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Huang, Hao, Xiaochi Jin und Yukun Shi. „Permian Fusulinid Rugososchwagerina (Xiaoxinzhaiella) from the Shan Plateau, Myanmar: Systematics and Paleogeography“. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 50, Nr. 1 (01.01.2020): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.50.1.11.
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Abstract Eastern Myanmar is an indispensable part of the Cimmerian Continent with Gondwana provenance. Fusulinids from Eastern Myanmar remain poorly known despite their biochronological and paleogeographical significance. This paper describes Rugososchwagerina (Xiaoxinzhaiella) subrotunda sp. nov. and Chusenella quasidouvillei of Murgabian age (Middle Permian) from the Thitsipin Formation at the Pindaya in the Shan Plateau, Eastern Myanmar. Taxonomic analysis of this new collection and of Rugososchwagerina (s.l.) in the literature leads us to suppress Xiaoxinzhaiella Shi, Yang & Jin, 2005 as a subgenus of RugososchwagerinaMiklukho-Maklay, 1959. This subgenus is diagnosed with much tighter coiling and reduced septal folding in juvenarium as well as relatively smaller test diameter throughout the ontogeny, compared with Rugososchwagerina (s.s.) which is typified by R. yabeiSkinner & Wilde, 1966. Furthermore, our comprehensive review reveals that the known occurrences of R. (Xiaoxinzhaiella) are strictly confined within blocks that previously constituted the Cimmerian Continent during the Permian period, and they were even more widespread than Rugososchwagerina (s.s.) among these blocks. Therefore, the previous understanding that Rugososchwagerina (s.l.) is characteristic for the Middle Permian Cimmerian region can be refined. We propose that R. (Xiaoxinzhaiella) is more appropriate as the truly endemic foraminiferal index signifying Cimmerian affinity.
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Larvet, Tiphaine, Laetitia Le Pourhiet und Philippe Agard. „Cimmerian block detachment from Gondwana: A slab pull origin?“ Earth and Planetary Science Letters 596 (Oktober 2022): 117790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117790.
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Motuza, Gediminas, und Saulius Šliaupa. „Palaeogene plutonic magmatism in Central Afghanistan, and its relation to the India-Eurasia collision“. Baltica 33, Nr. 2 (28.12.2020): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2020.2.2.
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Numerous granitic intrusions occur along the southern margin of the Tajik Block and the Band-e-Bayan Zone in the Ghor Province of Central Afghanistan. Previously, they used to be linked to the Cimmerian igneous episodes of Triassic and Cretaceous ages. However, the new U-Pb dating has revealed that these granite intrusions occurred during the Eocene within a narrow time span of 41–36 Ma. They are related to the number of local depressions filled with the volcanic-sedimentary sequence of the same age. These data indicate an intense short-termed magmatic event that affected the region in the Palaeogene. The magmatism might be related to the India-Eurasia collision, which started approximately at the same time. It is likely to have induced the horizontal displacement of crustal blocks westwards along the Hari Rod fault.
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Wilmsen, Markus, Franz Theodor Fürsich, Kazem Seyed-Emami und Mahmoud Reza Majidifard. „The Upper Jurassic Garedu Red Bed Formation of the northern Tabas Block: elucidating Late Cimmerian tectonics in east-Central Iran“. International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, Nr. 3 (17.02.2021): 767–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-01988-z.
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AbstractThe Garedu Red Bed Formation (GRBF) of the northern Tabas Block (Central-East Iranian Microcontinent, CEIM) is a lithologically variable, up to 500-m-thick, predominantly continental unit. It rests gradually or unconformably on marine limestones of the Esfandiar Subgroup (Callovian–Oxfordian) and is assigned to the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian. In the lower part, it consists of pebble- to boulder-sized conglomerates/breccias composed of limestone clasts intercalated with calcareous sandstones, litho-/bioclastic rudstones and lacustrine carbonates. Up-section, sharp-based pebbly sandstones and red silt-/fine-grained sandstones of braided river origin predominate. Palaeocurrent data suggest a principal sediment transport from west to east and a lateral interfingering of the GRBF with marine greenish marls of the Korond Formation at the eastern margin of the Tabas Block. Westwards, the GRBF grades into the playa deposits of the Magu Gypsum Formation. Red colours and common calcretes suggest arid to semi-arid climatic conditions. The onset of Garedu Red Bed deposition indicates a major geodynamic change with the onset of compressive tectonics of the Late Cimmerian Tectonic Event (LCTE), being strongest at the eastern margin of the northern Tabas Block. When traced southwards, the same tectonic event is expressed by extension, indicating a shift in tectonic style along the boundary fault between the Tabas and Lut blocks. The complex Upper Jurassic facies distribution as well as the spatio-temporal changes in tectonic regime along the block-bounding faults are explained by the onset of counterclockwise vertical-axis rotation of the CEIM in the Kimmeridgian. The block boundaries accommodated the rotation by right-lateral strike slip, transpressional in today’s northern and transtensional in today’s southern segments of the block-bounding faults. Rotation occurred within bracketing transcurrent faults and continued into the Early Cretaceous, finally resulting in the opening of narrow oceanic basins encircling the CEIM. Palaeogeographically, the GRBF is part of a suite of red bed formations not only present on the CEIM, but also along the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (NW Iran), in northeastern Iran and beyond, indicating inter-regional tectonic instability, uplift and erosion under (semi-)arid climatic conditions across the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. Thus, even if our geodynamic model successfully explains Late Jurassic tectonic rotations, fault motions and facies distribution for the CEIM, the basic cause of the LCTE still remains enigmatic.
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KOZLENKO, M., und Yu KOZLENKO. „The structure of the lithosphere, tectonics and evolution of the Scythian Plate and adjacent structures in the section of the Bs05-22 profile (according to 2-d density modeling)“. Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 16, Nr. 3 (2020): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2020.03.013.
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A density model was built along the Bs05-22 profile, which made it possible to identify individual blocks with different crustal parameters. The consolidated crust of the East European Platform (EEP) has a “key” structure. The southern boundary of the EEP is clearly fractured and falls to the south at an angle of about 83° The South Ukrainian monocline (SUM) covers not only the basement of the EEP but also the northern part of the Scythian Plate (SP). The central part of SP block overlapped by the SUM is characterized by the maximum capacity of the folded-metamorphic base. The axial part of the Karkinit Trough (KT) has a structure typical for riftogens. The rift is practically one-sided with a width of 6.5 km. The southern slope of the KT developed as a result of the falling of the surface by the mechanism of the planj-principle. The border between the Karkinit Trough and the Kalamitsky rise (KR) is clearly defined by the Sulinsko-Tarkhankutsk fault. The core of the KR is a sufficiently massive body of lenticular shape with a density corresponding to the Taurian series of the Mountainous Crimea. There is a narrow transition zone between KT and Edge step (ES). The southern edge of the Scythian plate is a 25,0 km wide transition zone to West-Black Sea depression (WBSD). Modeling established the extension of the “granodiorite” layer into the WBSD for 100 km. The crust thickness within the EEP is 44,0 km, on the Scythian plate under SUM is average 43.5 km, 37,0 km within KT and 33,0 km under ES, in the West Black Sea basin 28,7 km under the foot of the Upper Cretaceous continental slope and 21,5 km at the southern edge of the profile. In the model chosen, the density of tectonic faults in the EEP is 0,06 and in the SP — 0,14 per 1,0 km. Vertical shifts of crystalline crust blocks at SP reach 5,5 km, which is almost three times higher than at the southern flank of the EEP. The most of disjunctions are vertical and have transcrust stretch. The structure of the Earth’s crust obtained as a result of modeling allowed us to draw some conclusions about the Meso-Cenozoic evolution of the studied region in the profile section. At the southern edge of the EEP in the Late Cimmerian tectogenesis epoch there has been a revitalization, in the Alpine phase this structure was generally passive. Activity of the Cimmerian epoch was observed throughout the Scythian plate: within the Kalmitsky rise from the early phase, and in the Karkinit Trough and on the Edge step from the late Cimmerian phase. The periods of activation on the KT and KR are traced up to the Sawa phase, and on the ES — to the Walach phase of the Alpine tectogenesis inclusive.
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SPAHIĆ, Darko, und Tivadar GAUDENYI. „The role of the pre-Alpine polycrystalline basement in the paleogeographic configuration of multiple Neotethyan oceanic basins“. Geologija 64, Nr. 2 (28.12.2021): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2021.008.
