Dissertationen zum Thema „Chromosome de levure“
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Pardo, Benjamin. „Protection de l'intégrité des télomères chez la levure“. Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112167.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFusions between chromosomes would compromise genome integrity. In particular, Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) must be excluded from telomeres. Rap1p is the prominent telomere binding-factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and homologues are found in human cells and Schyzosaccharomyces pombe. Instead of binding directly the telomeric repeats, spRap1 and hRap1 are recruited by the major telomere binding-factor in these organisms, Taz1 and TRF2, respectively. It has been demonstrated that Taz1 and TRF2 protect chromosomes against end fusions by NHEJ. We took advantage in this study of a new conditional allele of RAP1, rap1-(∆), to test a role for Rap1p in telomere protection. In this allele, Rap1p is lost when cells progress toward stationary phase. This loss correlated with the appearance of end-to-end fusions detected by PCR. Telomere fusions were cloned. The fusion point seems difficult to sequence. However, the presence of a restriction site at the junction of some cloned fusions allowed us to determine that fusions occurred between telomeres of near wild-type length. Furthermore, we observed that the sequence at the fusion point seems random. Telomere fusions were not observed in rap1-(∆) cells defective for each factor required for NHEJ in budding yeast: Lig4p, Lif1p, Lif2p, Yku70p, Yku80p, Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p. The NHEJ-DNA polymerase Pol4p is also required. Sae2p and Tel1p, two known regulators of the Mre11p-Rad50p-Xrs2p complex not required for NHEJ, did not seem to be involved in telomere fusions. Thus, Rap1p protects telomeres from NHEJ. This newly described role is likely to be conserved
Mercy, Guillaume. „L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure“. Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS034/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Mercy, Guillaume. „L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS034.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Mary, Hadrien. „Analyse et modélisation de la dynamique des chromosomes durant la mitose chez la levure à fission“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30226/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMitosis is a highly preserved process in all eukaryotic cells during which the genetic material (chromosomes) is divided in two parts which spread in both daughter cells. This equipartition is crucial for maintaining genetic stability. During this process, chromosomes form a metaphasic plate at the center of the mitotic spindle. Each chromatid is attached to its respective spindle pole (called bipolar attachment) toward which it will move during anaphase. Chromatids are the indivisible units of genetic material during mitosis just like atoms in a molecule. Originally each of these "\ objects\ " are detached and organized in chromosomes territories. All the complexity of mitosis resides in the capture of each chromatid by the spindle pole to exert forces to position them on the metaphase plate before their separation and migration towards their respective poles in anaphase. This step of cell division not only requires complex interaction networks and metabolic signaling pathways just like many other biological processes but also a fine spatio-temporal control of movement and positioning of these big objects relative to cell size. It is usually accepted that the origin of chromosome movement arises from microtubule dynamics. However, what is less clear is the relative importance of each of these processes regulating chromosome movement: the intrinsic dynamic instability of microtubules or the effect of their associated proteins such as MAPs and kinesins. It is also important to note that the mechanism controlling the transfer of energy between microtubule dynamics and chromosome movement is still largely hypothetical. Moreover, chromosome dynamics during mitosis is regulated by a large number of actors apart from microtubules. Some of them being responsible for MT-kinetochore attachment such as NDC80 and DAM1 complex. While others are involved in the regulation of MT dynamics such as Kinesin-8 and Kinesin-13. During my PhD, I studied fission yest chromosome dynamic during mitosis. This cellular model has the advantage of sharing many fundamental mechanisms of symmetrically dividing higher eukaryotic cells. I characterized two of these conserved mechanisms: chromosome alignment during metaphase and back and forth movement along the spindle, called chromosome oscillation. By analyzing chromosome trajectories, I showed that both processes are performed through independent mechanisms [@Mary2015]. Moreover, chromosome alignment process, which is still poorly understood, is regulated by Kinesin-8 via a length dependent activity on microtubules. This suggests that Kinesin-8 is able to provide spatial information along the mitotic spindle to properly position chromosomes. Finally, I used a mathematical model of chromosome segregation in order to test quantitatively different hypotheses of chromosome centering process. This work is thus deciphering the control of movement, attachment and positioning of chromosomes during mitosis and seeks to better understand the biophysical processes controlling mitosis
