham polpa cítrica foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta além de proporcionar melhor peso final e ganho de peso. Para tratamentos com o farelo de girassol não houve problemas com a digestibilidade dos ingredientes além de proporcionar resultados positivos de peso e características de carcaça
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the use of citrus pulp and sunflower meal in replacement of alfalfa hay and soybean meal as sources of fiber and protein, respectively. The alfalfa hay was replaced by citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The soybean meal was replaced by sunflower meal at 0, 16, 25.5, 32.3 and 40%. For the digestibility trials were used twenty with 35 days old rabbits subjected to five treatments and four replications. In the analysis of performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation were used 40 rabbits from 35 to 75 days old. For treatments containing citrus pulp differences were observed for the digestibility coefficients of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein as well as providing a better final weight and weight gain. For treatments with sunflower meal there were no problems with the digestibility of ingredients in addition to providing positive results in weight and carcass traits
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AbstractWind energy is one of the most widely distributed renewable energy sources. Generally, wind turbines have an expected lifetime of 20–25 years after which decommissioning is expected. Life cycle assessments show that optimal recycling at the end of life is of economic and environmental interest and is in line with the principles of a circular economy. Despite these benefits, current recycling processes cannot guarantee high-end material quality, but the reuse of parts of wind turbines as construction elements in buildings and infrastructures has been demonstrated to be a suitable option. This study presents an overview of wind power installations in Europe, emphasizing the typology of farms, onshore and offshore, and trends of the wind industry that promote an increase in the size and power of wind turbines. The study aims to make it clear how the different types of materials used in wind turbines, such as steel, iron, aluminium, copper, polymers, glass and carbon fibres, change according to the development of the technology. Moreover, examples of reusing wind turbine components in cities and buildings are collected and illustrated to provide a panorama of the potential for the reuse of these components in the concept of a circular economy in the construction sector.

AbstractAs it is known, the global phenomenon of rising temperatures causes uncomfortable and often harmful conditions for human beings living in moderate-climate zones, such as the Mediterranean area, especially in the hottest periods. Examinations of metropolitan cities can witness that high temperatures generate Urban Heat Island (UHI), due to population, buildings, vehicles and human activities in general. With the increase of rising temperatures in the latest decades, people living in big cities have gotten used to tackling heat discomfort with electricity charged cooling systems. As a result, the energy consumption for air-conditioning causes UHIs’ effects to further grow. It is scientifically confirmed that the behavioral habit of relying on artificially generated cold whenever temperatures rise will eventually make the climate crisis more problematic in the near future. Energy communities are used to producing, storing and consuming energy on site; therefore, power sources must be in close proximity to users. Albeit neglected in the Modern Era, the most proximate and sustainable energy supply is directly available to us: sunlight. The origin of hot temperatures, discomfort and energy waste is, indeed, the most exploitable power generator men can access to. In Southern Europe or Middle East cities, the use of veils as urban-scale shading devices is part of the consolidated tradition; a well-known example can be found in the Spanish city of Sevilla, where textile curtains named “Sevillans” are stretched between buildings. At the present time, we’re witnessing that the climate mitigation action of shading systems can be pursued in combination with energy production, with the development of membrane integrated flexible photovoltaic cells (PV). Masdar City in the United Arab Emirates, designed by the Foster Studio, or the Solar trees of the German pavilion at EXPO 2015 in Milan and the Promenade of the EXPO 2021 in Dubai are some innovative yet relevant cases. The use of PV cells for sun-shielding purposes is optimal to respond to a double-sided problem with a single object. Manufacturing an adaptive velario using composite fibers (i-Mesh), could both allow us to design the shape and modulate the density of integrated PV cells as needed. Method: To identify the best position for the adaptive tensile canopies, it is necessary to superimpose different site-specific data: temperatures in the urban area, in particular close to buildings; surfaces that receive most of the daytime radiation; sunlight and ventilation. To develop the most suitable solutions to many environmental scenarios, three-dimensional simulations performed with virtual models must be used both at urban (Envimet) and at building scale (in-Sight). Expected results: An algorithm capable of determining the “Velari” best position and the proper shading/density factor. A model, applied to a case study in Rome, to serve an evaluation of the benefits of this technology in terms of decreasing surface temperatures of external horizontal and vertical surfaces of buildings and streets.