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The study provides a deeper understanding of the early Mesozoic paleogeogeographic spatial-temporal relationship by studying the two Adria-Europe intervening basement blocks. The Drina-Ivanjica and Pelagonian crustal fragments play important role in the internal early Alpine oceanic constitution further controlling the late Jurassic emplacement of Tethyan Dinaric-Hellenic ophiolites. The proposed paleogeographic reassessment is driven by the new paleocontinental inheritance data associated with the Variscan – pre-Variscan basement terranes. The recently published data suggest an Avalonian-type inheritance of the Pelagonian basement block which indicates a different pre-Variscan plate-tectonic journey, including separate spatial arrangement during Variscan amalgamation. In turn, Cadomian-type basement inheritance has been documented within the sliced Adria microplate. Thus, the Avalonian inheritance place the Pelagonian block away from the Apulia/Adria (Dinarides). In the investigated context of Paleozoic-Mesozoic paleogeographic transition, the Pelagonian block may represent a segment of the Cimmerian ribbon continent or southernmost segment of the Variscan Europe. With regards the nearby Adria microplate, a Triassic-Jurassic oceanic opening led to the decoupling (spreading away from the main Adria microplate) of the Drina-Ivanjica block. The rifting is in line with the simultaneous yet opposite or westward-directed drift of the Pelagonides. The breakup of south European Variscan configuration eventually result in the spatial alignment of the two basement fragments referred to as the “Drina–Pelagonide continental splinter”. By linking the paleogeographic pre-Jurassic–Jurassic relationship between these continental units, the two landlocked Neotethyan Vardar s.l. basins are extrapolated, “Dinaric Tethys” / Inner Dinaric-(Mirdita-Pindos) and the main Vardar Ocean (Western Vardar Zone).
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Yichun, Zhang, Wang Yue und Shen Shuzhong. „Middle Permian (Guadalupian) Fusulines from the Xilanta Formation in the Gyanyima area of Burang County, southwestern Tibet, China“. Micropaleontology 55, Nr. 5 (2009): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47894/mpal.55.5.02.
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This paper reports a diversified fusuline fauna from the Middle Permian (Guadalupian) Xilanta Formation in the Gyanyima area, Burang County, southwestern Tibet, China. Nine genera, Lantschichites, Kahlerina, Nankinella, Yangchienia, Chusenella, Verbeekina, Armenina, Paraverbeekina and Neoschwagerina are recognized.Anew species Yangchienia gyanyimaensis n. sp. is established. This fauna indicates a Midian age in terms of the coexistence of Kahlerina, Lantschichites and Neoschwagerina. Paleobiogeographically, the fauna closely resembles that from the Lasaila exotic limestone block of Tibet, both resemble the fusuline assemblages known from the western Cimmerian continents in the Western Tethys Province. However, the absence of Afghanella and Sumatrina in the fauna suggests that the Gyanyima limestone block as well as the Lasaila exotic limestone block, the Batain plain of Oman and the Salt Range of Pakistan, were affected by relatively cool water during the Middle Permian.
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Montenat, Christian. „The Mesozoic of Afghanistan“. GeoArabia 14, Nr. 1 (01.01.2009): 147–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia1401147.
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ABSTRACT This paper is a review of the geology of the widely distributed Mesozoic rocks of Afghanistan. The country is a mosaic of structural blocks in a variety of geodynamic settings that were juxtaposed during the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean; the Mesozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and plutonic rocks therefore differ greatly from one block to another. Because of the adverse security situation, fieldwork has not been possible since the late 1970s and the data used in this review are therefore relatively old but are the best available. Interest in the geology of Afghanistan remains strong due to its position between the mountain chains of the Middle East and the collisional ranges of the Pamirs and Himalayas. A special feature of Tethyan geodynamics is the presence of Cimmerian (latest Triassic to earliest Cretaceous) continental blocks, microcontinents, or terranes located between the Eurasian and Indian landmasses. They are fragments of Gondwana inserted between the Paleo- and Neo-Tethys during the Mesozoic. This complex part of the Tethyan realm is well exposed in Afghanistan where the effects of the Indo-Eurasian collision were less intense than in regions of frontal collision, such as the Pamir and Himalayan ranges. It is for this reason that Afghanistan is of particular geodynamic interest and a key region in the understanding of the genesis and evolution of the Tethyan system during the Mesozoic.
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Wang, Xiangdong, Mohammad N. Gorgij und Le Yao. „A Cathaysian rugose coral fauna from the upper Carboniferous of central Iran“. Journal of Paleontology 93, Nr. 3 (26.12.2018): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.89.
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AbstractTwelve rugose coral species belonging to seven genera are described and discussed based on 70 thin sections of 32 specimens collected from the Anarak section, northeast of Nain, Esfahan Province, Yazd Block, central Iran. These species include two new colonial rugose coral species,Antheria fedorowskiiandAntheria robusta, and five previously named species of colonial rugose corals,Antheria lanceolataandStreptophyllidium scitulum, and solitary rugose corals,Arctophyllum jiangsiense,Caninophyllumcf.somtaiense, andPseudotimania delicata. Five species are left in open nomenclature:Antheriasp.,Arctophyllumsp.,Caninophyllumsp.,Nephelophyllumsp., andYakovleviellasp. These Iranian corals are associated with the fusulinidsRauserites(several species) andUltradaixina bosbytauensis, indicating a latest Carboniferous age (Gzhelian age). All the described genera and named species belong to the families Aulophyllidae, Bothrophyllidae, Cyathopsidae, and Kepingophyllidae, among which the family Kepingophyllidae has been previously documented only from China and Indochina. They are typical representatives of the Cathaysian rugose fauna, which was widely developed around the South China and Indochina blocks near the paleoequator and was absent from the Gondwanan and Cimmerian continents in high latitudes during the Late Pennsylvanian. Hence, the occurrence of the Cathaysian fauna from central Iran in the latest Carboniferous suggests that it may have had a close biogeographical connection with China and Indochina, which further implies its latitudinal position intermediate between the Gondwanan continent and South China and Indochina blocks during this time.UUID:http://zoobank.org/5257d2bb-1346-4dee-8f3e-f4b1b33ba5a9
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KOZLENKO, M. V., und Yu V. KOZLENKO. „Deep structure, tectonics, evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea along 31°20’E“. Geology and Mineral Resources of World Ocean 17, Nr. 3 (2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/gpimo2021.03.003.
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A density modeling of the north-western shelf of the Black Sea along 31°20’ E was carried out. According to its results, a complex block structure of the area is determined, which is closely connected with the history of its development. Signs of Baikal tectonic activation of the southern edge of the pre-Riphean Eastern European platform, as well as the adjacent part of the Scythian plate have been revealed. Areas formed during the Hercynian and Cimmerian epochs of tectogenesis have been identified within the Scythian plate. At the base of the Karkinit Trough, two areas of reduced crust resulting from riftogenesis with varying degrees of intensity of basification have been established. Two ancient volcanos of ryolite composition were found on the basement surface on the northern slope of the Kalamit swell. It is highly probable that the Gamburtsev uplift is an eastern extension of the Gubkin swell. According to the structure and value of the calculated densities, it is established that the Gamburtsev uplift is a «blind» mud volcano, which was formed during the second stage of the late Cimmerian cycle and was active throughout the Cretaceous period. A detailed analysis of the deep structure and fault tectonics of the local structures of the sedimentary cover in the intersection of the profile and the area of gas seeps was carried out. It was found that the Flangova, Partizanska and Hamburtseva structures are more promising for hydrocarbon accumulation. The hydrocarbon potential of the Ushakov structure (H-41) is questionable, because structurally and tectonically it is analogous to the Delphin structure, which was deemed unproductive based on drilling results. The area of gas seeps was found to be confined to a mantle fault, which separates two blocks with distinctly different structures and Meso-Cenozoic evolution of the Earth’s crust. It is proposed to conduct a detailed seismic survey in this area in order to identify local structures in the sedimentary cover, promising for hydrocarbons.
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Hughes, Nigel C., Peng Shanchi und Luo Huilin. „Kunmingaspis(Trilobita) putatively from the Yunling collage, and the Cambrian history of the eastern Himalayan syntaxial region“. Journal of Paleontology 76, Nr. 4 (Juli 2002): 709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000041962.
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Faunal data provide critical constraints upon tectonic models, particularly in such areas of extreme structural complexity as the region adjacent to the eastern syntaxis of the Himalaya. Trilobites reported to have been collected from the Yunling collage at Yinchangou, northwestern Yunnan, are here assigned toKunmingaspis yunnanensisChang, 1964, and the concept of the genusKunmingaspisis reconsidered. Although there is debate about to the paleogeographic affinities of the Yunling collage, the apparent presence of this species supports previous arguments for faunal links between the Yangtze platform and the Himalayan margin during Early and Middle Cambrian time. A significant tectonic event of Late Cambrian/Early Ordovician age present in the western central Himalayan margin suggests that the Lhasa block collided with India at that time, but the northward extent of that block remains unclear. The recently discovered Late Cambrian trilobite fauna of Bhutan may hold the key to establishing faunal relationships between the Tethyan Himalaya, Sibumasu, and the Yangtze platform during this interval. No Cambrian sedimentary rocks are yet known from the Lhasa or Qiangtang blocks of Tibet and so there is no direct evidence for the existence of Cimmeria during the Cambrian Period.