Huang, Meng-Er. „Contribution a l'etude du genome de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae : chromosome 10“. Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077268.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDEMOLIS, NADINE. „Sequencage et analyse d'un fragment du chromosome ii de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBiteau, Nicolas. „Faisabilité du séquençage systématique d'un chromosome : stratégies et exploration du génome de Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFauque, Lydia. „Mécanismes Moléculaires de la Condensation Mitotique des Chromosomes chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10179/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrom yeasts to human, Condensin is essential for mitotic chromosome condensation. However, how Condensin binds to chromatin and, in this context, shapes mitotic chromosome remain poorly understood. Mappings performed from yeasts to mouse have revealed that condensin is enriched near highly expressed genes along chromosome arms, suggesting that as yet identified features associated with transcription take part in condensin binding to chromatin. To identify factors that collaborate with Condensin we performed a synthetically lethal genetic screen in fission yeast. We searched for mutants that are alive when Condensin is fully functional but dead when Condensin is partly defective. We identified 7 proteins never known for their roles in the mitotic condensation, such as some chromatin remodelling and some transcription factors. All these results were consistent with a link between condensation and transcription. Among theses 7 proteins, we found Gcn5, which encodes a conserved HAT, well known for the role it plays as a transcriptional co-activator. Gcn5 binds to gene promoters where it acetylates mainly H3K9, K14 and K18, and its occupancy correlates with transcription rates. Remarkably, although the bulk of chromatin is de-acetylated and Gcn5 reduced from chromatin upon mitosis entry, traces of Gcn5 dependant H3K9 acetylated persist at condensin binding sites. Here, we provide evidence that Gcn5-mediated histone H3 K9 acetylation could assist the binding of Condensin to chromatin
Fleiss, Aubin. „Impact phénotypique des réarrangements chromosomiques et évolution des génomes de levures“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS491.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe aim of this work was to assess the impact of chromosomal rearrangements on the evolution of yeast genomes with two approaches. The first approach consisted in retracing past rearrangements during the evolution of Saccharomycotina yeast genomes. We have built a phylogenetic tree of 66 genomes gathered from public databases, then reconstructed the structure of all ancestral genomes of these species. By comparing the structure of reconstructed ancestral genomes, we have inferred 5150 past rearrangements. We showed that depending on the clades, genomes tend to evolve mostly by inversion or by translocation. In addition, we showed that chromosomal rearrangements and non-synonymous mutations tend to accumulate at a coordinated pace during evolution. The second approach aimed at quantifying the phenotypic impact of structural variations of chromosomes (SVs) in terms of vegetative growth and meiotic viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We developed a technique to induce easily targeted SVs in the genome of S. cerevisiae by inducing two chromosomal breaks with CRISPR/Cas9 and providing the cells with chimerical donor oligonucleotides to repair the split chromosomes by homologous recombination. We have then adapted this technique to induce multiple random SVs in a single step. The phenotypic impact of obtained variants on vegetative growth and on spore viability was quantified. These results show that even balanced chromosomal rearrangements that do not affect coding sequence generate a wide phenotypic diversity that contributes to the adaptation of organisms to their environment
Lu, Wenqing. „Phenotypic impact of inversions in yeast genome“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS514.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGenomes are highly dynamic structures and large-scale Structural Variations (SVs) of chromosomes such as inversions contribute to genome evolution and species adaptation. Understanding the functional impact of inversion on phenotypic diversity is essential because there are growing evidence that inversions play an important role in phenotypic variation. For the purpose of explaining the phenotypic impact of inversions, we choose yeast as single cell eukaryotic model in our work. Based on a catalogue of 104 inversion events characterized among a panel of 142 complete genome assemblies, we focused on a special 32kb inversion on chromosome XIV that is recurrently found in various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus. CRISPR/Cas9 methodology of genome editing is applied to generate strain libraries in S. cerevisiae containing this region in both orientations through the introduction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the inversion boundaries. We constructed such inversion models in 3 different host strains with different genetic background, S288C, YPS128 and Y12. In order to test the relationships between this type of genetic variation and phenotypic traits, we investigated the functional impact of the inversions during both sexual and asexual cell cycles, including growth ratio in different culture conditions, sporulation efficiency, mating efficiency and spore viability. This work allows us to determine the contribution of inversions to phenotypic variations and their adaptive role during evolution