Food packaging based on plastic films made from nonrenewable resources often causes environmental problems after disposal. Recently, researchers are increasingly focusing on alternative materials to reduce the use of nonbiodegradable and nonrenewable films. Generally, biomaterials are nontoxic, biocompatible, and renewable always presents reasonable film-forming ability. Thus, they are important for food safety, where undesired chemical compounds might migrate from chemicals migrate from the plastic packaging materials into foods. Pectin (PEC), as a natural carbohydrate polymer, belongs to the anionic heteropolysaccharide family and is often extracted from various residues from plant food processing, such as apple and citrus pomaces. The pectin molecules are highly branched with a backbone α-(1–4) linked D galacturonic acid. Among the naturally derived carbohydrate-based biopolymers, pectin was considered a promising substrate in fabricating edible films due to its diverse advantages, such as perfect film-forming ability, evidenced bioactivity, easy availability, and excellent quality biodegradability and biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and low cost. Pectin-based films have excellent oxygen barrier capacity and extend the shelf life for different fruits. The properties of pure pectin films can enhance through combination with other polymers or nanoparticles/fibers.

Abstract The main application of optical fibres (now) is in optical communication. Telephone traffic between exchanges is almost all carried by optical fibre, and in many towns and cities a fibre passes every house entrance.When a signal is to be conveyed, it must be encoded in some way (modulated) onto light or some other wave. There is a range of frequencies, the bandwidth Δν, that is required for transmission of the signal; and that bandwidth is proportional to the rate at which information is to be transmitted. Conversely, the rate at which information may be carried along an optical fibre is determined by the range of frequencies that it is practical to transmit along the fibre, given the properties of the fibre and of the associated light sources and detectors.

The problem of electrical workers being injured or killed by electrical arcs and blasts is one of the most significant safety issues in the industry today. Accident data reveals that over 2,000 people are severely burned annually by electrical arc blasts on the job (1) and many others receive less severe burns that still result in significant pain and suffering to the victim. The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of the arc-flash hazard analysis (AFHA) process and general guidance for those organizations wishing to integrate AFHA into their overall electrical safety program. The electric utility industry was the first non-academic group to study arc-flash hazards (AFH) when they noted that electrical workers often received the most severe burns from their clothing igniting and continuing to burn long after the initiating arc had extinguished. In particular, man-made fibers such as polyester, nylon, and rayon were known to melt and stick to the worker’s skin following an AF, and this resulted in burns many times worse than had the injured worker been wearing no clothing at all (2). Subsequent studies were performed by private organizations and they impacted both the engineering and safe work practices associated with industrial plant operations. The primary standards or studies included: • IEEE 1584 Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations • NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace • OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269: Electrical Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Standard Of these documents, the IEEE 1584 Guide was most influential to engineers because it provided formulas for calculating incident energy levels, arc-flash protection boundaries, and a host of other important variables necessary to evaluate AFH in the work place. The term ‘incident energy’ refers to the amount of heat concentrated per unit-area of the skin. Incident energy is measured in calories per square centimeter (cal/cm2) of skin surface area. For reference, a value of 1.2 cal/cm2 will result in a second-degree burn of human skin (3). The principal reason why AFHA is necessary is that studies revealed that electrical arcs are somewhat unpredictable events (4), and there were many cases where seemingly innocuous energy sources (small transformers) produced incident energy levels that far exceeded the limitations of flame resistant (FR) clothing or other forms of personal protective equipment. It became obvious that the best method for protecting employees from AFH would be to evaluate the hazard level and then mitigate it through the use of engineering controls. Paper published with permission.

Crossflow filtration is becoming a cost-effective and preferred method of separation in the food and beverage industry. This paper introduces the concept of crossflow filtration and describes the different membrane technologies and materials. Additionally, advances in ceramic tubular and polymeric hollow fiber membrane technology are presented. New membrane configurations and their practical impact in the industry are discussed. Typical filtration applications in the citrus industry such as fruit juice clarification, clean-in-place (CIP) solutions recovery, and water recovery applications are highlighted. Paper published with permission.

There are two questions that practically every engineer or designer asks of insulation manufacturers serving the commercial/industrial markets: 1. What insulation material can be used for this application? 2. How thick should the insulation be? The first question is beyond the scope of this presentation. The answer depends on many factors. Suffice it to say that no insulation material commercially available is ideally suited for every kind of application or service. For our purposes today, we have assumed that fiber glass has been selected as the insulation type of choice, and we now concentrate on the second question, “How thick should the insulation be?” Paper published with permission.

Usually a Citrus Engineering Conference presentation before this group is done to report some advance in citrus related technology. This paper, however, is limited to suggesting an area where significant benefits might result from further study and testing. This paper has to do with improving the thermal efficiency of citrus feedmills. The idea presented can also help reduce cleaning expenses. The concept has to do with filtering press liquor ahead of a Waste Heat Evaporator (WHE). Work done so far is not definitive, and it is clear that further testing is required. The paper is focused on a machine known variously as the Turbo Filter or Fiber Filter. This is unfortunate because other filtration equipment may be even more effective or commercially justifiable. The basic premise of this paper, which needs to be demonstrated, is that improved filtration of press liquor results in lower viscosity fluid in the WHE. In turn this allows the WHE to produce higher Brix molasses. The result of this are improved thermal efficiency of the citrus feedmill. Paper published with permission.