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Ahmadi, Hemayatullah, Mohammad Reza Hussaini, Atal Yousufi, Alma Bekbotayeva, Akmaral Baisalova, Bakytzhan Amralinova, Indira Mataibayeva, Abdul Baqi Rahmani, Emrah Pekkan und Naqibullah Sahak. „Geospatial Insights into Ophiolitic Complexes in the Cimmerian Realm of the Afghan Central Block (Middle Afghanistan)“. Minerals 13, Nr. 11 (18.11.2023): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13111453.
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Ophiolites are remnants of oceanic crust that have been thrust onto continental crust due to tectonic processes. They are composed of mostly mafic and ultramafic rocks, which are genetically associated with gold, silver, platinum group element (PGE), chrome, manganese, titanium, cobalt, copper, and nickel deposits. The main objective of this research was to identify the spatial distribution of Mesozoic ophiolitic complexes within the Central Afghan Block in Middle Afghanistan using optical remote sensing data and spectral analyses. Distinct algorithms, such as false color composite (FCC), proposed band ratios (PBR), principal component analysis (PCA), and spectral angle mapper (SAM), were used to map the targeted ophiolitic complexes. New band ratios were proposed in this study based on the spectral properties of mafic-ultramafic minerals and rocks, which showed high efficiency. Based on the results, four different ophiolitic complexes were delineated within this study area. These complexes are consistent with previous studies. The accuracy assessment of this study showed an overall accuracy of 72.2%. The findings of this study can significantly contribute to further studies on the emplacement mechanism and paleo-Tethys history of Middle Afghanistan. Also, the spatial distribution of the ophiolitic complexes identified in this study can be used to constrain models of the tectonic evolution of the Central Afghan Block. Additionally, the identification of new band ratios for mapping ophiolitic complexes can be used in future studies of other ophiolite-bearing regions.
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Bradshaw, M. J., J. C. W. Cope, D. W. Cripps, D. T. Donovan, M. K. Howarth, P. F. Rawson, I. M. West und W. A. Wimbledon. „Jurassic“. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 13, Nr. 1 (1992): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1992.013.01.12.
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AbstractThe interplay of regional or global sea-level changes and continuing crustal extension related to rifting in the North Atlantic and Tethyan megarifts dominated the palaeogeographical evolution of the area. The sea-level rise that commenced in the Rhaetian continued into the Jurassic to usher in a new phase of predominantly marine sedimentation across northwest Europe. The climate was warm and humid, the seas generally shallow. Land areas became well vegetated, as attested by the abundance of fossil driftwood in marine as well as non-marine sediments. The region probably lay about 10° south of present latitudes, in an area of overlap of Tethyan and Boreal marine realms. For much of the Jurassic, sea levels continued to rise but two major falls occurred, coinciding with accelerated extensional movements in the area. The first was during the mid-Jurassic ('mid-Cimmerian phase') when there was a major regional upwarp centred on the North Sea, and the second across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary ('late Cimmerian phase') when a global fall in sea level coincided with an important phase of rifting and block faulting. Major structural trends generally follow previously established lines. The basic structural framework for the Jurassic maps has been compiled from numerous sources, including Andrews &Brown (1987); Dunning (1985); Evans et al. (1982); Gardiner &Sheridan (1981); Van Hoorn (1987); Thomas et al. (1985); Whittaker (1985); Ziegler (1982, 1987); and papers in Brooks &Glennie (1987). Fault trends are generalized and selected to pick out the main structural features controlling the geography; their occurrence on
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Kos'ko, M., und E. Korago. „Review of geology of the New Siberian Islands between the Laptev and the East Siberian Seas, North East Russia“. Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series 4 (17.09.2009): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/smsps-4-45-2009.
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Abstract. The New Siberian Islands comprise De Long Islands, Anjou Islands, and Lyakhov Islands. Early Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and igneous rocks are known on the De Long Islands. Cambrian slate, siltstone, mudstone and silicified limestone occur on Bennett Island. Ordovician volcanogenic turbidites, lavas, and small intrusions of andesite-basalt, basalt, dolerite, and porphyritic diorite were mapped on Henrietta Island. The igneous rocks are of calc-alkaline island arc series. The Ordovician age of the sequence was defined radiometrically. Early Paleozoic strata were faulted and folded presumably in the Caledonian time. Early Cretaceous sandstone and mudstone are known on Bennett Island. They are overlain by a 106–124 Ma basalt unit. Cenozoic volcanics are widespread on the De Long Islands. Zhokhov Island is an eroded stratovolcano. The volcanics are mostly of picrite-olivine type and limburgite. Radiometric dating indicates Miocene to Recent ages for Cenozoic volcanism. On the Anjou islands Lower-Middle Paleozoic strata consist of carbonates, siliciclastics, and clay. A Northwest-southeast syn-sedimentary facies zonation has been reconstructed. Upper Paleozoic strata are marine carbonate, clay and siliciclastic facies. Mudstone and clay predominate in the Triassic to Upper Jurassic section. Aptian-Albian coal bearing deposits uconformably overlap lower strata indicating Early Cretaceous tectonism. Upper Cretaceous units are mostly clay and siltstone with brown coal strata resting on Early Cretaceous weathered rhyolite. Cenozoic marine and nonmarine silisiclastics and clay rest upon the older units with a transgressive unconformity including a weathering profile in the older rocks. Manifestations of Paleozoic and Triassic mafic and Cretaceous acidic magmatism are also found on these islands. The pre-Cretaceous structure of the Anjou islands is of a block and fold type Late Cimmerian in age followed by faulting in Cenozoic time. The Lyakhov islands are located at the western end of the Late Cimmerian South Anyui suture. Sequences of variable age, composition, and structural styles are known on the Lyakhov Islands. These include an ancient metamorphic sequence, Late Paleozoic ophiolitic sequence, Late Mesozoic turbidite sequence, Cretaceous granites, and Cenozoic sediments. Fold and thrust imbricate structures have been mapped on southern Bol'shoi Lyakhov Island. North-northwestern vergent thrusts transect the Island and project offshore. Open folds of Jurassic–Early Cretaceous strata are characteristic of Stolbovoi and Malyi Lyakhov islands. Geology of the New Siberian Islands supports the concept of a circum Arctic Phanerozoic fold belt. The belt is comprised of Caledonian, Ellesmerian, Early Cimmerian and Late Cimmerian fold systems, manifested in many places on the mainland and on islands around the Arctic Ocean. Knowledge of the geology of the New Siberian Islands has been used to interpret anomalous gravity and magnetic field maps and Multi Channel Seismic (MCS) lines. Two distinguishing structural stages are universally recognized within the offshore sedimentary cover which correlate with the onshore geology of the New Siberian Islands. Dating of the upper structural stage and constituent seismic units is based on structural and stratigraphic relationships between Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic units in the archipelago. The Laptev Sea–western East Siberian Sea seismostratigraphic model for the upper structural stage has much in common with the seismostratigraphic model in the American Chukchi Sea.
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Guryanov, S. A. „Structural and tectonic conditions for the development of the Bering Sea sedimentary basin“. Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, Nr. 4 (14.11.2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2022-64-4-54-63.
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Introduction. In order to characterize the oil and gas potential of any area under exploration, its structural and tectonic evolution should be studied. In this paper, a structural and tectonic modelling of the Bering Sea is carried out.Aim. To identify the structural and tectonic characteristics of the Bering Sea by interpreting the results obtained during a geodynamic analysis of sedimentary basin formation, based on the tectonic and geodynamic paleoreconstructions and sedimentary basin modelling of the Bering Sea.Materials and methods. A structural and tectonic modelling of the Bering Sea sedimentary basins was carried out using contemporary methods of basin analysis and numerical geological modelling (PetroMod software, Schlumberger). Three-dimensional time-spatial structural-tectonic models of the Bering Sea were formed using the bottom structural maps of Pliocene-Quaternary deposits, near the Lower Miocene and Oligocene tops and along the acoustic basement bottom. Maps were digitalized and converted to grids (with a 500-m step), in which the discrepancies (intersections) were removed taking into account the available geological and geophysical data (seismogeological sections). The contemporary surface of sedimentary basins was constructed by the connection of bathymetric and topographic maps. The beginning and end time of sedimentary accumulation periods was determined in accordance with the international stratigraphic scale.Results. The performed study identified the sufficiently continuous development areas of the oceanic or suboceanic crust of deep-water (back-arc) basins, aged from the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous to the Cenozoic and repeatedly affected by the subsequent phases of the tectonic and magmatic activation; development belts of the Cretaceous-Cenozoic block-magmatic basement of island arcs, locally including reformed basement blocks of an older, Paleozoic or Cimmerian, consolidation; extensive depth-differentiated alpine/newest (syn-oceanic) shelf platforms, occassionally partially destroyed due to the latest destruction, including blocks or large blocks of Pre-Cambrian or Paleozoic relatively rigid massifs in the structure of their base.Conclusion. The modelling results indicate the deeply submerged West Anadyr, East Anadyr and Central Anadyr basins to be possible depocentres with their own hydrocarbon generation centres.