JIA, YANKAI. „Identification et analyse fonctionnelle de deux nouveaux genes, ycr032 et ycr033, situes sur le chromosome iii de la levure s. Cerevisiae“. Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066124.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLALO, PATRICK DOMINIQUE. „1. Etude genetique de trois sous-unites communes aux arn polymerases i et iii de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Etude de la region centromerique du chromosome xiv de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112378.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRachidi, Najma. „Etude de la structure du chromosome III de levures oenologiques "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" et évaluation de la spécificité d'expression en fermentation alcoolique“. Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20087.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHocquet, Clémence. „Etude du rôle de Condensine dans le contrôle de l'expression génique chez la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe“. Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCondensin is a genome organiser that shape chromosomes and promote their accurate transmission in anaphase. Several studies have related changes in RNA level when Condensin is defective, suggesting that the complex has also a role in gene expression. However, the mechanisms have remained enigmatic and we still don’t know to what extent it is related to its role in chromosome organization. During my thesis, I studied the role played by Condensin in the regulation of gene expression using S. pombe as a model system. In contrast to previous studies, my results provide compelling evidence that Condensin plays no direct role in the maintenance of the transcriptome, neither during interphase nor during mitosis in this yeast. Accordingly to previous studies, I observed changes in RNA level in cells mutated for Condensin; non coding and 3’ extended RNA accumulate. However, I showed that the changes in gene expression in post-mitotic fission yeast cells that result from Condensin inactivation are largely a consequence of chromosome missegregation during anaphase, which notably depletes the RNA-exosome from daughter cells. Crucially, preventing karyotype abnormalities in daughter cells restores a normal transcriptome despite Condensin inactivation. Thus, chromosome instability, rather than a direct role of Condensin in the transcription process, changes gene expression. This work challenges the concept of gene regulation by canonical Condensin complexes and ask for caution when studying Condensin role outside chromosome condensation in mitosis
Séraphin, Bertrand. „Etude de l'unite de transcription mitochondriale oxi3/oli2 chez la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066535.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHadchouel, Juliette. „YAC attack de la régulation transcriptionnelle du facteur de détermination myogénique Myf5 chez la souris“. Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T029.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSkeletal muscle formation is controlled by the myogenic regulatory factors (bHLH transcription factors) Myf5, MyoD, Myogeninand Mrf4. The roles of these factors have been determined in vivo by gene inactivation in mice. Myf5 is the first myogenic factor to be expressed in the embryo and its inactivation has shawn that Myf5 is a key player in myogenic determination. In the absenceof Myf5, cells which would normally form muscle are able to adopt non-myogenic fates, such as dermis or cartilage: Identification of the sequences and the molecules controlling Myf5 expression could lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in myogenic determination. In order to localise Myj5 regulatory elements, we have used YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome) technology, combined to transgenesis by pronuclear micro-injection. We have shawn that Myf5 expression is regulated by multiple modules dispersed between -96 and +4 kbp of the gene. The usptream 23 kbp contain sequences driving expression in the epaxial dermomyotome, the intercalated myotome and the branchial arches. A second region, between -58 and -48 kbp, regulates Myf5 expression in the limb buds, the myotome, the hypoglossal chord and the brain. A third region, between -96 and -63 kbp, is responsible for Myf5 expression in the head and ventral trunk muscles. This last region is more complex that the others since it is not able to function out of its genomic context. The "YAC attack" has also enabled us to characterise the expression domains of Myf5 in the brain. Myf5 transcripts are detected in prosomeres p1 and p4, which send their along the mlf (medial longitudinal fasciculus) and mtt (mammillotegmental) tracts, respectively. We have also taken advantage of the "secondary effects" of transgenesis. One of the Myf5-nlacZ transgenes is ectopically expressed in the cardiac outflow tract. Analysis of transgene expression in this cardiac compartment during development led to the characterisation of a sub-population of precardiac cells contributing to the 'anterior heartfield'