Currently, the food industry accounts for the largest amount of waste, a third of which is waste from the processing of fruits into natural fruit juices, the consumption of which has recently increased significantly due to health problems among the population. The transition to a healthier and more natural lifestyle involves reducing the consumption of soft drinks, which can contain high concentrations of sugars, artificial colors, preservatives, and increasing the production of natural juices. Studies were carried out on citrus fruits: mandarin, lemon, orange and pomelo. The possibility of valorization of citrus fruit juice production waste: peel and juice bags to obtain high-quality dietary fiber-pectin was studied. The process of pectin hydrodistillation has been studied: the influence of the collection time and fruit morphology on the pectin yield, the time of pectin extraction and the type of extractant have been determined, the kinetics of the extraction process and its dependence on the temperature and concentration of the extractant have been studied, for a more complete isolation of the pectin sol, the need for preliminary concentration of its extracts by membrane methods has been shown. Based on the study of pectin quality parameters, such as the content of galacturonic acid and the degree of esterification, the optimal parameters of the pectin extraction process were formulated.

This paper gives an update on technologies discussed during three OFC events, called ’The Connected OFCity Challenge’, from 2016 to 2018. It focuses on research development and field deployment of Passive Optical Networks and Cloud-Based technologies.

Derivation of environmental temperature from FTTH networks is investigated. Ranging grants in G.984 allows estimation of average temperatures without additional hardware. This information can be valuable in smart cities and early fire warning systems.

This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. Namyangju, a city of 650,000 populations in Korea has been promoting smart city project since 2008 as a response to recent growth of population, increased share of transport and crime rate. Namyangju offers various civic services especially via smartphone such as customized real-time road CCTV images, traffic flow and incident information, as well as application for senior resident protection. Namyangju is also equipped with security system at bus stops and multifunctional "smart pole", which combines street light, CCTV, and traffic signal controller to promote efficient use of roadside facility. The city promotes local economy through online market system making use of its local organic farms and actively utilizes bus stops and roadside VMS in attracting advertisement to raise regular profit. Namyangju is in the process of installing 101km fiber-optic network and plans to complete the construction of Integrated Operation and Control Center (IOCC) by 2016. The city's current focus is on citizen interaction and further business model development.

This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. Pangyo is a new city built from 2003 onwards near Seoul with a vision to become the Silicon Valley of Korea. Approximately 75 million USD of the development gain was allocated to smart city implementation, which took place in one shot within 3-4 years along with the city construction. Pangyo classifies its services into smart portal, facility management, security, disaster, and environment. Interesting aspects of Pangyo are the use of smart kiosk media boards for information provision and real-time management of street lights and waterworks. Key advantage of Pangyo is the low concern for investment overlap from simultaneous development of new city and smart city system, which also enabled high degree of integration of various functions in a spacious smart city operation center as well as utilization of fiber-optic network. Pangyo is currently making various attempts to generate revenue to cover maintenance cost through attracting advertisement on media boards and kiosks, and providing education contents to citizens at low charge.

This case study is one of ten international studies developed by the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS), in association with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), for the cities of Anyang, Medellin, Namyangju, Orlando, Pangyo, Rio de Janeiro, Santander, Singapore, Songdo, and Tel Aviv. At the IDB, the Competitiveness and Innovation Division (CTI), the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division (FMM), and the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) coordinated the study. This project was part of technical cooperation ME-T1254, financed by the Knowledge Partnership Korean Fund for Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Korea. At KRIHS, the National Infrastructure Research Division coordinated the project and the Global Development Partnership Center provided the funding. As an international destination for theme parks, sporting events and conventions, Orlando approaches the smart city operation through Orlando Operations Center (OOC), an integrated facility established in 2001 by the Mayor after the 1997 hurricane. The major features of the integrated operation include the sharing of fiber optic networks and CCTV cameras, and close cooperation between transport, police and fire departments for road, criminal and disaster incident, and the emergency operation center within the OOC taking the lead in case of special event management and large-scale natural disasters. Along with the OOC, the city hall also utilizes smart city functions such as red light violation enforcement through detectors, bus management through AVL technology, GPS garbage truck tracking, and GIS water management. Orlando has experienced significant benefits in terms of shortened decision-making and response time, reduced operation cost, and improved environmental impacts, as well as enhanced service quality and communication with citizen.