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Madanipour, Saeed, Mahdi Najafi, Reza Nozaem, Jaume Vergés, Ali Yassaghi, Iraj Heydari, Sedigheh Khodaparast, Zahra Soudmand und Lotfollah Aghajari. „THE ARABIA – EURASIA COLLISION ZONE IN IRAN: TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS“. Journal of Petroleum Geology 47, Nr. 2 (April 2024): 123–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12854.
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The Arabia – Eurasia collision zone in the central part of the Alpine – Himalayan orogenic system has had a complex deformation history since the Palaeozoic. In Iran, the collision zone consists of the Alborz‐Talesh, Kopeh Dagh and Zagros foldbelts and the intervening Central Iran area. In this review paper, we summarize the structural architecture and tectonostratigraphic characteristics of these domains and attempt to correlate regional deformation events between them. The results show that six regional‐scale deformation phases can be recognized and correlated in Iran over a time interval extending from the Late Palaeozoic to the Late Cenozoic.Late Palaeozoic rifting in northern Gondwana and subsequent oceanic spreading resulted in the separation of the Central and North Iran blocks from the Arabian Platform. These blocks later converged and collided with the southern margin of Eurasia due to the subduction of the intervening PalaeoTethys lithosphere (“Cimmerian orogeny”: Late Triassic). The convergent setting resulted in the initial development of the Alborz‐Talesh foldbelt in present‐day northern Iran, while extensional basins developed in the forebulge area in Central Iran. Continuing northward subduction of NeoTethyan oceanic lithosphere at the southern Eurasia margin produced Early Cretaceous back‐arc extension and associated volcanism in Central Iran and the Alborz‐Talesh area to the north. A phase of compressional deformation in the Late Cretaceous was related to the collision of a series of microcontinents derived from Northern Gondwana, including the Ercinjan and Bitlis massifs, with the Central Iran block, and is recorded in the Alborz‐Talesh foldbelt and in Central Iran. Further back‐arc extension in the late Paleocene – Eocene was accompanied by pervasive volcanism and volcaniclastic sedimentation throughout northern and Central Iran. The final closure of NeoTethys and convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian Plates evolved through phases of early Oligocene “soft” collision and middle Miocene “hard” collision. This was accompanied by thrusting in the internal parts of the Zagros foldbelt and by folding and subordinate thrusting in the more external parts, with related development of the flexural Mesopotamian Basin in the foreland to the SW.
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Rahmati-Ilkhchi, Mahmoud, Petr Jeřábek, Shah Wali Faryad und Hemin A. Koyi. „Mid-Cimmerian, Early Alpine and Late Cenozoic orogenic events in the Shotur Kuh metamorphic complex, Great Kavir block, NE Iran“. Tectonophysics 494, Nr. 1-2 (Oktober 2010): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.005.
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Karasek, R. M., R. L. Vaughan und T. T. Masuda. „The Beryl Field, Block 9/13, UK North Sea“. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, Nr. 1 (2003): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.13.
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AbstractThe Beryl Field is located within Block 9/13 in the UK North Sea, in the west central part of the Viking Graben. The block was awarded in 1971 to a Mobil operated partnership, and the 9/13-1 discovery well drilled in 1972. The Beryl A platform was installed in 1975 and oil production started up the following year. The Beryl B platform was added in 1983 and production and gas re-injection pressure support commenced in 1984. The first 3D seismic survey was shot over the field in 1986, and the most recent in 1997. As of January 1999, 133 wells have been drilled into the field and development drilling is expected to continue well into the twenty-first century.Commercial hydrocarbons occur in sandstone reservoirs ranging in age from Triassic to late Jurassic, with the primary reservoir being the Middle Jurassic Beryl Formation (1.4 billion barrels of oil originally in place). Total ultimate recovery for all reservoirs in the field is expected to be about 960 million barrels of oil (MMBBL) and 2.1 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas. As of January 1999, the field has produced nearly 710 MMBBL of oil, or almost 75 % of the ultimate oil recovery.The field has been described previously by Knutson and Munro (1991), and Robertson (1993). Recent drilling data (more than 30 new wells) and new 3D seismic have updated the initial field descriptions. These data allow the mapping of two key unconformities, the Mid Cimmerian (Jt) event and a Base Callovian (Jb3) event. Reservoir facies models and isochore maps have also been developed, which together with the refined structural model, allow a better understanding of the reservoir distributions and will guide future production strategies.
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Zamaniyan, Ehsan, Mohammad Khanehbad, Reza Moussavi-Harami und Asadollah Mahboubi. „Sedimentary environment and provenance of sandstones from the Qadir member in the Nayband Formation, Tabas block, east-central Iran“. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 73, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): A140920. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2021v73n1a140920.
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Qadir Member of Nayband Formation, located in East of Central Iran, has developed to a great extent. Investigation of the lithofacies and sedimentary environment, resulted in identification of the deltaic and marine deposits. Based on field evidence and facies features, Qadir Member consists of two lithofacies, including carbonate and siliciclastic facies. The siliciclastic facies were identified as having four sandstone facies including Sr, Sh, Sp, St, three fine-grained lithofacies, including FI, Fm, Fl (Sr) / Sr (FI) and one coal facies. Also, regarding the field, laboratory studies, and identification of lithofacies, the coastal plain, deltaic (including deltaic plain, proximal delta front, distal delta front, and prodelta) and open marine environments were identified for Qadir Member which is is under the impact of tidal currents. The chemical weathering index (71%) indicated semi-arid to semi-humid conditions and plotting the geochemical data showed the provenance of re-cycling and active continental margin and because of Chemical Index of Alteration, the weathering rate was found to be rather medium to high. The geochemical diagrams also showed a probable source of the intermediate igneous and sedimentary rocks. The active continental margin conditions for this deposit could suggest the Neotethys subduction under Iran’s plate and volcanic activity at the end of Triassic, which coincided with the early Cimmerian orogeny in Alborz and Central East Iranian Microcontinent.
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Ueno, Katsumi. „The Permian fusulinoidean faunas of the Sibumasu and Baoshan blocks: their implications for the paleogeographic and paleoclimatologic reconstruction of the Cimmerian Continent“. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193, Nr. 1 (April 2003): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(02)00708-3.
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Nikishin, A. M., T. V. Romanyuk, D. V. Moskovskiy, N. B. Kuznetsov, A. A. Kolesnikova, A. S. Dubenskiy, V. S. Sheshukov und S. M. Laypunov. „Triassic formations of Mountain ous Crimea: the first resust of U–Pb dating of detrital zircons“. Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, Nr. 2 (28.04.2020): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-2-18-33.
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The first results of U-Pb dating of detrital zircons (dZr) from two samples characterizing the Taurica and Eski-Orda Groups of the Cimmerian structural complex of the Mountainous Crimea are presented. The strong similarity of the sets of ages of dZr from the Lower Taurica Formation of the Taurica Group and the Salgir strata of the Eski-Orda Group confirms the facial character of the primary relationships of these Groups. The studied Upper Triassic sandstones had a common feeding province and were formed, most likely, in different parts of the same sedimentary basin. It is most likely that this sedimentary basin was part of a continental margin of Baltica. The presence in samples of a significant number of dZr with very ancient ages >3.0 Ga (including 3 the oldest dZr grains with ages of ~3.9 Ga) makes the crystalline complexes represented in the present-day structure of the Ukrainian Shield as the very possible primary sources of these zircons. Crystalline complexes with such ancient ages are extremely rare over the world, but are widely represented in the Podolian and Cis-Azov blocks of the Ukrainian shield.
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Ueno, Katsumi, Yoshihiro Mizuno, Xiangdong Wang und Shilong Mei. „Artinskian conodonts from the Dingjiazhai Formation of the Baoshan Block, west Yunnan, southwest China“. Journal of Paleontology 76, Nr. 4 (Juli 2002): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042001.
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Permian conodonts were recovered for the first time from the Dingjiazhai Formation, a well-known diamictite-bearing stratigraphic unit in the Gondwana-derived Baoshan Block in West Yunnan, Southwest China. The conodont fauna occurs in limestone units within the upper part of the formation and consists of Sweetognathus bucaramangus (Rabe), S. whitei (Rhodes), Mesogondolella bisselli (Clark and Behnken), and an unidentified ramiform element. Based on the known stratigraphic distribution of 5. bucaramangus (Rabe), the fauna is referable to the upper Sweetognathus whitei-Mesogondolella bisselli Zone, and thus is dated as middle Artinskian according to the current definition of the stage. The Dingjiazhai Formation is overlain paraconformably by the Woniusi Formation, which is represented mostly by basalts and basaltic volcaniclastics related to rifting volcanism during the separation of the Baoshan Block from Gondwanaland. The present discovery of conodonts from the upper part of the Dingjiazhai Formation reveals that the glaciogene diamictites in the Dingjiazhai Formation are older than middle Artinskian, and the inception of rifting volcanism of the Baoshan Block is later than middle Artinskian.Occurrence of an essentially warm water element, Sweetognathus bucaramangus (Rabe), in the Dingjiazhai conodont assemblage notwithstanding, the entire fossil faunas including brachiopods and fusulinoideans from the limestone units of the formation can be best interpreted as a middle latitudinal, non-tropical, and still substantially Gondwana-influenced assemblage developed at the northern margin of Gondwanaland just after deglaciation in the southern hemisphere during Early Permian time. This time could be regarded as the beginning of the Cimmerian Region, which had mixed or transitional paleobiogeographic characteristics between the Paleoequatorial Tethyan and cool/cold Gondwanan realms, and which became well developed during Middle Permian time.