ROTOMONDO, FRANCOISE. „Caracterisation de la region pericentromerique du chromosome 19 murin, a l'aide de chromosomes artificiels de levures (yacs)“. Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE5012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLi, Tong. „Analyse quantitative et multi-paramétrique de la mitose afin de comprendre la ségrégation des chromosomes“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30265.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMitosis is a robust cellular process, yet, the mechanisms controlling mitotic fidelity remain an interesting question in Biology. The precise understanding of mitotic processes will undoubtedly highlight the molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis, Down's syndrome or other genetic diseases. How chromosome segregation remains so faithful is poorly understood but it seems to rely on the cooperation of a large number of proteins throughout the cell cycle. Therefore, the use of state-of-the-art quantitative approaches appears necessary to decipher the processes controlling mitotic robustness. In this thesis, I developed an expert system, called mitosis analysis and recording system (MAARS), to perform an unbiased and multiparametric analysis of mitosis, focusing on the mitotic apparatus dynamics, the movement of the chromosomes and the presence of attachment defects. By using an improved version of MAARS, MAARS 2.0, based on machine learning, hundreds of mitotic cells in 14 different fission yeast strains previously described to be involved in mitosis, were acquired and analyzed. More than 70 mitotic features were extracted from each of them making high-content temporal data of mitosis available for the first time. The data I obtained led to several interesting observations, including potential new functions for the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2p. MAARS 2.0 is a modular, mitosis-focused expert system that bridges cell biology with computer science to perform reproducible, unbiased, high-content analysis. Considering MAARS's capacity to tackle rare phenotypes out of thousand of cells, it will become a tool of choice for the future understanding and development of system biology in fission yeast
Fairhead, Cécile. „Proprietes et organisation des chromosomes naturels et artificiels de levure“. Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066089.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLarrivée, Michel. „Protection et maintien des extrémités des chromosomes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4226.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePotier, Serge. „Translocation reciproque entre sites chromosomiques choisis : remplacement du locus ura2 sauvage par des alleles deletes in vitro chez saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13121.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAndré, Cécile. „Etude des duplications et analyse de l'organisation subtelomerique dans les chromosomes de la levure saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077239.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGillet-Markowska, Alexandre. „Etude quantitative des variations structurelles des chromosomes chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066233/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe accumulation of chromosomal rearrangements also called Structural Variations (SV) is a major contributor to the transformation of tumoral cells and to the constitution of intratumoral heterogeneity. We have developed a bio-informatic tool that can now provide a sharp image of SV that occur in the human genome. We have demonstrated the existence of SV present in low proportions in different supposedly clonal cell populations showing that the rates of SV formation could be greatly underestimated. In parallel, we have shown that the level of instability of the genome depends on predisposition factors. To identify those, we have developed genetic assays to measure the rate of SV in yeast that will allow us to identify new genes controlling the stability of the genome using large scale linkage analysis. These regulators represent new gene-candidates involved in the development of cancer in human as the determinants involved in DNA metabolism are very conserved between yeast and mammals