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Zui, Vladimir I., und Siamak Mansouri Far Far. „Geothermal field and geology of the Caspian Sea region“. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, Nr. 1 (20.06.2019): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2019-1-104-118.
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The Caspian Sea and adjacent areas form the vast oil and gas-bearing megabasin. It consists of North Caspian, Middle Caspian, and South Caspian sedimentary basins. The granite-metamorphic basement of the basins becomes from north to south younger in the direction from Early Precambrian to Early Cimmerian age. It represents a transitional zone from the southern edge of the East European Craton to Alpine folding. Geothermal investigations have been carried out both in hundreds of deep boreholes and within the Caspian Sea and a few preliminary heat flow maps were published for the Caspian Sea region. All they excluded from consideration the southern part of the region within Iranian national borders. We prepared a new heat flow map including the northern Iran. The purpose of the article is to consider heat flow pattern within the whole Caspian Sea region including its southern part. Two vast high heat flow anomalies above 100 mW/m2 distinguished in the map: within the southwestern Iran and in waters of the Caspian Sea to the North of the Apsheron Ridge, separated by elongated strip of heat flow below 50 –55 mW/m 2 . A general tendency of heat flow from growing was distinguished from the Precambrian crustal blocks of the North Caspian Depression to the Alpine folding within the territory of Iran. Analysis of the heat flow pattern is discussed and two heat flow density profiles were compiled.
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Ali, Jason R., Haz M. C. Cheung, Jonathan C. Aitchison und Yadong Sun. „Palaeomagnetic re-investigation of Early Permian rift basalts from the Baoshan Block, SW China: constraints on the site-of-origin of the Gondwana-derived eastern Cimmerian terranes“. Geophysical Journal International 193, Nr. 2 (26.02.2013): 650–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt012.
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Hancock, J. M., und P. F. Rawson. „Cretaceous“. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 13, Nr. 1 (1992): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1992.013.01.13.
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AbstractEarly CretaceousThe Cretaceous Period lasted for about 70 million years. During this time there was a major change in the sedimentary history of the area as tectonism died down and deposition started of an extensive blanket of coccolith ooze: the Chalk. The change took place mainly over a brief interval across the Albian/Cenomanian (Lower/Upper Cretaceous) boundary, at about 95 Ma. Until that time crustal extension along the Arctic-North Atlantic megarifts continued to influence the tectonic evolution of northwest Europe (Ziegler 1982, 1988). This tensional régime caused rifting and block faulting, particularly across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (Late Cimmerian movements) and in the mid Aptian (Austrian phase). During the latter phase, sea-floor spreading commenced in the Biscay and central Rockall Rifts. The northern part of the Rockall Rift began to widen too, possibly by crustal stretching rather than sea-floor spreading (Ziegler 1988, p. 75). During the Albian the regional pattern began to change and by the beginning of the Cenomanian rifting had effectively ceased away from the Rockall/Faeroe area.Most of the Jurassic sedimentary basins continued as depositional areas during the Early Cretaceous, but the more extensive preservation of Lower Cretaceous sediments provides firmer constraints on some of the geographical reconstructions. The marked sea-level fall across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary isolated the more southerly basins as areas of non-marine sedimentation, and it was not until the beginning of the Aptian that they became substantially marine.The extent of emergence of highs in the North Sea area is difficult to assess, especially where
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Vetrov, E. V., und N. I. Vetrova. „A MODEL OF THE LATE MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC THERMOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE PRE-MESOZOIC BASEMENT ROCKS IN SOUTH TUVA“. Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 14, Nr. 6 (14.12.2023): 0729. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2023-14-6-0729.
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Thermotectonic modeling was performed for the crystalline rocks of South Tuva using the apatite fission-track analysis. Thermotectonic modeling made it possible to visualize the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic cooling history of the Pre-Mesozoic basement rocks, and to reconstruct the chronology and scale of the denudational processes over the last 125 myr and the evolution of paleorelief of South Tuva over the last 100 myr. The modeling results depicted several Mesozoic-Cenozoic episodes of cooling due to differential denudation and exhumation of the Pre-Mesozoic basement rocks. A differential denudation is related to an asynchronous activation of fault structures controlling the tectonic evolution of South Tuva. It is shown that the Early Cretaceous (~125–100 Ma) activation of the Agar-Dag-Oka thrust fault zone could result from the post-collisional processes after the collision between Siberia and Amuria and/or consecutive collision between the Cimmerian blocks. An intense activation of the Agar-Dag-Oka fault zone in the Late Cretaceous (~100–75 Ma), accompanied by significant basement rock exhumation in the eastern South Tuva to absolute heights of 1200 m, could be caused by the Karakoram-Pamir collision in the south of Eurasia. The Late Cenozoic (25–0 Ma) activation of the main fault zones of South Tuva represents a far-field effect of the Indo-European collision on the southern Eurasian continent. At the same time, there were the maximum basement uplift in the junction zone between the South Tannuola and Ubsunur-Bii-Khem fault zones and the transformation of relief of South Tuva from moderately dissected, with absolute heights of 500 to 1400 m, to modern, with absolute heights of 800 to 2600 m.
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Dudareva, M. A., und N. Z. Koltsova. „Life and Death Ethoses in the Short Story The Mystery of Foreseen Death by Aleksandr Grin: Imaginative Apophatic Reality“. Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, Nr. 1 (01.04.2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-1-17-25-33.
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The paper is dedicated to the issue of the apophatic component of artistic culture associated with Thanatos that is developed in the literature oeuvre of Aleksandr Grin. Setting Grin’s short story The Mystery of Foreseen Death as the research object, this texts seeks to provide insight into the image of death and the examination of its spiritual and material manifestations that reflected the logocentric approach that was then popular among the Russian thinkers. To pursue this aim, the methodology of this study should allow identifying the ontological perspective of Grin’s story. Thus, the methodological foundations embrace the onto-hermeneutic approach to the analysis of literary work. In revealing the ontological dimension of the story much attention is paid to the ethos of life and death, the protagonist’s artistic imaginative experience of reality. In the story under study death is ambivalent: it is bodily, anthropological, as indicated by the repetitive image of neck on the execution block. At the same time, it is apophatic, as indicated by the darkened end of the story, the bewilderment of skeptical scientists that arose because of the main event of the story, namely the protagonist’s execution. In this regard, it appears to be effective to consider the anthroposophical thought of Rudolf Steiner that was absorbed by a large part of Russian intelligentsia at the beginning of the 20th century. This doctrine stresses the reflections on a person’s experience of death in reality. The imaginative aspect of anthroposophism was developed by Grin’s close friend, a neighbor in Crimean Cimmeria, Maximilian Voloshin, a disciple of the teachings of Steiner. The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are as follows: Grin’s story presents a detailed imaginative death experience, which makes it possible to raise the issue of it being part of the broader anthroposophical teaching. The Mystery of Foreseen Death indirectly expresses the Steinerian ideas and at the same time it fits into the framework of the Russian apophatic artistic tradition. The article also raises the issue of the apophatic component of Russian artistic culture, the thanatological experience of which can help in overcoming crisis situations nowadays. The findings of the research, in this way, can have an effect on better understanding in several fields: in literature studies (philology), in the history of Russian literature, in cultural studies and in philosophy.
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MEMİŞ, Ekrem. „The Origin, Identity and Contributions of the Etruscans to Roman Civilization“. Kafkas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25.04.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56597/kausbed.1080533.
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The people known as Etruscans is actually an important folk group formed by the mingling of Anatolian Trojans and Scythians of Turkish origin in Italy and transforming the existing village culture in Italy into urban culture.
While Greeks called them Tyrsenes or Tyrhenes, Romans called this people Tuscanians or Etruscans. However, the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna.
The Trojans who emerged as the representatives of the Eastern Block in the Trojan War, which is regarded as the first great struggle of the Eastern and Western worlds in human history, were defeated by the Achaeans representing the West at the end of a ten-years struggle. After a while, the Trojans, who had to participated in the Sea Peoples Migration, found themselves at the gates of Egypt. The Trojans, who participated in both the first and second stages of the Sea Peoples Migration, unfortunately lost their struggle against the Egyptian Pharaohs. Having to return to their homeland in Çanakkale region, the Trojans, seeing that their homeland had become uninhabitable, migrated to the İzmir region. However, because of the Achaean immigrants who migrated to this region from Greece, they left Anatolia completely at the beginning of the 10 th century BC and migrated to the Toscana region of Italy by sea.