Mathon, Julien. „Développement de nouveaux outils algorithmiques et technologiques pour l'étude du mouvement des chromosomes dans la levure S. Cerevisiae“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949331.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMathon, Julien. „Développement de nouveaux outils algorithmiques et technologiques pour l'étude du mouvement des chromosomes dans la levure S. Cerevisiae“. Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2145/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe development of genetic engineering and fluorescence microscopy of the yeast S. Cerevisiae has recently allowed to investigate the folding and the dynamics of chromosomes in living cells. Chromosome biophysics has now emerged as a new cross-disciplinary field of research, aiming to elucidate the function of chromosomes with physical models. Our goal was to set up original tools to monitor chromosome dynamics in living cells. This research involves the development of high speed live cell fluorescence microscopy assays, automated tracking and image analysis softwares, and analytical models of experimental measurements. We demonstrate the successfull optimization of our data acquisition process flow with novel hardware and software developments, and provide a new model of the dynamics chromosome in living Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Courtheoux, Thibault. „Analyse et modélisation de la dynamique des chromosomes au cours de la ségrégation mitotique dans la levure à fission“. Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe correct segregation of chromosomes is an essential element in the control of genomic stability in eukaryotes. Segregation defects lead to the appearance of aneuploid daughter cells (ie : incorrect number of chromosomes) and this process may well be the cause of spontaneous abortions or genetic disorders such as trisomy 21. Aneuploidy is frequently observed in human tumours and plays a key role in the development and / or progression of cancer. Recent studies suggest that defects in chromosome attachment are the major cause of aneuploidy. Kinetochores (Kt), multiprotein complexes located on each replicated chromosome, interact with microtubules (MTs) from opposite poles, which allow their separation in anaphase. When all chromosomes are bi-oriented, proteins of the mitotic checkpoint (Mad2, Bub1, Mad1 etc. . ) leave the kinetochore, degradation of cohesin takes place, and chromosomes separate. If a chromosome is not properly attached, the checkpoint proteins persist on Kt, preventing the degradation of cohesin. Very recently, it was shown that it is the tension applied by the Kt-MTs, which is responsible for the removal of the mitotic checkpoint proteins. The actors involved in the establishment of this tension are unknown. Dynein has been implicated in the checkpoint inhibition in higher eukaryotes. In fission yeast, we showed that dynein participates to chromosome dynamics, genetic stability and that dynein deletion causes activation of the mitotic checkpoint without preventing its inactivation (Section 1). Preliminary results also suggest that dynein is involved in correcting merotelic attachments (when a kinetochore is attached to both poles). Merotelic attachment plays a key role in the development of chromosomal instability. To go further in studying the role of dynein, we characterized the precise impact of merotely on mitotic progression (Article 2). We were able to establish that merotelic attachment is corrected by a tension-dependent mechanism in anaphase B. To better understand the mechanisms of tension applied on kinetochores during mitosis, we investigated the role of the Dam1 complex. We demonstrated that Dam1 plays a key role in controlling microtubule dynamics in interphase and that it also controls kinetochore poleward movement in anaphase A (Section 3). This work illustrates the complexity of the mechanisms leading to the correct attachment of chromosomes to microtubules, a process that is fundamental to maintain genomic stability
Gillet-Markowska, Alexandre. „Etude quantitative des variations structurelles des chromosomes chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066233.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe accumulation of chromosomal rearrangements also called Structural Variations (SV) is a major contributor to the transformation of tumoral cells and to the constitution of intratumoral heterogeneity. We have developed a bio-informatic tool that can now provide a sharp image of SV that occur in the human genome. We have demonstrated the existence of SV present in low proportions in different supposedly clonal cell populations showing that the rates of SV formation could be greatly underestimated. In parallel, we have shown that the level of instability of the genome depends on predisposition factors. To identify those, we have developed genetic assays to measure the rate of SV in yeast that will allow us to identify new genes controlling the stability of the genome using large scale linkage analysis. These regulators represent new gene-candidates involved in the development of cancer in human as the determinants involved in DNA metabolism are very conserved between yeast and mammals
Dauban, Lise. „Organisation du génome par le complexe cohésine chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30100.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCohesin is an evolutionary-conserved complex composed of a ring capable of DNA entrapment and of auxiliary proteins regulating its association with DNA. On the one hand, cohesin confers sister chromatid cohesion required for their proper segregation and on the other hand it establishes and maintains chromatin looping. Chromatin loops are crucial for assembly of topological domains, gene expression and genome stability. However, mechanisms driving their establishment remain to be elucidated. According to loop extrusion model, cohesin would capture small loops and enlarge them by extruding DNA throughout its ring. This model predicts that loop size would depend on both cohesin residence time on DNA and on its processivity. Deciphering cohesin regulation is thus fundamental to understand chromosome biology. In this study, we showed that mitotic chromosome arms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are organised in cohesin-dependent chromatin loops. We studied the role of cohesin regulatory subunits Pds5, Wpl1 and Eco1 on loop establishment. Our data show that Pds5 inhibits loop expansion via Wpl1 and Eco1. As previously described in mammals, Wpl1 counteracts loop expansion by dissociating cohesin from DNA. Our results suggest that Eco1 would inhibit cohesin translocation on DNA, required for loop expansion. We then studied how these proteins contribute to the organisation of the ribosomal DNA array (rDNA), a cohesin-rich, highly transcribed sequence segregated away from the rest of the genome. Our data point toward a central role for Pds5 in organising this genomic region, independently of Wpl1 and Eco1. To study in detail rDNA spatial organisation, we developed a dedicated image analysis to assess its organisation in three dimensions. We have unveiled an underlying organisation for rDNA, made by a succession of small domains spatially organised by cohesin. This study opens large perspectives towards a better understanding of cohesin regulation in genome organisation
Petit, Julie. „Conséquences d'un défaut de licensing des origines de réplication sur la stabilité du génome chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20130/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChromosome instability (CIN), a hallmark of cancer cells, can take its roots in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when replication origins are licensed. This has been illustrated in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is consistent with the fact that a vast number of tumors presents mutations in G1/S transition regulators. However the mechanisms by which this instability occurs are still not well established. Using the yeast cdc6-1 mutant in which preRC formation can be decreased gradually with temperature, we show that cells replicating from fewer origins undergo massive DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in mitosis. Blocking mitotic entry by Swe1 overexpression or Clb1-4 depletion, and inactivation of Cdc5 (Polo) both suppress DSB formation in cdc6-1 cells, demonstrating that DSBs do not stem from collapsed forks but are actively induced during mitosis. DSB formation is dependent on chromosome condensation and the Mus81-Yen1 structure-specific endonucleases. These DSBs then trigger the Rad9 DNA damage checkpoint. Accordingly, Rad53 phosphorylation is detected only after entry into mitosis. We propose that cells replicating their DNA from fewer origins enter mitosis undetected, then condense their chromosomes and cleave unreplicated regions by Mus81-Yen1 for repair by recombination. The viability of cdc6-1 cells at semi-permissive temperature relies on Chk1 and Rad53, as well as on cohesins and topoisomerases Top2 and Top3. Cleavage of under replicated DNA segments in mitosis may favor non-homologous repair pathways leading to chromosome rearrangements, as seen for common fragile sites that co-localize with recurrent breakpoints in cancer
SANSEAU, PHILIPPE. „Analyse de grands fragments d'ADN de truite et de pleurodele par electrophorese en champs pulses et clonage dans des chromosomes artificiels de levure“. Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN10108.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHajjoul, Houssam. „Développement de nouvelles technologies pour le suivi en temps réel du comportement des chromosomes“. Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00566464.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaroc, Laetitia. „Etude sur le changement de type sexuel et les cassures chromosomiques chez Candida glabrata A single Ho-induced doublestrand break at the MAT locus is lethal in Candida glabrata A new inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system useful for genome editing and study of double-strand break repair in Candida glabrata“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMating-type switching is one of the strategies developed by fungi to promote sexual reproduction and propagation. This mechanism enables one haploid cell to give rise to a cell of the opposite mating-type so that they can mate. It has been extensively studied in the sexual yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae but little is known about why the mating-type switching components have been conserved in species like Candida glabrata, in which neither sexual reproduction nor mating-type switching is observed. We have previously shown that mating-type switching can be triggered, in C. glabrata, by expression of the endonuclease responsible of this mechanism in S. cerevisiae, but this leads to massive cell death. In this work, we studied the link existing between mating-type switching and cell death in C. glabrata