About two centuries after this event, we come across two Turkish tribes who entered Anatolia over the Caucasus. These are Scythian and Cimmerian tribes. The Cimmerians, who established hegemony over Anatolia for about 80 years, also abolished the Phrygian Kingdom in Central Anatolia.
According to Herodotos, the Scythians, who entered Anatolia after the Cimmerians and ruled Eastern Anatolia for 28 years, invaded the Southern Russia lands emptied by the Cimmerians and established the Great Scythian Empire there. But, some groups of the Scythians continued their march in the west direction and reached the West Anatolia shores and immigrated to Italy from here by ships. This group of the Scythians and the Trojans, who had previously immigrated to Italy, mingled and merged and paved the way for the formation of a new community in Italy where the Turkishness features predominated, who are called the Etruscans or Tursacanians.
In this study, we will try to reveal what role the Etruscans played in the formation of Roman civilization in the light of written and archaeological sources.
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Wei, Bitian, Xin Cheng, Mathew Domeier, Yanan Zhou, Qinglong Chen, Nan Jiang, Longyun Xing et al. „Paleomagnetism of Late Triassic Volcanic Rocks From the South Qiangtang Block, Tibet: Constraints on Longmuco‐Shuanghu Ocean Closure in the Paleo‐Tethys Realm“. Geophysical Research Letters 50, Nr. 19 (11.10.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023gl104759.
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AbstractThe South Qiangtang block of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau represents an area critical to understanding the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic history of the Tethyan realm, but its drift history remains poorly constrained. Here we report a new quantitative paleogeographic constraint for the South Qiangtang block from a paleomagnetic study of Late Triassic volcanic rocks of the Xiaoqiebao Formation. A characteristic remanent magnetization isolated from 25 sites passes both fold‐ and reversal tests, and likely represents a primary magnetization. On the basis of these data, we estimate that the South Qiangtang block occupied a paleolatitude of 30.1 ± 4.6°N at ca. 222 Ma. When combined with existing paleomagnetic constraints, these new results indicate that the South Qiangtang block (and other “Cimmerian” blocks) moved rapidly northward (in true latitude) between the middle Permian and Late Triassic. Our new data further suggest that the southern branch of the Paleo‐Tethys (Longmuco‐Shuanghu Ocean) likely closed by the mid‐Late Triassic.
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Egorov, Alexey, Natalia Bolshakova, Dmitry Kalinin und Alexey Ageev. „Deep structure, tectonics and geodynamics of the Sea of Okhotsk region and structures of its folded frame“. Записки Горного института Online first (12.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.63.
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The use of the zonal-block model of the earth's crust for the construction of regional tectonic schemes and sections of the earth's crust based on a complex of geological and geophysical data makes it possible to consider the resulting maps and sections as tectonic models. The main elements of such models are blocks with an ancient continental base and interblock zones formed by complexes of island arcs, an accretionary prism, or oceanic crust. The developed geotectonic model of the Sea of Okhotsk region reflects the features of the deep structure, tectonics, and geodynamics. The Cimmerian Novosibirsk-Chukotka, Verkhoyansk-Kolyma, Kolyma-Omolon, and Amur folded regions and the Alpides of the Koryak-Kamchatka and Sakhalin-Sikhote-Alin folded regions are developed along the northern, western, and southern boundaries of the Sea of Okhotsk megablock with a continental crust type. From the east, the megablock is limited by oceanic basins and island arcs.
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Xu, Hai-peng, Kyi Pyar Aung, Yi-chun Zhang, G. R. Shi, Fu-long Cai, Than Zaw, Lin Ding, Kyaing Sein und Shu-zhong Shen. „A late Cisuralian (early Permian) brachiopod fauna from the Taungnyo Group in the Zwekabin Range, eastern Myanmar and its biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and tectonic implications“. Journal of Paleontology, 09.08.2021, 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2021.66.
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Abstract The tectonic evolution of the Sibumasu Block during the Permian remains controversial, and Permian faunas and their paleobiogeographic affinities provide some insight into its paleogeographic and tectonic evolutionary histories. In this paper, a new brachiopod fauna dominated by Spinomartinia prolifica Waterhouse, 1981 is described from the uppermost part of the Taungnyo Group in the Zwekabin Range, eastern Myanmar. This brachiopod fauna includes 23 species and its age is well constrained as late Kungurian by the associated conodonts, i.e., Vjalovognathus nicolli Yuan et al., 2016 and Mesogondolella idahoensis (Youngquist, Hawley, and Miller, 1951), contrary to the late Sakmarian age given to the same brachiopod faunas previously reported from southern Thailand and Malaysia. Based on comprehensive comparisons of the Cisuralian brachiopod faunas and other data in different parts of the Sibumasu Block, we consider that they are better subdivided into two independent stratigraphic assemblages, i.e., the lower (earlier) Bandoproductus monticulus-Spirelytha petaliformis Assemblage of a Sakmarian to probably early Artinskian age, and the upper (younger) Spinomartinia prolifica-Retimarginifera alata Assemblage of a late Kungurian age. The former assemblage is a typical cold-water fauna, mainly composed of Gondwanan-type genera, e.g., Bandoproductus Jin and Sun, 1981, Spirelytha Fredericks, 1924, and Sulciplica Waterhouse, 1968. The latter assemblage is strongly characterized by an admixture of both Cathaysian and Gondwanan elements, as well as some genera restricted to the Cimmerian continents. Notably, the spatial distribution pattern of these two separate brachiopod assemblages varies distinctly. The Sakmarian cold-water brachiopod faunas have been found in association with glacial-marine diamictites throughout the Sibumasu Block including both the Irrawaddy and Sibuma blocks. In contrast, the Kungurian biogeographically mixed brachiopod faunas are only recorded in the Irrawaddy Block, unlike the Sibuma Block that contains a contemporaneous paleotropical Tethyan fusuline fauna. Thus, it appears likely that by the end of Cisuralian (early Permian), the Sibumasu Block comprised the Irrawaddy Block in the south with cool climatic conditions, and the Sibuma Block in the north with a temperate to warm-water environment, separated by the incipient Thai-Myanmar Mesotethys.
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Patruno, Stefano, Henk Kombrink und Stuart G. Archer. „Cross-border stratigraphy of the Northern, Central and Southern North Sea: a comparative tectono-stratigraphic megasequence synthesis“. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 29.09.2021, SP494–2020–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp494-2020-228.
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AbstractThe Devonian–Recent tectono-stratigraphic history of the Northern, Central and Southern North Sea is here reviewed at a regional scale and four novel cross-border pseudo-Wheeler diagrams are presented to summarize the stratigraphic evolution of the cycles of basin fill and uplift/erosion. In this scheme, six first-order megasequence boundaries have been defined, characterized by extensive and long-lasting erosional hiatuses and major coastal regressions: (1) Caledonian (or Base Devonian) Unconformity; (2) Variscan–Saalian (or Base Permian) Unconformity; (3) Mid Cimmerian (or Intra-Aalenian) Unconformity; (4) Late Cimmerian (or Base Cretaceous) Unconformity; (5) Atlantean (or Near-Base Tertiary) Unconformity; and (6) Eridanos (or Mid-Miocene) Unconformity. These surfaces have been linked to regional causal factors ranging from orogenesis-related compressional uplifts, in either active plate margin settings (1) or foreland basin settings (2), to intra-plate dynamically supported uplifts associated with the development of mantle plumes (3, 5 and 6) and the end-of-rifting and associated widespread erosion of tilted fault block crests (4). The aforementioned megasequence boundaries punctuate the geodynamic evolution of the North Sea area and facilitate the subdivision of the entire the North Sea sedimentary basin fill into six megasequences, named here A–F. All of the lithostratigraphic units of the North Sea (formations and members) have been described within the context of this first-order tectono-stratigraphic framework. The correlation powers of certain stratigraphic markers are also compared and contrasted, together with the potential cross-border equivalence of sedimentary units on different sides of the political median lines.
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Quek, Long Xiang, Shan Li, Christopher K. Morley, Azman A. Ghani, Junbin Zhu, Muhammad Hatta Roselee, Sayed Murthadha, Rezal Rahmat, Yu-Ming Lai und Lediyantje Lintjewas. „Southwest Borneo, an autochthonous Pangea-Eurasia assembly proxy: Insights from detrital zircon record“. Geology, 06.06.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g50966.1.
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The current tectonic model for Borneo in SE Asia suggests that SW Borneo block rifted from NW Australia at ca. 190 Ma and drifted across the Tethyan Ocean to collide with Eurasia in the Early Cretaceous. But, the global zircon Hf trend after 200 Ma indicates that circum-Pacific-style accretionary orogens prevail. The SW Borneo detrital zircon data set, which combines our new data with previous data, shows consistent age peaks (ca. 250 Ma, 1.9–1.8 Ga, and 2.5–2.4 Ga) in late Permian to Early Cretaceous samples. The Banda terranes, a notable block derived from NW Australia, have distinct detrital zircon age peaks for pre-breakup and post-breakup. Available Borneo detrital zircon εHf(t) values for ca. 1.8 Ga and 2.4 Ga are indistinguishable from those of NW Australia sources, but εHf(t) values for 300–200 Ma are more negative than those from the Gondwanide orogen and are more similar to those from the Peninsular Malaysia Indosinian orogen. We suggest SW Borneo is a Triassic accretion zone at eastern Cimmeria that rifted from NW Australia in the Permian. The ca. 250 Ma negative εHf(t) values present in samples are characteristic of Tethyan-style collisional orogens and show participation in Pangea assembly. SW Borneo underwent further autochthonous accretion along its SE margin (ca. 186 Ma and ca. 140 Ma) in a Jurassic Meso-Tethys and Paleo-Pacific supra–subduction zone setting. Our revision locates SW Borneo with other SE Tethysides blocks in Eurasia where accretionary orogens have influenced rises after 200 Ma.
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Cheng, Xin, Bitian Wei, Nan Jiang, Yanan Zhou, Vadim A. Kravchinsky, Qinglong Chen, Longyun Xing et al. „Evolution of the North Qiangtang Block in the late Paleozoic: Paleomagnetism and its tectonic implications“. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 28.06.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b36825.1.
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Understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Tethyan realm cannot be complete without paleogeographical reconstructions of the North Qiangtang Block (NQB) that occupies a central position in Tibet. However, the reliability of such a reconstruction for the Paleozoic still requires substantial improvement. In this paper, we present paleomagnetic results obtained from the Middle Permian limestones and Upper Permian volcanic rocks in the Tanggula area, aiming to provide precise constraints on the NQB kinematics during the geodynamic evolution of the Tethys realm. Combined with other available paleomagnetic data from the NQB, our results suggest that the block was stably located at ∼24°S for a long time before the Middle Permian, started to drift rapidly northward in the Middle Permian, and reached ∼8.4°S in the Late Permian. The NQB continued drifting rapidly northward during the Triassic until merging with the southern margin of Eurasia in the Late Triassic. We reviewed new and available paleomagnetic and geological data and proposed a revised model for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Tethys realm. The NQB likely belonged to a ribbon-like separate continental archipelago in the middle of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the early−late Paleozoic. The Cimmerian continent, including the South Qiangtang Block (SQB), rifted away from the northern margin of Gondwana and drifted northward to ∼22°S in the Middle Permian. The continent approached or partially collided with the NQB, resulting in the rapid northward movement of the NQB and the formation of the Longmuco−Shuanghu suture between the NQB and SQB.
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Wu, Shunling, Chen Han, Martyn L. Golding, Zhong-Qiang Chen, Zhengyi Lyu und Laishi Zhao. „Integrated biochemostratigraphy of the Permian-Triassic boundary interval and Lower Triassic succession in the eastern Cimmerian continent (Baoshan block, West Yunnan, southwest China)“. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Juli 2023, 111711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111711.
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Sharahi, Safoora Yasbolaghi, Bizhan Yousefi Yeganeh, Sakineh Arefifard, Daniel Vachard und Mohammad Mehdi Farahpour. „Biostratigraphy, taxonomy and paleobiogeography of the upper Cisuralian (upper Yakhtashian–Bolorian) foraminifers from east-central Iran, with clarification of the taxonomy of the fusulinid genera Cuniculinella and Cuniculina pre-occupied“. Journal of Paleontology, 18.08.2020, 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.46.
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Abstract Detailed studies of upper Cisuralian (i.e., upper lower Permian) fusulinids make it possible to decipher the paleobiogeographic relations of central Iran, as part of the Cimmerian terranes, with other Paleotethyan regions. Two sections, Bagh-e Vang and Shesh Angosht, located in east-central Iran, are revised. Four local fusulinid biozones are distinguished: upper Yakhtashian Pamirina darvasica and Sakmarella spp. Zone, lower Bolorian Misellina (Brevaxina) dyrhenfurthi Zone, mid-Bolorian Cuniculinella Zone, and upper Bolorian Misellina (Misellina) cf. M. (M.) termieri Zone (probably equivalent to the traditional Misellina (Brevaxina) parvicostata Zone). Taxonomically, the main results are as follows: (1) a clarification is provided of the fusulinid genus or subgenus “Cuniculina,” the name of which is pre-occupied, and its synonymy with Cuniculinella; and (2) a lectotype is designated for Darvasites (Alpites) sinensis (Chen, 1934). The mid-Bolorian Cuniculinella Zone is recognized for the first time in Iran. Among the Bolorian fusulinids, Cuniculinella is reported in SE Pamir, Karakoram, central Afghanistan, SW Japan, central Japan, and California, confirming the faunal affinity of the study area in east-central Iran with both Paleotethyan and Panthalassan bioprovinces. Such a distribution is considered to have resulted from combined effects of global warming during the upper Cisuralian, warm oceanic currents along the Paleotethys Ocean, and the northward drift of the Iran block toward lower paleolatitudes.
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Xu, Hai-peng, Yi-chun Zhang, Dong-xun Yuan und Shu-zhong Shen. „Quantitative palaeobiogeography of the Kungurian–Roadian brachiopod faunas in the Tethys: Implications of allometric drifting of Cimmerian blocks and opening of the Meso-Tethys Ocean“. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Mai 2022, 111078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111078.
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VIARETTI, MARCO, ALAN P. HEWARD, ALESSANDRO GEMENTI und LUCIA ANGIOLINI. „UPPER CISURALIAN-LOWER GUADALUPIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE QARARI UNIT, BATAIN PLAIN, NORTHEAST OMAN: SYSTEMATICS, PALAEOECOLOGY AND CORRELATION“. RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA 128, Nr. 3 (19.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2039-4942/17732.
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Permian brachiopods from Oman are well-known as valuable tools for correlation and palaeobiogeographical and palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Here, we describe a new brachiopod fauna from the Qarari Unit of the allochthonous Batain Group in northeast Oman. Brachiopods were collected from four localities: Wadi Khawr al Jaramah (WKJ), Jebel Qarari (JQ1), Jebel X (JX3) and Shiya (SH11). The age of the fossiliferous localities is wellconstrained to the late Kungurian-early Roadian by conodonts and fusulines, in agreement with the age suggested by the brachiopod ranges.The brachiopod fauna consists of 339 specimens belonging to 68 species of 8 orders, among which five species are here identified as new. Based on the taphonomic attributes and the analysis of the brachiopod life-styles, the assemblages from the Qarari Unit are interpreted as life assemblages thriving on varied substrates, with limited post-mortem exposure on the sea floor and rapid burial at depths around the storm wave base.Based on the generally high biodiversity indices (Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices), the Qarari brachiopod fauna can be considered a biodiversity hotspot, only comparable, in term of biodiversity, to the coeval faunas from West Texas and South China. However, palaeobiogeographical affinities of the Qarari brachiopods with these faunas are scanty, as well as the affinities with coeval faunas from the northern Gondwana margin and the Cimmerian and Cathaysian blocks, except for some similarities with the upper Kungurian brachiopods of Myanmar. This may be explained by the fact that the Qarari succession was deposited in the Madagascan arm of Neo-Tethys, and thus rather isolated from the main Gondwanan margin.
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Loria, Stephanie F., Valentin L. Ehrenthal, Anh D. Nguyen und Lorenzo Prendini. „Climate Relicts: Asian Scorpion Family Pseudochactidae Survived Miocene Aridification in Caves of the Annamite Mountains“. Insect Systematics and Diversity 6, Nr. 6 (01.11.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixac028.
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Abstract Southeast Asia is a hotspot of karst systems in the tropics and many relictual taxa have been documented in caves across the region. The ancient, relictual scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov 1998 has a disjunct distribution and includes two hypogean subfamilies from caves in the Khammouan-Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng Karst in the northern Annamite (Trường Sơn) Mountains of Laos and Vietnam, and one epigean subfamily from Central Asia. A recent revision identified six species in the family; however, how these taxa dispersed and diversified into Southeast Asian cave systems has not been tested. In the present contribution, the phylogeny of Pseudochactidae is reconstructed using three mitochondrial and three nuclear markers and 140 morphological characters, divergence time and ancestral range estimation analyses are conducted, and the evolution of troglomorphic characters is investigated. Results confirm a previous hypothesis that Pseudochactidae originated in Eurasia, most likely near the Tajik block in the Carboniferous, supporting the ‘Out of Eurasia’ hypothesis and contradicting the ‘Eurogondwana’ and ‘Out of India’ hypotheses for the origin of Southeast Asian scorpions. Pseudochactidae dispersed across Southeast Asia after the collision of the Cimmerian continent and Indochina with Eurasia in the Late Jurassic. Colonization of Southeast Asian caves began in the Late Cretaceous and was completed by the Miocene. The onset of aridification in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene resulted in the extinction of epigean Pseudochactidae, whereas hypogean members of the family likely survived within caves in the limestone massifs of the Annamite Mountains, supporting the ‘Climate Relict’ hypothesis.