Wang, Renjie. „Quantitative analysis of chromatin dynamics and nuclear geometry in living yeast cells“. Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30122/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChromosome high-order architecture has been increasingly studied over the last decade thanks to technological breakthroughs in imaging and in molecular biology. It is now established that structural organization of the genome is a key determinant in all aspects of genomic transactions. Although several models have been proposed to describe the folding of chromosomes, the physical principles governing their organization are still largely debated. Nucleus is the cell’s compartment in which chromosomal DNA is confined. Geometrical constrains imposed by nuclear confinement are expected to affect high-order chromatin structure. However, the quantitative measurement of the influence of the nuclear structure on the genome organization is unknown, mostly because accurate nuclear shape and size determination is technically challenging. This thesis was organized along two axes: the first aim of my project was to study the dynamics and physical properties of chromatin in the S. cerevisiae yeast nucleus. The second objective I had was to develop techniques to detect and analyze the nuclear 3D geomtry with high accuracy. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the repetitive sequences which clustered in the nucleolus in budding yeast cells. First, I studied the dynamics of non-rDNA and rDNA in exponentially growing yeast cells. The motion of the non-rDNA could be modeled as a two-regime Rouse model. The dynamics of rDNA was very different and could be fitted well with a power law of scaling exponent ~0.7. Furthermore, we compared the dynamics change of non-rDNA in WT strains and temperature sensitive (TS) strains before and after global transcription was actived. The fluctuations of non-rDNA genes after transcriptional inactivation were much higher than in the control strain. The motion of the chromatin was still consistent with the Rouse model. We propose that the chromatin in living cells is best modeled using an alternative Rouse model: the “branched Rouse polymer”. Second, we developed “NucQuant”, an automated fluorescent localization method which accurately interpolates the nuclear envelope (NE) position in a large cell population. This algorithm includes a post-acquisition correction of the measurement bias due to spherical aberration along Z-axis. “NucQuant” can be used to determine the nuclear geometry under different conditions. Combined with microfluidic technology, I could accurately estimate the shape and size of the nuclei in 3D along entire cell cycle. “NucQuant” was also utilized to detect the distribution of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) clusters under different conditions, and revealed their non-homogeneous distribution. Upon reduction of the nucleolar volume, NPCs are concentrated in the NE flanking the nucleolus, suggesting a physical link between NPCs and the nucleolar content. In conclusion, we have further explored the biophysical properties of the chromatin, and proposed that chromatin in the nucleoplasm can be modeled as "branched Rouse polymers". Moreover, we have developed “NucQuant”, a set of computational tools to facilitate the study of the nuclear shape and size. Further analysis will be required to reveal the links between the nucleus geometry and the chromatin dynamics
NASR, FAHD. „Contribution a l'etude systematique du genome de la levure s. Cerevisiae : determination de la sequence de 66,5kb des chromosomes ii et xiv et analyse fonctionnelle de trois nouveaux genes ybr1012, n1718 et n1727“. Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066414.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleJacques, Samuel. „Generation and screening of natural product-like compounds for antibiotic discovery“. Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16243.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWith the appearance of more and more antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, the development of new antibiotics becomes an issue of utmost importance for society. It is for that reason that new platforms and methodologies to accelerate the discovery of novel antibiotics are urgently needed. For the last decades, research was mainly oriented on modifying existing antibiotics, mining natural producers or screening for synthetic molecules from giant chemical libraries but these approaches did not manage to keep the pipelines filled with a sufficient number of novel antibiotics. Therefore, our goal was to develop a way to create and screen new molecules more efficiently at a fraction of the cost when compared to traditional approaches and within a short time frame. As chemical scaffolds we use natural product-like compounds that modulate the function of individual proteins or of protein-protein interactions. To generate these compounds, I focused first on the terpene scaffold class, a class containing molecules with a wide range of biological activities and includes compounds with antibacterial activities. We developed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) platform that allows both directional and combinatorial assembly of biosynthetic genes that can be used to create artificial biosynthetic pathways. As a proof of principle, YACs were successfully assembled containing genes coding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of both B-carotene and albaflavenone, and that allowed high yield production of these compounds. Finally, YACs encoding terpene gene libraries were also created and which produced a diversity of terpenoid molecules.