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Pundir, Shailendra, Vikas Adlakha, Santosh Kumar, Saurabh Singhal und Satyabrata Das. „A newly identified cryogenian (ca. 806 ma) basement tonalite gneiss from the Eastern Karakoram, NW India: Constraints from geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology“. Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (08.12.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1027801.
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The Karakoram Terrane (KT) represents the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate, mainly consisting of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous subduction-related granites and post-collisional Miocene leucogranites, which intrude the Late Neo-Proterozoic basement. We report for the first time the existence of the Cryogenian KT basement as recorded from the geochemistry and geochronology of tonalite gneiss (ca. 806 Ma) in the southeastern Karakoram terrane, NW India. Geochemically, the studied tonalite gneiss is slightly peraluminous (Molar Al2O3/CaO+Na2O+K2O=1.1), calc-alkaline volcanic-arc granitoid, strongly fractionated REE (LaN/YbN=33.99), and high Sr/Y =19.75, more akin to its affinity with Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG)/adakite. The whole-rock elemental data suggest that tonalite gneiss is more likely sourced from ancient mafic lower crust where garnet remained in the residue. The petrogenetic modeling of REE suggests that the melt similar to the observed tonalite gneiss can be generated through ∼50% partial melting of a mafic lower crust with garnet, clinopyroxene, and amphibole assemblage. The synthesis and comparison of present and published Proterozoic magmatic records on the rocks from KT strongly dictate that the produced partial melt similar to observed tonalite gneiss most likely served as the parental melt for the development of TTGs in the Southern Pamir and more evolved granitoid in the Central Tibetan terrane. We propose that the studied tonalite gneiss from the southeast Karakoram is a product of Neoproterozoic Andean-type orogeny formed on the northwestern margin of the Rodinia supercontinent. Thus, our study favors the first time, the position of KT within the Cimmerian belt along with other East Asian continental blocks.
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Магомедов, Р. А., und М. А. Мусаев. „Assessment of the seismotectonic potential of the East Caucasus blocks“. Геология и геофизика Юга России, Nr. 4 (29.12.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2021.71.60.004.
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Восточный Кавказ является самым сейсмоактивным регионом европейской части России, в сферу повышенных сейсмических воздействий которого попадают крупные энергетические объекты Сулакского каскада ГЭС, высоковольтные линии электропередач, основные транспортные коммуникации, нефте- и газопроводы федерального и республиканского значения, аэро- и морской порты и крупные, разросшиеся города и поселки региона. Отсутствие исследований по проблеме оценки сейсмотектонической и геотектонической ситуации значительно ослабляет готовность региона к предупреждению обширных экологических и техногенных катастроф. Современные сейсмически активные зоны Восточного Кавказа в условиях позднеальпийского тектогенеза характеризуются иными геодинамическими и сейсмотектоническими условиями по сравнению с герцинской и киммерийской. Альпийский этап тектогенеза характеризуется значительным максимумом своей активизации, с которым связаны современные геодинамические и сейсмотектонические процессы и повышенная современная сейсмическая активность региона. Уровень сейсмотектонического потенциала, как сейсмического и геодинамического, является важнейшим показателем оценки степени сейсмической опасности. Цель исследования. Оценка уровня сейсмотектонического потенциала блоков земной коры северо-восточного сегмента Восточного Кавказа и выделение потенциальных зон ожидания возможных очагов сильных землетрясений региона (ВОЗ). Методы исследования. Анализ пространственно-временного распределения сейсмичности за инструментальный период наблюдений и экспертная оценка сейсмотектонического потенциала блоков земной коры по комплексу сейсмологических показателей, таких как мощность сейсмоактивного слоя, сейсмическая активность и наклон графика повторяемости землетрясений, максимальная отмеченная (наблюденная) магнитуда, период последней активизации и тектоническая активность. Результаты исследования. Закартировано в условных единицах изменение сейсмотектонического потенциала на исследуемой территории. Составлена схема зон возможных очагов землетрясений региона. Распределение гипоцентров сильных землетрясений демонстрирует расслоенность геологической среды региона. В интервале глубин, в среднем от 33 до 42 км, выделяется так называемая «зона молчания» The Eastern Caucasus is the most seismically active region of the European part of Russia, where large energy facilities of the Sulak cascade of hydroelectric power plants, high-voltage power lines, main transport communications, oil and gas pipelines of federal and republican significance, air and sea ports and large, sprawling cities and towns of the region fall into the sphere of increased seismic impacts. The lack of research on the problem of assessing the seismotectonic and geotectonic situation can lead to undesirable environmental consequences. Modern seismically active zones of the Eastern Caucasus in the conditions of Late Alpine tectogenesis are characterized by different geodynamic and seismotectonic conditions compared to the Hercynian and Cimmerian. The Alpine stage of tectogenesis is characterized by a significant maximum of its activation, which is associated with modern geodynamic and seismotectonic processes and increased modern seismic activity of the region. The level of seismotectonic potential, both seismic and geodynamic, is the most important indicator of assessing the degree of seismic danger. Aim. Assessment of the level of the seismotectonic potential of the crustal blocks of the north-eastern segment of the Eastern Caucasus and identification of potential waiting zones for possible foci of strong earthquakes in the region (PFE). Methods. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of seismicity over the instrumental observation period and expert assessment of the seismotectonic potential of the Earth's crust blocks according to a set of seismological indicators, such as the power of the seismoactive layer, seismic activity and the slope of the earthquake recurrence graph, the maximum marked (observed) magnitude, the period of the last activation and tectonic activity. Results. The change in the seismotectonic potential in the studied territory is mapped in conventional units. A diagram of the zones of possible earthquake foci in the region has been compiled. The distribution of hypocenters of strong earthquakes demonstrates the stratification of the geological environment of the region. In the depth range, on average from 33 to 42 km, the so-called "zone of silence" is allocated.
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„Horizontally deplacement geomasses in the continental rift geostruсtures (on the example of the Dnipro-Donets paleorift). Part 2. Structural parageneses of the reid deformation of the sedimentary cover“. Visnyk of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, series "Geology. Geography. Ecology", Nr. 50 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2410-7360-2019-50-02.
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Formulation of the problem. The inversion stages of the structural-material evolution of the continental crust are characterized by regional scale of the deformation of volume tectonic flow of platform sedimentary rocks, which caused significant horizontally-healthy movements of tectonically activated geo-mass in the intra-plate graben-rift. The dynamic deformation of geomases manifests itself at the final stages of the geological development of such structures; therefore, it determines the main features of the systemic organization of the modern architecture of the basement and sedimentary cover complexes. Review of previous publications and studies. Secondary deformation linear slope, according to Patalakha E. (1979); Alekseev V. (1990) is considered as a set of local strike-slip zones, formed on spherically-located viscous faults, forming joint tectonic flows. The structural skeleton of tectonic flows, as the basis of the tectonic dislocation process, make offsets with the horizontally and rotational component movements. Horizontal landslides are typical disjunctive elements of the continental structures formed in the geodynamic conditions of the transtension (grabens, rifts), transpression (folded mobile belts, intra-plate activation zones), as well as the basic structural elements of the strike-slip tectonics of the sedimentary basin. The purpose of the article. The second part of the trilogy continues regional geotectonic studies of post-rift complications of the sedimentary cover structure of Dnipro-Donets Paleorift (DDP), covering the three main stages of the platform tectonic activation. Late Hercynian epoch was characterized by the formation of large linear anticlinal zones and salt-shafts against the background of the general syneclizal deflection of sedimentary basin, located within the paleorift. Cimmerian epoch of tectonic activity led to significant thrust deformations of the primary structural forms of the cover in the geodynamic setting of collision compression with intensification of the horizons of the sedimentary cover. The structural manifestation of strike-slip tectonics at Alpine epoch in sedimentary complexes are mainly horizontal displacements of geomases of blocks, lineaments, local tectonic elements and structures along dynamically interconnected coulisse of strike-slip domains. Methods. Structural kinematic analysis of transformations of the fracture systems of the Upper-Visean sedimentary complex under the influence of natural mechanism of reid tectonic flow of rocks. Results. The secondary structures of strike-slip deformation, structural kinematic parageneses, dislocations zones and subregional structural waves were identified in the structure of the platform cover, which are natural geological objects formed at the inversion stages of geological development of DDP. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The result of structural manifestation of volume tectonic flow in the platform complex was horizontal displacements of the original tectonic elements, blocks, segments, structures along dynamically-linked strike-slip domains. This is caused by the formation of secondary deformation structures of various scales, morphology and genesis, which comprise longitudinal structural waves of strips of post-rift deformations in the structure of the sedimentary cover of DDP.